SOLUTIONS TO MITIGATE

ROAD SLOPE DISASTERS

SESSION 3 – RIVER EROSION

Date 24 February 2022

Author Engr. Adrian A. Madrazo, MSCE Geotechnical

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of Maccaferri (Philippines), Inc.
2021 WEBINAR SERIES
Solutions to Mitigate Road Slope Disasters

Coastal
Rockfall Debris Flow Landslide
Erosion

Rock Slope River

Road Slip
Collapse Erosion

Session 3
Gray fill - Topic discussed in previous session

2
REFERENCES
SOLUTIONS TO MITIGATE ROAD SLOPE DISASTERS
PART 3 – COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION

3
CONTENTS
Session 3: Countermeasures Against River Erosion

Part 1
• Introduction on River Erosion
• Selection of Countermeasures
• Basic Design Principles
• Classification of Countermeasures
• Considerations in Selecting Countermeasures
Part 2
• Design of Countermeasures
• Using MacRa software for channel lining
• Using GAWAC software for revetment walls

• Typical Countermeasures
• Categories of Countermeasures
• Case Histories
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

128 years ago

5
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

128 years ago

6
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

During World War I

7
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

I920s

8
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

1960s

9
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

Sales in 100+ countries

Revenues ~ 500 M€

3,000+ employees

25+ factories

60+ subsidiaries

At present

10
INTRODUCTION
History of Maccaferri

MACCAFERRI Gabions
installed in the Reno River
circa 1894.

Testament of ingenuity

At present

11
INTRODUCTION
Definition of River Erosion

Erosions along riverbank

and on riverbed, and
subsequent riverbank
collapse due to river flow
are collectively referred to
as river erosions.

In river engineering, the design of

protection is based on technical
expertise and years of experience,
as well as utilizing statistical data
and risk assessment.

Effect of a river erosion (JICA-DPWH Report, 2007)

12
INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem

Flooding is a common problem in urban

areas and is one of the problems associated
with river erosion.

Metro Manila flood

(Photo from https://www.worldbank.org/)

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INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem
EFFECT OF URBANIZATION

1970

1979

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INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem
EFFECT OF VEGETATION (TIME)

VEGETATION changes the flow conveyance

in the river section

END OF INSTALLATION
The river section has max flow conveyance and minimum allowable
shear resistance (no vegetation/roots established yet). This condition
is critical for the protection.
nunvegetated , tmin allowable

AFTER SOME YEARS (WITH VEGETATION)

Vegetation established. The erosion resistance is higher due to
roots. However, vegetation reduces conveyance due to increased
roughness and to presence of vegetation in the channel. This
condition is critical to guarantee flow conveyance.
nvegetated , tmax allowable

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INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem

EFFECT OF VEGETATION (TIME)

1967 1976 1986

11 YEARS LATER

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INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem
EFFECT OF HUMAN INTERVENTIONS

Human interventions such as change in river

geometry (e.g., alignment, cross-section,
grade, bridge crossings, etc.) can modify the
river regime.

Use of groynes on one bank may cause erosion on the adjacent bank
17
INTRODUCTION
Associated Problem
EFFECT OF WATER FLOW

Erosion due to water flow can affect both

riverbed and banks of the watercourse
resulting to local scouring, damaging
revetment, causing floods, and affecting road,
infrastructure, & nearby communities.

Damaged road due to river erosion.

18
INTRODUCTION
River Erosion & Causes

PROBLEM LOCATION CAUSE EFFECT PHOTO

Drainage Natural slopes Surface run-off Lack of vegetation,

progressive soil
instability

Seepage Embankments & slopes Reduced soil shear Global instability

strength parameters

Scour Riverbank toe, Formation of scour Progressive soil

abutments, piers holes instability, undermining

Wet-Dry Cycles Cohesive soils, rock Formation of cracks Progressive debris

(Temperature slopes
Variation)

19
INTRODUCTION
River Erosion & Causes

Structures need to be designed to secure

sustainable development of the
surrounding area.

Sustainable design
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CONTENTS
Session 3: Countermeasures Against River Erosion
Part 1
• Introduction on River Erosion
• Selection of Countermeasures
• Basic Design Principles
• Classification of Countermeasures
• Considerations in Selecting Countermeasures

• Typical Countermeasures
• Categories of Countermeasures
• Case Histories
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles

Design Requirements

Hydraulic requirements Environmental requirements

• Geotechnical and hydraulic stability • River is a dynamic environment

• Sound engineering principles • Introduce minimal disturbance
• Design criteria on risk assessment • Sustainable systems
• Erosion impact on environment • Balance the ecosystem

Location of countermeasures – above or below water, must be considered.

22
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles

Design Scenarios

1 • Planning

ELEVATION 9.00m
MAX WATER LEVEL
ELEVATION 8.00m

2 • Remediation GEOTEXTILE
RENOMAT TRESS 0.23m
(GALFAN +PVC)

BACKFILL AND GRADING 1:2 SLOPE

MIN WATER LEVEL
ELEVATION 0.00m

3 • Emergency

23
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles

The characteristics of a watercourse depend on:

• climate
• type of soil
• location along the river

Mountain region

Midslope region

Valley region

24
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles
Mountain region Watershed includes main water course and all tributaries.

TYPICAL CONDITIONS > • steep gradients (5-10%)

• severe erosion
• coarse riverbed

TYPICAL INTERVENTIONS > • Gabion weirs (grade control)

• Bank protection (erosion control)

Q
Q1
i*
qa1 i i
i* Q2

25
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles
Midslope region The river flows from mountain to downstream midslope sections. The gradient is lower than in the
mountain region. This favors sedimentation of coarse aggregates. In this region, riverbeds are
generally unstable, characterized by wide sections.
.
TYPICAL CONDITIONS > • moderate gradients (1-5%)
• poorly defined islets
• small shifting rapids

TYPICAL INTERVENTIONS > • Gabion weirs (grade control),

• Small groynes (flow diversion)
• Bank protections (meandering control)

26
SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles
Valley region In this region, the further reduction of the river gradient results to a relevant meandering of the
main water section.

TYPICAL CONDITIONS > • low gradients (< 1 %)

• confine/divert water course
• bank protection

TYPICAL INTERVENTIONS > • Bank stabilization & erosion control

• Groynes (flow diversion)

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SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Basic Design Principles

Flood duration (time factor) depends on the size of watercourse.

Small rivers & drainage channels Medium size rivers Large rivers
< 10 hrs 10 – 24 hrs 24 – 120 hrs

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SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Classification of Countermeasures
CLASSIFICATION TYPE OF WORK DETAILS

1. Bank erosion Revetment work Stone pitching

Block pitching
Concrete pitching
Wire cylinders
Gabion walls
Stone masonry walls (dry & wet)
Concrete block walls
Concrete retaining walls
Sheet piles (steel & concrete)

2. Riverbed erosion Consolidation work Stone consolidation

Concrete consolidation
Gabions (or concrete) foot protection
Stone (or concrete) dams
Spur dikes

Check Dam work Check dams (concrete, steel, etc.)

Groundsill (head & non-head types)3

3. Other Relocation of channel Shortcut, re-channel

Source: JICA-DPWH Guide to Road Slope Protection (2007)

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SELECTION OF COUNTERMEASURES FOR RIVER EROSION
Considerations in Selecting Countermeasures

1) Check distance of river from edge of roads.

2) In planning the countermeasures, the place of construction,

and the extension (length) and type of works, etc. are
considered together with the characteristics of river
erosion (causes, size, frequency, etc.) as well as the
situation of the related river course (river water table, flow
velocity, flood discharge, bank geology, etc.).

3) Always include scouring protection.

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CONTENTS
Session 3: Countermeasures Against River Erosion
Part 1
• Introduction on River Erosion
• Selection of Countermeasures
• Basic Design Principles
• Classification & Categories of Countermeasures
• Considerations in Selecting Countermeasures

• Typical Countermeasures
• Categories of Countermeasures
• Case Histories
TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories of Countermeasures

Along the Riverbank Across the River

Drainage Meandering Control

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• BENDS
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK

ACROSS THE RIVER

SECTON

• BRIDGE ABUTMENTS
DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• RIVER CROSSING/CULVERTS
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK

ACROSS THE RIVER

SECTON

• GUIDE BUNDS • PIER PROTECTION

DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• CHANNELIZED STREAMS
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK
• CANALIZATION OF RIVERS

ACROSS THE RIVER

SECTON

DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• GROYNES
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK
• ALIGNMENT CONTROL

• LATERAL SPILLWAYS
ACROSS THE RIVER
SECTON

DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• GROYNES
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK
• ALIGNMENT CONTROL

• LATERAL SPILLWAYS
ACROSS THE RIVER
SECTON

DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Categories & Functions

• GROYNES
ALONG THE
RIVER BANK
• ALIGNMENT CONTROL

• LATERAL SPILLWAYS
ACROSS THE RIVER
SECTON

DRAINAGE

MEANDERING
CONTROL

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

Flexibility & Structural Filtration & Environment

Durability
Continuity Permeability Friendly

39
TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

Rigid structures Flexible structures

are robust and resistant.
However, no conformance to
soil contours. Failure is by
sudden rupture and damages are
difficult to repair.
are effective against erosion, undermining, or
unknown scour depth. Good conformance to soil
contour (tolerate settlements without damage) and
keep protection.

Flexibility & Structural

Continuity

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

Gabions and Reno mattresses are permeable.

They allow natural exchange and filtration of
ground water, indispensable for the life of the
surrounding area.

Filtration &
Permeability

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

Site Environment Level Metallic Polymer Class Design

(ISO 9223, Table 1) Coating coating (ISO 7989-2) Life (yrs)
Medium aggressive (C3) Zn-5%Al alloys - A 25 - 50
Dry conditions: Temperate zone, atmospheric
environment, medium pollution, some effect of
chlorides, urban/coastal areas, low
deposition (subtropical/tropical zone, atmosphere
Zn-5%Al alloys PoliMac A 120
with low pollution)
High aggressive (C4)
Wet conditions: Temperate Zn-5%Al alloys - A 10 - 25
Durability zone, atmospheric environment, high pollution or
substantial effect of chlorides, polluted
urban/industrial/coastal areas, no salt water,
exposure to strong de-icing salts, (subtropical/ Zn-5%Al alloys PoliMac A 120
tropical zone, medium pollution industrial/coastal
areas, sheltered coastlines.
Very High aggressive (C5)
Wet conditions: Temperate subtropical zone,
atmospheric environment, very high pollution, Zn-5%Al alloys PoliMac A 120
important effect of chlorides, industrial/coastal
areas, sheltered coastlines
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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

Double twisted gabions and Reno mattresses are suitable for biotechnical stabilization.

1955 2010

Environment
Friendly

They easily integrate in natural Additionally, vegetation will Being filled with stones, soil and
ecosystems, as vegetation increase structural and roots find a favourable
provides a sheltering effect hydraulic performance. environment during the
during the initial growth. recovery stage.

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TYPICAL COUNTERMEASURES
Advantages of Gabions & Reno mattresses

LOW ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL OF IMPACT MEDIUM

Environment
Friendly

MEDIUM ENVIRONMENTAL LEVEL OF IMPACT HIGH

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 NOTE

Gabions & Reno Mattress™ units are

locally manufactured in the
Philippines, under an ISO 9001-
certified manufacturing facility.

Maccaferri Manufacturing Philippines Inc.

45
46 Hydraulic
46 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | MacFormer™ Mattress, MacMat R, Gabions | PHILIPPINES
47 Hydraulic
47 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Reno Mattress™, Terramesh System™ | PHILIPPINES
48 Hydraulic Works | MacMat R™ , Reno Mattress™, Gabions | PHILIPPINES
48 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
49 Hydraulic Works | Gabions | PHILIPPINES
49 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
50 Hydraulic
50 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Reno Mattress™, Gabions | France
51 Hydraulic
51 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Reno Mattress™ | Argentina
52 Hydraulic Works | Reno Mattress™, Gabions | USA
52 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
53 Hydraulic Works | Reno Mattress™, Gabions | USA
53 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
54 Hydraulic
54 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Terramesh™ System, Reno Mattress™ | Malaysia
55 Hydraulic
55 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Gabions | Indonesia
56 Hydraulic
56 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Reno Mattress™, Gabions | Malaysia
57 Hydraulic
57 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Terramesh System™, Reno Mattress™ | China
58 Hydraulic
58 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Reno Mattress™ | Indonesia
59 Hydraulic
59 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Gabions, Reno Mattress™ | Turkey
60 Hydraulic Works | Gabions, Reno Mattress™ | Indonesia
60 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
61 Hydraulic
61 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Works | Defencell™ | Italy
62 Landscape
62 STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL & Architecture | Gabions | France
CONTENTS
Session 3: Countermeasures Against River Erosion
Part 1
• Introduction on River Erosion
• Selection of Countermeasures
• Basic Design Principles
• Classification of Countermeasures
• Considerations in Selecting Countermeasures

• Typical Countermeasures
• Categories of Countermeasures
• Case Histories
Part 2
• Design of Countermeasures
• Using MacRa software for channel lining
• Using GAWAC software for revetment walls
Maccaferri Philippines, Inc.

11/F, Asian Star Building, 2404 Maccaferri

ASEAN Drive Filinvest City, Alabang, Maccaferri World
Muntinlupa City 1781, Philippines
Maccaferri World
T: +63-2-8889 0623 @maccaferriworld
E: info.ph@maccaferri.com
@maccaferriworld
www. maccaferri.com