Maaif Aquaculture Manual

Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’
Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
January, 2020
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [i]
Partners
Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Industry and Fisheries
Aquaculture
Training Manual
for Extension
Agents in Uganda
FOREWORD
-
Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)
MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.
[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

CONTENTS
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................ iv
CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... v
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x
List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xiii
Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... xv
.......................................................................................................... xvii
MODULE ONE: AN OVERVIEW OF AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA .................................. 1
1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Key Stakeholders .................................................................................................3
1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture ............................................................................4
1.4 Challenges ...........................................................................................................4
.....................................................................................4
..............................................................5
MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

FARMING IN UGANDA .............................................................................. 7
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment? ...................................................7
2.2 Background Research .........................................................................................8
2.3 Market ..................................................................................................................8
...........................................................9
.............................9
MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

.......................................13
3.1.1 Water quality characteristics .................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Fish cultured ................................................................................................................ 14
.............................................................................................. 14
..................................................................................................... 15
............. 16
3.2 Fish Species Farmed .........................................................................................18
........................................................... 18
.......................................................... 19
3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under development
............................................................................................................ 20
3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between major commercial
aquaculture species and their close relatives ..................................................21
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s ................................................................................................................. 21
............................................................................................................... 22
MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

........................................................................23
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

4.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 27
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct .......................................................... 27
4.2.1.2 Assessing Suitability of Soils for Pond Construction ............................................................... 28
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds .................................................................................................... 30
4.2.2.1 Recommended Pond Standards ................................................................................................ 30
4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction ........................................................................... 33
4.2.2.3 Steps in Pond Construction ....................................................................................................... 34
....................................... 41
4.3 Fish Tanks ...........................................................................................................42
..................................................................................... 43
.............................................................................. 45
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks ............................................................................................. 46
........................................................................................ 47
4.4 Fish Cages ...........................................................................................................47
4.4.1 Cage types ................................................................................................................... 47
.................................................................................... 48
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment ............................................... 52
............................................. 54
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm ..................................................................... 56
4.4.4 Cage Construction ...................................................................................................... 57
4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm ..................................................................................... 63
................................................................................................ 66
....................................................................... 66
4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems ................................................................66
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems ................................................68
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems................................................. 68
4.6.2 Aquaponics .................................................................................................................. 69
....................................................................................................70
MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

........................................71
5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production. ..............................................................72
................................................................................................ 75
5.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................................ 77
5.2.3 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 77
5. 2.4 Ammonia ..................................................................................................................... 78
.......................................................................... 78
5.2.6 Dissolved Gases ........................................................................................................... 78
........................................................................... 78
5.2.8 Fish Density ................................................................................................................. 78
5.3 Carrying Capacity ..............................................................................................79
...................80
5.4.1 Water Source ............................................................................................................... 80
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds ....................................................... 80
[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

5.4.2.2 Fertilisation .................................................................................................................................. 82
Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89

......................................93
5.6 Water Treatment ...............................................................................................94
MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

...............................................97
...............................................................98
.............................................................................................99
................................................................................................................ 99
................................................................................................. 99
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets ..................................................................................... 99
........................................................................................... 101
......................................................................................................101
............................................................... 102
................................................................................................. 103
6.4.3 Determining the ration ............................................................................................ 103
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed ......................................................... 103
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration .................................................................................................................. 104
................................................................... 105
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response ................................................................................................................ 106
.......................................................................... 108
............................................................110
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm ..................................................................................111
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds ..................................................................................................... 111
6.6.1.1 Ingredients................................................................................................................................. 111
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feed .................................................................................................................... 112
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note ............................................................................................... 113
.................................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.1 Artemia (Brine Shrimp) ............................................................................................................. 113
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans. .............................................................................................................................. 115
6.6.2.3 Rotifers ....................................................................................................................................... 116
MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

7.1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................117
7.2 Hatchery Management...................................................................................118
7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management ............................................................................... 120
7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management ......................................................................................................... 122
7.2.1.2 Spawning, Fertilisation, Egg Incubation and Hatching ........................................................ 123
7.2.1.3 Production of Single Sex Tilapia .............................................................................................. 125
............................................................................... 128
7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management ....................................................................... 131
..........................131
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

7.3.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................... 133
7.3.3 Harvesting ................................................................................................................. 134
7.3.4 Sorting and Grading ................................................................................................. 135
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation .......................................................136
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish ...................................................................................................... 137
.................................................................... 137
.................................................. 141
7.5 Grow-Out Management ..................................................................................141
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units ..................................................................... 141
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production .................................................................................. 142
7.5.1.1 Ponds .......................................................................................................................................... 142
MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................143
......................................................................................................144
8.3 Stress ................................................................................................................145
............................................................................................. 145
............................................................................................... 145
...................................................... 147
8.4.3 Preventing Stress ...................................................................................................... 147
8.4. Fish Disease ......................................................................................................148
.................................................................................. 148
.......................................................................................... 148
..................................................................... 151
8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory .............................................. 151
8.4.4.1 Samples to Send ........................................................................................................................ 151
8.4.4.2 Basic Information to Send with Samples to the Lab ............................................................. 152
........................................................................... 152
8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines........................................................................................... 154
8.4.5.2 Sanitation and Disinfection...................................................................................................... 155
8.4.5.3 Treatments ................................................................................................................................. 155
8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture and their Control.................160
.......................................................................................... 160
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases ................................................................................ 160
8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases.................................................................................................................. 163
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma ........................................................................................................................ 164
8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions .................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.1.5. Tumours ..................................................................................................................................... 165
................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections ................................................................................................................... 165
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections .................................................................................................................. 168
8.5.2.3 Fungal Infections ...................................................................................................................... 171
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases............................................................................................................................. 171
............................................................................... 172
8.6 Predator Control ..............................................................................................173
8.7.1 National Level ........................................................................................................... 176
[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

.........................................................177
8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases ..................................................................................................... 178
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance ........................................................................................ 178
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable Health
Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture Environment .................................... 178
.......................................................179
MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

OF FARMED FISH ................................................................................... 181
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................181
9.2 Fish Quality ......................................................................................................181
........................................................................................................ 181
....................................................................................................... 183
............................................................................................. 184
9.3 Fish Processing ................................................................................................184
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene .............................................................................................................. 184
9.3.2 Processing .................................................................................................................. 184
9.4 Packaging .........................................................................................................185
..................................................186
MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

10.1 What is marketing...........................................................................................187
10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important .................................................................................. 190
10.1.2 What is a market? ..................................................................................................... 190
...................................................................................................... 190
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy ................................................................190
10.3 Collective Marketing .......................................................................................193
MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

11.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................195
11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation ............................................................196
11.2.1 Production Records................................................................................................... 196
11.2.2. Marketing Records ................................................................................................... 196
11.2.3. Financial Management ............................................................................................ 196
11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision Making ....................................197
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets ................................................................................................... 197
..................................................................................................... 198
11.3.3 Risk Analysis .............................................................................................................. 198
11.3 Production and Business Planning ...............................................................199
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income..............................................................................200
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS .......................................................................... 201
List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

...........................................................................203
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

.........................208
..............................................................................................210
...........................................................................212
..................................213
[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

...............................214
............................................................215
....................................................217
..........................................................................................................................223
Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2

Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain ....................................................................... 3
Figure 3: Impacts of Land Use for Fish Farming. . ........................................................................... 25
Figure 4: Example of a Well-Planned ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 5: Water Retention Test ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 6. Basic Features of a Fish Pond............................................................................................. 32
Figure 7: Pegging the pond ................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall................................................................................................ 36
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 12: The Outlet. ........................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom.................................................................. 39
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank. ............................................................................................................. 40
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board.......................................................................................... 40
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds ................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 17: Erosion of Pond Walls ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 18: Impact of wave action on pond walls. ............................................................................. 42
Figure 19: Tanks ..................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 20: Basic components of a Fish Tank ....................................................................................... 45
Figure 21: Types of Fish Cages ............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.. ........................................................................................................... 50
................................................................................................ 53
Figure 24: Example of a Scoring Card for Evaluating Cage Sites ..................................................... 56
Figure 25: Basic Components of a Floating Cage .............................................................................. 57
Figure 26: Types of Cage frames .......................................................................................................... 57
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials ....................................................................................................... 58
Figure 28: Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage. ............................................................ 58
..................................... 59
Figure 30: Rigid cages ........................................................................................................................... 61
............................. 61
Figure 32: Collars, Floats and Platforms ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 33: Attachment for feeding sinking pellets in cages ............................................................. 63
Figure 34: Positioning Cages. ............................................................................................................... 64
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned in a Single File with Adequate Spacing
Between Cages and Rows. .................................................................................................. 64
Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly Positioned with No Spacing. ........................................... 64
Figure 37: Basic components of the Mooring ................................................................................... 65
.............................................................. 66
Figure 39: Key Components of a RAS System ..................................................................................... 67

Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks ...................................................... 67
..................................................................... 68
Figure 42: Illustration of Integrated Fish Farm .................................................................................. 68
Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms ......................................................................................................... 69
Figure 44: Adaptation of the RAS into an Aquaponics System ......................................................... 69
Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System ............................................................................................. 70
.................................................... 72
........................................................ 75
Figure 48: Surface aerators .................................................................................................................. 76
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 50: Limiting factors and their impact on Standing Crop at Carrying Capacity ................. 79
...................................................... 81
............................................................ 82
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc..................................................................................................................... 85
Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings ............................................................................................. 86
Figure 55: Application of Organic Manures in Ponds ........................................................................ 87
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment.................................................................................. 93
Figure 57: Forms of Commercial Feeds ............................................................................................. 100
Figure 58: Estimating the quantity of Live Feed............................................................................... 103
Figure 59: Graduated bucket .............................................................................................................. 104
........................... 106
......................................................................................... 109
Figure 62. Feed Storage. Left . ............................................................................................................ 111
Figure 63: Life Cycle of Artemia.......................................................................................................... 113
Figure 64: Artemia packaged for sale ............................................................................................... 114
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii ................................................................................ 114
Figure 67: Daphnia............................................................................................................................... 115
Figure 68: Rotifers ................................................................................................................................ 116
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds .......................................................................................................... 116
Figure 70: Fish Life Cycle ..................................................................................................................... 117
Figure 71: Natural Propagation.......................................................................................................... 118
Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation ................................................................................................ 119
............................................................................................ 119
Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production ................................................................................................... 121
Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond. ................................................................ 124
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation ........................................................................... 124
Figure 77: Options for Tilapia Seed Production ............................................................................... 125
.................................................................................... 127
.............................................................................. 128
............................................................................ 128
........................................................................ 129
............................................................................................ 130
Figure 83: Fish Basket. ........................................................................................................................ 132
Figure 84: Grading Fish with a Grader Box in a Hapa. .................................................................. 135
Figure 85: Packaging Live Fish in Bags for Transportation............................................................. 138
...................................................................................... 139
Figure 90: The Disease Triad .............................................................................................................. 144
........................................................................................ 145
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to
Environmental Stressors. ................................................................................................. 146
[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Figure 93: Some common Signs of Fish Disease ............................................................................. 149
Figure 95: Tilapia piping for air .......................................................................................................... 160
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease ........................................................................................................ 162
Figure 97: Gas bubbles in larvae associated with supersaturated levels of
carbon dioxide in water..................................................................................................... 162
............................................... 163
Figure 99: Mould and symptoms of Mycosis from Consumption of Mould Feeds ...................... 164
................................................................................................. 168
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites .................................................................................................... 169
Figure 102: Saprolgenia infection ........................................................................................................ 171
Figure 103: Symptoms of TiLV .............................................................................................................. 172
........................ 172
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease ................................................................................................ 173
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds .................................................................................. 174
Figure 107: Ecosystem interactions for healthy food production .................................................... 177
Figure 108: Examples of positive (+) and negative (-) impacts related to
aquaculture inputs and resource use (FAO, 2010) ......................................................... 179
Figure 109: Aquaculture Products ....................................................................................................... 185
Figure 110: Examples of Packaging Used for Aquaculture Products .............................................. 186
Figure 111: Components of the Aquaculture Marketing Chain ....................................................... 188
Figure 112: Description of the Farmed Fish Value Chain .................................................................. 189
Figure 113: Some Aspects of Marketing Aquaculture Products and Services in Uganda ............. 191
Figure 114: Local Example of Collective Marketing Approach ........................................................ 194
Figure 115: Cash Flow Analysis of Two Tilapia Farms ........................................................................ 198

Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

Table 2: Guidelines and Regulations for Commercial Aquaculture ............................................... 9
Table 3: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mono and Polyculture
Production Systems ............................................................................................................. 14
Table 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Extensive, Semi-Intensive
and Intensive Fish Production Systems ............................................................................ 15
Table 5: Scales of Production ............................................................................................................ 15
Table 6: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Small, Medium and Large-Scale
Fish Production Systems ..................................................................................................... 16
Table 7: Comparing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Open, Semi-Open,
Closed and Hybrid Systems ............................................................................................... 17
Table 8: General Factors for Consideration when Selecting a Site for Fish Farming ................. 23
Table 9: Implications of site characteristics and production objectives on pond design ......... 29
Table 10. Standard Tank Features ...................................................................................................... 44
Table 11: Advantages and Disadvantages of Circular and Rectangular Tanks............................. 46
Table 12: LVFO Recommended Water Quality Characteristics for Cage Sites .............................. 49
Table 13: Minimum concentrations at cage sites for heavy metal contaminants
in water and sediments ...................................................................................................... 51
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and
pesticides at cage sites and aquaculture parks. ............................................................. 51
Table 15: Summary of Physical criteria for cage aquaculture site selection showing
.............................................................. 52
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment ...................................... 53
Table 17: No go areas within proximity of some establishments around candidate sites ......... 54
Table 18: Advantages and Disadvantages of Rectangular and Circular Cages ............................ 59
Table 19: Advantages and Disadvantages of Small and Large Cages ........................................... 60
Table 20. Identifying appropriate cage for a site ............................................................................. 60
Table 21: Types of Mooring ................................................................................................................. 65
Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges .............................................................................. 73
Table 23. Comparison between the water quality characteristics of underground
and surface waters .............................................................................................................. 80
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers ............................................... 83
Table 25: Guidelines for Fertilising Tilapia Production Ponds ....................................................... 83
Table 26: Challenges with too little or too much pond fertility ..................................................... 84
Table 27: Management Requirements for Maintaining Phytoplankton Blooms
.............................................................................................. 86
....... 89
Table 29: Nutritional Requirements for Farmed Fish ...................................................................... 98
Table 30: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Major Types of Feed ...................................... 100
Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds ............................................................ 101
....................................................................................... 102
Table 33: When to Feed ..................................................................................................................... 103
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration ................................................................................................ 104
Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods. ..................................................................................................... 105
.................................................................... 109
Table 37: Description of Stages in Tilapia Production ................................................................... 120
............................................ 146
Table 39: Protective Barriers against Infection in Fish .................................................................. 147
Table 40: Symptoms of Fish Disease ................................................................................................ 148
Table 41: Shipment of Fish Samples. ............................................................................................... 151
Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control ......................................................................... 153
Table 43: Factors to Consider for Fish Vaccination ........................................................................ 154
Table 44: Methods for Administering Treatments to Fish............................................................. 156
Table 45: Treatment Rates................................................................................................................. 157
Table 46: Bacterial Infections............................................................................................................ 165
Table 47: Basic Elements of a Biosecurity Plan............................................................................... 176
Table 48: Potential Negative Environment Impacts from Aquaculture ....................................... 179
Table 49: Principles of the HACCP .................................................................................................... 182
Table 50: Freshness Grading Scheme for Fish ................................................................................ 183
Table 51: Signs of Spoilage in Smoked and Dried Fish .................................................................. 183
Table 52: Signs of Spoilage in Frozen Fish ...................................................................................... 183
Table 53: Example Enterprise Budget for Single Pond Cycle for Static-Water Tilapia
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets ........... 197
Table 54: Risk Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 198
Table 55: Template for Developing an Aquaculture Business Plan.............................................. 199

Acronyms
AMR
DO
GAP
FAO
DFR
MAAIF
MSY
NAGRC-DB
NGO
WHO
TDS
UNBS
UBoS
POPs rganic ollutants
ras
TW
NARO
NEMA
MDA’s
eia
Dwrm esources Management
isheries esources
Uncst ational ouncil of T
naads
cod
bod
TSS Total
lvhd Low Volume igh
hvld Volume Low
MPA
EU

hdpe
pvc
LSA Lateral
NO
CO2
TDS Total
(N2)
tan
d.a.p i-ammonium
t.s.p
M.a.p
n.p.k
usaid
nda
SOPs

Acclimate
Ad lib
Aeration
Alkalinity
Anaerobic
Assimilation
Best
Management
Practices
Capacity
Carrying
capacity
Communicable
diseases
Climate change
vulnerability
Conditioning
Dam wall, dyke
Disease
Disease The term disease causative agent biological pathogens (a

causing agents virus, parasite, fungus bacterium toxins or toxic chemical that cause
Feed
Conversion
Ratio (FCR)

Feeding
Frequency
Fingerlings
Flocculation
Flushing
Green-Water
Gutting
Hardness
Health
Live Weight
Equivalent
Nursery Pond
Obligate
pathogen
Opportunistic
pathogen
Optimum
Ration

Palatability
Phytoplankton
Piping
Pond
Productivity
Production
Cycle
Ration
Respiration
Satiation
Sampling
Shooters
Spawning Pond
Standing Crop
Static
Water Pond
Management
Stock
Susceptible
Transpiration
Turbidity
Virulence
Whole Fish
Zoonotic
disease
Zooplankton

MODULE ONE:
AN OVERVIEW OF
AQUACULTURE IN UGANDA
-
1.1 Background
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [1]

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
Aquaculture Fisheries
[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

1.2 Key Stakeholders
Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain
Private Sector Service Providers

Input suppliers (feed ingredients –
fishermen, crop producers, importers
of feed, nets, equipment
Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters
Producers
Aquaculture
Hatchery and Farmers and farmers’
Sub-Sector
grow-out associations
producers
Middlemen, traders, transporters

Middlemen, traders, transporters
Providers of Public Goods and Services

MAAIF, NARO, MaK, FTI, NEMA, DWD,
UNBS, NDA, development partners,
CSOs, other stakeholders
Markets for Farmed Fish
Homes, restaurants, markets
Export to regional markets

1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture
• Favourable climate.
•
•
•
•
•
• .
1.4 Challenges
•
•
•
•
•
•
• -
gage in sustainable commercial aquaculture
• Fish is nutritious.

• It is climate smart.
• Good income generating enterprise.
• Greater ability to tailor production to meet market requirements.
• It is socially acceptable
Module One
Module Two
Module Three
Module Four
Module Five
Module Seven
Module Eight
Module Nine
Module Ten
Module Eleven


MODULE TWO:
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
COMMERCIAL FISH FARMING
IN UGANDA
2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment?
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2.2 Background Research
2.3 Market
Issue Implication
markets
•
•
•
•
Market price •
Module Ten

Module Four .
Commercial Aquaculture
-
Permit/ When it applies Source
SOCIAL AND ENVIROMENTAL ASPECTS
sites for large commercial

Environment farms
Impact
Assessment
(EIA)
Waste
Discharge
Permit (Waste Discharge)
operations require one
SETTING UP FISH FARMS
Aquaculture
Establishment (Aquaculture)
Fish Seed
Production (Aquaculture)

Cage Culture
Permit (Aquaculture)
HARNESSING WATER FOR USE ON FARM
Construction
Permit harnessing infrastructure
(Waste Discharge)
Drilling Permit
on the farm
(Waste Discharge)
Ground Water
Permit
water from a borehole (Waste Discharge)
Permit minute or more shall be

(Waste Discharge)
MOVEMENT FISH STOCK AND FISH TRADE
Permit (Aquaculture)
Fish (Fishing)
Movement
Permit
Fish Import/
(Fishing)

Fish Sanitary (Quality

for human consumption Assurance)
human consumption for
BIO-SAFETY
Uganda
National aquaculture
(Access to Genetic
Science and Resources and
Technology
(UNCST)
Permits


MODULE THREE:
AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS IN UGANDA
systems
•
•
•
•
•

3.1.1 Water quality characteristics
3.1.2 Fish cultured
• Monoculture:
• Polyculture: -
Production Systems
Advantages Disadvantages
Monoculture • •
•
•
Polyculture • •
•
• •
lower operational cost
•
•

Production Systems
• •
• results in low income
• •
•
units
Semi-intensive • •
•
•
•
Intensive • •
•
• •
labour
•
Tonnage Produced per Year

(metric tons/year)
Large scale

Production Systems
Small-scale • •
• in low income
•
• •
Medium scale • •
• •
•
negligence occurs
•
Large-Scale • •
• •
• •
practices resulting in better negligence occurs
and waste
• Open Systems –
• Semi-Closed System

• Closed System
• Hybrid Systems
Hybrid Systems
System Advantages Disadvantages
Open • •
Systems
•
•
•
•
Semi-Closed • •
Systems • costs
• •
•
• •
replacement
• •
•
•
•
•
Closed • •
Systems •
•
• •
•
•
Hybrid • •
Systems
•
•

3.2 Fish Species Farmed
a) Nile Tilapia
c) The Mirror Carp
temperatures

Key Features
a) Non-indigenous Ornamental Fishes
(Carassius auratus) Koi Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
b. Indigenous Ornamental Fishes - Haplochromines

3.2.3 High value indigenous species currently under
a. Ningu
b. Angara, Pebble Fish

3.3 Distinguishing characteristics between

major commercial aquaculture species and
their close relatives
3.3.1 The Tilapia’s

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-
SPECIES ENDED FOR COMMERCIAL AQUACULTURE
Female (above) and Male (below) Nile Tilapia Blue-spotted tilapia
of farming this species
Disadvantages

RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE TILAPIA CLOSE TILAPIA RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-

Singida Tilapia Red Belly Tilapia
Advantages Advantages
Disadvantages
RECOMMENDED AQUACULTURE CATFISH CLOSE CATFISH RELATIVES NOT RECOMM-

Nsonzi
C. gariepinus fry
tilapia
obtaining uniform growth in cages

Disadvantages

MODULE FOUR:
ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM
Factor Aspects
1. Production
objectives •
•
•
•

Factor Aspects
2. Environment
and socio-
Economic
Factors
•
•
•
•
3. Topography
4. Hydrology
and weather
patterns
5. Soil
characteristics
6. Water quality Module 5

Access routes
AREA FOR EXPANSION

FARM BUILDING
Water supply channels
Drainage channels
Farm Housing
Figure 4. Example of a Well-Planned

26
Farm Plan
Earthen Description
Structure
from natural
water source

Earthen Description
Structure
inlet channels
channels
natural water
source

4.2 Fish Ponds
•
•
•
•
•
4.2.1 Site Selection
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4.2.1.1 Determining the slope and type of ponds to construct

-
a. Diversion Ponds
b. Embarkment Ponds

c. Excavated Ponds
d. Partially excavated ponds with low dykes
e. Barrage ponds
•
•
•
are recommended
•
•
not recommended
•
•
•

Figure 5: Water Retention Test.
(a) (b) (c)
How to test ability of soil to Mould

•
General
Considerations Design*
Production • •
objectives and •
management
requirements •
•
•
•
•
• •
aeration within basins
General technical •
data

General
Considerations Design*
Topographical •
surveys
Hydrological and • •
meteorological in stream
data • •
•
•
•
temperatures
•
•
•
•
•
Soil • •
Characteristics farm
Module 7
4.2.2 Constructing Ponds
• -
• -
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
• -
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
transport
• -
•
•


4.2.2.2 Tools and Equipment for Pond Construction

Taking Measurements and demarcation
Tape measure
demarcating
Line level
bags or
Earth moving machinery

Compaction equipment
Manual hand
Motorised compactors rollers
compactor

Containers, small impoundments, jerry cans, hoses and/or sprinklers for holding and
conveying water to moisten pond walls during compaction.
•
•
• (optional)
•
• (optional)
•
•
•
•
Step 1: Preparing the area to construct the pond
•
•
•
Step 2: Mark out the pond, its inlet and drainage
•
•

Figure 7: Pegging the pond. (a) The outer line is the perimeter. The central line shows where the
inlet pipe and outlet shall be placed. The central line pegs are points at which levels are
-
-
Step 3: Construct the core trench
Figure 8: Constructing the Core Trench
(a) Dig a trench around perimeter pegs. Even (b) Compact trench with good clay soils. Do
a shallow core trench allows root zone to be not allow the core trench to dry and crack
cut. before covering.

Step 4: Construct the pond walls (dykes)
Figure 9: Constructing the Pond Wall.
(a) (b)
Gentle Slope
(c) (d)
Advantages of a gentler slope:
Step 5: Construct the harvest basin

•
•
•
Figure 10: Harvest Basin Inside Pond.
Standpipe in the
harvest basin
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 11: Harvest Basin Outside Pond.
harvest Fresh
basin water
outlet inlet
Fresh
pond
water
outlet
inlet
(a) (b)

Step 6: Install the Outlet Pipe
e f
Figure 12: The Outlet.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

Step 8: Install the Inlet Pipe
•
•
•
-
Step 7: Smoothen and compact the pond bottom
•
•
Figure 13: Smoothening and levelling the Pond Bottom. The pond bottom should be sloped
Inlet

Step 8: Strengthen the Dyke Tops and Free-Board Areas
•
• a
•
• b
Figure 14: Finishing the Bank.
(a) (b)
Figure 15: Bird nests in a high Free-board
Inlet

1. De-silting
a
b
c
Figure 16: De-silting Ponds
(a) (b) (c)
2. Reconstructing the pond wall

a
b)
(a) (b) (c)

4.3 Fish Tanks
Figure 19: Tanks
Fixed hacthery concrete tanks
Wooden lined tank Plastic tanks

Collapsible portable tank made of tarpualin

emergency use on-farm
Assorted plastic household basins and buckets improvised into hatchery tanks
NB:
hatcheries
personnel

Table 10. Standard Tank Features

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
General • • •
Features • running water
accumulation of
accumulation of
Inlet • • •
• • • Location of water
Water
• outlet can present
patterns
pattern
Outlet • • Minimum waste •

concentration at
• • •
space
treatment
Inlet • • •
designs or attachments or attachments
• to inlets for to inlets for
Length, • • •
diameter,
width and for
depth
ratios •

Circular Tank Rectangular Tank Raceways
Drain types • • •
of screen area at
litres per minute

•
Water inlet with valve
white pipe drains water

outside the tank
Black pipe rests above
sediment from bottom

(self-cleaning)
Air supply lines for

aeration
Water inlet
Screen at bottom
alternative designs

Circular Rectangular
Advantages • •
• Most popular because use space
• •
• •
• •
•
•
aeration
Disadvantages • •
•
•
•
•
•
•
• accumulate at inlets hence space

•
•
4.3.3 Establishing Fish Tanks

b. Major Features of a Tank-Based Fish Farm

• of the farm in account of
• Water delivery and aeration:
NOTE:
•
•
•
4.4 Fish Cages
4.4.1 Cage types

a. Fixed Cages
b. Floating Cages

-
c
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(i) Water quality
(ii)
(iii)
4.4.2.1 Water Quality
Mod-
ule 5

k) Chemical Parameters
Parameter Value
phosphate
l) Phytoplankton Blooms
of Microsystis, Anabena, Aphanizomenon Osciallatoria

Oscillatoria, Anabena
Microcystis

Figure 22: Heavy Algal Blooms.
Demand Feeder
Heavy Algal bloom
m) Biological Information
n) Pollutants and contaminants

sediments
Heavy metal Water (mg m-3)
Zinc
Manganese
-
Thallium -
Table 14: Minimum concentrations persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides at
cage sites and aquaculture parks.
Persistent organic pollutant/
pesticides
-
-

o) Disease
Module Eight.
p) Water Exchange
q) Fouling
4.4.2.2 Environmental Factors Associated with Cage Establishment

r) Weather
s)
Parameter Acceptable standard
Hydrological criteria
Wind velocity

Depth
Physical criteria
Current velocity
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Water temperature
Secchi Depth
t) Currents
• Mooring
u) Water Depth
Table 16: Recommended minimum Distances above bottom sediment

Cage Type Depth Range
Uneaten feed pellets have a higher density compared with faeces; thus their
displacement will be more concentrated. Given a constant current, the deeper the site, the

v)
w) Legal Requirements and Planning

‘no-go’
‘no-go-within’
(i) No-Go Areas
NOTE:
(ii) No-Go-Within Areas
Establishment Distance with

not go within

Establishment Distance with

not go within
points
NOTE: -
x) Access to services and shore facilities
y)

Factor Possible Score Actual Score Criteria/Comments
Temperature
aquatic plants
climate
pollution
Total Score
4.4.3 Planning the Farm Cages on the Farm

4.4.3.1 Estimating the number of cages per site
(Module 5

4.4.4 Cage Construction

4.4.4.1 Basic Components of Cage
aa) 1. The Frame
(i) Rigid frames
(ii) Frames with joints

(iii) Flexible frames -
Rigid frame Rigid frame doubling as work platform

bb) 2. The Bag
Figure 27: Cage Netting Materials
Hatchery netting Nursery netting Grow-out cage netting
cc)
• The size of cage: : -
Figure 28. Attachment of external sinkers to a large cage.

[ ]
58 Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture
is a locally woven cage coated

with food-grade bitumen to
improve ability to withstand
exposure once installed
Inner Cage
cage and maintain cage shape
a. Cage shape
-
Cage Shape Advantage Disadvantage
Rectangular • •
• forces at corners which can
•
is great (Polygonal collars
have more corners than
rectangular cages so can
• withstand wave stress better).
• •
sites
Circular • •
through cages is lower hence

rectangular cages
•
• •
• •

Cage Size Advantages Disadvantages
Small cages • •
Large cages • cheaper to construct per unit •
cage will cost less to construct

•
• easier to manage fewer large
cages on a farm rather than
Site Characteristics Suitable Cage Type
Shape Size Volume
Sheltered waters Large large
small small
Good water quality large large
Suboptimal water quality small
4.4.4.3 Making the Cage
• weather resistant
• fouling resistant

1. Rigid Cages
-
Figure 30: Rigid cages
(a)
(b)
Figure 30. Rigid cages

2. Floating Cages
WATER COLUMN
LAKE BOTTOM
Figure 31. Forces affecting design criteria and installation of floating cages.
currentscompetitive and sustainable aquaculture

Improved livelihoods through profitable, [61]
(b)
(a) Polystyrene blocks attached to the
pieces then sealed to be water-tight.
frame to make a collar. Cover them before
installation in water.
Styrofoam
(c) Floating wooden platform
3. Cage Cover
4. Feeding Attachments

4.4.5 Installing Cages at the Farm

4.4.5.1 Positioning of Cages

Figure 34: Positioning Cages.
Figure 35: LVHD Cages Properly Aligned

in a Single File with Adequate Figure 36: Chequered Alignment Poorly
Spacing Between Cages and Positioned with No Spacing.
Rows.
4.5.5.2. Fixing the Cages in Position

‘mooring system’

Buoy showing Smaller buoy showing position

position of anchor where anchor rope connects to
cage frame.
Water level
Knot/joint where
Cage frame
both anchor
ropes/chains are
joined
Anchor ropes
sinker
Thimble metal loop through
which rope is fixed to anchor)
Anchor hook fixing anchor

into substrate
dd) Consideration for Making the Mooring
Mooring system Description Comments
Single point •
•
position of least resistance to the •
because much less surface area is
Multiple point • use up more farm space than the

4.5 Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
(i)
(iii) Filtration unit

Figure 40: A Backyard RAS System with Four Production Tanks

(b) Submersible Pumps.
4.6 Integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems
4.6.1 Terrestrial Farm Integrated Aquaculture Systems

Figure 43: Integrated Fish Farms
Water from ponds can be used to irrigate

The waste feed and poultry droppings go
fruits and vegetables
directly into pond
4.6.2 Aquaponics

Figure 45: A simple Aquaponics System
farms for irrigation

MODULE FIVE:
WATER QUALITY
MANAGMENT
Aquaculture

5.2 Water Quality and Fish Production.
ambient tempera-

Table 22: Recommended Water Quality Ranges
Parameter Relevance to Production Recommended Range What happens when What happens when
Consistently below consistently above
recommended Value recommended value
Dissolved • • •
• •
•
•
o o
Temperature • • •
limits
•
•
faster in warmer waters •

•
Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

[73]
[74]
Parameter Relevance to Production Recommended Range What happens when What happens when
Consistently below consistently above
recommended Value recommended value
pH • • •
•
•
• •
Alkalinity • - • •
and
Hardness •
• •
stress
• •
•
•
•
Ammonia • • •

temperature are within
parasites
a.
• -
ing out waste and limiting levels of organic inputs to what is necessary
b. Aeration
1. Submersible Aeration:
Air pump Aquarium air pump
Air blower Tyre tube air blower
Air stones

Paddle wheel aerator
Dual-prop aerator
Trickle aeration with cascades.

c. Oxygenation
d. Biological Processes
5.2.2 Temperature
5.2.3 Organic Matter

-
break-down and assimilation
such as ammonia.
Feeds:

5. 2.4 Ammonia
metabolism -
)
) when the water
-
Controlling levels of Ammonia
5.2.6 Dissolved Gases

Module Eight
5.2.8 Fish Density

5.3 Carrying Capacity
Figure 49. Carrying Capacity
(ii)
at Carrying Capacity

Production Systems
5.4.1 Water Source
waters
Water Under-ground Water
Quality
Parameter Common Recommendation Common Issue Recommendation
Issue
Dissolved low
or aeration
aeration
Temperature low n/a
Alkalinity/
hardness
to high
pH
ation or aeration agricultural lime
Ammonia n/a
from animal
establishments
Turbidity n/a
waters
Dissolved high n/a

Gases
Organic n/a
Matter
Wild Fish n/a Various aquatic

channels clear
Pollution rare
occur
5.4.2 Water Quality Management in Earthen Ponds

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds
NOTE:
-
ering capacity -
• Increased soil pH
• Increased alkalinity and hardness of water

• Flocculate’s suspended soil particles

NOTE: not acidic
a. Recommended Liming Rates
b. Application of Lime to Ponds
5.4.2.2 Fertilisation
-
productivity to enhance
-
a. Types of Fertilizers, their Advantages and Disadvantages
1. Organic Fertilisers

2. Inorganic Fertilisers
-
Table 24: Comparison between Organic and Chemical Fertilisers

Organic Fertilisers Chemical Fertilisers (eg. DAP, TSP, Urea, MAP)
on the label
substances such as antibiotics
ATTENTION!! -
b. Fertilisation Rates
Amounts to Use* Comments

Fertiliser
Organic Manure’s
The actual quantities of
Variable
Plant Meals

Inorganic Fertilisers
* -
f. Managing Pond Fertility Levels

-
Too Low Too High
• •
• •
morning

Too Low Too High
• •
• •
Measuring Pond Fertility

secchi
disc
Figure 53. The Secchi Disc

A secchi disc can easily be made by cutting out a
circle of diameter 20 cm from a piece of wooden
board or metal. Paint it white and black in equal
quadrants as shown. In the centre, drill a small hole
and pass a string or piece of wood through. Graduate
the piece of string or wood in cm.
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Step 6.

Figure 54: How to take Secchi Readings
Secchi Readings.
SECCHI DISC READING (cm) COMMENTS
Less than 20 cm
More than 60 cm
g. Application of Fertilisers
(i) Crib Method

-
(ii) Bag Method
(iii) Directly into the pond

Bag Method
(i) Granular Fertilisers
-
-
(ii)
h. Other Important Points to Note on Fertilisation

‘static water’
technique.

respires
to
3. Trust your Observations

Water Earthen Ponds Flow Through Tanks Cages Re-Circulatory Aquaponics
Quality and Raceways Systems
Parameter
Low DO • • • • •
too low •
• • • •
• • waste
• Maintain optimum water
• Maintain optimum • Maintain optimum
• eutrophic sites
• •
• • rates
•
• • •
• with respect to
• •
•
between cages
-water management •
• cages •
•
Low • • • • •
temperature to seasonal or weather
weather weather to seasonal or to seasonal or
• • weather weather
areas green-housing areas green-housing •

units
•
[89]
[90]
Parameter
Low • • • • •
Alkalinity/ (agricultural lime) (agricultural lime)
hardness lime) (agricultural lime)
Too high pH • • • • •
•
changes • • •
• rates •
(agricultural lime) to change sites •
• •
• regimes
•
•
Low pH • • • • •
• • •
•
•
rates
•
•
•

•
change sites
Ammonia • • • • •
• rates
• • • •
• •
• techniques
Parameter
• • • •
•
techniques
bottom matter • organic matter
• rates •
•
organic matter
•
with high water
High Clay turbidity • site selection • •

Turbidity •
•
•
construction criteria entering water source •
•
•
•
erosion
is inorganic or •
•
• •
•
•
manure to enhance •
•
where construction soil
waste) techniques
Plankton •
•
rates techniques

•
[91]
[92]
Parameter
Organic • • • • •
Matter matter
• • high organic matter •
• •
with respect to
currents to wash
out waste
wastes at bottom •
•
Wild Fish and • • • • •

predators • farm farm
•

Parameter
-
Figure 56: Water Quality Tools and Equipment

Meters
Oxygen meter pH meter Other meters used in aquaculture

Test strips
Multi-purpose
Test kits
Turbidity/
transparency
Temperature
can measure
temperature
Thermometer

ee) Collecting and sending water quality samples to a laboratory
laboratories
• Label the bottle with sites information
-
mitting samples at times
5.6 Water Treatment

-
Alum Alum

Zeolite Zeolite
Rock Salt (Magadi) Rock salt
Salt Salt


MODULE SIX:
FISH FEEDING AND
NUTRITION
Feed?

Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia Mirror Carp
Protein
Dietary Energy
protein protein
protein
Fats
(increase
as protein
increases)
components as well as structural
Carbohydrates
well enough for them to be their
Fibre

Nutrient Uses Desired Levels in Diet
Tilapia Mirror Carp
Minerals and
Vitamins ppm
soft tissues
balance
Module Five
‘live feeds’
(see Section 6.6.2.
6.3.3 Nutritionally complete diets

Powders Crumbles Pellets Flakes
Feed Type Advantages Disadvantages
Natural Food
amounts to meet nutritional
• cheaper
Supplementary
Feeds
Complete Diets
(pellets)
hatching in some species

Table 31: Factors to Consider when Selecting Fish Feeds

Factor Reason
1. Species •
•
•
•
3. Fish size (weight) •
4. Production unit and •

culture system •
5. Cost •
•
•
•
•

fed ad lib to satiation) -

ad lib
ad lib.
•
•
•
•
•
Factors Eat less Eat more
Characteristics • •
• •
same stage
Water Quality • •
• •
acceptable limits
gases in water
•
Stress and • •
health status •
Fish behaviour • •
•
•

Table 33: When to Feed

When to Feed When not to Feed
• In ponds and other •

outdoor units: •
• Low temperature
•
•
.
•
•
•
•
• Indoor units: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
6.4.3 Determining the ration

The ration
6.4.3.1 Estimating the ration and measuring amount to feed

(i) Pond productivity
Module 5
(ii)
-
glass Petri-dish

(iii) Dry Feed
Measuring out the Quantities to Feed

-
weight-volume
Figure 59: Graduated bucket.
6.4.3.2 Adjusting the ration
Table 34: When to adjust the Ration

Factor Remarks
•
•
b. Growth rate •
•
c. Environmental •
conditions and •
d. Carrying capacity •
•
•
•
•

Table 35: Fish Feeding Methods.

Broadcasting.
Demand Feeders.
Feeding Ring. .
Automatic Feeders.
Trays.

Pouring.
6.3.4.2 Feeding by Response
• appetite
DO NOT OVER-FEED

a. Assessing the feeding response

extremely important
(especially for outdoor units)
‘dumping’ the not
b. Criteria for judging the feeding response
NOTE:
c.
same place in the pond and at about the same time every
day.

Do not trickle
The Feed Conversion Ratio
total amount of food given kg

FCR = Equation 1
total amount of fish produced kg
This means a total of 1.4 kg

b.
Maize bran a
Complete diet/pellets
Note: a
c. Managing FCRs

give, whether or not to adjust or withhold feeding, how best to administer the feed, what
Quality
Quantity.
The species being raised.
The water quality within the production pond
-
-
a) Dry Feeds
• -

•
•
•
•
•
NOTE:
b) Moist and Live Feeds

•
6.6 Making Feeds On-Farm
6.6.1 Formulated Feeds

6.6.1.1 Ingredients
a. Proteins

d.
grains well because plants are
e. Fats
f.
• Preservatives - -
6.6.1.2 Preparing the feed

a)
• – nutritional pro-
•
• Finely ground
•
• Each ingredient is prepared as recommended
Least cost formulation for
for an e

c) Mixing the Ingredients
6.6.2.3 Other important things to note

•
•
•
14 days
14 days
Cysts hatch into Optimal environmental conditions 100 – 300 nauplii/
nauplii
female every 4-5
adult days
Ovoviviparous reproduction
artemia to produce live young
Optimal environmental
conditions
Sub-optimal conditions (periods of high salinity)
Oviparous reproduction to produce cysts
Cysts can be stored for

several years
100 - 300
cysts/female
every 4-5 days

Disadvantage
Preparing artemia cysts for feeding
Figure 65: The Artemia Shell, Cyst and Nauplii
Shell
1st instar
nauplii
Decapsulated
cyst

Step 2: Hatching of artemia
6.6.2.2 Cladocerans.
a) Moina
Figure 66: Moina sp.
Production of Moina in Outdoor Tanks

Requirements
Recommended Growing Conditions
• low ammonia
hours after fertilising water
b. Daphnia
Figure 67: Daphnia

Production outdoors
because of the straw in the manure)
6.6.2.3 Rotifers
g. Enrichment of live feeds

-
Figure 69: Enriching Live Feeds

MODULE SEVEN:
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
7.1 INTRODUCTION

a) Hatchery Management –
b) Grow-out Management
7.2 Hatchery Management
a) Natural Propagation -
Figure 71: Natural Propagation
(i)
(ii)
(a)

Figure 72: Semi-Natural Propagation

7.2.1 Tilapia Hatchery Management
Production Description Product

Stage Farm
Phase 0
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5

Figure 74: Tilapia Seed Production

7.2.1.1 Broodstock Management

Key Objectives
Pond
Preparation
Stocking genetically pure stock
known source
Never ever
Size to stock:
Physical Condition:
Stocking Rate: )
Pond
Management
Feeding
Harvesting
nests
and Handling

c) Natural Propagation in Ponds
Key
Objectives
Pond
Preparation
Stocking
Stocking Rate:
Stocking Ratio:
Feeding Feeding options:

after spawning
Pond
Management
Harvesting
NB:

Figure 75: Draining and Harvesting a Spawning Pond.
Figure 76: Tilapia Egg collection and l Incubation
(a) Hapas for Female Broodstock. (b) Eggs within Mouth of a Female Brooder.

(c) Incubating fertilized tilapia (d) Method for harvesting female

eggs in McDonald Jars brooders and early fry from hapas.
Larval rearing to fry
Production Description
Phase and Hand-
Phase 0
than swim-up
are easier
in appropriate
the same stage

Production Description
Phase and Hand-
Phase 1
contamination with other
Phase 2
management focuses at
g each
Phase 3
Phase 4 This phase This phase This phase

optional for optional for optional for
on grow-
out farmers
Phase 5
grow-out in

Key Objectives
Pond Preparation
and Management
Do not stock
Stocking Hapa Size:
Stocking Rate:
Feeding
Hapa Management
Sampling, grading
and Harvesting
e)
(b) Female (left) and Male (right)

and male (below) tilapia of the same age

a) Broodstock Management
•
•
•
Large abdomen in a gravid female

Ripe eggs will be brownish-green with
a black dot

• -
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
g) Larval Rearing
h) Rearing Fry to Fingerlings
Flow through Tanks

Ponds
frogs

7.2.3 Mirror Carp Hatchery Management

a) Natural Method
j) Nursery Ponds
7.3 Harvesting, Handling, Grading and
Module 8

of
7.3.1 Handling Fish
dip
Figure 83: Fish Basket.

7.3.2 Sampling
Do not sample when:

7.3.3 Harvesting
Spawning Units slowly
Fingerling and broodstock units
k) Temporary Holding Fish after Harvest

7.3.4 Sorting and Grading
l) How to Grade Fish
Passes (approximately 95%) are Holds (approximately 5%) are

stocked in hapas stocked in a reservoir pond

b. Do not Touch Fish with your Hands.
c. Minimise Physical Trauma.
d. Water quality -
e. Keep grading records. -
7.4 Fish Seed Handling and Transportation
a) Maintain Optimum Water Quality within Transport Containers

• Do not use

b) The Fish’s Condition
7.4.1 Conditioning Fish

-
a) In Closed Polythene Bags
Packaging in Bags for Live Transportation.

a) Packing Fingerlings for Live Transportation in Bags with Oxygen.
b) Packed Bags Ready for Transportation c) Transporting Fingerlings Packed in Bags

to Farm.

b) Tanks

Packaging in Tanks for Live Transportation.
N.B.
c) Labelling Containers and Bags
• Fish Species
•
•
• Lot or Batch No.
• Estimated DOB
each other)

•
e.g. Johns farm, pond C
7.5 Grow-Out Management
7.5.1 Stocking Grow-Out Production Units
Do not
NOTE:

b) Guidelines for stocking from Transport Tanks/Containers
NOTE:
7.5.2 Tilapia Table Fish Production
7.5.1.1 Ponds
ii)
Activity/Item Recommendations
1. Pond (Module 4)
Preparation
2. Stocking

MODULE EIGHT:
FISH HEALTH AND
BIOSECURITY
8.1 Introduction

Figure 90: The Disease Triad
welfare -
pathogens)
Aquaculture Producers
Supporting Industries (
Countries

8.3 Stress
Water Chemistry Temperature

Pollution Light
Metabolic Wastes Sound
Diet quality (e.g. type of Low Dissolved Oxygen
protein and amino acids)
Population Density
Handling
Diet Composition
Transporting
Micro and Macro-organisms
Stocking
Aggressive fish behavior
Treating
Predators
Alarm Reaction.
Resistance.
pipe
Fatigue.

NORMAL
ESCAPE
ADAPT
FATIGUE
EXHAUSTION
Figure 92: Generalized illustration Warm-Freshwater Fish’s Response to Environmental

Stressors.
Environmental Factor
Fish Response
pH Ammonia Temperature
Long-term tolerance limit
Lower optimum limit
Long-term tolerance limit
pipe
pipe

(immune
system)
Protective Normal Function

Barrier
Mucus (slime • •
coat)
• •
• •
• Common causes of mucus loss:
chemical
Scales and • •
skin
• Common causes of damage:
• •
•
Antibodies • •
organisms •
•
8.4.3 Preventing Stress

8.4 Fish Disease

-
a. Characteristics of the Infection.

-
b. Type of Pathogen
(iii) Viruses
Parameter
Feeding •
•
Behaviour •
swimming)
•
•
• piping
Physical •
Appearance •
•
•
•
•
•
Mortality •
•

Brownish gills Pale gills
Eroded gills and excess mucus Gas bubbles within gills

Fluid behind eye (pop-eye) Fluid in abdomen (ascites)
Body deformities and wounds Bleeding
Changes in skin colouration

8.4.4 Collecting and sending samples to the laboratory

-
(a) Fish Samples.

moribund and not:
Fish Samples Shipment Conditions
Live Samples • Module Seven
Very Fresh Dead •

• NOT wet
• DO NOT allow the ice or water to touch the sample
Frozen Samples •
•
•
•
•
•

(b) Aquatic plants -
(c) Pesticide analysis-

Water sample-
N.B: Always:
(not all samples may be necessary)
-
-

Table 42: General Approaches to Disease Control

What to control/Observe Control Measures in Event
Fish • •
•
life
•
•
•
•
treatment
•
•
•
Culture • •
System •
• •
• • Quarantine
• •
• Management practices •
• •
•
•
•
Disease • •
• •
factors
• •
control measures for the
• •
measures
etc)
•
gametes)
•
•
•

8.4.5.1 Immuno-stimulants and Vaccines

-
Advantages and Disadvantages of Bacterins

Bacterins
Low cost
Fish Vaccine
organism
• • The organism •
be immuno-competent •
• •
•
• •
functions
• •
•
immune responses • •
• •
•
•

Do not stock
Also Note:
8.4.5.3 Treatments
-
NOT
a) Types of Treatment
b) Determining whether to treat
c) How to Give Treatments to Fish

Description Advantages Disadvantages

Treatment
Topical • • •
to lesion lesion
•
Injection • • •
• •
Food • • •
additives
•
Dip • • •
concentration of chemical for up to
•
• to high chemical
concentration which
• Labor requirements
Bath • • •
• •
process
•
Flushing • • •
• chemical
•
•
• • •
•
chemical is not
•

d) Calculating the Required amount of Treatment
How to estimate water volume in

different shaped containers (Adapted
from FAO).
• Disease:
• Fish:
• Culture system:
• Chemical:
f) Common Treatments
Table 45: Treatment Rates

Chemical Administration Rate Indications Contra-indications
A: TOPICAL TREAMTENTS
Formalin • • •
• •
Monogenic
fungal infections •
on eggs
rates
•

• • Treatment of •
• caution in water
parasites such as
‘Ichthyophillus
• mulitphillis •
• Flavobacterium
columnare
•
infections
• Chelated copper – •
inorganic or organic
Potassium • • •
permanganate • •
F. columnare
infections
•
rate
- Pond
water
time
- Tank
Salt •
•
Organophosphate • Monogenetic •
)
humans
crustacean
parasites
Lernea sp
Argulus sp
antibiotic • •
•
systems,
ornamentals;

Romet (ormetoprim • •
•
problems
•
•
Terramycin • •
treat motile
Aeromonas
infections time frame is
•
species before slaughter F. columnare
or treatment
•
o *antibacterial
resistance*
•
treatments are
because of
antimicrobial
resistance
Tranquilisers •

8.5 Common Diseases in Ugandan Aquaculture

and their Control
8.5.1.1 Environmental (Water Quality) Diseases
Diagnosis
Management of Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels
• Manage algal blooms

Temperature

b. Low pH
Treatment
c. Ammonia Poisoning
d. Excessive Levels of Dissolved Carbondioxide (Hypercarbia)
Diagnosis:
Treatment:

e. Nitrite Poisoning (Brown Blood Diseases)
Figure 96: Brown Blood Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
f. Gas Bubble Disease (Gas supersaturation)
Figure 97:
water

8.5.1.2. Nutritional Diseases

-
a)
b)
Control and Treatment:
• Module 6)
•
•

i) Mycotoxins in Feed
a. Good Pellets. b. Mouldy Pellets. (c) Gross lesions (right)
Preventive Measures
8.5.1.3 Physical Trauma
Control

8.5.1.4 Genetic Conditions
than the entire population
Prevention and Control
8.5.1.5. Tumours
8.5.2.1 Bacterial Infections
Common Causes Remarks
Bacterial • •
Septicaemia • Vibrio anguillarium
•
columnaris •
Skin and gill • •

• lesions
columnaris •
•
•

a. Columnaris disease (Flavobacterium columnaris in-

fection)
Clinical signs
•
•
•
•
‘cigar-mouth’ or ‘saddle-back’
Diagnosis
•
•
•
Treatment and Control
NB:
b. Aeromonas hydrophila infection

Clinical signs
•
•
•
•
•
• Mortalities
Diagnosis
•
•
-

•
•
S. iniae
other bacterial cocci such as Enterococcus Lactococcus
Clinical signs
•
•
•
•
•
Diagnosis
•
•
•
(NB: external clinical signs look very similar to Aeromonas
hydrophila above. Pictures courtesy of B. Mudenda)
Treatment and control

•
•
•
•
•
Clinical signs
•
•
•
• Loss of weight
•
•
•
Diagnosis
•
•
•


•
8.5.2.2 Parasitic Infections
Crustacea: Argulus (fish louse), Lernaea (anchor worms)

• Leeches Trematodes (flukes): Monogenic and digenic trematodes
Cestodes (tape worms)
Nematodes (round worms)
Leeches
o
Parasites gain access to fish via an intermediate host (figure 100).
It takes three to five days for the parasite to complete

this cycle when water temperatures are about 20oC
Most of the parasites that affect the gills, fins and skin are opportunistic organisms. Their
ability of cause infection and the severity of disease depends on the immune status of the
fish. Fish that are stressed, poorly fed, raised under sub-optimal environmental conditions
(poor water quality), have a disease condition, injured and juveniles are more susceptible to
parasitic infestations.
Parasites attach and cause damage to the lining of the gills, fins or skin. This causes irritation
and points of entry for other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. The affected area
becomes inflamed, excess mucus secretion and sometimes there is bleeding. When the gills
are affected, ability to take up oxygen is impaired and fish show signs of anoxia (section
8.5.1.1.). On the skin and fins, there is often a change in pigmentation and fin erosion at the
affected area. Irritation of these tissues causes discomfort to the fish and causes them to
loose appetite, swim erratically, congregating at the surface or inlets where water quality is
often better and become lethargic and anaemic.
213
Figure 101: Common Fish Parasites
Trichodina sp. Capriniana (Tricophrya)
Apiosoma (Glossatella)
Icthyobodo
Epistilis sp. Leeches

Grypdactylus Dactylogyrus
Argulus sp.
Anchor Worms Lernaea sp.
Diagnosis
•
•
•
•
Prevention and Control
• -
• -
Treatment
•

b. Internal Parasites
8.5.2.3 Fungal Infections

Saprolgenia
Fungal growth a
sequel to wound
infection
Wound
Prevention and Treatment

•
•
•
8.5.2.4 Viral Diseases

a. Tilapia Lake Virus
Aphanomyces invadans
Barbus sp. (right).

c. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV) Diseases
Figure 105: Gill lesions in KHV Disease
• -
Manual of Diagnostic tests for Aquatic Animals – use latest versions

•
8.6 Predator Control

1. Humans Beings
2. Frogs and Snakes.
3. Birds
4. Monitor Lizards and Otters.
Figure 106: Common Predatory Wading Birds

c. The Grey Heron d. The Jacana
e. The Hammerkop f. Goliath heron
8.7 Biosecurity Control

8.7.1 National Level
8.7.2 Farm Level

-
•
•
•
•
aquaculture establishment •
•
•
•
personnel
•
•
•
establishment
•
•
1 Some are general and would apply to both.

(i) species

8.8.1 Zoonotic Diseases
•
•
•
• Leeches
8.8.2 Anti-Microbial Resistance

-
8.8.3 Other Potential Communicable and Non-Communicable

Health Hazards Associated with the Aquaculture
Environment
a. Non-Communicable Diseases
b. Communicable Diseases
Mitigation Measures

and resource use (FAO, 2010)
Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
Biodiversity losses •
•
•
•
much as possible

Environmental Risk Suggested Mitigation Measures
•
•
•
•
•
•

MODULE NINE:
POST HARVEST HANDLING AND
PROCESSING OF FARMED FISH
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fish Quality
•
•
•

-
-
Steps in the HACCP
Preliminary Steps • The focus is on
•
Conduct a Hazard
Analysis
Control Points (CCP)
•
Determine Critical
Limits (CL)
•
Determine Monitor-
ing Procedures
•
Determine
Corrective Actions •
cation Procedures •
•
Keeping Procedures
*NOTE:
-

Grade A B
Skin and scales

shinning loss of bloom
Outer Slime transparent

clotting
Eyes
translucent opalescent
cornea cornea
Gills
mucus
translucent opaque
Peritoneum
Gill and
internal odours
Prevention Measures
• •
•
• •
• •
ammonia)
•
•
•
•
• •
• •
Prevention Measures
• •
• Lighter weight •
• •
•

9.3 Fish Processing
•
•
•
•
•
•
9.3.1 Fish Hygiene
9.3.2 Processing

Figure 109: Aquaculture Products

a) Live, Fresh and Chilled Whole Fish
Live tilapia Chilled tilapia from cages

delivered to local market
b) Smoked Fish Products
c) Value-Added Products
Fillets Fish sausages
9.4 Packaging

Crates for bulk fresh or dry. The packaging Well labelled attractive packaging
may go straight to a restaurant, school or is preferable for retail outlets
hotel where bulk cooking is done.
where cold storage is available) in paper boxes
•
• Module 7)

MODULE TEN:
MARKETING OF FARMED FISH
-
10.1 What is marketing
cre-
ating, distributing pricing

•
• awareness
• Motivating buying decision
• buy and use
• buy again
Consumables Equipment
Feed ingredients
Equipment Construction farm facilities
Feeds
Supplies Water quality kits (ponds, tanks, cages)
Chemicals
Nets Boats
Fertilisers
Life jackets
Hatchery
Farming Nursery
Grow-out
Handling
Dressing
Processing freezing
Smocking
Salting
storing
Brokerage
Promotion
Distribution
Wholesaling
retailing
Household
Restaurants/hotels
Supermarkets
Consumption Export
Fishermen (bait)
Recreation


10.1.1 Why Marketing is Important

-
10.1.2 What is a market?

-
10.2 Developing a Marketing Strategy

-

• What is the competitive advantage your enterprise as a company?
• What is your position in the market?
• Build good relationships
• How can you communicate your product?
• What are your marketing options?
•
• Right these down on paper
a) Grading, weighing and icing to ensure right quality get to the market.

in rural and urban areas.
d) Labelling and branding

facilitate standardisation and
recognition of products.

(f) Aquaculture information on my (g) Brochures to disseminate information.

smart-phone. This AgroMarket Day
10.3 Collective Marketing


MODULE ELEVEN:
AQUACULTURE AS A
BUSINESS
11.1 Introduction

11.2 Record to Keep and their Evaluation

-
11.2.1 Production Records
11.2.2. Marketing Records
11.2.3. Financial Management

-

11.3 Enterprise Analysis and Business Decision

Making
11.3.1 Enterprise Budgets
Monoculture Ponds Fed Nutritionally Complete Commercial Sinking Pellets

Item Amount Unit Cost (USh) Total Cost (USh)
Production Targets
Major Variable Costs
Labour
Total Variable Costs 1,492,789

Production
Sales
Total Revenue 748 kg 3,000 2,244,000
Income above variable costs 751,211

(a) Sales done when pond is ready to harvest,

(b) Several small ponds sized to market
demand and an all-in-all out-production system.
a) Three large ponds
11.3.3 Risk Analysis
Table 54: Risk Analysis

Period JUNE JULY AUGUST
Number to
Number to
Number to
Produced
Produced
Produced
VARIANCE
VARIANCE
VARIANCE
Number
Number
Number
produce
produce
produce
Target
Actual
Target
Actual
Target
Actual
Products
Remarks
Month

11.3 Production and Business Planning

-
Chapter Objective Content
1. Background •
•
•
•
2. Situation Analysis •
current status of •
•
•
businesses
3. Needs Assessment •
there are in
business

Chapter Objective Content
4. Business Analysis •
the business
•
•
•
•
•
5. Production •
Planning •
6. Marketing Plan •
•
7. Investment •
Strategy
•
business •
8. Enterprise •
and Financial •
Assessment
•
•
•
•
9. Conclusions and •
Recommendations
10.Monitoring and •
Evaluation •
11.4 Maintaining Farm Income

• Lowering FCRs to optimum levels.

• Lowering labour costs.
• Improving returns to land
• Making and adopting the appropriate investment and management decisions.
QUESTIONS FREQUENTLY ASKED BY FARMERS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
MARKETING
•
•
•
•
•
•

List of Appendices
1. Nile Tilapia
Physical
Appearance
Natural
Habitat
Feeding

Reproduction
Nile tilapia nests at bottom

of pond
Attributes
aquaculture
strategies
Physical
Appearance
Habitat
Diets and

Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
3. Mirror Carp
Physical
appearance
Habitat
o
Diet and
Feeding
aquatic plants
Reproduction
Distribution

Aquaculture
4. Ningu
Physical
Appearance
Habitat
Diet and Feeding
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
5. Angara, Pebble Fish

Physical
Appearance
Habitat
o
Diet and Feeding

Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture
6. Mamba/Marbled Lung Fish

Physical
Appearance
Habitat
Diet and Feeding
Reproduction
Distribution
Aquaculture

Estimating the number of cages per site
capacity
size in small bays close to shore
Criteria Score Given

Score
Distance to More than 1,000 m 3
nearest to Between 500 to1,000 m 2
obvious source
Less than 500m 1
Transparency More than 200 cm 3

(secchi disk Between 100 to 200 cm 2
visibility)
Less than 100cm 1
Dissolved
bottom l
08.00 am in the bottom l

morning
bottom
Water depth
at proposed
cages
The connection
the lake
Characteristics
Currents
between bay
and lake
TOTAL SCORE
1 to <7 Unacceptable
7 to 10
11 to 17
18 to 21

Overall site rating

input(kg/ha)
c.f.
Key Parameters Input Levels
Small-holder Medium Scale Large-Scale
)
3
System
cage carrying capacity

is equal to optimum
density per cage
Water Quality
management
Feed
Yield
Source:
Note:

TILAIPA FEEDING CHART

Weeks in Size (g) Growth (g/ Daily Feed Daily Feed/ Type
Production day) (% BW) Fish (g) Feedings/
Protein Day
%CP - size
(mm)

Weeks in Fish Growth Daily Feed Daily est FCR Type

production Size (g/day) (% BW) Feed/ Feedings/
(g) Fish (g) Protein Day
%CP - size
(mm)
*Recommended Size at Stocking

*1 10



Soya bean meal 45 CP 22
Maize 10% CP 13

The pituitary gland
Collecting pituitary glands by cutting open the head
Extraction of pituitary gland
Preserving pituitary glands

Extracting gonadotropic hormones from pituitary glands

-
The most common method of administering injection into the dorsal muscle.
Equipment for crushing pituitary gland

Observations
Tot kgs
Sun
Sat
Fri
Thur
Wed
Tue
Mon
Amt
to
Feeding Response:
Pond

Pond: Size: . Function:
Harvest
Sample
Stock
Drain
Date Treat Description (species, numbers,
Total #
Total
Weight

Interpretation of Tilapia Pond Management Records

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?
A) Not much
positive gain
in between
samplings in
total pond
biomass
B) Sudden
Mortalities and
Fish Floating on
with Opercula
Open
problem
every day

Pond Record Possible Causes What Should I do?

D) Polluted
waters, pond
still below
carrying
capacity
compounded
with high FCR
pond.
E) Add
recommended
amounts
pond but it
never turns
green
(water loss) through the
vis-a-vis
F) Pond too green,
up piping most
mornings, poor
growth

Interpretation of Trends in Feeding Response and FCR

FCR Trend Possible Causes What Should I do?
A) FCR is much
lower than what
is suggested
Mortalities – there
chart while at the
same time the
is continuously
real
B)Increase (high)
in FCR and
arise when there is
response
upon response
response
of the full ration)
too big or small

C) Increase in FCR
response remains
response
to become less
in water temperature
growth good in obtaining enough to
ponds

http://
-
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4021e.pdf


MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES
P.O Box 102, Entebbe Plot 16-18, Lugard Avenue, Entebbe-Uganda
Email: www.agriculture.go.ug
Website: info@agriculture.go.ug
Tel: +256 41 4320004

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Aquaculture Training Manual for Extension Agents in Uganda’

Ministry of Agriculture Animal Ministry of Water and Environment

Hon. Vincent Bamulangaki Sempijja (MP)

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL INDUSTRY AND FISHERIES.

[iv] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

MODULE TWO: BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL FISH

MODULE THREE: AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN UGANDA ...................13

MODULE FOUR: ESTABLISHING A FISH FARM ..............................................................23

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [v]

4.2 Fish Ponds ..........................................................................................................27

MODULE FIVE: WATER QUALITY MANAGMENT ............................................................71

[vi] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

5.4.2.1 Liming Ponds ............................................................................................................................... 81

Production Systems .................................................................................................... 89

MODULE SIX: FISH FEEDING AND NUTRITION ............................................................97

MODULE SEVEN: PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ....................................117

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [vii]

7.3.1 Handling Fish ............................................................................................................ 132

MODULE EIGHT: FISH HEALTH AND BIOSECURITY....................................................143

[viii] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

8.7.2 Farm Level ................................................................................................................. 176

MODULE NINE: POST HARVEST HANDLING AND PROCESSING

MODULE TEN: MARKETING OF FARMED FISH ............................................................187

MODULE ELEVEN: AQUACULTURE AS A BUSINESS ....................................................195

List of Appendices ..........................................................................................................203

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

[] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons). ............................................. 2

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Figure 93: Description of Mortality and Infection Trends ............................................................... 149

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

Table 1: Market issues to consider before investing in aquaculture. ........................................... 8

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

POPs rganic ollutants

Dwrm esources Management

Uncst ational ouncil of T

lvhd Low Volume igh

hvld Volume Low

[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

Dam wall, dyke

Disease The term disease causative agent biological pathogens (a

[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [ ]

[ ] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [1]

Figure 1: Trends in Aquaculture versus Fisheries Production (tons).

[2] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

1.2 Key Stakeholders

Figure 2: Key Actors in the Aquaculture Value Chain

Private Sector Service Providers

Middlemen, traders, transporters Middlemen, traders, transporters

Middlemen, traders, transporters

Providers of Public Goods and Services

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [3]

1.3 Opportunities in aquaculture

[4] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

• Good income generating enterprise.

• Greater ability to tailor production to meet market requirements.

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [5]

[6] Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture

2.1 Why should I do a preliminary assessment?

Improved livelihoods through profitable, competitive and sustainable aquaculture [7]