REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

Midterm Examination (20%)

Date & Time: 29 September 2023 (9:30-11:30)

REASONING
MIDTERM PREPARATION There are 20 multiple-choice questions, and the topics included:
1) Argument vs non-argument (2 points)
Associate Professor Dr.Siraprapa Chavanayarn 2) Categorical Syllogism (6 points)
Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts
Chulalongkorn University 3) Enthymeme (6 points)
4) Propositional Logic (6 points)

1 2

TYPES OF REASONING
Argument vs non-argument
Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and Reasoning
mental processes, we need to understand their biological
underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the neuron. How we feel,
learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity. So, how a
neuron works and how neurons communicate are crucial pieces of Deductive Inductive
information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental
processing.
1) Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
Propositional A, B, therefore C
2) Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms. Logic
3) Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
4) Nonargument. All A are B, All B
Predicate are C, therefore All
Logic A are C

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

A VALID ARGUMENT
(premise 1) All A are B • A categorical
(premise 2) All B are C syllogism consists • VALID ARGUMENT: If all of the premises of an argument
(Conclusion) Therefore, All A is C of two premises are true, then it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.
and one
• Syllogism has only three terms. conclusion.
• All terms occur two times. Syllogism is valid when if the two premises of an argument
are true, then it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.
• Both premises and conclusion are categorical propositions.

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CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

Steps in determining the validity of syllogism: Boolean
Standpoint (Modern Standpoint)
1. Determine what are the premises and Determine what is the conclusion
2. Find three terms (each terms occur two times, no more no less)
3. Write the argument as a standard form categorical syllogism
4. Draw Venn Diagram according to two premises, and then examine the
diagram that is it possible for the conclusion to be false?
• If it is impossible for the conclusion to be false, then the argument is valid.
• If it is possible for the conclusion to be false, then the argument is invalid.
Steps in determining the validity of syllogism: Aristotelian
Standpoint
• test the argument basing on Boolean standpoint. If the form is valid, proceed no
further. The syllogism is valid from both standpoints (unconditionally valid).
• If the syllogism is invalid from the Boolean standpoint and has universal premises,
then adopt the Aristotelian standpoint, consider whether the subject term is really
exist in our actual world or not.
• If the subject term refers to thing that does really exist, beside shading like we
always do, we must put X in the diagram to show the existence of the subject term.
And retest the form.
• If the syllogism is valid from the Aristotelian standpoint. It can be called
conditionally valid because it is valid only from the Aristotelian standpoint.
• If the argument is invalid, it is invalid from both Boolean and Aristotelian standpoint.

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

Check the validity

basing on Boolean
Standpoint Validity of
Valid Unconditionally Valid Syllogism
Invalid Check the validity basing
on Aristotelian Standpoint

Unconditionally Conditionally
Valid Valid
Valid Invalid
conditionally Valid unconditionally invalid

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ENTHYMEME
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM Rules of finding the missing proposition
CONCLUSION W EG CHECKING
.
BOTH THEORY .

Some foods that contain iron are toxic substances,C for all fish containing mercury
4)
(in syllogism)
are foods that contain iron, and all fish containing mercury are toxic substances. (2)
1 .
BoolAN
STAND POINT
-
INVALID 1. If the conclusion is affirmative, all two premises must be affirmative.
2 .
ARISTOTCE-VALID 2. If the conclusion is negative, a premise must be negative, but all
↳ CONDITIONALLY VALID the premises cannot be negative.
2
foods that contain 3. If conclusion is particular, a premise must be particular, but all the
fish containing X
-

... X
premises cannot be particular.
mercury
1 4! 2 x()
iron
4. If conclusion is universal, all the premises must be universal.
O
5 7 6
X

3 toxic substances
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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

ENTHYMEME • [PREMISE1] No enthymemes are complete. (All enthymemes are not complete)
No enthymemes are complete, so this argument is incomplete. • [PREMISE2]
• [CONCLUSION] This argument is not complete.
• [PREMISE1] No enthymemes are complete. (All enthymemes
u
are not complete) His
enthymemes
~
All ARCUMENTS ARE ENTHYMEMES Complete things
• [PREMISE2] All ENTHYMEMES ARE ARGUMENTS
THIS
• [CONCLUSION] This argument is not complete. n
INVALID (2)
1 4 2
5 7 6
I
universal All
RULE
,

The possible missing propositions are

VALID (1)
MISSING
3
ME
ENTHYMEMES .

This argument

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All dangerous creatures are creatures to be feared. All flying

1. No insightful persons are boring persons. All poets are insightful
gorillas are dangerous creatures. So, some flying gorillas are
persons. So, some boring persons are not poets.

inrangerous
creatures to be feared.
BORING mort ener
INSIGHTFUL
This syllogism is: This syllogism is:
an

11/
ame
/
(A) Unconditionally Valid (A)
- Unconditionally Valid
(B) Conditionally Valid (B) Conditionally Valid
4x 2
-

1 4
Nigrom
2 1
/
*
(C) Invalid from Aristotelian standpoint v (C) Invalid from Aristotelian standpoint

5⑧7 6
"ill5 7 6
(D) Unconditionally Invalid V (D) Unconditionally Invalid

3 3

BOOLEAN ->INVALID ,
NO X
POETS
!Y
ARISTORLEAN-

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

All are not A 8

⑧ nice people are
No vampires are nice people. Some Which argument is an unconditionally valid argument?
·
students. So, some students are not vampires. (A) All Canadians are people. John is a person. So, John is Canadian.

↑wi (B) All human action is conditioned by circumstances. All human action involves morality.
-
This syllogism is:
Therefore, all that involves morality is conditioned by circumstances
(A) Unconditionally Valid
A D (C) All socialists favor higher taxes. Some Liberals favor higher taxes. Therefore, some Liberals
(B) Conditionally Valid are Socialists.

"lkt
(C) Invalid from Aristotelian standpoint
~
(D) No man is perfect. Some men are presidents. Therefore, some presidents are not perfect.

1 4 2

***
(D) Unconditionally Invalid

I00 0
W
W

⑧
C

11
'IIII
5 7 6x
0
↑
..

3 s d
which is
S

a
IV
valid PER

m
higher
socialist
N0
0
i xqxe
17 18 I

Deri
WW
X---
X

run
↑
IV

Given the following syllogism:

Which argument is an unconditionally invalid argument? All horses are mammals. No spiders are mammals. Some spiders
(A) All a priori categories are conditions for the possibility of knowing anything. Some a posteriori
imperatives of an a-cosmic ethics are not conditions for the possibility of knowing anything.
are not horses.
Therefore, some a posteriori imperatives of an a-cosmic ethics are not a priori categories. This syllogism is:
(B) All A are B. Some C are not B. Therefore, some C are not A. (A) Valid from the Boolean standpoint.
/ All scientific knowledge is a work of reason. All scientific knowledge is true. Therefore, all that
(C) (B) Invalid from the Aristotelian standpoint.
is true is a work of reason.
/
(C) C
Valid from the Aristotelian standpoint because spiders exist.
(D) All patriots are voters. Some citizens are not voters. Therefore, some citizens are not patriots. (D) Valid from the Aristotelian standpoint because horses exist.
Priori C
.
Of

knowing An D
sei .
know-
wor
for H M

reason
" x
X

"
**
-

x
-

.
x
x X
a -comic S
et ho
true
S

VALIO VALIO INVAL/8

INVALID
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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

TO SE GIVEN POS
,
NEC ,
THE CONCLUSION
MUST BE NEG .

Given the following syllogism: MAKE SIMPLE Given the following enthymeme:
Some harmful things are not respectful comments, since some Kathy reads only short novels, so she must not read Tolstoy.
appropriate assertions are harmless things, and all disrespectful The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid syllogism
comments are inappropriate assertions. ↳all
is: short Novels are 800 k KATHY REAOs

C
After reducing the number of terms in Syllogism, the argument is: not hormful thing (A) Kathy is not a good reader. (Conclusion)

-
1 .
Some appropriate assertions are
not
harmful
appropriate
things .

(B) Short novels are easy to read. (Premise) si B

2 All disrespectful comments are inappropriate assertions ALL APPROPRIATE
=

.
.

3 .
Some hormful things are not respectful comments .
(C) All of Tolstoy's novels are long. (Conclusion)
~
(D) Tolstoy's novels are not short. (Premise)

1 4 2
,
A ALL TOLSTOY BOOK ARE NOT BOON KATHY

x REA0
5 7 6
AA
3
TOLSTOY

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MUST BE
A NEGATIVE

~missing
CONCLUSION

① negative ②
Poorly managed airlines never earn a profit, but Speedy Air does
earn a profit.
-
PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
The statement needed to convert the enthymeme into a valid Propositional connectives
syllogism is:
(A) Speedy Air is well managed. (Premise)
P
(B) Speedy air is not poorly managed. (Conclusion) C
1. And (∧) (conjunction) ONLY T
-

T
(C) Speedy Air's investors are pleased. (Conclusion)

,
(D) Only well managed airlines earn a profit. (Premise) 2. Or (v) (disjunction)
1 4 2 3. If … then (→) (conditional) ONLY WHEN T->F
WNL

5 7 6 4. If and only if (↔) (bi-conditional)

5. Not (~) (negation)
3
S

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC Determine the following argument whether each is valid

or invalid.
The validity of Propositional Logic T F T T

A → (B v C), ~(B v ~A) So, A → C

• In checking the validity, you must consider that is there a ~ITVF)
situation that all the premises of the argument are true, and
the conclusion of the argument is false. T T -

VALID
• If there is such situation, it implies that the argument is invalid.
T F
L
F -> INVALID

INVALI

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Determine the following argument whether each is valid Determine the following argument whether each is valid
or invalid. or invalid.

A → B, B → C, ~D → A, ~C So, D A → B, C ↔ D, ~B v D So, C ↔ B A 8 CO
G
-

+
+ F
T i T I F T T
- T F +
T ~y F
F FT T
T T T
T T +
=> VALID &F T

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

Determine the following argument whether each is valid Determine the following argument whether each is valid
or invalid. or invalid.
I

A → B, B → C, C → D So, A v C A → B, A → ~B, ~B → A So, A v ~B

F F T
F F F F , F F I T F + I
I
-> F F F

W
L V
W
F
T
T T F
7

A8CO
F F T

FF F F

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FUF = F T ->

F =

T1+= T TE>T ,
F2>F =
T

Determine the following argument whether each is valid Determine the following argument whether each is valid
or invalid. or invalid.

A → B, B → A, B → C, C → B So, A ↔ C A ↔ (B v C), B → C, C → A, A v B So, A → B

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

Determine the following argument whether each is valid Determine the following argument whether each is valid
or invalid. or invalid.

A → B, (A ∧ B) → C, A → C) → D So, A → D A → B, ~C v D, (B v D) → E, ~E So, ~(A v C)

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Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then

Symbolize the following, using capital letters to
determine whether each is valid or invalid
abbreviate the simple statements involved.
1. You must be careful, if you’re crossing the street. 1. Brazil has a huge foreign debt. Therefore, either
Brazil or Argentina has a huge foreign debt.
2. Thailand will mobilize if either it protests to the UN or it calls for a meeting of SYMBOL: A =
all the SEA countries.
B=
3. If Thailand mobilizes, then if it protests to the UN, then it will call for a ARGUMENT:
meeting of all the SEA countries.

4. If Thailand mobilizes, then either it will protest to the UN or it will call for a
meeting of all the SEA countries.

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC If the public approves of same sex marriages, then same sex marriages will
Either Phuket or Shiba is in Thailand. Phuket is in Thailand. be legalized. The public does not approve of same sex marriages.
Therefore, Shiba is not in Thailand. Therefore, same sex marriages will not be legalized.

a. Deductive, valid.
b. Deductive, invalid

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If the balloon can’t float, then there is no helium in the balloon. The balloon The game is on if the sun shines. The game is on and the team is excited.
can float. So, there is helium in the balloon. So, the sun must be shining.

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023 22/09/2023

A -
B
If the boss snaps at youP
O if you make a mistake, he’s irritable. So, if he’s If the prime minister acts quickly the social security system will be saved,
B C
irritable and you make a mistake, he’ll snap at you. ⑦ and if the social security system is saved, senior citizens will be delighted. If
=

F T T the prime minister is pressured by members of the Senate, by members of

A (B ()
(18) +
-

z
-
so the House of Representatives, or by senior citizens, the prime minister will
, act quickly. However, neither members of the Senate nor members of the
House will pressure the prime minister; but senior citizens will. Therefore,
F -

T senior citizens will be delighted.

CilOVEVFl-A ~OvE1E S
A -

B 8
T
-

, ,

F
INVALIO

41 42

Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then
determine whether each is valid or invalid
A Boeing 757 crashed into the Pentagon on 9/11 if and only if two giant
engines were found outside the building. It is not the case that two giant
engines were found outside the building Therefore, a Boeing 757 did not crash
into the Pentagon on 9/11.
Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then
determine whether each is valid or invalid
If fossil fuel combustion continues at its present rate, then a greenhouse effect
will occur. If a greenhouse effect occurs, then world temperatures will rise.
Therefore, if fossil fuel combustion continues at its present rate, then world
temperatures will rise.

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REASONING SECTION 1 2023
Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then
determine whether each is valid or invalid
Either the dinosaurs were not cold blooded or they were not the ancestors of
modern birds. The dinosaurs were the ancestors of modern birds. Therefore,
the dinosaurs were not cold blooded.
45
Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then
determine whether each is valid or invalid
If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions, then Hungary will pursue a
more independent policy. If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions,
then the Italian government will feel less threatened. Hence, if Hungary
pursues a more independent policy, the Italian government will feel less
threatened.
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22/09/2023
Translate the following arguments into symbolic form. Then
determine whether each is valid or invalid
If coal burning continues, then heavy metals will be released into the
atmosphere. If heavy metals are not released into the atmosphere, then
nervous-system damage will decrease. Therefore, if coal burning does not
continue, then nervous-system damage will decrease.
46
Midterm Examination (20%)
Date & Time: 29 September 2023 (9:30-11:30)
There are 20 multiple-choice questions, and the topics included:
1) Argument vs non-argument (2 points)
2) Categorical Syllogism (6 points)
3) Enthymeme (6 points)
4) Propositional Logic (6 points)
48