Internal Assignment No.

B.A-I YEAR
Paper Code: B.A –SO-002
Paper Title: SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN INDIA

Q.1 Explain the structural and functional of the social problems in india.

Ans Sociological functionalism is closely related to the structural-

functionalist approach in anthropology, which tries to explain the various social
forms found in tribal societies in terms of their contributions to social cohesion.

The followers of this perspective focus on the understanding of the ‘ordering’ and
‘patterning’ of the social world. Their focus of attention is mainly the ‘problem of
order’ at a societal level. Their theoretical and empirical analyses have generally
been based on the assumption that societies can be seen as persistent, cohesive,
stable, generally inherited wholes differentiated by their culture and social
structural arrangements.

They even pose the questions: How did various institutions or customs originate?
How does it fill in the broader context? How does the part relate to the whole?
Regarding this perspective, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown says that the total social
structure of a society, together with the totality of social usages, constituted a
functional unity, a condition in which all parts work together with a sufficient
degree of harmony or internal consistency, that is, without producing persisting
conflicts which can neither be resolved nor regulated. Further, to explain any
belief, rule, custom or institution demanded an analysis which linked the
elements functionally with the structure of the culture as a system.

This perspective of society stresses the element of harmony and consistency not
those of conflict and contradiction. The functional unity of a system is defined in
terms of social order. In defining society in holistic terms, structural-functional
implies that as everything within the system is necessarily functional for the
whole.

q.2 write a short notes

(i) Defining social problems.

A common way of defining social problems is to include a subjective element; objective conditions only
become social problems when they are perceived to be undesirable by some segment of the public. In their
actual treatment of social problems, however, sociologists have contradicted their own definitions by ignoring
public opinion in their selection of specific problems for study. A survey of Gallup Polls from 1935 to 1975
shows certain patterns in public definitions of problems and identifies the kind of concerns held by the public.
An examination of thirty-four social problems texts shows the kind of problems treated by sociologists, and
there is considerable disparity between the public and the professional perspectives. A resolution of this
disparity is suggested in the form of a new definition of social problems that gives both professional and
public opinion a place in identifying and analyzing social problems.

(ii) Types of beggary.

There aren’t different types of beggars, i.e. Panhandlers; however, there are different types of homeless
people. Of the homeless, Panhandlers make up a small percentage which is an extremely important data
fact that is key in ending homeless.

Panhandlers may have different reasons they beg, so that is where the distinction is. For example, it may
be situational where they lost a job or had unexpected medical bills. Others may include a person with
PTSD who is unable to function in society because they did not receive and/or could not afford the proper
therapeutic treatments.

It is also important to note that the majority of people who are homeless at this moment do not beg. I was
homeless and never Panhandled. I remained hidden like the majority of the homeless population to
protect job security and to protect me from physical harm.

Internal Assignment No. 2

Q.1 Explain the land and property of corruption in india.

Ans 1

• The possibility of corruption is strong as landowners target countries with poor

governance. Corruption is more likely to occur as local elites may exploit the land
government structures of a nation to their own advantage.
 • Whether it is an opaque agreement between local authorities and private
investors, citizens have to pay bribes during processes of land administration,
unaccountable urban planning.
• Customary laws denying women land rights, land corruption hits the poorest and
most severely marginalized men and women.
• In addition, millions of men and women bear the brunt of political and great
land-related corruption: if they are not involved in land deals decision-making, their
land will be grabbed or seized, and their land will be inadequately
compensated.

Q.2 Explain the types of social problems.

Ans 2

Types of Social Problems:

Sociologists distinguish between two types of social problems. First, problems of
social organization which are created by the way the community or the society is
organized. Community or society produces situations that some members of the
society refuse to accept as right or necessary or even inevitable.

These are, for instance, communalism, casteism, regionalism, poverty, gender

discrimination, population, environmental imbalance (different kinds of
pollution, health hazards, etc.). Second, problems of deviance having to do with
the adjustment of people to conventional ways of living.

These include, for example, delinquency, drug addiction, alcoholism, mental

illness, various forms of sexual behaviour (rape, incest, sodomy), bigamy,
prostitution, vandalism and host of other behaviours, most of which are
forbidden by law.