CE 324-PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

MODULE 1

1. TOPIC: INTRODUCTION

2. INTRODUCTION: If we take a look at the built environment, we can see that in most places,
concrete predominates. Whether it’s on the sidewalk, a building or in a wall, concrete was and is an
essential and widely used construction material. The wide use of concrete in the construction industry
is due to its multiple qualities such as the ease of manufacture and commissioning, the possibility of
creating almost any shape and good durability in normal conditions of use.

3. OBJECTIVES:

 Identify properties of concrete

 Understand the stress-strain characteristics of concrete in a simple compression
 The importance of determining loads applied to a structure.
 Apply allowable strength and load-and-resistance factor design methods for reinforced
concrete

4. LEARNING CONTENT:

CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand, gravel crushed rock,or other aggregates. The
aggregates(sand,gravel,crushed rock) are held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of cement and
water.

REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced concrete is formed at rest.Is a composite material used in construction. The low
tensile strength and ductility of the concrete are fortified by the addition of reinforcing steel bars
having higher tensile strength and ductility. During construction, steel bars are placed inside
formwork before concrete is poured. Rebar can also be wired together into a steel cage arrangement
beforehand. Concrete is then poured into the framework and vibrated to remove air voids in the fresh
concrete and ensure consolidation of the aggregates within the concrete mixture. It is imperative that
the concrete completely surrounds each bar to ensure a strong bond.

As with most rocklike mass, concrete has a very high compressive strength but have a very low tensile
strength. As a structural member, concrete can lie made to carry tensile stresses (as in beam in flexure).
In this regard, it is necessary to provide steel bars to provide the tensile strength lacking in concrete.
The composite member is called reinforced concrete.

PRESTRESSED C ONCRETE
Is formed under stress. Reinforcement bars are placed in a form and stressed by stretching
of the bars at each end, inducing tension in the bar. Concrete is poured into the form and all around
the bars while they are still being stretched.

AGGREGATES
Aggregates used in concrete maybe fine aggregates (usually sand) and coarse aggregates (usually
gravel pr crushed stone). Fine aggregates are those that passes through a No. 4 sieve (about 6mm in
size). Materials retained are coarse aggregates.
WATER
According to Section 5.3.4, water use din mixing concrete shall be clean and free from injurious
amount of oil, acids, alkalis, salts, organic materials, or other substances that may be deterious to
concrete or reinforcement. Mixing water for prestressed concrete or for concrete that will contain
aluminum embedments, including that portion of mixing water contirbuted in the form of free
moisture on aggregates, shall not contain deleterious amounts of chlorise ion. Non-potable water
shall not be used in concrete unless the ff: are satisfied:
a. Selection of concrete proportions shall be based on concrete mixes using water from the
same source
b. Mortar test cubes made with non-potable mixing water shall have 7-day and 28-day
strengths equal to at least 90 percent of strengths of similar specimens made with potable
water.

CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
Proportions of materials for concrete shall be established to provide:
a. Workability and consistency
b. Resistance to special exposures
c. Conformance with strength test requirements

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
Concrete lighter in weight than ordinary sand and gravel concrete is used principally to reduce
dead load, or for thermal insulation, nailability, or fill. Disadvantages of lightweight structural
concretes include higher cost, need for more care in placing, greater porosity, and more drying
shrinkage. For a given percentage of cement, usually the lighter the concrete, the lower the strength.

HEAVYWEIGHT CONCRETE
Concrete weighing up to about 60.5 kN/m3 can be produced by using heavier than ordinary
aggregate. Theoretically, the upper limit can be achieved with steel shot as fine aggregate and steel
punchings as coarse aggregate. The heavy concrete is used principally in radiations shields and
counterweights. Concrete made with. barite develops an optimum density of 36.5 KN/m3 and
compressive strength of4 1.35 MPa; with limonite and magnetite, densities from 33 to 35.2 kN/m3
and strengths of 22 MPa to 39.3 MPa; with steel punchings and sheared bars as coarse aggregate and
steel shot as fine aggregate, densities from 39.3 to 45.3 kN/m3 and strengths of about 38.6 MPa.

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Unlike steel and other material, concrete has no definite modulus of elasticity.Its value is
dependent on the characteristics of cement and aggregates used, age of concrete and strengths.
According to NSCP (section 5.8.5), modulus of elasticity E, for concrete for values of wc between 1500
to 2500 kg/m3 may be taken as

EC = wc0.15 0.043 √f'c (in MPa) Eq. 1-1

where f’c, is the 28-day compressive strength of concrete in MPa, wc is the unit weight on concrete .
in kg/m3. For normal weight concrete, f’c -= 4700√f'c . Modulus of Elasticity Es, for nonprestressed
reinforcement may be taken as 200,000 MPa.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Depending on the 'mix (specially the water-cement ratio) and the time and quality of curing,
compressive strengths of concrete .can be obtained up to 97 MPa or more. Commercial production of
concrete with ordinary aggregates is usually in the 21 to 83 MPa range with the most common ranges
for cast-in-place buildings from 21 to 41 MPa. On the other hand, precast and prestressed
applications often expect strengths of 27.6 to 55.1 MPa.

The 28-day compressive strength of concrete can be estimated from the 7-day strength by a formula
proposed :by W.A Sater:

S28 = S7 + 2.5 √S7 Eq. 1-2

where S28 = 28-day compressive strength, MPa

S7 = 7 -day compressive strength, MPa

Concrete strength may increase significantly after 28 days, particularly when cement is mixed with fly
ash .

The stress-strain ·diagram for concrete of a specified compressive strength is a curved line as shown
in Figure 1.1. Maximum stress,is reached at a strain of 0.002 mm/mm, after which the curve
descends.

WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Concrete strength is influenced chiefly by the water-cement ratio; the higher this ratio, the lower
the strength .In fact, the relationship is approximately linear when expressed in terms of C/W, the
ratio of cement to water by weight. For a workable mix, without the use of water reducing
admixtures:

S28 = 18.67 C/W - 5.24 Eq. 1-3

Proportioning by Water-Cement Ratio
With the absence of any required data, concrete proportions shall be based on
water-cement ratio, limits in Table 1.3, if approved by the engineer. ·
METAL REINFORCEMENT
Metal reinforcement in concrete shall be deformed, except that plain reinforcement be permitted
for spirals or tendons; and reinforcement consisting of structural steel, steel pipe, or steel tubing.
Reinforcing bars to be welded shall be indicated on the drawings and welding procedure to be used
shall be specified.PNS reinforcing bar specifications shall be supplemented to require a report of
material properties necessary to conform to welding procedures specified in "Structural Welding
Code - Reinforcing Steel" · (PNS/A WS D 1.4) of the American Welding society and/ or "Welding of
Reinforcing Bars (PNS/ AS- 1554)' of the Philippines National Standard.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT
Deformed, reinforcing bars shall conform to the standards specified in Section
53.5:3 of N$CP. Deformed reinforcing bars with a specified 'yield strength fy
exceeding 415 MPa shall .be permitted, provided fy shall ·be · the stress
corresponding to a strain of 0.35 percent and the bars otherwise conform.t6 one
of the ASTM and PNS specifications listed in Sec. 5.3.5.3.1. -

PLAIN REINFORCEMENT
Plain bars for' spiral reinforcement shall conform to the specification listed in
Section 5.3.5.3.1 of NSCP. For wire with specified yield strength fy exceeding 415 MPa fy shall be the
stress corresponding to a strain of 0.35 percent if the yield strength specified in the design exceeds
415 MPa.
SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT
According to Section 5.7.6 of NSCP, the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer
should be db but not less than 25 mm. Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two. or more layers,
bars in the upper layers should be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance
between
layers not less than 25 mm. In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5db
nor40mm.

In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall be
spaced not farther apart than three times the wall or slab thickhess, nor 450 mm. ·

BUNDLED BARS
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four in
any one bundle. Bundled bars shall. be enclosed within stirrups or ties and bars larger than 32 mm
shall not be bundled in beams. The individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of
flexural members should terminate at different points with at least 40db stagger. Since spacing
limitations and minimum concrete cover of most members are based on a single bar diameter db,
bundled bars shall be treated as single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area.
Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, the minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the
bundle, but need not to be greater than 50 mm, except for concrete cast against and permanently
exposed to earth, the minimum cover shall be 75 mm. ·

STANDARD HOOKS
The term standard hook refers to one. of the following:
(a) 180° bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end,
(b) 90° bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar,
(c) For stirrups and tie hooks:
(1)16 mm bar and smaller, 90° bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or
(2).20 mm and25 mm par~ 90° bend phis 12db extension at free end of bar, or
(3)25 mm bar and smaller, 135° bend plus 6db, extension at free end of bar.

MINIMUM BEND DIAMETER

The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar, other than for stirrup:
and ties in sizes 10 mm through 15 mm shall not be less than the following:
(a) 6db for 10 mm to 25 mm bar,
(b) 8db for 28 mm to 32 mm bar, and
(c) 10db for 36 mm bar.

The inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties shall not be less than 4db for 16 mm bar and
smaller. For bars larger than 16 mm, the diameter of bend shall be in accordance with the previous
paragraph. ·

LOADS
The most important and most critical task of an engineer is the determination of the loads that
can be applied to a structure during its life, and the. worst possible combination of these loads that
might occur simultaneously. Loads on a structure may be classified as dead loads or-live loads.

DEAD LOAD
Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position.This
consists mainly of the weight of the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame.

LIVE LOAD
Live loads are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move under
their own power are called moving loads. Other live loads are those caused by wind, rain,earthquakes,
soils, and temperature changes. Wind and earthquake loads are called lateral loads.

ARRANGEMENT OF LIVE LOAD

Live loads may be applied only to the floor or roof under consideration, and the far ends of
columns built integrally with the structure may be considered fixed.
It is permitted by the code to assume the following arrangement of live loads:
(a) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on two
adjacent spans, and
(b) Factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load on alternate
spans.
5. REFERENCE/S
Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete by DIT GILLESANIA