18 Residue Theorem

Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles
The Residue Theorem
Bernd Schröder
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Bernd Schröder Louisiana Tech University, College of Engineering and Science
The Residue Theorem
Introduction
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
1. The Cauchy-Goursat Theorem says that if a function is analytic
on and in a closed contour C, then the integral over the closed
contour is zero.
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
2. But what if the function is not analytic?
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
3. We will avoid situations where the function “blows up” (goes to
infinity) on the contour.
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
infinity) on the contour. So we will not need to generalize
contour integrals to “improper contour integrals”.
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
4. But the situation in which the function is not analytic inside the
contour turns out to be quite interesting.
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem)
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem) in
this presentation and we will also lay the abstract groundwork.
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The Residue Theorem
Introduction
contour is zero.
5. We will prove the requisite theorem (the Residue Theorem) in
this presentation and we will also lay the abstract groundwork.
6. We will then spend an extensive amount of time with examples
that show how widely applicable the Residue Theorem is.
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1
Example. The function f (z) = is not analytic at
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
1
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
i r
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
z = 1, i, −i.
ℑ(z)
6
i r
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i r
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1
Example. The function f (z) = π
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0
2 3 4
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
··· r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
1
is not analytic at
sin z
1 1 1 1 1 1
z = 1, , , , . . . and at 0 and at z = −1, − , − , − , . . ..
2 3 4 2 3 4
ℑ(z)
6
r r r· · · r· · · r r r -
ℜ(z)
−1 1
−i
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The Residue Theorem
Definition.
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

called an isolated singularity of f .
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
1. z = 1, i, −i are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2. z = 1, , , , . . . are isolated singularities of f (z) = .
2 3 4 sin πz
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 sin πz
1
But 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = .
sin πz
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 sin πz
1
sin πz
3. 0 is not an isolated singularity of f (z) = Log(z) or of any root
function.
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 sin πz
1
sin πz
function. (Remember that every branch cut must contain zero
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The Residue Theorem

Notes.
1
(z − 1) (1 + z2 )
1 1 1 1
2 3 4 sin πz
1
sin πz
function. (Remember that every branch cut must contain zero, so
these functions will not be analytic on a set 0 < |z| < R.)
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The Residue Theorem
Definition.
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then it has

∞
a Laurent expansion ∑ cn (z − z0 )n about z0 .
n=−∞
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The Residue Theorem

∞
a Laurent expansion ∑ cn (z − z0 )n about z0 . The coefficient c−1 is
n=−∞
called the residue of f at z0 .
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The Residue Theorem

∞
n=−∞
called the residue of f at z0 . It is also denoted Resz=z0 (f ) := c−1 .
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The Residue Theorem

∞
n=−∞
called the residue of f at z0 . It is also denoted Resz=z0 (f ) := c−1 .
The next result will show the relevance of residues.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

positively oriented simple closed contour around z0 that is contained
in 0 < |z − z0 | < R
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The Residue Theorem

positively oriented simpleZ closed contour around z0 that is contained
in 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then f (z) dz = 2πiResz=z0 (f ).
C
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The Residue Theorem

C
Proof.
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The Residue Theorem

C
Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that
Resz=z0 (f )
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The Residue Theorem

C
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1
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The Residue Theorem

C

1 f (ξ )
I
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1 = dξ
2πi C (ξ − z0 )(−1)+1
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The Residue Theorem

C

1 f (ξ ) 1
I I
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1 = (−1)+1
dξ = f (ξ ) dξ
2πi C (ξ − z0 ) 2πi C
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The Residue Theorem

C

1 f (ξ ) 1
I I
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1 = (−1)+1
dξ = f (ξ ) dξ ,
2πiC (ξ − z0 ) 2πi C
where C is any circle around z0 with radius < R.
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The Residue Theorem

C

1 f (ξ ) 1
I I
Resz=z0 (f ) = a−1 = (−1)+1
dξ = f (ξ ) dξ ,
2πi C (ξ − z0 ) 2πi C
where C is any circle around z0 with radius < R. Replacement of the
circle with any contour around the origin requires an argument similar
to the one that shows that we can use circles of any radius.
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)
-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
r-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
r-
r 0

]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
R
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Proof (concl.)

r
r
R
I r r-
0 ]
r ?
O

C

-
- 1
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

orientation.
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The Residue Theorem
Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

ez
orientation. Then dz = 2πi
C z
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
The function has only the singularity at 0 inside the contour.
z
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
The function has only the singularity at 0 inside the contour. The
z
ez
residue of
z
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
residue of = + ∑
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
residue of = + ∑ at z = 0 is 1.
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
residue of = + ∑ at z = 0 is 1. Now apply the
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
Note that direct computation gives the same result
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
Note that direct computation gives the same result, because the
∞
zn
integral of ∑ over any closed contour is 0
n=0 (n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
∞
zn
integral of ∑ over any closed contour is 0 and
n=0 (n + 1)!
1
Z
dz
C z
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
∞
zn
n=0 (n + 1)!
Z 2π
1 1
Z
dz = ieiθ dθ
C z 0 eiθ
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The Residue Theorem

ez
C z
ez
z
ez 1 ∞
zn
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
∞
zn
n=0 (n + 1)!
Z 2π
1 1
Z
dz = ieiθ dθ = 2πi.
C z 0 eiθ
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem

orientation.
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
2
ez
The function 2 has only the singularity at 0 inside the contour.
z
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
2
ez
The function 2 has only the singularity at 0 inside the contour. The
z
2
ez
residue of 2
z
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
2
ez
z
2
ez 1 ∞
z2n
residue of 2 = 2 + ∑
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
2
ez
z
2
ez 1 ∞
z2n
residue of 2 = 2 + ∑ at z = 0 is 0.
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem

Z z2
e
orientation. Then 2
dz = 0
C z
2
ez
z
2
ez 1 ∞
z2n
residue of 2 = 2 + ∑ at z = 0 is 0. Now apply the
z z n=0 (n + 1)!
preceding theorem.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

oriented contour, let z1 , . . . , zn be points in the interior of C, and let
the function f be analytic on C and in its interior, except possibly at
the zj . Then
n
1
Z
f (ξ ) dξ = ∑ Resz=zj (f ).
2πi C j=1
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1
Proof.
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1
Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1
Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj so that no two of

C1 , . . . , Cn intersect and so that all are contained in the interior of C.
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1

Then by extension of Cauchy-Goursat theorem
Z n Z
f (z) dz = ∑ f (z) dz
C j=1 Cj
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1

Z n Z n
f (z) dz = ∑ f (z) dz = 2πi ∑ Resz=zj (f ).
C j=1 Cj j=1
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The Residue Theorem

the zj . Then
n
1
Z
2πi C j=1

Z n Z n
f (z) dz = ∑ f (z) dz = 2πi ∑ Resz=zj (f ).
C j=1 Cj j=1
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
z2
Example. Integrate the function f (z) = over the positively
z2 + 1
oriented boundary of the square of numbers z = x + iy with (x, y) in
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

-
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
r 6
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
−i r
6
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2
z2 + 1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1
=
z2 + 1 z2 + 1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1
= = 1− 2
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z
Resz=i 2
z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1
Resz=i 2 = −
z +1 i+i
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2
z2 + 1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1
=
z2 + 1 z2 + 1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2
z +1 z +1 z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z
Resz=−i 2
z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z 1
Resz=−i 2 = −
z +1 −i − i
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
Residue at i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
= = 1− 2 = 1−
z2 + 1 z2 + 1 z +1 z+i z−i
2
z 1 i
Resz=i 2 = − =
z +1 i+i 2
Residue at −i:
z2 z2 + 1 − 1 1 1 1
2
= 2
= 1− 2 = 1−
z +1 z +1 z +1 z−i z+i
2
z 1 i
Resz=−i 2 = − =−
z +1 −i − i 2
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
logo1
The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
Z
2
dz
C z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
dz = 2πi Resz=i 2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z

i i
= 2πi + −
2 2
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
z2
2 2
z z
Z
2 +1
+ Resz=−i 2 +1
C z z z

i i
= 2πi + − =0
2 2
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The Residue Theorem
Definition.
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. Let f be analytic on C except for a finite number of

singular points z1 , . . . , zn .
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The Residue Theorem

singular points z1 , . . . , zn . Assume that R1 is so that all |zj | ≤ R1 .
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The Residue Theorem

singular points z1 , . . . , zn . Assume that R1 is so that all |zj | ≤ R1 . For
R0 > R1 let C0− be the circle around the origin of radius R0 , traversed
in the clockwise
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The Residue Theorem

in the clockwise, that is, the mathematically negative
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The Residue Theorem

in the clockwise, that is, the mathematically negative direction.
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The Residue Theorem

in the clockwise, that is, the mathematically negative direction. Then
we define the residue at infinity of f as
1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz
2πi C0−
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
1 1
Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz = − f (z) dz = − ∑ cn zn dz
2πi C0 − 2πi C0 + 2πi C0+ n=−∞
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2πi C0 − 2πi C0 + 2πi C0+ n=−∞
= −c−1
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2
Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ n
dz
2πi C0+ n=−∞ z
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0 n=−∞ z
+ n 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0 n=−∞ z
+ n 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞

1 1 1
Z
= − 2
f dz
2πi C0+ z z
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The Residue Theorem

1
Z
Resz=∞ (f ) = f (z) dz.
2πi C0−
∞
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2πi C0 − 2πi C0+ 2πi C0+ n=−∞
∞
1 cn−2 1 1 ∞ cn−2
Z Z
= −c−1 = − ∑ zn dz = − ∑ zn−2 dz
2πi C0+ n=−∞ 2πi C0+ z2 n=−∞

1 1 1 1 1
Z
= − 2
f dz = −Resz=0 2 f
2πi C0+ z z z z
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem. If f is analytic on C, except for a finite number of singular

points that lie in the interior of a positively oriented simple closed
contour C, then

1 1
Z
f (z) dz = 2πiResz=0 2 f .
C z z
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The Residue Theorem

contour C, then

1 1
Z
C z z
Proof.
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The Residue Theorem

contour C, then

1 1
Z
C z z
Proof. See previous panel.
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The Residue Theorem

contour C, then

1 1
Z
C z z
Proof. See previous panel.
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6
-
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

-
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3
6 ℜ(z)
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
r 6
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
ℑ(z)
6

i r
? -
3 ℜ(z)
−i r
6
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].

1 1
f
z2 z
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z
f =
z2 z z2 1 2

z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1
=
z 1 − (−z2 )
2
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
= + ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
= + ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
Z
and hence f (z) dz
C
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
+ ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
=

1 1
Z
and hence f (z) dz = 2πiResz=0 2 f
C z z
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The Residue Theorem
z2
z2 + 1
[−3, 3] × [−3, 3].
1 2

1 1 1 z 1 1
f = =
z2 z z2 1 2 z2 1 + z2

z +1
1 1 1 ∞
= = ∑ (−1)n z2n
z2 1 − (−z2 ) z2 n=0
∞
1
+ ∑ (−1)n z2n−2
z2 n=1
=

1 1
Z
and hence f (z) dz = 2πiResz=0 2 f = 0.
C z z
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The Residue Theorem
Definition.
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The Residue Theorem
Definition. Let z0 be a complex number, let r > 0 and let f be analytic

in a deleted neighborhood of z0 .
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The Residue Theorem

in a deleted neighborhood of z0 . In this case z0 is called an isolated
singularity of f .
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The Residue Theorem

singularity of f . Consider the Laurent expansion of f around z0
∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
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The Residue Theorem

∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
The sum of the negative powers of z − z0 is also called the principal
part of f .
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The Residue Theorem

∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
part of f .
1. If bn = 0 for all n, then z0 is called a removable singularity.
logo1
The Residue Theorem

∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
part of f .
2. If there is a positive number m so that bm 6= 0 and bn = 0 for all
n > m, then z0 is called a pole of order m.
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The Residue Theorem

∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
part of f .
3. If the number m in part 2 equals 1, then z0 is also called a
simple pole.
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The Residue Theorem

∞
b1 b2 b3
f (z) = ∑ an (z − z0 )n + z − z0 + (z − z0 )2 + (z − z0 )3 + · · ·
n=0
part of f .
3. If the number m in part 2 equals 1, then z0 is also called a
simple pole.
4. If z0 is not removable and there is no number as in part 2, then z0
is called an essential singularity.
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
sin(z)
Example. The function f (z) = has a removable singularity at
z
z = 0.
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The Residue Theorem
sin(z)
z
z = 0.
sin(z)
z
logo1
The Residue Theorem
sin(z)
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
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The Residue Theorem
sin(z)
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
1 ∞ (−1)n 2n+1
= ∑ (2n + 1)! z
z n=0
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The Residue Theorem
sin(z)
z
z = 0.
sin(z) 1
= sin(z)
z z
1 ∞ (−1)n 2n+1
= ∑ (2n + 1)! z
z n=0
∞
(−1)n 2n
= ∑ z
n=0 (2n + 1)!
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1
Example. The function f (z) = has simple poles at z = 1 and at
1 − z2
z = −1.
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The Residue Theorem
1
1 − z2
z = −1.
1
1 − z2
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The Residue Theorem
1
1 − z2
z = −1.
1 1 1
=
1 − z2 z+1 z−1
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1 + z2
Example. The function f (z) = has a pole of order 3 at z = 0.
z3
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The Residue Theorem
1 + z2
z3
1 + z2
z3
logo1
The Residue Theorem
1 + z2
z3
1 + z2 1 1
3
= 3+
z z z
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1
Example. The function f (z) = e z has an essential singularity at
z = 0.
logo1
The Residue Theorem
1
z = 0.
1
ez
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The Residue Theorem
1
z = 0.
∞
1 1 1
ez = ∑ n
n=0 n! z
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem.
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The Residue Theorem
Theorem. Let the function f be analytic in a deleted neighborhood of

the point z0 .
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The Residue Theorem

the point z0 . Then z0 is a pole of order m if and only if there is function
Φ that is analytic in a neighborhood of z0
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The Residue Theorem

Φ that is analytic in a neighborhood of z0 , Φ(z0 ) 6= 0
logo1
The Residue Theorem

Φ that is analytic in a neighborhood of z0 , Φ(z0 ) 6= 0 and so that
Φ(z)
f (z) =
(z − z0 )m
for all z in a deleted neighborhood of z0 .
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The Residue Theorem

Φ that is analytic in a neighborhood of z0 , Φ(z0 ) 6= 0 and so that
Φ(z)
f (z) =
(z − z0 )m
for all z in a deleted neighborhood of z0 . Moreover,
Φ(m−1) (z0 )
Resz=z0 (f ) =
(m − 1)!
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The Residue Theorem
Proof.
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The Residue Theorem
Proof. If f has a pole of order m around z0 , then the Laurent

expansion of z for 0 < |z − z0 | < R (for some R) is (with c−m 6= 0)
∞
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n
n=−m
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1
= ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k
(z − z0 )m k=0
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1 Φ(z)
= m ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k =: .
(z − z0 ) k=0 (z − z0 )m
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1 Φ(z)
= m ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k =: .
(z − z0 ) k=0 (z − z0 )m
Φ(z)
Conversely, if f (z) = with Φ(z0 ) 6= 0, then the above
(z − z0 )m
computation in reverse shows that f has a pole of order m.
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1 Φ(z)
= m ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k =: .
(z − z0 ) k=0 (z − z0 )m
Φ(z)
(z − z0 )m
computation in reverse shows that f has a pole of order m. Moreover,
in this situation, the coefficient c−1 = Resz=z0 (f ) of the Laurent
expansion of f
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1 Φ(z)
= m ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k =: .
(z − z0 ) k=0 (z − z0 )m
Φ(z)
(z − z0 )m
Φ(m−1) (z0 )
expansion of f is the coefficient am−1 = of the power
(m − 1)!
series expansion of Φ.
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The Residue Theorem

∞ ∞
1
f (z) = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n = ∑ cn (z − z0 )n+m
n=−m (z − z0 )m n=−m
∞
1 Φ(z)
= m ∑ ck−m (z − z0 )k =: .
(z − z0 ) k=0 (z − z0 )m
Φ(z)
(z − z0 )m
Φ(m−1) (z0 )
expansion of f is the coefficient am−1 = of the power
(m − 1)!
series expansion of Φ.
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
Example. Find all poles, their order and their residues for
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
The only singularity of f is z = 1.
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

f (z) =
z−1
logo1
The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
12
Resz=1 (f ) =
2!
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The Residue Theorem
z+1 3

f (z) = .
z−1
z+1 3

1
z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1

f (z) = = 3
z−1 (z − 1)
Φ(z) = z3 + 3z2 + 3z + 1, m=3
0 2
Φ (z) = 3z + 6z + 3
Φ00 (z) = 6z + 6
Φ00 (1) = 12
12
Resz=1 (f ) = =6
2!
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
Example. Show that Resz=i 2
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z)
2
= 2
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i)
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
Log(z) Log(z) 1 Log(z)
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) =
(z + i)2
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z)
Φ0 (z) =
(z + i)4
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
z (z + i) − 2(z + i)Log(z) z (z + i) − 2Log(z)
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
logo1
The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
logo1
The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i
Φ0 (i) =
i(i + i)3
logo1
The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i
Φ0 (i) = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3
logo1
The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
logo1
The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
Log(z) 1 π + 2i
Resz=i 2
=
(z2 + 1) 1! 8
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The Residue Theorem
Log(z) π + 2i
= .
(z2 + 1) 8
2
= 2 =
(z2 + 1) (z + i)(z − i) (z − i)2 (z + i)2
Log(z)
Φ(z) = , m=2
(z + i)2
1 2 1
Φ0 (z) = =
(z + i)4 (z + i)3
z + i − 2Log(z)z
=
z(z + i)3
i + i − 2Log(i)i 2i − 2i π2 i 2i + π
Φ0 (i) = = =
i(i + i)3 i(2i)3 8
Log(z) 1 π + 2i π + 2i
Resz=i 2
= =
(z2 + 1) 1! 8 8
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The Residue Theorem
Example.
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The Residue Theorem
1
Example. Integrate f (z) = around the positively oriented
z3 (z + 4)
circle of radius 5 around the origin.
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The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)
We will need the residues of f at 0 and at −4
logo1
The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)
We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z
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The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z

1 1
2
f
z z
logo1
The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z

1 1 1 1
2
f = 2 3
z z z 1 1
+4

z z
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The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z

1 1 1 1 1
2
f = 2 3 = 1 1+4z
z z z 1 1
+4

z z
z z
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The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z

1 1 1 1 1
2
f = 2 3 = 1 1+4z
z z z 1 1
+4

z z
z z
z2
=
1 + 4z
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The Residue Theorem
1
z3 (z + 4)

the
1 1
at 0 of 2 f .
z z

1 1 1 1 1
2
f = 2 3 = 1 1+4z
z z z 1 1
+4

z z
z z
z2
=
1 + 4z

1 1
As 2 f does not have a singularity at 0, the integral must be 0.
z z
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The Residue Theorem

18 Residue Theorem

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18 Residue Theorem

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Singularities Residues Residue Theorem Residue at Infinity Types of Isolated Singularities Residues at Poles

The Residue Theorem

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then z0 is

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then it has

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then it has

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then it has

Definition. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R, then it has

The next result will show the relevance of residues.

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Theorem. If the function f is analytic for 0 < |z − z0 | < R and C is a

Proof. From the theorem on Laurent expansions, we have that

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C beZ the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Example. Let C be the unit circle, traversed in the positive

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj so that no two of

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj so that no two of

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

Proof. Let Cj be positively oriented circle around zj so that no two of

Theorem. Residue Theorem. Let C be a simple closed positively

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue

We will need residues of f at 0 and at −4, or we need the residue