Ketenagalistrikan Dan Energi Terbarukan ISSN 1978-2365

Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66

ANALYTICAL DESIGN METHOD OF 3 KW, 200 RPM PERMANENT

MAGNET GENERATOR FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PLANT
APPLICATIONS

PERANCANGAN DAN ANALISIS GENERATOR MAGNET

PERMANEN 3 KW, 200 RPM UNTUK APLIKASI PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK
ENERGY TERBARUKAN
Pudji Irasari[1], Hilman Syaeful Alam[2], and Muhammad Kasim[1]
[1]
Research Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences,
Jl. Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Gedung 20 Lantai 2 Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
[2]
Technical Implementation Unit for Instrumentation Development, Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, Jl. Sangkuriang Komplek LIPI Gedung 30 Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
pirasari@yahoo.com

Abstract
This paper discusses the analytical design method of 3 kW, 200 rpm radial flux permanent magnet
generator (PMG) for renewable energy power plant applications. The proposed design method is
conducted in two stages, i.e. initiation and validation stages. In the initiation stage, some of the
parameters should be specified with values, such as output power, specific magnetic loading, rotation,
etc. Results of this stage are detail dimensions of the stator and rotor, which then serve as a reference to
recalculate the flux density (entering validation phase). With the new value of specific magnetic
loading, all related parameters should also be recalculated, such as the number and diameter of the
turns. Furthermore, design is validated by testing the prototype of generator using water resistance load.
The test results show that it produces 3043.64 W of power and 253.51 V of voltage at 200 rpm.
Compared to the analytical calculation, the power is 0.86% lower and the voltage is 12.45% higher.
These results illustrate that the design has been performed properly since the targeted output power can
be achieved at the desired speed.
Keywords: Permanent magnet generator, Radial flux, Low speed, Renewable energy.

Abstrak
Paper ini membahas metoda perancangan analitik generator magnet permanent fluks radial 3 kW, 200
rpm untuk aplikasi pembangkit listrik energi terbarukan. Metoda perancangan yang diusulkan
dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu tahap inisiasi dan tahap validasi. Dalam tahap inisiasi, beberapa
parameter nilainya harus ditentukan, seperti daya keluaran, specific magnetic loading, putaran, dll.
Hasil akhir tahap ini berupa dimensi detil stator dan rotor yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai acuan
untuk menghitung kembali specific magnetic loading (memasuki tahap validasi). Dengan nilai specific
magnetic loading yang baru, parameter lain yang terkait harus dihitung kembali, seperti jumlah dan
diameter lilitan. Selanjutnya, desain divalidasi dengan menguji prototipe generator menggunakan
beban tahanan air. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa generator membangkitkan daya 3043.64 W
dan tegangan 253.51 V pada 200 rpm. Jika dibandingan dengan hasil perhitungan, daya eksperimen
lebih kecil 0.86% sedangkan tegangannya, lebih besar 12.45%. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa
metoda desain yang diusulkan telah dilakukan dengan teliti karena target daya keluaran dapat dicapai
pada putaran yang diinginkan.
Kata Kunci: Generator magnet permanen, Flux radial, Kecepatan rendah, Energi terbarukan.

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Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66

PREFACE rotor radial flux surface mounted PMG to get

Low speed permanent magnet generator desired parameters and to study the flux
(PMG) is one of the best solutions for power path, the effect of magnetic field and
generation from renewable-energy sources, induced electromotive force. An analytical
such as wind energy, low head hydro power, solution to predict the magnetic-field
and ocean energy. The use of PMG is able to distribution and characteristics of a 2 kW high
improve the power plant performance because speed permanent magnet (PM) synchronous
the transmission ratio becomes smaller, which generator equipped with surface-mounted
means the transmission losses is lower. magnet is studied in [4].
Low speed PMG for hydro power This paper presents the analytical design
application enables a power plant to exploit the of three-phase 3 kW, 200 rpm radial flux PMG.
river current and to be constructed near The presented design method is a development
consumers. With low speed PMG, a micro of the previous one [5]. The difference is that
hydropower plant is also possible to be built on there is no initiation stage in [5] due to the use
a channel, which flows across a rice field in the of one of the stator components available on
village or middle of town. On the other hand, the market.
mastery of design and construction of low
speed PMG technology in Indonesia can speed METHODOLOGY
up research and development of wind and The design of the permanent magnet
ocean energy based on the local technology. generator 3 kW, 200 rpm is carried out in two
Nowadays, many practitioners in the field of stages, i.e. initiation stage and validation stage.
wind and ocean energies have been In the initiation stage, parameters and constants
successfully designing and producing turbines, are initiated to obtain the detail dimensions of
but the low-speed PMG is still imported. the stator and rotor, as well as winding
Many studies have been conducted on configuration. Afterwards, the validation stage
the surface mounted PMG. An analysis of is performed to recalculate the specific
primary magnetic-field distribution and magnetic loading based on the obtained
armature reaction under the conditions of dimensions of the stator and rotor. With the
surface-mounted radial magnetic flux new value of specific magnetic loading, all
permanent magnet system with non-constant air other parameters affected should be
gap thickness has been performed by [1]. A recalculated.
three-phase permanent-magnet (PM)
synchronous generator for automotive The Main Dimensions of PMG
applications designed using analytical The main dimensions of PMG are
algorithms is presented in [2]. Standard usually defined as D2L product, which defines
mathematical equations and finite-element core length L and air gap diameter D. This
analysis are used by [3] in the design of dual- product is particularly determined by specific

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 Analytical Design Method Of 3 kW, 200 RPM Permanent Magnet Generator For Renewable
Ketenagalistrikan Dan Energi Terbarukan
Energy Power Plant Applications
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66

electric loading (SEL), specific magnetic All initial values of Eq. 1 are: P = 3000
loading (Bg), speed and power and expressed watts, D = 337 mm, kw = 1, ns = 3.33 rps,
by equation [6]: SEL(peak) = 15000 A/m, Bg = 0.9 T, cos  = 0.85.
𝑃
𝐷 2 𝐿 = 0,5𝜋 2 ∙𝑘 (1)
𝑤 ∙𝑛 𝑠 ∙𝐵𝑔 ∙𝑆𝐸𝐿 (𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 ) ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Stator Winding
where P = electrical power output (W),
Stator winding design includes the
kw = winding factor, ns = revolution per second
winding number, winding type and winding
(rps), cos = power factor.
configuration. In this research, the lap-winding
For simplification, initial values to solve
type with the full pitch configuration is chosen
Eq. 1 are determined through a practical
because it gives a maximum induced voltage,
approach. The typical value of SEL for Small
and a double layer winding is also employed.
electrical machines is in the range of 10000-
The calculation is executed with input
40000 A/m [6]. The choice of SEL depends on
parameters as presented in Table 1.
the type of insulation used. A large value of
Table 1. Input Parameters
SEL results in higher copper losses and higher
Power, P 3000 watt
temperature rise. Therefore, the value of SEL
Number of phases, m 3
should be such that the winding can carry the 220 volt
Nominal voltage,Vn
current without overheating. Number of poles, p 30 poles
Specific magnetic loading (Bg) is the Number of pole pairs, p’ 15 poles
average flux density over the air-gap of the Nominal frequency, f 50 Hz
Speed, n 200 rpm
machine. The total magnetic flux in the air-gap
Skewing factor, kw 0.76
of the machine is called the total magnetic Number of slot/pole/phase, q 1
loading. The Bg does not vary greatly from one Power factor, cos 0.85
machine to another, because the saturation
Nominal phase current is obtained by
properties of most core steels are similar [7]
using equation,
[8]. 𝑃
𝐼𝑝𝑕 = 3∙𝑚∙𝐸 (2)
Separation of D and L is influenced by 𝑝 𝑕 ∙𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

some factors, such as a rotor peripheral speed Number of turn per phase, is given by,
𝑬𝒑𝒉
and moment of inertia. For low speed PMG, the 𝑵𝒑𝒉 = 𝟒,𝟒𝟒 𝒇 𝒌 
(3)
𝒘
lower the speed the larger the diameter required
where  = magnetic flux (Weber), kw =
to accommodate an increasingly number of
winding factor.
poles. The calculation of D and L is facilitated
𝝓 = 𝑩 𝒈 ∙ 𝑨𝒎 (4)
by choosing the coefficient ratio KL = L/D
A magnet surface area facing the stator
ranging from 0.14 to 0.5 for a direct couple of
Am is defined equal to the rotor pole area Apr,
PMG [6], in this design is set at 0.38.
which is calculated by Eq. 10.
𝒌𝒘 = 𝒌𝒅 ∙ 𝒌𝒑 ∙ 𝒌𝒔 (5)

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
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒒
𝟐
𝒌𝒅 = 𝜶 (6)
𝒒∙𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟐

with kp = 1 (full pitch winding) then kw =

kd. Skewing factor [9],
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝′ 𝑥/𝐷𝑟
𝑘𝑠 = (7)
𝑝′ 𝑥/𝐷𝑟

where p’ = the number of pole pairs, x =

displacement from its unskewed position, and
Dr = rotor diameter.
The position of the permanent magnet in
the rotor slots is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 2. Stator topology [11]

Three dimensions in Fig.2 denoted by
hos, hw and bos, have ranges of values presented
in [11]. From the ranges then the dimensions of
hos, his and bos are defined based on the previous
research experience [12], each of which is 1
mm, 2 mm and 3 mm. Other dimensions are
calculated by the following equations:
Stator tooth width Wts,
Fig. 1 Rotor spread out in a plane with skewed 𝑝∙𝐵𝑔 ∙𝐴𝑝𝑟
𝑊𝑡𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠 ∙𝐿𝑖 ∙𝐵𝑡𝑠
(9)
magnet on its surface
where Bts = 1,55 T and Apr = rotor pole area,
Skewing factor is usually applied to avoid some 𝐴𝑝𝑟 = 𝜏𝑟 ∙ 𝐿𝑖 (10)
noise in the machine when it is running and to Rotor pole pitch r,
smooth the generated electromotive force 𝜏𝑟 = 𝜏𝑝 ∙ 0,75 (11)
(EMF) [10]. Stator pole pitch p,
𝜋𝐷
𝜏𝑝 = (12)
𝑝
Stator and Rotor Slots Sizing
Effective core length Li,
The stator and rotor dimensions are
𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿 ∙ 𝑘𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 (13)
interrelated with each other so the calculation is
where kstack is stacking factor of the stator
conducted simultaneously. Stator dimensions
lamination = 0.9 – 0.95 for 0.35 – 0.5 mm of
refer to Fig. 2. Number of stator slots is
lamination thickness [11] [13]. However, in
calculated by equation,
this study, the stacking factor is taken as 0.97
𝑺𝒔 = 𝒑 ∙ 𝒒 ∙ 𝒎 (8)
because the stator lamination is pressed only
using bolts that are tightened from the edges of

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 Analytical Design Method Of 3 kW, 200 RPM Permanent Magnet Generator For Renewable
Ketenagalistrikan Dan Energi Terbarukan
Energy Power Plant Applications
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66

the stack. When the bolts are removed, there is of the withstand capability of the PMs to
still a bit of a stretch that reduces the density of demagnetization by external applied magnetic
lamination stack. fields. Its typical value is in the range of 5-20
Rotor diameter Dr, [2] [14]. The bigger the PC, the thicker the
𝐷𝑟 = 𝐷 − 2 ∙ 𝑙𝑔 (14) magnet used. To obtain a satisfactory design
with lg = the radial length of air gap = 1 mm with a low-cost magnet, in this design PC is
Stator yoke Ys, taken close to the lower limit, i.e. 7.
𝜙 𝑡𝑚
𝑌𝑠 = 2∙𝐿 ∙𝐵 (15) 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑙 (23)
𝑖 𝑡𝑠 𝑔∙ 𝐶𝜙

A typical value of stator tooth density Bts is in where tm = magnet thickness and C= a flux
the range of 1.5 – 1.7 T [2], [7]. Higher value concentration factor.
𝐴𝑚 2𝛼
of Bts will lead to saturation. 𝐶𝜙 = 𝐴𝑔
= 1+𝛼𝑚 (24)
𝑚
Stator slot area Ass,
with Ag = the air gap area, and
𝐴𝑤 ∙𝑁𝑠
𝐴𝑠𝑠 = (16) 𝜏𝑚
𝐹𝐹 𝑚 = 𝜏𝑝
(25)
with FF = the fill factor ranging from 0,3 to
Pole arc m is considered equal to r.
0,5[1][6], Ns = the number of conductors in the
stator slot, Aw = the conductor cross sectional
Calculation of Bg
area calculated by equation,
𝐼𝑝 𝑕 In the validation stage, the stator
𝐴𝑤 = 𝐽
(17)
dimension (Fig. 2) obtained at the initiation
where J = the current density in the stator stage, is used as reference for re-calculating the
conductor, in the design is specified as 5 Bg. Equations used are as follows:
2
A/mm . 𝑪𝝓
𝑩𝒈 = 𝝁𝒓 𝒌 𝒌
𝒄 𝒎𝒍
𝑩𝒓 (26)
Conductor diameter dw, 𝟏+
𝑷𝑪

4∙𝐴𝑤 Br = the remanent flux density = 1.3 T, r = the

𝑑𝑤 = 𝜋
(18)
relative permeability of silicon steel sheet =
Furthermore, 4000.
𝜋(𝐷𝑖 +2𝑕 𝑜𝑠 +2𝑕 𝑤 )
𝑏𝑠1 = 𝑆𝑠
− 𝑏𝑡𝑠 (19) Carter coefficient kc,
−1
𝑊𝑠𝑠 4𝑙 𝑔′ 𝑊𝑠𝑠 𝜋
𝑏𝑠2 = 4 ∙ 𝐴𝑠𝑠 ∙ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋
𝑆𝑠
2
+ 𝑏𝑠1 (20) 𝑘𝑐 = 1 − 𝜏𝑠
+ 𝜋𝜏 𝑙𝑛 1 + 4𝑙 𝑔′
(27)
𝑠

2∙𝐴𝑠𝑠 where
𝑕𝑠 = 𝑏 (21)
𝑠1 +𝑏𝑠2
𝑡𝑚
𝑙𝑔′ = 𝑙𝑔 + 𝜇𝑟 (28)
The outside diameter Do,
𝑏𝑠1 +𝑏𝑠2
𝐷𝑜 = 𝐷 + 2 ∙ (𝑕𝑠 + 𝑕𝑜𝑠 + 𝑕𝑤 + 𝑌𝑠 ) (22) 𝑤𝑠𝑠 = (29)
2

Leakage coefficient kml,

Magnet Thickness 4𝑡 𝑚 𝑙
𝑘𝑚𝑙 = 1 + 𝜋𝜇 𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝜋 (1−𝛼𝑔 (30)
𝑟 𝛼 𝑚 𝜏𝑝 𝑚 )𝜏 𝑝
Magnet thickness is affected by
permeance coefficient PC, which is a measure

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Terminal Voltage of Generator Ch = the hysteresis losses coefficient = 0.0025

The terminal voltage of the generator is Ce = the eddy-current losses coefficient = 7.94 
calculated by the equation: 10-5

𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝑝𝑕 − 𝐼𝑝𝑕 (𝑟𝑠 + 𝑗𝑥𝑠 ) (31) a and b are the constants depending on the soft

with magnetic material = 1.8317 and 0.0035,

xs = jLs (32) respectively.

and inductance per phase Ls refers to [15] Bp = the peak of the sinusoidal flux density =

𝑁𝑐 2
1.7 T
𝐿𝑠 = 𝑝𝑞 𝑎
𝐿𝑖 𝜇𝑜 (𝜆𝑠𝑢 + 𝜆𝑠𝑜 + 2𝑔𝜆𝑔 ) (33)
Stray loss is estimated to be 20% of the
where a = parallel branches of winding = 1, Nc total iron losses
= the number of turns per coil = Nph/p, g = a 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 = 0.2𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 (37)
factor that takes into account the difference of
The windage and friction losses (Padd) are
the phase shift of two coils in the same slot. In
assumed to be 5% of the rated power of the
this design g = 1 as the upper and lower coils
machine. Total losses is expressed as
are in the same phase. su, so and g are 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢 + 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 + 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 + 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑 (38)
permeance factors whose values are affected by
The efficiency of the generator is
stator slot dimension. At nominal load and 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜂= 𝑃𝑖𝑛
=𝑃 (39)
frequency, VT is the nominal voltage of the 𝑜𝑢𝑡 +𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡

generator, which in the calculation result is

denoted by Vn. Performance Test of the Generator
PMG prototype is tested using the

Losses Calculation induction motor as the prime mover and is

Generator losses include: (1) copper loss, connected via a pulley belt with a ratio of 1: 5

(2) core loss, (3) mechanical loss (Fig. 3). Testing is conducted on nominal load

predominantly from bearing and seal friction, condition of 200 rpm, 3000 W and 220 V

(4) stray loss due to slot leakage flux and (5) (phase). The load test is a variable water

other losses due to end leakage flux. The resistance. On constant speed, the load is

calculation of losses refers to [5] [10] [14] [16]. increased gradually until it reaches the

Copper loss is calculated using the equations: maximum point. The more the copper

𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 3 𝐼 2 𝑟𝑠 (34) immersed, the smaller the resistance, which

𝜌 𝑙𝑤 means the higher current flows through the
𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴 −6 (35)
𝑤 ×10
copper. Voltage, current, power and frequency
where  = the electrical resistivity of copper = of PMG are measured using 3-phase power
1,72 x 10 m, Aw is in mm dan lw = the
-8 2
quality meters.
length of conductor.
𝑎+𝑏𝐵𝑟
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝐶𝑕 𝑓𝐵𝑝 + 𝐶𝑒 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑝2 (36)
where:

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 Analytical Design
Ketenagalistrikan Method
Dan Energi Of 3 kW, 200 RPM Permanent Magnet Generator For Renewable
Terbarukan
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66 Energy Power Plant Applications

Fig. 1. Experimental set-up

(a)

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

By using all initial values and input
parameters in Table 1, the calculation results of
the initiation stage are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Calculation results of initiation stage
D 2L 0.01589
Core length, L 0.132 m
Effective core length, Li 0.128 m
Nominal phase current, Iph 5.35 A
Number of stator slots, Ss 90 alur
Cross section area of 1.070 mm2
conductor, Aw
Diameter of conductor, Dw 1.16 mm
Rotor pole pitch, r 0.0264 m
Rotor pole area, Apr 0.0034 m2
Stator pole pitch, p 0.035 m (b)
Rotor diameter, Dr 0.3347 m Fig. 2. (a) The dimension of the stator, (b) The
Outside diameter, Do 0.3888 m
Magnet dimension, l × w × t (0.128 x 0.0264 x construction of the stator and rotor.
0.006) m
Until this point, the initiation stage has been
Magnetic flux,  0.003045 weber
Number of turns per phase, 428.2 completed because the configuration and
Nph
dimensions of the stator and rotor have been
obtained.
The dimension of the stator and the
Entering the validation stage, there are
construction of the stator and rotor are shown
some points that need to be considered in this
in Figure 4 (a) and (b).
design method, which are:
- by maintaining the dimensions obtained in
the previous stage, the obtained power is
approximately 6000 W. A simple way to
correct it is to reduce by half Li (because P
~ D2L) while the other dimensions shown
in Figure 4 (a) are fixed. Despite the simple

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Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66 Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66

correction, Eq. (1) needs to be re-evaluated, × 0.006) m

Efficiency,  93.11%
especially in the determination of the initial
values. The change of Li automatically
A few millimeters difference in dimensions due
corrects the values of Bg and .
to rounding and manufacturing considerations
- Referring to Eq. (3) and (31) as well as
can be assumed not affects to the electrical
using the new value of , furthermore, Eph
characteristics.
should be defined to obtain Nph. It is
Unfortunately, the wire diameter
obvious that Eph must be higher than Vn
employed is not the same as per design. The
because it should accommodate the voltage
diameter of 0.8 mm is used instead of 1 mm
drop. If the calculation result of VT does not
caused by a less-skilled technician. Changes in
meet the desired specification, then Eph
the diameter of the wire result in wider space at
should be corrected with a higher or lower
the top of the slots or in other words increase
value. At no load condition, VT = Eph.
the distance between the windings and the
- The magnet skewing is determined by
permanent magnet that can increase the flux
0.0025 m or around 2o
leakage. To overcome this, the number of turns
per coil is added by 4 or 8 turns per slot.
Calculation results after the validation
Evaluation of the slot space adequacy
stage are presented in Table 3.
using 1 mm of wire diameter has been
Table 3. Calculation results of the validation
conducted (Fig. 5), showing that the space is
stage
able to accommodate even with the higher
Validated flux density 0.953 T
number of conductors when it is installed
Nominal phase current, Iph 4.579 A
properly.
Nominal phase voltage, Vn 221.8 V
Nominal phase induced
240 V
voltage, Eph
Number of turns per phase, Nph 612
Magnetic flux,  0.00177 weber
Resistance per phase, rs 3.09 
Inductance per phase, Ls 2.95 mH
Reactance per phase, Xs 0.93 
Skewing factor, ks 0.9979
Effective core length, Li 0.07 m
Outside diameter, Do 0.40 m
Stator slot area, Ass 0.0001069 m2 Fig. 3. Slot space adequacy for 48 conductors
Conductor cross section area, Aw 0.86 mm2 with 1 mm of diameter
Conductor diameter, dw 1 mm The use of smaller wire diameter causes
Rotor diameter, Dr 0.335 m a rise in current density, i.e. from around 5
Magnet dimension, l × w × t (0.07 × 0.0265

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 Analytical Design Method Of 3 kW, 200 RPM Permanent Magnet Generator For Renewable
Ketenagalistrikan Dan Energi Terbarukan
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66 Energy Power Plant Applications

A/mm2 to 8 A/mm2. With a natural cooling The phase voltage and current
system designed without fins, it is obvious that measurement results are shown in Table 5.
the generator will experience overheating in Table 5. Measurement results of phase
nominal condition. This drawback will be current and voltage
corrected in the future work. Therefore, the VT(exp) (V) Iph(exp) (A)
experiment is conducted only to obtain 306.81 1.540
electrical characteristics regardless of the heat 294.66 2.326
generated. Temperature rise in the nominal load
285.32 3.014
is validated through numerical analysis using
279.84 3.170
software FEMM 4.2 as shown in Figure 6.
270.55 3.546
264.91 3.657
261.01 3.765
258.65 3.882
253.51 4.002
251.01 4.012
248.85 4.026
247.36 4.004

The experimental output power of the

generator is the product of 3Iph.expVph.exp and its
Fig. 4. Temperature distribution of the characteristics are shown in Fig. 7 (a) and 7 (b).
generator.
The highest temperature of the winding
at 338oK or 65oC, is lower than the maximum
temperature allowed for the permanent magnet
by 120oC.
The calculation results of the voltage
drop Vdrop = Iph (rs + jxs) for each load are
presented in Tabel 4.
(a)
Table 4. Calculation results of Vdrop
Iph Vdrop
1.5 6.06
2.5 10.09
3.5 14.13
4.5 18.17

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 Ketenagalistrikan Dan EnergiKetenagalistrikan
Terbarukan Dan Energi Terbarukan
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66
(b)
Fig. 5. PMG characteristics, (a) Power
vs. Phase Current graph, (b) Phase Voltage vs.
Phase Current graph.
Figure 7(a) illustrates the maximum
experimental power (P(exp.)) of 3043.64 W with
253.51 V of voltage and 4A of current. When
the load is increased, the power drops to 3021
W due to saturation effects. Meanwhile, the
analytically calculated power (P(calc.))
3069.67 W at 221.8 V and 4.579 A. The
difference between P(exp.) and P(calc.)
approximately 0.86%. These results are in
accordance with Eq. (1), which indicates that
the output power is proportional to D L or in 2
other words the generator (in term of its
dimensions) has produced power as expected.
Theoretical efficiency is 93.11% which is
acceptable for permanent magnet machines as
studies that have been conducted by [17] and
[18].
Figure 7(b) shows the experimental
voltage (VT(exp.)) higher than the theoretical one
(VT(calc.)) caused by the increased number of
conductors per slot, which is 48 instead of 40.
Meanwhile, by using Eq. (3), VT(calc.) is
obtained at 221.8 V, which is quite close to the
desired voltage of 220 V. The difference
64 Diterima : 08 April 2013, disetujui terbit : 24 Juni 2013
between VT(exp.) and VT(calc.) is quite large, i.e.
12.45%,
On practical, generator voltage is always
up and down according to the turbine wheel
rotation. Therefore, a voltage regulator is
needed so that the generator output is safely
consumed by the load.
CONCLUSION
An analytical design method of the permanent
magnet generator has been presented in this
study with the following conclusions:
- The proposed design method is conducted
in two stages, namely the initiation stage
and validation stage, and subsequently is
validated by testing the generator
prototype.
is - The experimental result shows that the
generator can produce output power of
is 3043.64 W, 253.51 V at 200 rpm and the
obtained analytical efficiency is 93.11%,
respectively.
- In the load condition, the output phase
voltage of the analytical calculation is
12.45% smaller than that of the
experimental results.
- The weaknesses found in this research
would be resolved in the future work, by
using the size and number of conductors
according to the design.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Research
Center for Electrical Power and Mechatronics,
Indonesian Institute of Sciences for allowing
this paper to be published, as well as to all team
 AnalyticalDan
Ketenagalistrikan Design Method
Energi Of 3 kW, 200 RPM Permanent Magnet Generator For Renewable
Terbarukan
Vol. 12 No. 1 Juni 2013 : 55 – 66 Energy Power Plant Applications

members for any assistance that have been IEEE International Electric Machines and
given. Drives Conference, 2005, pp. 1501-1506.

[7]. E.S. Hamdi, Design of small Electrical

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