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NCERT Solutions for Class 12
Maths
Chapter 4 - Determinants
Exercise 4.1
2 4
1. Evaluate the determinant: .
-5 -1
2 4
Ans: Solving the determinant , we have:
-5 -1
2 4
 =2  -1 -4  -5 
-5 -1
2 4
 = -2+20
-5 -1
2 4
 =18
-5 -1
2. Evaluate the determinants.

cos   sin 
i.
sin  cos 
cos   sin 
sin  cos 
cos   sin 
   cos   cos      sin   sin  
sin  cos 
Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 1

cos   sin 
  cos 2   sin 2 
sin  cos 
We know,
cos2   sin 2   1
cos   sin 
 1
sin  cos 
x2 - x  1 x -1
ii.
x1 x1
x 2 -x+1 x-1
x+1 x+1
x 2 -x+1 x-1
 =  x 2 -x+1  x+1   x-1 x+1
x+1 x+1
x 2 -x+1 x-1
 = x 3 -x 2 +x+x 2 -x+1-  x 2 -1
x+1 x+1
So,
x 2 -x+1 x-1
= x 3 +1-x 2 +1
x+1 x+1
x 2 -x+1 x-1
 = x 3 -x 2 +2
x+1 x+1
1 2
3. If A    , then show that 2A  4 A .
4 2

1 2 
Ans: Given that, A=  
4 2
Multiplying A by 2 , we have:
1 2   2 4 
 2A= 2  = 
 4 2  8 4 
 2 4
 2A=  
8 4
2 4
 L.H.S = 2A =
8 4
 2A =2  4 - 4  8
 2A =8 - 32
 2A =  24
The value of determinant A is
1 2
 A=
4 2
 A =2  8
A =6
R.H.S is given as 4 A .
 4 A =4× -6  =-24
Hence, we have L.H.S  R.H.S

 2A =4 A .

1 0 1 
4. If A   0 1 2  , then show that 3A  27 A .
 0 0 4 
1 0 1 
Ans: Given, A= 0 1 2 
 
0 0 4 
Determining the value of determinant A , by expanding along the first column, i.e.,
C1 , we get:
1 2 0 1 0 1
 A =1 -0 +0
0 4 0 4 1 2
 A =1 4 - 0  - 0  0
 A =4
Hence, 27 A  27  4
 27 A  108 ……(1)
The value of 3A is obtained as:
1 0 1
 3A=3 0 1 2
 
0 0 4 
3 0 3
 3A= 0 3 6
 
0 0 12 
3 6 0 3 0 3
 3A =3 -0 +0
0 12 0 12 3 6

 3 36-0  +0+0
 3A =3  36
Thus, 3A =108 ……(2)
From equations (1) and (2), we have:

3A =27 A
Hence proved.
5. Evaluate the determinants

3 -1 -2
i. 0 0 -1
3 -5 0
3 -1 -2
Ans: Let A= 0 0 -1
3 -5 0
Determining the value of A by expanding along the third row, we have:
1 2 3 2 3 1
 A =3   5  0
0 1 0 1 0 0
 A =  3-15
 A = -12
3 -4 5
ii. 1 1 -2
2 3 1

3 -4 5
Ans: Let A= 1 1 -2
2 3 1
Determining the value of A by expanding along the first row, we have:
1 -2 1 -2 1 1
 A =3 +4 +5
3 1 2 1 2 3
 A =31+6  +4 1+4  +5  3-2 
 A =21+20+5
 A =46
0 1 2
iii. -1 0 -3 .
-2 3 0
0 1 2
Ans: Let A= -1 0 -3
-2 3 0
0 -3 -1 -3 -1 0
 A =0 -1 +2
3 0 -2 0 -2 3
 A =0  9    6   2  3
 A =0

2 -1 -2
iv. 0 2 -1
3 -5 0
2 -1 -2
Ans: Let A= 0 2 -1
3 -5 0
Determining the value of A by expanding along the first column, we have:
2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2
 A =2 -0 +3
-5 0 -5 0 2 -1
 A =2  5  0  3 5
 A =  10+15
 A =5
 1 1 -2 
6. If A=  2 1 -3  , find A .
 5 4 -9 
1 1 -2 
Ans: Given, A=  2 1 -3
 5 4 -9 
1 -3 2 -3 2 1
 A =1 -1 -2
4 -9 5 -9 5 4

 A =1 9  12   1 18  15  2 8  5
 A =3  3  6
 A =0
7. Find values of x , if
2 4 2x 4
i. =
5 1 6 x
2 4 2x 4
Ans: Given, =
5 1 6 x
Solving it, we have:

  2  1   5  4    2x  x    6  4 
 2  20  2x 2  24
 18  24  2x 2
 3  x2
Applying square root on both the sides, we obtain:
x=± 3
2 3 x 3
ii. =
4 5 2x 5
2 3 x 3
Ans: Given, =
4 5 2x 5

  2×5   3×4  =  x×5   3×2x 
 10  12=5x  6x 9
 2=  x
Multiplying by  1 on both the sides, we obtain:
x=2
x 2 6 2
8. If = , then x is equal to
18 x 18 6
A. 6
B. ±6
C. -6
D. 0
x 2 6 2
Ans: Given, =
18 x 18 6
 x 2  36 = 36  36
 x 2  36=0
 x 2 =36
Applying square root on both the sides, we obtain:
 x=±6
Hence, B. ±6 is the correct answer.
Exercise 4.2
1. Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:

x a x+a
y b y+b =0 .
z c z+c
x a x+a
Ans: Given matrix y b y+b .
z c z+c
Applying the Sum Property of determinants, we have

x a x+a x a x x a a
y b y+b = y b y + y b b
z c z+c z c z z c c
We know, if two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then the value of
the determinant is zero.
Since, the two columns in both the determinants are identical, thus its determinant
would be zero.
x a x+a
 y b y+b  0  0
z c z+c
x a x+a
 y b y+b  0
z c z+c

a-b b-c c-a
b-c c-a a-b =0
c-a a-b b-c

a b bc ca
Ans: Let Δ= b  c c  a a  b
ca a b bc
Applying row operation, R1  R1 +R 2
a  b+b  c b  c+c  a c  a+a  b

 Δ= bc ca ab
ca ab bc
a c ba cb
 Δ= b  c c  a a  b
ca a b bc
a c ba cb
  bc ca ab
 a  c   b  a   c  b
Multiplying the third row by  1 , we get:
a c ba cb
 = b  c c  a a  b
a c ba cb
We know, if two rows or columns of a determinant are identical, then the value of
the determinant is zero.
Since, the two rows R 1 and R 3 are identical.
 Δ=0
a b bc ca
Hence, b  c c  a a  b  0 .
ca a b bc

2 7 65
3 8 75 =0
5 9 86
2 7 65
Ans: Let   3 8 75
5 9 86
2 7 63+2
 = 3 8 72+3
5 9 81+5
Applying the Sum Property of determinants, we get

2 7 63 2 7 2
  = 3 8 72 + 3 8 3
5 9 81 5 9 5
The two columns of the second determinant are identical, thus it’s value becomes
zero.
Hence,
2 7 63
  = 3 8 72 +0
5 9 81
2 7 97
 = 3 8 9 8
5 9 9 9
Taking 9 common from the third column, we have

2 7 7
9 3 8 8
5 9 9
Since, the two columns C 2 and C 3
.are identical.
  0
2 7 65
Hence, 3 8 75  0
5 9 86

1 bc a  b+c 
1 ca b  c+a  =0 .
1 ab c  a+b 
1 bc a  b+c 
Ans: Let Δ= 1 ca b  c+a 
1 ab c  a+b 
Applying the column operation, C3  C3 +C 2 .
1 bc ab+bc+ca
Δ= 1 ca ab+bc+ca
1 ab ab+bc+ca
Taking  ab  bc  ca  common from the third column, we get:

1 bc 1
Δ=  ab  bc  ca  1 ca 1
1 ab 1
Since, the two columns C1 and C 3 are identical.
 Δ=0
1 bc a  b+c 
Hence, 1 ca b  c+a   0 .
1 ab c  a+b 

b+c q+r y+z a p x
c+a r+p z+x =2 b q y .
a+b p+q x+y c r z
b+c q+r y+z

Ans: Let Δ= c+a r+p z+x
a+b p+q x+y
Applying the Sum Property, we get

b+c q+r y+z b+c q+r y+z
  = c+a r+p z+x + c+a r+p z+x
a p x b q y
Suppose =1+Δ2 ……(1)

b+c q+r y+z
Now, Δ1 = c+a r+p z+x
a p x

Applying the row operation, R 2  R 2  R 3
b+c q+r y+z

 Δ1 = c r z
a p x
Again, applying the row operation, R1  R1  R 2
b q y
 Δ1 = c r z
a p x
We know, that if any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged, the
value of the determinant is multiplied by  1 .
Hence, interchanging the rows, R1  R 2 and R 2  R 3 , we have
a p x
 Δ1=  -1 b q y
2
c r z
a p x
1 = b q y ……(2)
c r z
b+c q+r y+z

We have, Δ1 = c+a r+p z+x
b q y
Applying the row operation, R1  R1  R 3
c r z
 Δ 2  c+a r+p z+x
b q y

Applying the row operation, R 2  R 2  R1
c r z
 Δ2= a p x
b q y
Interchanging the rows, R1  R 2 and R 2  R 3
a p x
 Δ 2 =  -1 b q y
2
c r z
a p x
Δ2 = b q y …… (3)
c r z
From (2) and (3), we get:

a p x
 Δ1  Δ 2  b q y
c r z
From (1), we have:

 Δ=21
a p x
 =2 b q y .
c r z
b+c q+r y+z a p x

Hence, c+a r+p z+x =2 b q y .
a+b p+q x+y c r z

6. By using properties of determinants, show that:
0 a -b
-a 0 -c =0 .
b c 0
0 a b
Ans: Given, Δ= a 0 c
b c 0
We know, that if we multiply the elements of a matrix by a scalar c , then we will

1
multiply the matrix by the scalar, .
c
Applying R1  cR1 :
0 ac bc
1
 Δ= a 0 c
c
b c 0
Applying R1  R1  bR 2
ab ac 0
1
Δ= a 0 c
c
b c 0
Taking a common from the first row, we have:

b c 0
a
  = a 0 c
c
b c 0
Since, the two rows R 1 and R 3 are identical.
 Δ=0

0 a b
Hence, a 0 c  0 .
b c 0
-a 2 ab ac
ba -b 2 bc =4a 2b 2c 2 .
ca cb -c 2
-a 2 ab ac
Ans: Let Δ= ba -b 2 bc
ca cb -c 2
Taking out a,b,c from R 1 , R 2 and R 3 respectively, we have:
-a b c
  =abc a -b c
a b -c
Similarly, taking out a,b,c from C1 , C 2 and C 3 respectively, we have:
-1 1 1
  =a b c 1 -1 1
2 2 2
1 1 -1
Applying the row operations R 2  R 2 +R1 and R 3  R 3 +R1

-1 1 1
 Δ=a 2b 2c2 0 0 2
0 2 0
Solving it along the first column, C1 we get:
0 2
  =a 2 b 2c 2  -1
2 0
  =a 2 b 2c2  0-4 
=4a 2b2c2
-a 2 ab ac
Hence, ba -b 2 bc =4a 2 b 2c 2 .
ca cb -c 2

1 a a2
i. 1 b b 2   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c2
1 a a2
Ans: Let Δ= 1 b b 2
1 c c2
Applying the row operations R1  R1  R 3 and R 2  R 2  R 3
0 a-c a 2 -c 2
 Δ= 0 b-c b 2 -c 2
1 c c2

We know, a 2  b 2   a  b  a  b 
Thus,
0 1   a  c 
  =  c  a  b  c  0 1 b+c
1 c c2
Applying R1  R1  R 2
0 0 a  b
 Δ=  b  c  c  a  0 1 b+c
1 c c2
0 0 a  b
 Δ=  b  c  c  a  0 1 b+c
1 c c2
Taking out  a  b  common from R 1
0 0 1
  =  a  b  b  c  c  a  0 1 b+c
1 c c2
Expanding along C1 ,
0 1
 Δ=  a-b  b-c  c-a 
1 b+c
=  a-b  b-c  c-a 
1 a a2
Hence, 1 b b 2   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c2

1 1 1
ii. a b c =  a-b  b-c  c-a  a+b+c 
a3 b 3 c3
1 1 1
Ans: Let Δ= a b c
a3 b 3 c3
Applying the column operations, C1  C1  C3 and C2  C2  C3
0 0 1
 Δ= a-c b-c c
a 3 -c3 b3 -c3 c3
We know, x 3  y3   x  y   x 2  y 2  xy  .
0 0 1
 = a-c b-c c
 a-c   a 2 +ac+c2   b-c   b2 +bc+c2  c3
Taking out  c  a  and  b  c  common from C1 and C 2 respectively,
0 0 1
  =  c  a  b  c  1 1 c
  a 2 +ac+c2   b +bc+c 
2 2
c3
Applying C1  C1  C 2
0 0 1
 Δ=  c  a  b  c  0 1 c
b 2
 a2   cb  a   b +bc+c 
2 2
c3

Taking out  a  c  common from C1 , we get:
0 0 1
  =  a  b  c  a  b  c  0 0 c
-  a+b+c   b +bc+c 
2 2
c3
Again taking out  a  b  c  common from C1 , we get:
0 0 1
  =  a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c  0 0 c
1  b +bc+c 
2 2
c3
Expanding along C1 , we get:
0 1
 Δ=  a  b  b  c  c  a  a+b+c  -1
1 c
=  a-b  b-c  c-a  a+b+c 
1 1 1
Hence, a b c =  a-b  b-c  c-a  a+b+c 
a3 b 3 c3
x x2 yz
y y2 zx =  x-y  y-z  z-x  xy+yz+zx  .
z z2 xy

x x2 yz
Ans: Let Δ= y y 2 zx
z z2 xy
Applying the row operations R 2  R 2  R1 and R 3  R 3  R 1
x x2 yz
 Δ= y-x y 2 -x 2 zx-yz
z-x z 2 -x 2 xy-yz
x x2 yz
  = -  x-y  -  x-y  x+y  z  x-y 
 z-x   z-x  z+x  -y  z-x 
Taking out  x  y  and  z  x  common from R 2 and R 3 respectively
x x2 yz
  =  x  y  z  x  1  x  y z
1 z  x y
Applying R 3  R 3  R 2
x x2 yz
 Δ=  x  y  z  x  -1 -x-y z
0 zy zy
Taking out  z  y  common from R 3 , we get:
x x2 yz
  =  x  y  z  x  z  y  1  x  y z
0 1 1
Expanding along R 3

 x yz x x2 
 Δ=  x  y  z  x  z  y   1 +1 
 1 z 1  x  y 
 =  x-y  z-x  z-y   -xz-yz  +  -x 2 -xy+x 2 
 =   x  y  z  x  z  y  xy+yz+zx 
=  x  y  y  z  z  x  xy+yz+zx 
x x2 yz
Hence, y y 2 zx =  x  y  y  z  z  x  xy+yz+zx 
z z2 xy

x+4 2x 2x
i. 2x x+4 2x =  5x+4  4-x 
2
2x 2x x+4
x+4 2x 2x
Ans: Let Δ= 2x x+4 2x
2x 2x x+4
Applying the row operation, R1  R1 +R 2 +R 3
5x+4 5x+4 5x+4

 Δ= 2x x+4 2x
2x 2x x+4
Taking out  5x  4  common from R 1

1 1 1
  =  5x+4  2x x+4 2x
2x 0 x+4
1 0 0
 Δ=  5x+4  2x 4  x 0
2x 0 4x
Taking out  4  x  common from C 2 and C 3 respectively,
1 0 0
  =  5x+4  4-x  4-x  2x 1 0
2x 0 1
Expanding along C 3
1 0
 Δ=  5x+4  4  x 
2
2x 1
 =  5x+4  4  x 
2
x+4 2x 2x
Hence, 2x x+4 2x =  5x+4  4-x 
2
2x 2x x+4
y+k y y
ii. y y+k y =k 2  3x+k 
y y y+k

y+k y y
Ans: Let Δ= y y+k y
y y y+k
3y+k 3y+k 3y+k

 Δ= y y+k y
y y y+k
Taking out  3y  k  common from R 1
1 1 1
  =  3y+k  y y+k y
y y y+k
1 0 0
 Δ=  3y+k  y k 0
y 0 k
Taking out  k  common from C 2 and C 3 respectively,
1 0 0
  =k  3x+k  y 1 0
2
y 0 1
Expanding along C 3
1 0
 Δ=k 2  3x+k 
y 1
 =k 2  3x+k 

y+k y y
Hence, y y+k y =k 2  3x+k  .
y y y+k

a-b-c 2a 2a
i. 2b b-c-a 2b =  a+b+c 
3
2c 2c c-a-b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

Ans: Let Δ= 2b b-c-a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c

 Δ= 2b b-c-a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b
Taking out  a  b  c  common from R 1
1 1 1
  =  a+b+c  2b b-c-a 2b
2c 2c c-a-b
1 0 0
 Δ=  a+b+c  2b -  a+b+c  0
2c 0 -  a+b+c 
Taking out  a  b  c  common from C 2 and C 3 respectively,

1 0 0
  =  a+b+c 
3
2b -1 0
2c 0 -1
Expanding along C 3
 Δ=  a+b+c   -1 -1

3
 =  a+b+c 
3
a-b-c 2a 2a
Hence, 2b b-c-a 2b =  a+b+c  .
3
2c 2c c-a-b
x+y+2z x y
=2  x+y+z 
3
ii. z y+z+2z y
z x z+x+2y
x+y+2z x y
Ans: Let Δ= z y+z+2z y
z x z+x+2y
Applying the column operation, C1  C1 +C2 +C3
2  x+y+z  x y
 Δ= 2  x+y+z  y+z+2z y
2  x+y+z  x z+x+2y
Taking out 2  x  y  z  common from C1

1 x y
  =2  x+y+z  1 y+z+2z y
1 x z+x+2y
1 x y
 Δ=2  x+y+z  0 x+y+z 0
0 0 x+y+z
Taking out  x  y  z  common from R 2 and R 3 respectively,
1 x y
  =2  x+y+z  0 1 0
0 0 1
Expanding along R 3
 Δ=2  x+y+z  11-0 

3
=2  x+y+z 
3
x+y+2z x y
= 2  x+y+z  .
3
Hence, z y+z+2z y
z x z+x+2y
1 x x2
x = 1-x 3  .
2
x2 1
x x2 1

1 x x2
Ans: Let Δ= x 2 1 x
x x2 1
Applying R1  R1 +R 2 +R 3
1+x+x 2 1+x+x 2 1+x+x 2

 Δ= x 2 1 x
x x2 1
Taking out 1+x+x 2  common from R 1
1 1 1
 Δ= 1+x+x  x 2
2
1 x
x x2 1
Applying C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1
1 0 0
 Δ= 1+x+x 2  x 2 1-x 2 x-x 2
x x 2 -x 1-x
Taking out 1  x  common from C 2 and C 3 respectively,
1 0 0
  = 1+x+x 2  1-x 1-x  x 2 1+x x
x -x 1
1 0 0
  = 1-x  1-x  x 1+x x
3 2
x -x 1
Expanding along R 1 .

 Δ= 1-x 3  1  x 1
1+x x
x 1
  = 1-x 3  1-x  1+x+x 2 
  = 1-x 3 1-x 3 
 = 1-x 3 
2
1 x x2
x = 1-x 3  .
2
Hence, x 2 1
x x2 1
1+a 2 -b 2 2ab -2b

2a = 1+a 2 +b 2  .
3
2ab 1-a 2 +b 2
2b -2a 1-a 2 -b 2
1+a 2 -b 2 2ab -2b

Ans: Let Δ= 2ab 1-a 2 +b 2 2a
2b -2a 1-a 2 -b 2
Applying the row operations, R1  R1 +bR 3 and R 2  R 2  R 3
1+a 2 +b 2 0 -b 1+a 2 +b 2 
 Δ= 0 1+a 2 +b 2 a 1+a 2 +b 2 
2b -2a 1-a 2 -b 2
Taking out 1+a 2 +b 2  common from R 1 and R 2 respectively,

1 0 -b
  = 1+a 2 +b 2 2
 0 1 a
2b -2a 1-a 2 -b 2
Expanding along R 1
 1 
 Δ= 1+a 2 +b 2  1
1 a 0
 b 
 2a 1  a  b 2b 2a 
2 2
 Δ= 1+a 2 +b 2  1-1-a 2 -b 2 +2a 2 -b  -2b  

2
 Δ= 1+a 2 +b 2  1+a 2 +b 2 
2
 Δ= 1+a 2 +b 2 
3
1+a 2 -b 2 2ab -2b

2a = 1+a 2 +b 2  .
3
Hence, 2ab 1-a 2 +b 2
2b -2a 1-a 2 -b 2
a 2 +1 ab ac
2
ab b +1 bc =1+a 2 +b 2 +c 2 .
ca cb c 2 +1
a 2 +1 ab ac
Ans: Let Δ= ab b 2 +1 bc
ca cb c 2 +1
Taking out a,b and c from R 1 , R 2 and R 3 respectively

1
a+ b c
a
1
 Δ=abc a b+ c
b
1
a b c+
c
1
a+ b c
a
1 1
 Δ=abc - 0
a b
1 1
- 0
a c
Applying C1  aC1 , C 2  bC 2 and C3  cC3
a 2 +1 b 2 c2
1
 Δ=abc× -1 1 0
abc
-1 0 1
Expanding along C 3
b2 c2 a 2 +1 b 2
 Δ=-1 +1
1 0 -1 1
  =1 -c2  +  a 2 +1+b 2 
=1+a 2 +b2 +c2
a 2 +1 ab ac
Hence, ab b 2 +1 bc =1+a 2 +b 2 +c 2 .
ca cb c 2 +1

15. Choose the correct answer. Let A be a square matrix of order 3×3 , then
A. kA is equal to k A
B. k 2 A
C. k 3 A
D. 3k A
Ans: Since, A is a square matrix of order 3×3 .
 a1 b1 c1 
Let us suppose A= a 2 b2 c2 
 
 a 3 b3 c3 
 ka1 kb1 kc1 

Thus, kA=  ka 2 kb 2 kc2 
 
 ka 3 kb3 kc3 
ka1 kb1 kc1

 kA = ka 2 kb 2 kc 2
ka 3 kb3 kc3
Taking out  k  common from each row, we have:
a1 b1 c1
 kA =k a 23
b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
 kA =k 3 A
Hence, B. k 3 A is the correct option.
16. Which of the following is correct?

A. Determinant is a square matrix.

B. Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.
C. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
D. None of these.
Ans: For every square matrix, A= a ij  of order n , we can determine or associate
a value which is termed as determinant of square matrix A , where a ij =  i,j

th
element of A .
Thus, the determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
Hence, C. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix is the correct
option.
Exercise 4.3
1. Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the
following:
i. 1,0  ,  6,0  ,  4,3 
Ans: Given vertices, 1,0  ,  6,0  ,  4,3
We know, if we have three points  x1, y1  ,  x 2 , y2  and  x 3 , y3  , then the area of

the triangle is given by,
x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
Thus, the area of the triangle is given by,

1 0 1
1
 Δ= 6 0 1
2
4 3 1

1
   1 0-3 -0  6-4  +118-0 
2
1
 = -3+18
2
15
 = square units
2
15
Area of the triangle with vertices 1,0 ,  6,0  ,  4,3 is square units.
2
ii.  2,7  ,  1,1 ,  10,8 
Ans: Given vertices,  2,7  , 1,1 , 10,8

x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1

2 7 1
1
 Δ= 1 1 1
2
10 8 1
1
 Δ=  2 1-8 -7 1-10  +18-10 
2
1
 Δ= 2  -7  -7  -9  +1 -2 
2

1
 Δ= -16+63
2
47
 Δ= square units
2
47
Area of the triangle with vertices  2,7  , 1,1 , 10,8 is square units.
2
iii. (-2,-3),  3,2  ,(-1,-8)
Ans: Given vertices, (-2,-3),  3,2  ,(-1,-8)

x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
Thus, the area of the triangle with vertices (-2,-3),  3,2  ,(-1,-8) is given by,
-2 -3 1
1
 Δ= 3 2 1
2
-1 -8 1
1
 Δ= -2  2+8 +3 3+1 +1 -24+2 
2
1
 Δ= -20+12-22
2
30
Δ
2
 Δ=-15

The area of the triangle with vertices  2,7  , 1,1 , 10,8 is -15 =15 square units.
2. Show that points A  a,b+c  ,B  b,c +a  ,C  c,a +b  are collinear.
Ans: To show that the points A  a,b+c  ,B  b,c +a  ,C  c,a +b  are collinear, the
area of the triangle formed by these points as vertices should be zero.
 Area of ΔABC is given by,
a b+a 1
1
 Δ= b c+a 1
2
c a+b 1
a b+c 1
1
  = b-a a-b 0
2
c-a a-c 0
Taking out  a  b  and  c  a  common from R 2 and R 3 respectively,
a b+c 1
1
 Δ=  a-b  c-a  -1 1 0
2
1 -1 0
Applying the row operation R 3  R 3 +R 2
a b+c 1
1
  =  a-b  c-a  -1 1 0
2
0 0 0
Since all the elements of the last row of the matrix are zero then the value of the
determinant will be 0 .

=0
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points A , B and C is zero.
Hence, the points A  a,b+c  ,B  b,c +a  ,C  c,a +b  are collinear.
3. Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are

i.  k,0  ,  4,0  ,  0,2 
Ans: Given vertices are  k,0  ,  4,0  ,  0,2  .

x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1

k 0 1
1
 Δ= 4 0 1
2
0 2 1
1
 = k  0-2  -0  4-0  +18-0 
2
1
 = -2k+8
2
  k  4
Since the area is given to be 4 square units, thus
k  4  4
When k  4  4

k  8 .
When k  4  4
k  0 .
Hence, k=0,8 .
ii. (-2,0),  0,4  ,  0,k 
Ans: Given vertices are (-2,0),  0,4  ,  0,k  .

x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
The area of the triangle is given by,

2 0 1
1
 Δ= 0 4 1
2
0 k 1
1
 Δ=  2  4  k 
2
Δk4
Since the area is given to be 4 square units, thus
k  4  4
When k  4  4
k  0 .
When k  4  4

k  8 .
Hence, k  0,8 .
4. Determine the following:

i. Find equation of line joining  1,2  and  3,6  using determinants.
Ans: Let us assume a point, P  x, y  on the line joining points A 1,2  and B  3,6 
Then, the point A , B and P are collinear.

Thus, the area of triangle ABP will be zero.
1 2 1
1
 3 6 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
 1 6-y  -2  3-x  +1 3y-6x  =0
2
 6-y-6+2x+3y-6x=0
 2y-4x=0
 y=2x
 The equation of the line joining the given points is y  2x .
ii. Find equation of line joining  3,1  and  9,3  using determinants.
Ans: Let us assume a point, P  x, y  on the line joining points A  3,1 and B  9,3 .
Then, the point A , B and P are collinear.

Thus, the area of the triangle ABP will be zero.

3 1 1
1
 9 3 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
 3 3-y  -1 9-x  +1 9y-3x  =0
2
 9-3y-9+x+9y-3x=0
 6y-2x=0
 x-3y=0
 The equation of the line joining the given points is x-3y=0 .
5. If the area of triangle is 35 square units with vertices (2,-6) ,  5,4  and
 k,4  . Then k is
A. 12
B. -2
C. -12,-2
D. 12,-2
Ans: Given vertices, (2,-6) ,  5,4  and  k,4 

x1 y1 1
  x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
The area of the triangle is given by,

2 -6 1
1
 Δ= 5 4 1
2
k 4 1
1
 Δ= 2  4-4  +6  5-k  +1 20-4k 
2
1
 Δ= 50-10k 
2
 Δ=25-5k
Given, the area of the triangle is 35 square units .
Thus, we have:
 25 - 5k  35
 5  5 - k   35
 5 - k  7 .
When 5  k  7
k  2 .
When 5  k  7
k  12 .
Hence, k  12, 2 .
Thus, D. 12, 2 is the correct option.
Exercise 4.4
1. Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
2 -4
i.
0 3

2 -4
Ans: Given,
0 3
Minor of an element is termed as the determinant obtained by removing the row

and the column in which that element is present.
Minor of element a ij is denoted by M ij ,where
i and j denotes the row and the column of the determinant respectively.
 M11 =3
M12 =0
M 21 =-4
M 22 =2
Cofactor of an element is termed as the determinant obtained by removing the row

and the column in which that element is present preceded by a negative or a
positive sign based on the position of the element.
Thus,
Cofactor of a ij is Aij =  -1 M ij

i+j
 A11 =  -1 M11

1+1
 A11   -1  3
2
 A11 =3
Similarly,
 A12 =  -1
1+2
M12
 A12 =  -1  0 
3

 A12 =0
 A 21 =  -1
2+1
M 21
 A 21 =  -1  -4 
3
 A 21 =4
 A 22 =  -1
2+2
M 22
 A 22 =  -1  2 
4
 A 22 =2
a c
ii.
b d
a c
Ans: Given,
b d
Minor of element a ij is denoted by M ij .
 M11 =d
M12 =b
M 21 =c
M 22 =a
Cofactor of a ij is Aij =  -1 M ij

i+j
 A11 =  -1 M11

1+1
 A11   -1  d 
2

 A11 =d
Similarly,
 A12 =  -1
1+2
M12
 A12 =  -1  b 
3
 A12 =  b
 A 21 =  -1
2+1
M 21
 A21 =  -1  c 
3
 A 21 =  c
 A 22 =  -1
2+2
M 22
 A 22 =  -1  a 
4
 A 22 =a
2. Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

1 0 0
i. 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
Ans: Given determinant, 0 1 0 .
0 0 1

1 0
 M11 = =1
0 1
0 0
 M12 = =0
0 1
0 1
 M13 = =0
0 0
0 0
 M 21 = =0
0 1
1 0
 M 22 = =1
0 1
1 0
 M 23 = =0
0 0
0 0
 M 31 = =0
1 0
1 0
 M 32 = =0
0 0
1 0
 M 33 = =1
0 1
Cofactor of a ij is Aij =  -1 M ij .

i+j
 A11 =  -1 M11  1

11
 A12 =  -1
1 2
M12  0
 A13 =  -1
13
M13  0

 A21 =  -1
21
M21  0
 A22 =  -1
2 2
M22  1
 A 23 =  -1
2 3
M 23  0
 A31 =  -1
31
M31  0
 A32 =  -1
3 2
M32  0
 A33 =  -1
33
M33  1
1 0 4
ii. 3 5 -1
0 1 2
1 0 4
Ans: Given determinant, 3 5 -1
0 1 2
5 -1
 M11 = =10+1=11
1 2
3 -1
 M12 = =6-0=6
0 2
3 5
 M13 = =3-0=3
0 1

0 4
 M 21 = =0-4=-4
1 2
1 4
 M 22 = =2-0=2
0 2
1 0
 M 23 = =1-0=1
0 1
0 4
 M 31 = =0-20=-20
5 -1
1 4
 M 32 = =-1-12=-13
3 -1
1 0
 M 33 = =5-0=5
3 5
Cofactor of a ij is Aij =  -1 M ij .

i+j
 A11 =  -1 M11  11

11
 A12 =  -1
1 2
M12  6
 A13 =  -1
13
M13  3
 A21 =  -1
21
M 21  4
 A22 =  -1
2 2
M22  2
 A 23 =  -1
23
M 23  1
 A31 =  -1
31
M31  20

 A32 =  -1
3 2
M32  13
 A33 =  -1
33
M33  5
5 3 8
3. Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate Δ= 2 0 1 .
1 2 3
5 3 8
Ans: Given determinant, 2 0 1
1 2 3
Determining the minors and cofactors, we get:
3 8
 M 21 =  9  16  7
2 3
 A 21 =  -1
2+1
M 21 =7
5 8
 M 22 =  15  8  7
1 3
 A 22 =  -1
2+2
M 22 =7
5 3
 M 23 =  10  3  7
1 2
 A23 =  -1 M23  7

2+1
Since, Δ is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the second row with
their corresponding cofactors.
  a 21A 21  a 22 A 22  a 23A 23

 =2  7  +0  7  +1 7 
Hence, =21 .
1 x yz
4. Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate Δ= 1 y zx .
1 z xy
1 x yz
Ans: Given determinant, 1 y zx
1 z xy
Determining the minors and cofactors, we get:
1 y
 M13 = zy
1 z
 A13 =  -1 M13 =  z  y 

1+3
1 x
 M 23 = zx
1 z
 A23 =  -1 M 23 =  x  z 
2+3
1 x
 M 33 = yx
1 y
 A33 =  -1 M33   y  x 

3+3
Since, Δ is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the first row with
their corresponding cofactors.
  a13A13  a 23A 23  a 33A33

   yz  z - y   zx  x - z   xy  y - x 
   yz2 - y2z  x 2z - xz 2  xy2 - x 2 y
    x 2 z - y 2 z    yz 2 - xz 2    xy 2 - x 2 y 
    x - y   zx  zy - z 2 - xy 
    x - y  z  x - z   y  z - x 
Thus, Δ=  x-y  y-z  z-x  .
a11 a12 a13

5. If   a 21 a 22 a 23 and Aij is Cofactors of a ij , then value of  is given by
a 31 a 32 a 33
a) a11 A 31  a12 A 32  a13 A 33
b) a11 A11  a12 A 21  a13 A 31
c) a 21 A11  a 22 A12  a 23 A13
d) a11 A11  a 21 A 21  a 31A 31
a11 a12 a13

Ans: It is given that   a 21 a 22 a 23 .
a 31 a 32 a 33
The value of  by expanding along first column is obtained as,

a11  a 22 .a 33  a 23.a 32   a 21  a12 .a 33  a13.a 32   a 31  a12 .a 23  a13.a 22  ….. 1
Now, the cofactor Aij of element a ij is given by  1 M ij , where M ij is the

i j
minor. Minor is the determinant obtained by cancelling the ith row and jth column
of the original matrix.

a 22 a 23
Now for element a11 , the minor is M11   a 22 .a 33  a 23 .a 32 and the
a 32 a 33
cofactor is A11   1  a 22 .a 33  a 23.a 32   A11   a 22 .a 33  a 23.a 32  .
11
a12 a13
Next for element a 21 , the minor is M 21   a12 .a 33  a13.a 32 and the
a 32 a 33
cofactor is A21   1  a12 .a 33  a13.a 32   A21    a12 .a 33  a13.a 32  .
21
a12 a13
Next for element a 31 , the minor is M 31   a12 .a 23  a13.a 22 and the
a 22 a 23
cofactor is A31   1  a12 .a 23  a13.a 22   A31   a12 .a 23  a13.a 22  .
31
Now substituting the terms as obtained from above computation in equation 1,

a11A11  a 21  A21   a 31A31
a11A11  a 21A 21  a 31A31
This matches with option d.
Exercise 4.5
1 2
1. Find the adjoint of each of the matrices.  
3 4
1 2 
Ans: Let A=  
3 4 
Since, Cofactor of a ij is Aij =  -1 M ij .

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2

 A11 =4
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  3
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =  2
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  1
We know that adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix.

T
A A12 
Thus, adjA=  11
 A 21 A 22 
 4 -2 
 adjA=  .
-3 1 
 1 -1 2 
2. Find adjoint of each of the matrices  2 3 5  .
 -2 0 1 
 1 -1 2 
Ans: Let A=  2 3 5 
-2 0 1 

i+j
Thus,

 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11
11 2
3 5
 A11 = 30 3
0 1
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
2 5
 A12     2+10   12
-2 1
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
2 3
 A13  =0+6=6
2 0
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
-1 2
 A 21 =    1  0  =1
0 1
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
1 2
 A 22  =1+4=5
2 1
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
1 -1
 A 23 = =  0  2  =2
-2 0
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4

1 2
 A31   5  4  9
2 5
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
1 2
 A32     5  4   1
2 5
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
1 -1
 A33  =3+2=5 .
2 3
A13   3 12 6 
T
 A11 A12
Thus, adjA=  A 21 A 22 A 23  =  1 5 2
   
 A31 A32  
A33   9 1 5 
2 3
3. Verify A  adjA  =  adjA  A= A I .  
 -4 -6 
2 3
Ans: Given, A=  
 -4 -6 
 A  12   12 
 A 0
1 0 
Hence, A I  0  
0 1 

0 0
 AI 
0 0

i+j
Then,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =  6
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  4
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =  3
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  2
 6 4 
Cofactor matrix is  .
  3 2 
 6 3
Thus, adjA=  
4 2
Now, multiplying A with its adjoint, we have:
 2 3   6 3
 A  adjA  =   
-4 -6   4 2 

 12  12 6  6 
 A  adjA  =  
 24  24 12  12 
0 0
 A  adjA  =  
0 0
Similarly, multiplying  adjA  with A , we get:
 6 3  2 3 
  adjA  A=   
 4 2   4 6 
 12  12 18  18

  adjA  A= 
 88 12  12 
0 0 
  adjA  A=  
0 0 
Thus, A  adjA  =  adjA  A= A I
Hence verified.
 1 1 2 
4. Verify A  adjA  =  adjA  A= A I .  3 0 2  .
 1 0 3 
1 -1 2 
Ans: Let A= 3 0 -2 
 
1 0 3 
 A =1 0-0  +1 9+2  +2  0-0 
 A =11

1 0 0  11 0 0 
A I=11 0 1 0  =  0 11 0 
   
0 0 1   0 0 11

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =0
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12    9  2   11
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  0
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A21 =   3  0   3
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  3  2  1
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A23 =   0  1  1
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4

 A31  2  0  2
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32    2  6   8
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A33  0  3  3 .
 0 11 0 
Cofactor matrix is  3 1 1 .
 
 2 8 3 
 0 11 0 
T
 adjA   3 1 1
 
 2 8 3 
 0 3 2
 adjA=  11 1 8 
 
 0 1 3 
Now, multiplying A with its adjoint, we have:
1 -1 2   0 3 2 
 A  adjA  = 3 0 -2  -11 1 8 
  
1 0 3   0 -1 3 
0+11+0 3-1-2 2-8+6 

 A  adjA  =  0+0+0 9+0+2 6+0-6 
 
 0+0+0 3+0-3 2+0+9

11 0 0 
 A  adjA  =  0 11 0 
 
 0 0 11
Similarly, multiplying  adjA  with A , we get:
 0 3 2  1 -1 2 
  adjA  A= -11 1 8  3 0 -2 
  
 0 -1 3  1 0 3 
 0+9+2 0+0+0 0-6+6 

  adjA  A= -11+3+8 11+0+0 -22-2+24 
 
 0-3+3 0+0+0 0+2+9 
11 0 0 
  adjA  A=  0 11 0 
 
 0 0 11
Thus, A  adjA  =  adjA  A= A I
Hence verified.
 2 2 
5. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  
4 3 
 2 2 
Ans: Let A=  
4 3 
 A 68
 A  14

i+j

Then,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =3
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12 =-4
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21  2
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  2
 3 4 
 2 2 
 3 2
 adjA=  
 4 2 
Hence, the inverse of the matrix A is given by,
1
 A -1 = adjA
A
1  3 2
 A -1 =
14 -4 2 
.

 -1 5 
6. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  
 -3 2 
 -1 5 
Ans: Let A=  
-3 2 
 A  2  15
 A  13

i+j
Then,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =2
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12 =3
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21  5
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  1
2 3
 5 1
 2 -5
 adjA=  
 3 -1

1
 A -1 = adjA
A
1  2 -5
 A -1 =
13  3 -1
.
1 2 3
7. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  0 2 4 
 0 0 5 
1 2 3 
Ans: Let A= 0 2 4 
 
0 0 5 
Then,
 A =110  0   2  0  0  +3 0  0 
 A =10

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =10  0  10
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12    0  0   0

 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13
13 4
 A13 =0
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A21 =  10  0  =  10
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  5  0  5
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =   0  0   0
And
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A31  8  6  2
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32    4  0   4
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  2  0  2 .
 10 0 0
Cofactor matrix is  10 5 0  .
 
 2 4 2 

10 10 2 
 adjA=  0 5 4 
 
 0 0 2 

1
 A -1 = adjA
A
10 -10 2 
 A -1   0 5 -4
1
10  
 0 0 2 
1 0 0 
8. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  3 3 0 
 5 2 -1
1 0 0 
Ans: Let A= 3 3 0 
 
5 2 -1
Then,
 A =1 3  0  -0+0
 A  3

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =  3  0  3

 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12
1 2 3
 A12    3  0   3
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  6  15  9
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =   0  0   0
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  1  0  1
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A23 =   2  0   2
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A31  0  0  0
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32    0  0   0
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A33  3  0  3 .

 3 3 9 
Cofactor matrix is  0 1 2  .
 
 0 0 3 
 3 3 9 
T
 adjA   0 1 2 
 
 0 0 3 
 -3 0 0 
 adjA=  3 -1 0 
 
-9 -2 3 

1
 A -1 = adjA
A
 -3 0 0 
 A -1 =  3 -1 0 
1
10  
-9 -2 3
 2 1 3
9. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  4 -1 0 
 -7 2 1 
 2 1 3
Ans: Let A=  4 -1 0 
 
-7 2 1 
Thus,

 A =2  -1-0  -1 4-0  +38-7 
 A  2  -1 -1 4   31
 A  3

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =  1  0  1
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12    4  0   4
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  8  7  1
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A21 =  1  6   5
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  2  21  23
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A23 =   4  7   11
and

 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31
31 4
 A31  0  3  3
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32    0  12   12
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  2  4  6 .
 1 4 1 
Cofactor matrix is  5 23 11 .
 
 3 12 6 
 1 4 1 
T
 adjA   5 23 11
 
 3 12 6 
 -1 5 3 
 adjA= -4 23 12 
 
 1 -11 -6 

1
 A -1 = adjA
A
 -1 5 3 
 A -1 = -4 23 12 
1
10  
 1 -11 -6 

 1 -1 2 
10. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  0 2 -3 
 3 -2 4 
1 -1 2 
Ans: Let A= 0 2 -3
 
 3 -2 4 
Expanding along column C1 ,
 A =18  6  -0+3 3  4 
 A  1

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =8-6=2
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12    0  9   9
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  0  6  6
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A21 =   4  4   0

 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22
2 2 4
 A 22  4  6  2
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A23 =   2  3  1
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A31  3  4  1
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32    3  0   3
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  2  0  2 .
 2 9 6 
Cofactor matrix is  0 2 1 .
 
 1 3 2 
 2 9 6 
T
 adjA   0 2 1
 
 1 3 2 
 2 0 1
 adjA   9 2 3 
 
 6 1 2 

The inverse of the matrix A is given by,
1
 A -1 = adjA
A
 2 0 1
 A -1 =  1  9 2 3 
 
 6 1 2 
 2 0 1 
Hence, A -1 =  9 2 3 .
 
 6 1 2 
1 0 0 

11. Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  0 cosa sina 
 0 sina -cosa 
1 0 0 

Ans: Let A= 0 cos a sin a 
 
0 sin a -cos a 
Expanding along column, C1
 A =1 -cos 2a-sin 2a 
 A    cos 2a+sin 2a 
 A  1

i+j
Thus,

 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11
11 2
 A11 =  cos2a  sin 2a=  1
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  0
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  0
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =0
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22   cosa
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =  sin a
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  0
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32   sin a
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6

 A 33  cos a .
 1 0 0 
Cofactor matrix is  0  cosa  sin a  .
 
 0  sin a cosa 
 1
T
0 0 
 adjA   0  cosa  sin a 
 
 0  sin a cosa 
-1 0 0 
 adjA=  0 -cosa -sin a 
 
 0 -sin a cosa 
The inverse of the matrix A is given by,

1
 A -1 = adjA
A
-1 0 0 
 A =  1 0 -cosa -sin a 
-1 
 
 0 -sin a cosa 
1 0 0 
Hence, A 1 = 0 cosa sin a  .
 
0 sin a -cosa 
3 7  6 8
 
-1
12. Let A=   and B=   . Verify that AB =B -1 A -1 .
 2 5 7 9

3 7
Ans: Let A=  
2 5
Thus, determining the value of A ,
 A =15  14
 A 1

i+j
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =5
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12 =  2
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21  7
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  3
 5 2
T
 adjA=  
 7 3 
 5 7 
 adjA=  
 2 3 

1
The inverse of a matrix is given by, A -1 = adjA
A
 5 -7 
Hence, A -1 =  
-2 3 
6 8
For B=  
7 9
 B =54  56
B=2
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =9
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12 =  7
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21  8
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  6
 9 7 
T
 adjA=  
 8 6 

 9 8
 adjA=  
 7 6 
 9 -8
Hence, adjB=  
-7 6 
1 1  9 8
 B-1 = adjB=  
B 2  7 6 
 9 
 2 4
Thus, B  
-1
.
 7 3
 2 
Now, multiplying B1 and A 1 , we get:
 9 
 - 4
2  5 -7 
 B-1A -1 =   
 7 -3 -2 3 
 2 
 45 63 
 - -8 +12 
2 2
 B-1A -1 =  
 35 +6 - 49 -9 
 2 2 
 61 87 
- 2 2 
B A = 
-1 -1
 ……(1)
 47
- 
67
 2 2 
Similarly, multiplying the matrices A and B , we get:
3 7  6 8
 AB=   
 2 5  7 9 

18+49 24+63
 AB=  
12+35 16+45 
 67 87 
 AB=  
 47 61
The value of AB is
 AB =67×61-87×47
 AB =4087-4089
 AB  2
The adjoint of  AB  is given by,
 61 -87 
 adj AB  =  
-47 67 
Thus, the inverse is,
1
  AB  = adj AB 
-1
AB
1  61 -87 
  AB   
-1
2 -47 67 
 61 87 
-
-1  2 2 
  AB  =   ……. (2)
 47 - 67 
 2 2 
From (1) and (2), we have:
 AB
-1
=B-1A -1

Hence proved.
 3 1
13. If A=   ,show that A2 -5A+7I=O . Hence find A-1 .
 -1 2 
 3 1
Ans: Given, A=  
-1 2 
We can write, A2 =A.A
 3 1  3 1
 A2 =   
-1 2  -1 2 
 9-1 3+2 
 A2 =  
-3-2 -1+4 
 8 5
 A2 =  
-5 3
 The value of A2 -5A+7I is:

 8 5  3 1  1 0 
 A 2 -5A+7I=   -5 -1 2  +7 0 1 
 -5 3     
-7 0  7 0 
 A 2 -5A+7I=   + 0 7 
 0 -7   
0 0
 A 2 -5A+7I=  
0 0
Hence, A2 -5A+7I=0
 A2 -5A=-7I

Multiplying by A -1 on both the sides, we have:
 AA  A -1   5AA -1 =  7IA -1
 A  AA -1   5I=  7IA -1
 AI  5I=  7IA-1
1
 A-1 =   A  5I 
7
1
 A-1 =  5I  A 
7
1  5 0   3 1  
 A-1 =    
7  0 5 -1 2 
1  2 -1
 A -1 = 
7 1 3 
 3 2
14. For the matrix A=   .find the number a and b such that.
1 1
A2 +aA+bI=0 .
3 2 
Ans: Given A=  
1 1 
We can write, A2 =A.A
3 2  3 2 
 A2 =   
1 1  1 1 
9+2 6+2 
 A2 =  
 3+1 2+1

11 8
 A2 =  
 4 3
Solving A2 +aA+bI=0 by multiplying the whole equation by A 1 .
  AA  A -1 +aAA -1 +bIA -1 =0
 A  AA -1  +aI+b  IA -1  =0
 AI+aI+bA-1 =0
 A+aI= -bA-1
1
 A -1 =  A+aI 
b
Now, determining the value of A -1 .

We know that the adjoint of a square matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix.
Hence, the adjoint of matrix A is:
 1 2 
 adjA   
 1 3 
1
The inverse is given by, A -1 = adjA .
A
1  1 -2 
 A -1 = 
1 -1 3 
 1 -2 
 A -1 =  
-1 3 
Thus,

 1 -2 1  3 2 a 0 
  =-   + 
-1 3  b  1 1  0 a  
 1 -2  1 3+a 2 
  =- b  1 1+a 
 -1 3   
 -3-a 2 
-
 1 -2   b b 
 = 
-1 3   - 1 -1-a 
 b b 
Equating the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we get:
1
 - =-1
b
 b=1
-3-a
 1
b
a=  4
Thus, 4 and 1 are the required values of a and b respectively.
1 1 1 
15. For the matrix A=  1 2 -3  show that A3 -6A2 +5A+11I=0 . Hence, A-1 .
 2 -1 3 
1 1 1 
Ans: Given, A= 1 2 -3
 
 2 -1 3 

1 1 1  1 1 1 
 A 2 = 1 2 -3 1 2 -3
  
 2 -1 3   2 -1 3 
1+1+1 1+2-1 1-3+3 

 A 2 = 1+2-6 1+4+3 1-6-9 
 
 2-1+6 2-2-3 2+3+9 
4 2 1 
 A 2 = -3 8 -14 
 
 7 -3 14 
 4 2 1  1 1 1 
 A =A .A= -3 8 -14  1 2 -3
3 2
  
 7 -3 14   2 -1 3 
 4+2+2 4+4-1 4-6+3 

 A3 = -3+8-28 -3+16+14 -3-24-42 
 
 7-3+28 7-6-14 7+9+42 
 8 7 1 
 A3 = -23 27 -69 
 
 32 -13 58 
Substituting the values for A3 , A2 and A in A3 -6A2 +5A+11I , we have:
 A3 -6A2 +5A+11I=
 8 7 1   4 2 1  1 1 1  1 0 0 
-23 27 -69  -6 -3 8 -14  +5 1 2 -3 +11 0 1 0 
       
 32 -13 58   7 -3 14   2 -1 3  0 0 1 
 A3 -6A2 +5A+11I=

 8 7 1   24 12 6  5 5 5  11 0 0 
-23 27 -69  - -18 48 -84  + 5 10 -15 +11  0 11 0 
       
 32 -13 58   42 -18 84  2 -5 15   0 0 11
 24 12 6   24 12 6 
 A3 -6A 2 +5A+11I= -18 48 -84  - -18 48 -84 
   
 42 -18 84   42 -18 84 
0 0 0
 A3 -6A 2 +5A+11I= 0 0 0  =0
 
0 0 0
Thus, A3 -6A2 +5A+11I=0
Since, A3 -6A2 +5A+11I=0 .
Multiplying the whole equation by A 1 , we have:
  AAA  A -1 -6  AA  A -1 +5AA -1 +11IA -1 =0
 AA  AA -1  -6A  AA -1  +5  AA -1  =11 IA -1 
 A2 -6A+5I=-11A-1
 A-1 =-
11
 A -6A+5I  …. (1)
1 2
Now, A2 -6A+5I is given by:
 4 2 1   1 1 1  1 0 0 
 A 2 -6A+5I= -3 8 -14  -6 1 2 -3 +5 0 1 0 
     
 7 -3 14   2 -1 3  0 0 1 

4 2 1   6 6 6  5 0 0 
 A 2 -6A+5I= -3 8 -14  -  6 12 -18 + 0 5 0 
     
 7 -3 14  12 6 18  0 0 5 
4 2 1   6 6 6 
 A 2 -6A+5I= -3 13 -14 -  6 12 -18
   
 7 -3 19  12 -6 18 
 3 -4 -5
 A 2 -6A+5I= -9 1 4 
 
 -5 3 1 
Substituting for A2 -6A+5I equation (1), we get
 3 -4 -5
 A -1 =- -9 1 4 
1
11  
-5 3 1 
-3 4 5 
 A -1 =  9 -1 -4 
1
11  
 5 -3 -1
 2 -1 1 
16. If A=  -1 2 -1 verify that A3 -6A2 +9A+4I=0 and hence find A-1 .
 1 -1 2 
 2 -1 1 
Ans: Given, A= -1 2 -1
 
 1 -1 2 

 2 -1 1   2 -1 1 
 A 2 = -1 2 -1 -1 2 -1
  
 1 -1 2   1 -1 2 
 4+1+1 -2-2-1 2+1+2 

 A 2 =  -2-2-1 1+4+1 -1-2-2 
 
 2+1+2 -1-2-2 1+1+4 
 6 -5 5 
 A 2 = -5 6 -5
 
 5 -5 6 
Similarly,
 6 -5 5   2 -1 1 
 A3 =A 2A= -5 6 -5 -1 2 -1
  
 5 -5 6   1 -1 2 
12+5+5 -6-10-5 6+5+10

 A =  -10-6-5 5+12+5 -5-6-10 
3
 
10+5+6 -5-10-6 5+5+12
 22 -21 21 
 A3 = -21 22 -21
 
 21 -21 22 
Now, A3 -6A2 +9A-4I is given by:
 22 -21 21   6 -5 5   2 -1 1  1 0 0
 A3 -6A 2 +9A-4I= -21 22 -21 -6 -5 6 -5 +9 -1 2 -1 -4 0 1 0
       
 21 -21 22   5 -5 6   1 -1 2  0 0 1 

 22 -21 21   36 -30 30  18 -9 9  4 0 0 
 A3 -6A 2 +9A-4I= -21 22 -21 - -30 36 -30  +  -9 18 -9  - 0 4 0 
       
 21 -21 22   30 -30 36   9 -9 18 0 0 4 
 40 -30 30   40 -30 30  0 0 0 
 A3 -6A 2 +9A-4I= -30 40 -30  - -30 40 -30  = 0 0 0 
     
 30 -30 40   30 -30 40  0 0 0 
 A3 -6A2 +9A-4I=0
Since, A3 -6A2 +9A-4I=0 .
Multiplying the whole equation by A 1 , we have:
  AAA  A -1 -6  AA  A -1 +9AA -1 -4IA -1 =0
 AA  AA -1  -6A  AA -1  +9  AA -1  =4  IA -1 
 AAI-6AI+9I=4A-1
 A2 -6A+9I=4A-1
 A-1 =
4
 A -6A+9I  …... (1)
1 2
Now, A2 -6A+9I is given by:
 6 -5 5   2 -1 1  0 0 0 
A 2 -6A+9I= -5 6 -5 -6 -1 2 -1 +9 0 0 0 
     
 5 -5 6   1 -1 2  0 0 0 
 6 -5 5  12 -6 6  9 0 0 
A 2 -6A+9I= -5 6 -5 -  -6 12 -6  + 0 9 0 
     
 5 -5 6   6 -6 12  0 0 9 

 3 1 -1
 A 2 -6A+9I=  1 3 1 
 
-1 3 3 
Substituting for A2 -6A+9I equation (1), we get
 3 1 -1
A -1 =  1 3 1  .
1
4 
-1 3 3 
17. Let A be nonsingular square matrix of order 3×3 . Then adjA is equal to
A. A
2
B. A
3
C. A
D. 3 A
Ans: Given A is a nonsingular square matrix, i.e., it is a square matrix whose

determinant is not equal to zero.
1
The inverse of a matrix is given as A -1 = adjA .
A
1
 A 1A  adjA
A
 A I  adjA
The adjoint of matrix A is given by,
A 0 0
 
  adjA  =A= A I=  0 A 0
 0 0 A 

A 0 0
 
  adjA  A =  0 A 0
 0 0 A 
1 0 0
 adjA A = A 0 1 0 = A  I 
3 3
0 0 1
 adjA = A
3
2
Hence, B. A is the correct answer.
18. If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 , then det  A -1  is equal to

A. det  A 
1
B.
det  A 
C. 1
D. 0
Ans: Since A is an invertible matrix, thus A -1 exists and it is given by:
1
A -1 = adjA .
A
As matrix A is of order 2 ,
a b
 Let A=   .
c d 
Hence, A =ad-bc .
 d -b 
The adjoint of A would be, adjA=   .
-c a 

Now, the inverse of the matrix is given by:
1
 A -1 = adjA
A
d -b 
A A
-1  
A =
 -c a 
A A 

d -b 
A A
-1  
A =
 -c a 
A A 

1 d -b
 A -1 =
A 2 -c a
1
 A -1   ad-bc 
A2
1
 A -1 = .A
A2
1
 A -1 =
A
Thus, det  A -1  =
1
.
det  A 
1
Hence, B. is the correct answer.
det  A 

Exercise 4.6
1. Examine the consistency of the system of equations.
x+2y=2
2x+3y=3
Ans: Given equations,

x+2y=2
2x+3y=3
1 2  x  2
Let us suppose A=   , X= y and B=  3  such that, the given system of
2 3    
equations can be written in the form of AX=B .
Determining the value of A , we have:
 A =1 3  2  2  =3  4
 A = 1  0
Hence, A is non-singular.
Thus, the inverse of A , i.e., A -1 exists.

 The given system of equations is consistent.

2x-y=5
x+y=4

2x-y=5

x+y=4
 2 -1 x  5
Let us suppose A=   , X= y and B=  4  such that, the given system of
1 1     
equation can be written in the form of AX=B .
 A =2 1 -  -11 =2+1
A 30
Hence, A is non-singular.
Thus, A -1 exists.

x+3y=5
2x+6y=8

x+3y=5
2x+6y=8
We know, that a given system of equations is consistent if it has at least one

solution.
1 3 x  5 
Let A=   , X=   and B=   such that, the given system of equation can
2 6 y 8 
be written in the form of AX=B .

 A =1 6  -3 2 
 A =0
Hence, A is a singular matrix.

Determining the adjoint of the matrix A , we have:
 6 -3
  adjA  =  
-2 1 
 6 -3 5  30-24 

  adjA  B=   8 = -10+8
 -2 1    
6
  adjA  B=    0
-2 
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exists.
 The given system of equations is inconsistent.

x+y+z=1
2x+3y+2z=2
ax+ay+2az=4

x+y+z=1
2x+3y+2z=2
ax+ay+2az=4

solution.
1 1 1  x  1 
Let A=  2 3 2  , X=  y  and B=  2  such that, the given system of equation
     
 a a 2a   z   4 
can be written in the form of AX=B .
 A =1 6a  2a   1 4a  2a  +1 2a  3a 
 A =4a  2a  a
 A =a  0
Hence A is non-singular matrix.
Thus, A -1 exists.
 The given system of equation is consistent.

3x-y-2z=2
2y-z=-1
3x-5y=3

3x-y-2z=2
2y-z=-1
3x-5y=3

solution.
 3 -1 -2  x  2
Let A= 0 2 -1 , X=  y  and B= -1 such that, this system of equations can
     
 3 -5 0   z   3 
 A =3 -5 -0+31+4 
 A =-15+15
 A =0
A is a singular matrix.
Determining the adjoint of matrix A .
Writing the cofactors,
2 1
A11  (1)11  5
5 0
0 1
A12  (1)1 2  3
3 0
0 2
A13  (1)13  6
3 5
1 2
A 21  (1) 21  10
5 0
3 2
A 22  (1) 2 2 6
3 0

3 1
A 23  (1) 23  [15  3]  12
3 5
1 2
A 31  (1)31  [1  4]  5
2 1
3 2
A 32  (1)3 2 3
0 1
3 1
A33  (1)33 6
0 2
 -5 -3 6 
Cofactor matrix is 10 6 12 
 
 5 3 6 
Taking transpose,
 -5 10 5 
  adjA  =  -3 6 3 
 
-6 12 6 
-5 10 5   2  -10-10+15
  adjA  B=  -3 6 3 -1 =  -6-6+9 
    
-6 12 6   3  -12-12+18
 -5
  adjA  B=  -3  0
 
-6 
Thus, the solution of the given system of equation does not exist.
 The system of equations is inconsistent.

5x-y+4z=5
2x+3y+5z=2
5x-2y+6z=-1

5x-y+4z=5
2x+3y+5z=2
5x-2y+6z=-1
 5 -1 4  x  5
Let A=  2 3 5  , X=  y  and B=  2  such that, the system of equations can
     
 3 -2 6   z  -1
 A =5 18+10  +112-25 +4  -4-15
 A =5  28 +1 -13 +4  -19 
 A =140-13-76
 A =51  0
Hence, A is a non-singular matrix.
Thus, A -1 exists.

7. Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
5x+2y=4
7x+3y=5

5x+2y=4
7x+3y=5
5 2 x  4
Let A=   , X= y and B=  5  such that, this system of equations can be
7 3     
written in the form of AX=B .
 A =15-14
 A 1 0
Thus, A is a non-singular matrix.

Hence, its inverse exists.
 3 2 
 adjA   
 7 5 
Thus,
 3 -2 
 A -1   
-7 5 
 3 -2   4 
 X=A -1B=   
-7 5   5 

 x   12+10   2 
  = = 
 y  -28+52  -3
Thus, x=2 and y=  3 .

2x-y=-2
3x+4y=3

2x-y=-2
3x+4y=3
 2 -1 x  -2 
Let A=   , X=   and B=   such that, this system of equations can be
3 4  y 3
 A =8+3
 A  11  0
Thus, A is non-singular.
 It’s inverse exists.
 4 1
 adjA   
 3 2 
Now,

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
1  4 1
 A -1 =
11 -3 2 
1  4 1  -2 
 X=A -1B=
11 -3 2   3 
 x  1 -8+3
  =  
 y  11  6+6 
 x  1  -5 
  =  
 y  11 12
 5
-
 x   11 
  = 
 y   12 
 11 
5 12
Thus, x   and y  .
11 11

4x-3y=3
3x-5y=7

4x-3y=3
3x-5y=7 .

 4 -3 x  3
Let A=   , X= y and B=  7  such that, this system of equations can be
 3 -5    
 A =-20+9
 A =-11  0

Hence, its inverse exists.
adjA
Formula for inverse is A 1  .
A
Finding cofactors,
A11  (1)11 (5)  5
A12  (1)12 (3)  3
A 21  (1)21 (3)  3
A22  (1)22 (4)  4
 5 3
 3 4 
 5 3 
Taking its transpose to get adjoint matrix as  .
  3 4 
Therefore inverse is
1 -5 3 
 A -1 =-
11  -3 4 

1 -5 3   3 
 X=A -1B=-
11  -3 4  7 
 x  1 5 -3  3 
  =   
 y  11 3 -4  7 
 x  1 15-21
  =  
 y  11  9-28 
 6
-
 x   11 
  = 
 y  - 19 
 11 
6 19
Thus, x   and y   .
11 11

5x+2y=3
3x+2y=5

5x+2y=3
5x+2y=3
5 2  x  3
Let A=   , X= y and B= 5  such that, this system of equations can be
3 2     
 A =10  6

 A =4  0
Thus A is non-singular,
Therefore, its inverse exists.
adjA
Formula for inverse is A 1  .
A
Finding cofactors,
A11  (1)11 (2)  2
A12  (1)12 (3)  3
A 21  (1)21 (2)  2
A22  (1)22 (5)  5
 2 3
 2 5 
 2 2 
Taking its transpose to get adjoint matrix as  .
 3 5 
Therefore inverse is
1  2 2 
 A -1 = 
4  3 5 
1  2 2  3
 X=A -1B= 
4  3 5  5
 x  1  2 2 3
  =   
 y  4  3 5  5

 x  1  6  10 
  =  
 y  4  9  25
 4

x   4 
  = 
 y   16 
 4 
Thus, x  1 and y  4 .

2x+y+z=1
3
x-2y-z=
2
3y-5z=9

2x+y+z=1
3
x-2y-z=
2
3y-5z=9
1
2 1 1  x  3
   
Let A= 1 -2 -1 , X=  y  and B=   such that, this system of equations can
2
 0 3 -5  z  9
 
The determinant of A is found by expanding along the first column,

 A =2 10+3 -1 -5-3 +0
 A =2 13 -1 -8
 A  34  0

 Its inverse exists.
Hence,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =13
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  5
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  3
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =8
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  10
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =  6
and

 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31
31 4
 A 31  1
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A 32  3
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  5 .
13 5 3
Cofactor matrix is  8 10 6  .
 
 1 3 5

T
13 5 3
 adjA   8 10 6 
 
 1 3 5
13 8 1 
 adjA   5 -10 3 
 
 3 -16 -5
The inverse of a matrix is given by:

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
13 8 1 
1 
A =-1
5 -10 3 
34  
 3 -16 -5

1
13 8 1   
 X=A -1B=  5 -10 3   
1 3
34   2
 3 -16 -5  
9
x  13+12+9

 y =  1 
5-15+27 
  34  
 z   3-9-45 
x   34 
  y  =  17 
1
  34  
 z  -51
 
1
x   
  y =  
1
  2
 z   
3
- 
 2
1 3
Thus, x  1 and y  and z   .
2 2

x-y+z=4
2x+y-3z=0
x+y+z=2

x-y+z=4

2x+y-3z=0
x+y+z=2
1 1 1  x  4
Let A=  2 1 -3 , X=  y  and B=  0  such that, this system of equations can be
     
1 1 1   z   2 
 A =11+3 +1 2+3 +1 2-1
 A =4+5+1
 A =10  0
Thus A is non-singular.
Hence,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =4
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  5
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  1
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3

 A 21 =2
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  0
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =  2
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  2
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A 32  5
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  3 .
 4 5 1 
Cofactor matrix is  2 0 2  .
 
 2 5 3 
 4 5 1 
T
 adjA   2 0 2 
 
 2 5 3 

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
 4 2 2
 A -1 = -5 0 5 
1
10  
 1 -2 3 
 X=A-1B
x   4 2 2  4
  y  = -5 0 5   0 
1
  10   
 z   1 -2 3  2
x   16+0+4 

 y =  1
-20+0+10
  10  
 z   4+0+6 
x   20 
  y  = -10 
1
  10  
 z   10 
x   2 
  y  = -1
   
 z   1 
Thus, x  2 , y  1 and z  1.

2x+3y+3z=5
x-2y+z=-4
3x-y-2z=3

2x+3y+3z=5
x-2y+z=-4
3x-y-2z=3
2 3 3  x  5

Let A= 1 -2 1 , X= y and B= -4  such that, this system of equations can
  
     
 3 -1 -2   z   3 
 A =2  4+1 -3 2-3 +3 -1+6 
 A =2  5 -3 -5 +3 5
 A =10+15+15
 A =40  0

Hence,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =5
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  5
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4

 A13  5
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =3
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  13
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =11
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  9
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32  1
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  7 .
5 5 5

Cofactor matrix is 3 13 11  .
 
9 1 7 

T
5 5 5

 adjA  3 13 11 
 
9 1 7 

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
5 3 9 
 A -1 = 5 -13 1 
1
40  
5 11 -7 
 X=A-1B
x  5 3 9   5 
  y  = 5 -13 1  -4
1
  40   
 z  5 11 -7   3 
x   25-12+27 
  y  =  25+52+3 
1
  40  
 z   25-44-21 
x   40 

 y =  1  
80
  40  
 z  -40
x   1 
  y =  2 
   
 z   -1
Thus, x  1, y  2 and z  1.

x-y+2z=7
3x+4y-5z=-5
2x-y+3z=12

x-y+2z=7
3x+4y-5z=-5
2x-y+3z=12
1 -1 2  x  7
Let A=  3 4 -5 , X=  y  and B=  -5  such that, this system of equations can
     
 2 -1 3   z  12 
 A =112-5 +1 9+10  +2  -3-8
 A =7+19-22
 A =4  0

Now,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =7
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3

 A12  19
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  11
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =1
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  1
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =  1
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A31  3
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A 32  11
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  7 .
 7 19 11
Cofactor matrix is  1 1 1  .
 3 11 7 

 7 19 11
T
 adjA   1 1 1 
 
 3 11 7 
 7 1 3
 adjA  19 1 11 

 
 11 1 7 

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
 7 1 -3
 A -1 = -19 -1 11
1
4 
 -11 -1 7 
 X=A-1B
x   7 1 -3  7 
  y  = -19 -1 11  -5 
1
  4  
 z   -11 -1 7  12
x   49-5-36 
  y  = -133+5+132
1
  4 
 z   -77+5+84 
x  8
  y =  4 
1
  4 
 z  12 

 x   2
  y  = 1 
   
 z   3 
Thus x=2 , y=1 and z=3
 2 3 5 
15. If A   3 2 4  , find A 1 . Using A 1 solve the system of equations
 1 1 2 
2x  3y  5z  11
3x  2y  4z  5
x  y  2z  3

2x  3y  5z  11
3x  2y  4z  5
x  y  2z  3
 2 3 5  x   11 
Let A=  3 2 4  , X=  y  and B=  5 such that, this system of equations
     
1 1 2   z   3
can be written in the form of AX=B .
 A =2  -4+4  +3 -6+4  +5  3-2 
 A =0-6+5
 A =-1  0

Now,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =0
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  2
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  1
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =-1
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  9
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =  5
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  2
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5

 A32  23
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  13 .
0 2 1
Cofactor matrix is  1 9 5 .
 
 2 23 13 

T
0 2 1
 adjA   1 9 5
 
 2 23 13 
 0 1 2 
 adjA   2 9 23
 
1 5 13 

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
 0 1 2 
 A -1 =  2 9 23
1
1  
1 5 13 
 X=A-1B

x   0 1 2   11 
  y  =-1 2 9 23  5
    
 z  1 5 13   3
x   5-6 
  y  =-1 22+45-69
   
 z  11+25-39 
x   1
  y  =-1 2
   
 z   3
 x  1 
  y  = 2
   
 z   3 
Thus x=1 , y=2 and z=3 .
16. The cost of 4kg onion, 3kg wheat and 2kg rice is Rs 60 . The cost of 2kg
onion, 4kg wheat and 6kg rice is Rs 90 . The cost of 6kg onion 2kg wheat
and 3kg rice is Rs 70 .
Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method.

Ans: Let us suppose that the cost of onions, wheat and rice per kg be Rs x , Rs y
and Rs z respectively.
Then, the given situation can be represented by a system of equations as:
 4x+3y+2z=60
 2x+4y+6z=90
 6x+2y+3z=70

4 3 2 x  60 
Let A=  2 4 6  , X=  y  and B= 90  such that, this system of equations can
     
 6 2 3   z  70 
 A =4 12-12  -3 6-36  +2  4-24 
 A =0+90-40
 A =50  0
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =0
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  30
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  20
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =  5
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  0
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5

 A 23 =10
And
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  10
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A 32  20
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  10 .
 0 30 20 
 
10 20 10 
 0 30 20 
T
 adjA   5 0 10 
 
10 20 10 
 0 -5 10 
  adjA  =  30 0 -20 
 
-20 10 10 
1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A

 0 -5 10 
 A -1 =  30 0 -20 
1
50  
-20 10 10 
Since, X=A-1B
 0 -5 10  60 
1 
 X= 30 0 -20  90 
50   
-20 10 10  70 
x   0+450+700 

 y =  1 
1800+0-1400 
  50  
 z  -1200+900+700
x   250 
  y  =  400 
1
  50  
 z   400
 x  5
  y  = 8 
   
 z  8
Thus x=5 , y=8 , and z=8
Hence, the cost of onions is Rs 5 per kg, the cost of wheat is Rs 8 per kg, and the
cost of rice is Rs 8 per kg.
Miscellaneous Solutions
x sin  cos 
1. Prove that the determinant -sin  -x 1 is independent of  .
cos  1 x

x sin  cos 
Ans: Let   -sin  -x 1
cos  1 x
   x  x 2 -1 - sin   -x sin  - cos    cos   -sin   x cos  
   x 3 - x  xsin 2   sin  cos  - sin  cos   x cos 2 
   x 3 - x  x  sin 2   cos 2  
 =x 3 -x+x
=x3
Hence, Δ is independent of  .
2. Without expanding the determinant, prove that
a a2 bc 1 a 2 a3
b b2 ca = 1 b 2 b3 .
c c2 ab 1 c 2 c3
Ans: Solving the left-hand side determinant.
a a2 bc
L.H.S. = b b 2 ca
c c2 ab
Applying the row operations, R1  aR1 , R 2  bR 2 and R 3  cR 3

a2 a3 abc
1 2
 b b3 abc
abc 2
c c3 abc
Taking out abc common from C 3
a2 a3 1
1
 abc b 2 b3 1
abc
c2 c3 1
a2 a3 1
 b2 b3 1
c2 c3 1
Performing the interchange of columns, C1  C3 and C2  C3
1 a2 a3
 1 b2 b3  R.H.S
1 c2 c3
Thus, L.H.S  R.H.S.
a a2 bc 1 a 2 a3
b b2 ca = 1 b 2 b3
c c2 ab 1 c 2 c3
Hence proved.
cos  cos  cos  sin  -sin 

3. Evaluate -sin  cos  0
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 

cos  cos  cos  sin  -sin 
Ans: Let   -sin  cos  0
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 
Expanding along column C 3
   -sin   -sin  sin 2   cos 2  sin    cos   cos  cos 2   cos  sin 2  
   sin 2   ssin 2   cos 2    cos 2   cos 2   sin 2  
   sin 2  1  cos 2  1
=1
b+c c+a a+b

4. If a , b and c are real numbers, and Δ= c+a a+b b+c =0
a+b b+c c+a
Show that either a+b+c=0 or a=b=c .

b+c c+a a+b
Ans: Given, Δ= c+a a+b b+c =0
a+b b+c c+a
2  a+b+c  2  a+b+c  2  a+b+c 

 Δ= c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a
Taking out 2  a+b+c  common from R 1 .

1 1 1
  =2  a+b+c  c+a a+b b+c
a+b b+c c+a
Applying the row operations C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1
1 0 0
  =2  a+b+c  c+a b-c b-a
a+b c-a c-b
Expanding along R 1
   2  a  b  c 1  b - c  c - b  -  b - a  c - a 
   2  a  b  c  -b 2 - c 2  2bc - bc  ba  ac - a 2 
  =2  a  b  c  ab  bc  ca - a 2 - b 2 - c 2 
It is given that Δ=0 .
Thus,  a+b+c  ab+bc+ca-a 2 -b 2 -c 2  =0
 Either a+b+c=0 , or ab+bc+ca-a 2 -b2 -c2 =0 .

Now, ab+bc+ca-a 2 -b2 -c2 =0
 -2ab-2bc-2ca+2a 3 +2b3 +2c3 =0
  a-b  +  b-c  +  c-a  =0

2 2 2
  a-b  =  b-c  =  c-a  =0

2 2
Since,  a-b  ,  b-c  ,  c-a  have non-negative values.

2 2 2
 a-b  =  b-c  =  c-a  =0
 a=b=c

Thus, if Δ=0 , then either a+b+c=0 or a=b=c .
x+a x x
5. Solve the equations x x+a x =0 , a  0 .
x x x+a
x+a x x
Ans: Given, x x+a x =0
x x x+a
3x+a 3x+a 3x+a

 x x+a x =0
x x x+a
Taking out  3x  a  common from R 1 ,
1 1 1
  3x+a  x x+a x =0
x x x+a
1 1 1
  3x+a  x a x =0
x x a
Expanding along R 1
 a 2  3x+a  =0
But a  0 .

Hence, 3x+a=0
a
 x= -
3
a2 bc ac+c 2
6. Prove that a 2 +ab b2 ac =4a 2b 2c 2 .
ab b 2 +bc c2
a2 bc ac+c 2
Ans: Given, Δ= a 2 +ab b2 ac
2
ab b +bc c2
Taking out a , b and c from C1 , C 2 and C 3 .
a c a+c
Δ=abc a+b b a
b b+c c
a c a+c
Δ=abc b b-c -c
b-a b -a
Applying R 2  R 2 +R1
a c a+c
Δ=abc a+b b a
b-a b -a
Applying R 3  R 3 +R 2

a c a+c
Δ=abc a+b b a
2b 2b 0
a c a+c
  =2ab 2c a+b b a
1 1 0
Applying C2  C2  C1
Expanding along R 3 ,
Δ=2ab2c a  c-a  +a  a+c 
  =2ab 2c ac-a 2 +a 2 +ac 
  =2ab 2c  2ac 
 =4a 2b2c2
Hence proved.
 3 1 1  1 2 2 
7. If A 1   15 6 5  and B   1 3 0  , find  AB  .
   1
 5 2 2   0 2 1 
Ans: The below result will be used for simplification,
 AB
1
 B1A 1
Finding inverse of matrix B. so, the determinant is

B  1 3  0   2  1  0   2  2  0 
 B 3 2 4

 B 1
Now finding the cofactors,
3 0
B11  (1)11  B11  3
2 1
1 0
B12  (1)1 2  B12  1
0 1
1 3
B13  (1)13  B13  2
0 2
2 2
B21  (1) 21  B21    2  4   2
2 1
1 2
B22  (1) 2 2  B22  1
0 1
1 2
B23  (1) 23  B23  2
0 2
2 2
B31  (1)31  B31  6
3 0
1 2
B32  (1)3 2  B32  2
1 0
1 2
B33  (1)33  B33   3  2   5
1 3

3 1 2
The cofactor matrix is  2 1 2  . The adjoint will be the transpose of cofactor
 
 6 2 5 
matrix.
3 2 6
adj B   1 1 2 
 
 2 2 5 
adj B 
The inverse is given by B1  . So,
B
3 2 6
B1  1 1 2 
 
 2 2 5 
 3 1 1 
Now, it is already given that A   15 6 5 .
1
 
 5 2 2 
So, we can compute  AB  B1A 1 as below,

1
 3 2 6   3 1 1 
 AB  1 1 2   15 6 5
1
  
 2 2 5   5 2 2 
9  30  30 3  12  12 3  10  12 
  AB    3  15  10 1  6  4 1 5  4 
1
 
6  30  25 2  12  10 2  10  10 

 9 3 5 
  AB    2 1 0 
1
 
 1 0 2 
1 2 1
8. Let A=  2 3 1  verify that
 1 1 5 
i.  adjA  =adj A -1 
-1
1 2 1
Ans: Given, A=  2 3 1
 
1 1 5
 A =115-1 -2 10-1 +1 2-3
 A =14-18-1
 A = 5
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =14
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  9
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  1
Similarly,

 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =-9
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  4
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =1
And
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A31  1
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A32  1
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A33  1 .
14 9 1
 
 1 1 1
14 9 1
T
 adjA   9 4 1 
 
 1 1 1

14 9 1
 adjA=  9 4 1 
 
 1 1 1
14 9 1
Let us denote the adjoint of A as B. So, B=  9 4 1  .
 
 1 1 1
The inverse of A is given by

1
A -1 =  adjA 
A
14 9 1
 A =- 9 4 1 
1 -1
5 
 1 1 1
 14 9 1 
 A -1 =  9 4 1
1
5 
 1 1 1 
 
Now, we have to verify adjA =adj A-1 .
-1
 14 9 1 
Let us compute the RHS first, i.e. the adjoint of A -1 =  9 4 1 or
1
5 
 1 1 1 
 14 9 1 
 5 5 5 
 
-1  9 4 1
A =   .
 5 5 5
 1 1 1 
 
 5 5 5 

Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
1
 A11 =-
5
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
2
 A12  
5
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
1
 A13  
5
Similarly,
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
2
 A 21 =-
5
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
3
 A 22  
5
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
1
 A 23 =-
5
And
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4

1
 A 31  
5
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
1
 A 32  
5
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A33  1 .
 1 2 1
 5  5  5 
 
Cofactor matrix is  2

3 1
 . We know that adjoint of a matrix is the
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 
transpose of its cofactor matrix.
T
 1 2 1
 5 
5
 
5
 
 adjA   
1 2 3 1
 
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 
 1 2 1
 5 
5
 
5
 
1  2 3 1
 adjA =   
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 

Next, moving to the LHS, i.e. the inverse of adjoint of A. We have adjoint of A as
matrix B,
14 9 1
B=  9 4 1 
 
 1 1 1
Determinant of B is
B  14  4  1  9 9  1  1 9  4 
 B   70  90  5
 B  25
Now the cofactors,

Thus,
 B11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 B11 =-5
 B12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 B12  10
 B13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 B13  5
Similarly,
 B21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21

21 3
 B21 =-10
 B22 =  -1 M 22   -1 M 22

2 2 4

 B22  15
 B23 =  -1 M23   -1 M23

23 5
 B23 =-5
And
 B31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 B31  5
 B32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 B32  5
 B33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 B33  25 .
 5 10 5 
Cofactor matrix is  10 15 5  .
 
 5 5 25
 5 10 5 
T
 adjB   10 15 5 

 
 5 5 25
 5 10 5 
 adjB=  10 15 5 
 
 5 5 25
Now the inverse is found as

1
B-1 =  adjB 
B
 5 10 5 
 B-1 =  10 15 5 
1
25  
 5 5 25
 1 2 1
 5 
5
 
5
 
-1  2 3 1
B =   
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 
 1 2 1
 5 
5
 
5
 
-1  2 3 1
So, LHS is  adjA  =    .
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 
Since LHS=RHS, it is verified that adjA =adj A-1 .

-1
 
ii.  A -1  =A
-1
Ans:

 14 9 1   1 2 1
 5 5 5   5 
5
 
5
   
-1  9 4 1 1  2 3 1
Since A =   and adjA =    , thus,
 5 5 5  5 5 5
 1 1 1   1 1 
    1 
 5 5 5   5 5 
 14  4 1  9 9 1  1 9 4 
 A-1 =               
 5  25 25  5  25 25  5  25 25  
 70 90 5 
 A -1 =   
125 125 125 
1
 A-1 =-
5
Also, we know that an inverse of a matrix is given by:
 A 
-1 1 adjA -1
=
A
 1 2 1
 5 
5
 
5
 
  A  =-5  
-1 1 2 3 1
 
 5 5 5
 1 1 
  1 
 5 5 
1 2 1
 A 
-1 1
=  2 3 1
 
1 1 1
  A -1  =A
1

Hence verified that  A -1  =A .
-1
x y x+y
9. Evaluate y x+y x
x+y x y
x y x+y
Ans: Given, Δ= y x+y x
x+y x y
2  x+y  2  x+y  2  x+y 

Δ= y x+y x
x+y x y
Taking 2  x+y  common from R 1
1 1 1
  =2  x+y  y x+y x
x+y x y
1 0 0
Δ=2  x+y  y x x-y
x+y -y -x
Expanding along R 1
 
 Δ=2  x+y  1  x   -x      y  x  y   +0+0
 

 
 Δ=2  x+y  1  -x 2     yx  y2  
 
 Δ=2  x+y    x 2 +xy  y 2 
 Δ=-2  x+y   x 2  xy  y 2 
Applying the identity,
 Δ=-2  x 3 +y3 
1 x y
10. Evaluate 1 x+y y
1 x x+y
1 x y
Ans: Given, Δ= 1 x+y y
1 x x+y
1 x y
 Δ= 0 y 0
0 0 x
Expanding along C1
 Δ=1 xy-0 
Δ  xy

11. Using properties of determinants, prove that:
α α2 β+γ
β β2 γ+α =  β-γ  γ-α  α-β  α+β+γ 
γ γ2 α+β
α α2 β+γ
Ans: Given, Δ= β β 2 γ+α
γ γ2 α+β
α α2 β+γ
 Δ= β-α β 2 -α 2 α-β
γ-α γ 2 -α 2 α-γ
α α 2 β+γ
 Δ=  β-α  γ-α  1 β+α -1
1 γ+α -1
Applying R 3  R 3  R 2
α α 2 β+γ
 Δ=  β-α  γ-α  1 β+α -1
0 γ- 0
Expanding along R 3
 Δ= β-α  γ-α  -  γ- -α-β-γ 
 Δ= β-α  γ-α  γ-  α+β+γ 
 Δ= β-γ  γ-α  α-β  α+β+γ 

Hence proved.
x x 2 1+px 3
y y 2 1+py 3 =  1+pxyz  x-y  y-z  z-x 
z z 2 1+pz 3
x x 2 1+px 3
Ans: Given, Δ= y y 2 1+py3
z z 2 1+pz3
x x2 1  px 3
  y-x y 2 - x p  y3 - x 3 
z-x z2 - x p  z3 - x 3 
x x2 1+px 3
  =  y-x  z-x  1 y-x p  y 2 -x 2 +xy 
1 z-x p  z 2 -x 2 +xz 
Applying R 3  R 3  R 2
x x2 1+px 3
  =  y-x  z-x  1 y+x p  y 2 -x 2 +xy 
0 z-y p  z-y  x+y+z 
Taking  z  y  from R 3

x x2 1+px 3
  =  y-x  z-x  z-y  1 y+x p  y 2 -x 2 +xy 
0 1 p  x+y+z 
Expanding along R 3
 
 =  x-y  y-z  z-x  1 xp  y2 -x 2 +xy   1  px 3  +p  x+y+z   x  y  x   x 2 
 
 =  x-y  y-z  z-x  1 xpy 2 -px 3 +px 2 y-1-px 3  +p  x+y+z   xy+x 2  x 2 
  =  x-y  y-z  z-x    xpy 2 +px 3 -px 2 y+1-px 3 +pxy  x+y+z  
  =  x-y  y-z  z-x    xpy 2 +px 3 -px 2 y+1-px 3 +px 2 y+pxy 2  pxyz 
 =  x-y  y-z  z-x 1  pxyz 
Hence proved.
3a -a+b -a+c
-b+a 3b -b+c =3  a+b+c  ab+ba+ca 
-c+a -c+b 3c
3a -a+b -a+c
Ans: Given, Δ= -b+a 3b -b+c
-c+a -c+b 3c
Applying the column operation, C1  C1 +C2 +C3

a+b+c -a+b -a+c
 Δ= a+b+c 3b -b+c
a+b+c -c+b 3c
1 -a+b -a+c
 Δ=  a+b+c  1 3b -b+c
1 -c+b 3c
Applying R 2  R 2  R1 and R 3  R 3  R 1
1 -a+b -a+c
 Δ=  a+b+c  0 2b+a a-b
0 a-c 2c+a
Expanding along C1
 Δ=  a+b+c   2b+a  2c+a  -  a-b  a-c 
 Δ=  a+b+c   4bc+2ab+2ac+a 2 -a 2 +ac+ba-bc  .
 Δ=  a+b+c  3ab+3bc+3ac 
 Δ=3 a+b+c  ab+bc+ca 
3a -a+b -a+c
 -b+a 3b -b+c =3 a+b+c  ab+ba+ca 
-c+a -c+b 3c
Hence proved.
14. Using properties of determinants, prove this:

1 1+p 1+p+q
2 3+2p 4+3p+2q =1
3 6+3p 10+6p+3q
1 1+p 1+p+q
Ans: Given, Δ= 2 3+2p 4+3p+2q
3 6+3p 10+6p+3q
Applying R 2  R 2  2R1 and R 3  R 3  3R1
1 1+p 1+p+q
 Δ= 0 1 2+p
0 3 7+3p
Applying R 3  R 3  3R 2 , we have:
1 1+p 1+p+q
 Δ= 0 1 2+p
0 0 1
Expanding along C1
1 2+p
 Δ=1
0 1
 Δ=11-0 
 Δ=1
1 1+p 1+p+q
 2 3+2p 4+3p+2q =1
3 6+3p 10+6p+3q

sin  cos  cos     

sin  cos  cos       0
sin  cos  cso     
sin  cos  cos     

Ans: Given,   sin  cos  cos    
sin  cos  cso     
sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 

1
 sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 
sin  cos 
sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 
Applying C1  C1  C3
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 

1
 cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 
sin  cos 
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  - sin  sin 
Since, two columns C1 and C 2 are identical.
0
sin  cos  cos     

 sin  cos  cos      0
sin  cos  cso     
Hence proved.
16. Solve the system of the following equations

2 3 10
+ + =4
x y z

4 6 5
+ + =1
x y z
6 9 20
+ + =2
x y z
2 3 10
+ + =4
x y z
4 6 5
+ + =1
x y z
6 9 20
+ + =2
x y z
1 1 1
Let =p , =q and =r
x y z
Then the given system of equations becomes:
2p+3q+10r=4
4p-6q+5r=1
6p+9q+20r=2
2 3 10  p 4
Let A=  4 -6 5 , X= q and B= 1  such that, this system can be written in
  
     
 6 9 -20   r   2 
the form of AX=B .
Now,
 A =2 120-45 -3 -80-30  +10  36+36 
 A =150+330+720

 A =1200

So,
6 5
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1
11 2
9 20
 A11 =75
4 5
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1
1 2 3
6 20
 A12  110
4 6
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1
13 4
6 9
 A13  72
Similarly,
3 10
 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1
21 3
9 20
 A 21 =150
2 10
 A 22 =  -1 M 22   -1
2 2 4
6 20
 A 22  100
2 3
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1
23 5
6 9

 A 23 =0
and
3 10
 A 31 =  -1 M 31   -1
31 4
6 5
 A31  75
2 10
 A32 =  -1 M 32   -1
3 2 5
4 5
 A32  30
2 3
 A33 =  -1 M 33   -1
33 6
4 6
 A 33  24 .

1
 A -1 =  adjA 
A
 75 150 75 
 A -1 =
1 110 -100 30 
1200  
 72 0 -24 
Now, X=A-1B
p  75 150 75   4

 q =  1 
110 -100 30  1 
  1200   
 r   72 0 -24  2

p 300+150+150 
 q  =  440-100+60 
1
  1200  
 r   288+0-48 
p  600 
 q  =  400 
1
  1200  
 r   240 
1
 
p  2 
 q  =  
1
  3
 r   
1
 
 5 
1 1 1
 P= , q= and r=
2 3 5
Thus x=2 , y=3 and z=5 .
17. Choose the correct answer.

If a,b,c are in A.P , then the determinant
x+2 x+3 x+2a

x+3 x+4 x+2b
x+4 x+5 x+2c
A. 0
B. 1
C. X
D. 2X

x+2 x+3 x+2a
Ans: Given, Δ= x+3 x+4 x+2b
x+4 x+5 x+2c
Since a , b , and c are in A.P. 2b=a+c ,

x+2 x+3 x+2a
  = x+3 x+4 x+  a+c 
x+4 x+5 x+2c
Applying R1  R1-R 2 and R 3  R 3-R 2

-1 -1 a-c
  = x+3 x+4 x+  a+c 
1 1 c-a
Applying R 1  R 1 -R 3
0 0 0
 Δ= x+3 x+4 x+a+c
1 1 c-a
  0
 x 0 0
If X,Y,Z are nonzero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A=  0 y 0 
 0 0 z 
 x-1 0 0
 
A.  0 y -1 0
0 0 z -1 


 x -1 0 0
 
B. xyz  0 y -1 0
0 0 z -1 

x 0 0
1 
C. 0 y 0 
xyz 
 0 0 z 
1 0 0
1 
D. 0 1 0 
xyz 
 0 0 1 
 x 0 0
Ans: Given, A=  0 y 0 
 
 0 0 z 
 A =x  yz-0 
 A =xyz  0
Thus,
 A11 =  -1 M11   -1 M11

11 2
 A11 =yz
 A12 =  -1 M12   -1 M12

1 2 3
 A12  0
 A13 =  -1 M13   -1 M13

13 4
 A13  0
Similarly,

 A 21 =  -1 M 21   -1 M 21
21 3
 A 21 =0
 A22 =  -1 M22   -1 M22

2 2 4
 A 22  xz
 A 23 =  -1 M 23   -1 M 23
2 3 5
 A 23 =0
and
 A31 =  -1 M31   -1 M31

31 4
 A 31  0
 A32 =  -1 M32   -1 M32

3 2 5
 A 32  0
 A33 =  -1 M33   -1 M33

33 6
 A 33  xy .
 yz 0 0 
Cofactor matrix is  0 xz 0  .
 
 0 0 xy 

T
 yz 0 0 
 adjA   0 xz 0 
 
 0 0 xy 

 yz 0 0 
 adjA=  0 xz 0 
 
 0 0 xy 

1
 A -1   adjA 
A
 yz 0 0 
 A -1 =
1  0 xz 0 
xyz  
 0 0 xy 
 yz 
 xyz 0 0 
 
 xz 
 A -1 =  0 0 
xyz
 
 xy 
 0 0
xyz 

1 
x 0 0
 
-1 
0
1
A = 0
 y 
 
0 0
1
 z 
 x -1 0 0
 
 A -1 =  0 y -1 0 
0 0 z -1 


 x -1 0 0
 
Thus, A.  0 y -1 0  is the correct answer.
0 0 z -1 

 1 sin  1 

Let A   -sin  1 sin   , where 0  θ  2n , then
 -1 -sin  1 
A. Det  A  =0
B. Det  A    2, 
C. Det  A    2,4 
D. Det  A   2,4
 1 sin  1 

Ans: Given, A  -sin  1 sin 
 
 -1 -sin  1 
 A  11  sin 2   - sin   -sin   sin    1 sin 2   1

 A  1  sin 2   sin 2   1
 A  2  2sin 2 
 A  2 1  sin 2  
We know, 0  sin   1
 1  1  sin 2   2
 2  2 1  sin 2    4
Thus, D. Det  A  2,4 is the correct answer.

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Jab Saara India Vedantu Pe Online Padhega: Scholarship Admission Test

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JAB SAARA INDIA

Scholarship Admission Test

548 268 1 OUT OF 3

Mumbai se Panchkula se Gurugram se Patiala se Maharashtra se Surat se

JEE Adv. NEET

157 Students 171 Students

12TH Boards 10TH Boards

Scholarship Admission Test

2. Evaluate the determinants.

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 1

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 2

The value of determinant A is

Hence, we have L.H.S  R.H.S

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 3

The value of 3A is obtained as:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 4

Thus, 3A =108 ……(2)

From equations (1) and (2), we have:

5. Evaluate the determinants

Determining the value of A by expanding along the third row, we have:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 5

Determining the value of A by expanding along the first row, we have:

 A =31+6  +4 1+4  +5  3-2 

Determining the value of A by expanding along the first row, we have:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 6

Determining the value of A by expanding along the first column, we have:

Determining the value of A by expanding along the first row, we have:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 7

Solving it, we have:

Solving it, we have:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 8

Solving it, we have:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 9

Applying the Sum Property of determinants, we have

2. Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 10

Applying row operation, R1  R1 +R 2

a  b+b  c b  c+c  a c  a+a  b

Multiplying the third row by  1 , we get:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 11

Applying the Sum Property of determinants, we get

Taking 9 common from the third column, we have

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 12

Since, the two columns C 2 and C 3

4. Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:

Applying the column operation, C3  C3 +C 2 .

Taking  ab  bc  ca  common from the third column, we get:

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 13

Since, the two columns C1 and C 3 are identical.

5. Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:

b+c q+r y+z

Applying the Sum Property, we get

Suppose =1+Δ2 ……(1)

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 14

b+c q+r y+z

Again, applying the row operation, R1  R1  R 2

Hence, interchanging the rows, R1  R 2 and R 2  R 3 , we have

b+c q+r y+z

Applying the row operation, R1  R1  R 3

Class XII Maths www.vedantu.com 15

Interchanging the rows, R1  R 2 and R 2  R 3