CHAPTER 1

The word personality comes from "persona,"

which originally meant.

A)theatrical mask.

B soul.
)

C)the animal side of human nature.

D)that which one truly is.

Psychologists are most likely to agree that

2 CORRECT
A)personality is best explained by a variety of theories.

B)personality refers mostly to surface appearance.

C)there is a single best definition of personality.

D)genetics account for nearly all differences among

people.

A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that

3 CORRECT give some consistency to a person's behavior is called

A)personality.

B)a general trait.

C)a specific trait.

D)a genetic predisposition.

Which term should be most closely associated with the word theory?
4 CORRECT
A)idle speculation

B)taxonomy

C)science

D philosophy
)
 A theory can be defined as
5 CORRECT
A)an unverified hypothesis.

B)an educated guess.

C)a group of philosophical speculations concerning the nature of

reality.

D)a set of related assumptions that generate testable

hypotheses.

Which statement best reflects the relationship between theory and

6 CORRECT hypothesis?

A)Theories are narrower than hypotheses.

B A single theory may generate several hypotheses

)

C)Theories flow logically from specific hypotheses.

D)Theories can be proven; hypotheses cannot.

A hypothesis is best defined as

7 CORRECT
A)a classification system.

B)armchair speculation.

C)an unproved theory.

D)an educated guess or prediction.

Taxonomies are
8 CORRECT
A)systems for classifying data.

B)principles of learning that make up a

theory.
 C)guidelines for living a principled life.

D legal entities for raising revenue.

)

What is the relationship among theory, hypothesis, and observation?

9 CORRECT
A)Observations are practical tools; theories and hypotheses are
impractical.

B)Theories generate hypotheses that lead to observations that may

alter the original theory.

C)Hypotheses generate theories, which then result in observations.

D)Observations generate hypotheses, which in turn generate

theories.

The ultimate value of a theory is its

10 CORRECT
A)truthfulness.

B)usefulness.

C)simplicity.

D logic.
)

A theory should be open to disconfirmation. This refers to the theory's ability

11 CORRECT to

A)be proven.

B generate research.
)

C)provide guidelines for the practitioner.

D)be falsified.

A related set of if-then assumptions would constitute a

12 INCORRECT
 A)hypothesis.

B philosophy.
)

C)theory.

D)scientific experiment.

The subdiscipline of psychology that looks at the personal traits of scientists

13 CORRECT is called

A)psychology of science.

B the science of psychology.

)

C)science in autobiographical study.

D)psychology in autobiographical study.

Although scientists' process may be influenced by their personal

14 INCORRECT characteristics, the usefulness of their work is

A)the clarity of their observations.

B the reliability of their measuring instruments.

)

C)judged by their scientific product.

D)judged by their ability to create a workable

taxonomy.

A useful theory should

15 CORRECT
A)be parsimonious.

B)serve as a guide to action.

C)organize observations.

D generate research.
)

E)all of the above.

 An internally consistent theory
16 CORRECT
A)generates many hypotheses.

B)can be directly verified.

C)can explain many empirical observations.

D includes operational definitions of its terms.

)

A theory that is as simple as possible is said to be

17 CORRECT
A)internally consistent.

B)parsimonious.

C)useless.

D)an operational theory.

An explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes is called

18 CORRECT
A)a theory.

B)a hypothesis.

C)causality.

D)teleology.

A test that yields consistent results is said to be

19 CORRECT
A)standardized.

B a norm-referenced test.
)

C)reliable.

D valid.
 )

CHAPTER 2
1 CORRECT
The twin cornerstones of psychoanalytic motivation are

A)sex and security.

B)safety and security.

C)hunger and sex.

D sex and aggression.

)

Freud began his self-analysis shortly after

2 UNANSWERED
A)he broke off his relationship with
Fliess.

B)he broke off his relationship with Jung.

C)his mother died.

D his father died.

)

As a youth and young man, Freud was strongly motivated to

3 UNANSWERED
A)win fame by making a great discovery.

B)overtake his older brother Julius.

C)practice medicine on the poor people of Vienna.

D)become a rabbi and move to New

York.

What analogy did Freud use to illustrate the relationship between the ego and the id?
4 CORRECT
A)rider and horse

B)groom and bride

C)chicken and egg

D)hammer and anvil

 The id serves the ____________ principle.
5 CORRECT
A)pleasure

B)reality

C)moralistic

D)idealistic

Which regions of the mind have no direct contact with the external world?
6 INCORRECT
A)id and
superego

B)id and ego

C)id only

D)ego and
superego

Which of these is a manifestation of both sex and aggression?

7 INCORRECT
A)anxiety

B)narcissism

C)masochism

D love
)

A sadist receives sexual pleasure from

8 CORRECT
A)inflicting pain on others.

B)inflicting pain on self.

C)receiving pain inflicted by

others.

D watching other people undress.

)
 Freud called the mouth, anus, and genitals
9 CORRECT
A)Oedipal
strivings.

B)erogenous zones.

C)the aim of the sexual instinct.

D the aim of the aggressive instinct.

)

The guilt a person experiences after violating personal standards of conduct is called
10 CORRECT ________ anxiety.

A)realistic

B)neurotic

C)manifest

D moral
)

According to Freud, anxiety is felt by the

11 CORRECT
A)id.

B)ego.

C)superego.

D)conscience.

Defense mechanisms protect the ego against

12 CORRECT
A)feelings of shame.

B)guilt.

C)anxiety.
 D public disgrace.
)

In Freudian theory, anxiety

13 UNANSWERED
A)reduces repression.

B)triggers repression.

C)increases repression.

D)is caused by
repression.

E)is unrelated to repression.

After a drive or image has been repressed, it

14 CORRECT
A)may remain unchanged in the unconscious.

B could force its way into consciousness in an unchanged form.

)

C)could be expressed in a disguised or distorted

form.

D)any of the above.

With this defense mechanism, a repressed desire finds an opposite and exaggerated
15 CORRECT expression.

A)fixation

B)reaction formation

C)sublimation

D)undoing

E)isolation

A completely weaned child goes back to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This return to
16 CORRECT a more infantile pattern of behavior expresses a
 A)reaction formation.

B)fixation.

C)regression.

D)projection.

E)isolation.

Chad has great admiration for his history teacher. He attempts to imitate this teacher's
17 CORRECT lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an example of

A)displacement.

B)sublimation.

C)projection.

D introjection.
)

A type of repression in which the ego attempts to do away with unpleasant experiences and
18 INCORRECT their consequences is called

A)undoing.

B)suppression.

C)reaction formation.

D forgetting.
)

This defense mechanism, unlike the others, usually results in some benefit to society.
19 CORRECT
A)undoing

B)isolation

C)fixation

D sublimation
)

E)regression
 To Freud, the most crucial stage of development is
20 CORRECT
A)infancy.

B)latency.

C)genital.

D)maturity.

The anal triad consists of all these characteristics EXCEPT

21 CORRECT
A)miserliness.

B)aggressiveness.

C)stubbornness.

D)compulsive neatness.

Freud believed that differences between boys and girls in psychosexual development are due
22 CORRECT to

A)parental expectations.

B)cultural experiences.

C)anatomy.

D)hormones.

For boys, the castration complex

23 INCORRECT
A)takes the form of penis
envy.

B)shatters the Oedipus complex.

C)comes before the Oedipus

complex.
 D)both a and c are correct.

E)both b and c are correct.

For girls, the castration complex

24 INCORRECT
A)takes the form of penis
envy.

B)shatters the Oedipus complex.

C)comes before the Oedipus

complex.

D)both a and c

E none of the above.

)

Freud believed that, for girls,

25 INCORRECT
A)the Oedipus complex precedes the castration
complex.

B)the castration complex takes the form of castration anxiety.

C)the Oedipus complex is solved when they identify with their father, at around age 5
or 6.

D none of the above.

)

Freud believed that, with few a exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams expressed
26 CORRECT
A)early childhood traumas.

B)wish-fulfillments.

C)experiences of the day before.

D)feelings of inferiority.
 Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely to include this technique.
27 CORRECT
A)homework assignments

B free association
)

C)interpretation of early recollections

D)an active, aggressive therapist