EDMUND D.

IGNACIO
BS CRIMINOLOGY 3 BLOCK 4

Assignment Finals period

Human Rights Education

QUESTION:
Define the following terms:
a. Doctrine of Transformation
b. Doctrine of Incorporation
Kindly attached your attendance for this activity.

ANSWER/S:

a. Doctrine of Transformation

The Doctrine of Transformation is based upon the perception of two distinct systems of
law operating separately, and maintains that before any rule or principle of international
law can have any effect within the domestic jurisdiction, it must be expressly and
specifically 'transformed' into municipal law by the use of the appropriate constitutional
machinery. This doctrine grew from the procedure whereby international agreements are
rendered operative in municipal law by the device of ratification by the sovereign and the
idea has developed from this that any rule of international law must be transformed, or
specifically adopted, to be valid within the internal legal order.

b. Doctrine of Incorporation

Whereas, the Doctrine of Incorporation holds that international law is part of the municipal
law automatically without the necessity for the interposition of a constitutional ratification
procedure.