1) What is JSA and what is its use?

Job safety analysis is the step by step analysis of a j ob to determine the safe working procedure. It includes the following steps.

a) Watch the job being done ( selecting the job to be analyzed )

b) Breakdown the job into basic steps
c) Describe the hazards in each step of the task(Identifying the potential hazard)
d) Identify the desired control measures (determine the preventive measures to
overcome these hazards)
e) Implement these counter measures in the job execution

2) What is work permit?

Work permit is the written document authorizing a person or a group to

perform maintenance, inspection or construction work.
It is an essential document that categorically spells out task, equipment involved,
time limitation, precautionary measures to be taken together with likely
hazards to be encountered.
Permit to work is a legal document identifying the details and location of an activity including the hazard and risk
associated with a specific control measures and approved by a responsible person.

3) What is work method statement’?

It is the document submitted by contractor to client covering the general work procedures of a particular job in a safe manner as per required standard
With the use of WMS we can plan and execute the job easily and safely.

4) What is the use of work method statement?

We can plan and execute the work safely. It also helps to know the codes and standards used for each activity.

5) What is confined space?

Any space having a limited means of access and egress which subject to the hazards like deficiency of oxygen, toxic or flammable gases or substances,
dust etc.
Confined space is a place where person can enter to work but not for natural survival. It is a place which is not designed for continuous occupancy.

6) Give some examples of a confined space

Storage tank, reaction vessels, pipes, combustion chamber in furnaces, boilers and tube areas, silos, ductwork, trenches and excavation deeper than 4 feet,
sludge pits etc.

7) Name one hazardous job in a confined space?

Welding, grinding, chemical cleaning, use of gas cutting set, erection of materials.

8) In what circumstances a confined space work permit can be issued?

If properly ventilated, gas test readings are satisfactory, properly barricaded and warning signs are posted, trained standby person is present with log
sheet, sufficient lighting and low voltage electricity(24v), proper means of communication, lock out and tag out if necessary, lifeline and man retrieval system if
necessary etc.

9) Who is confined space attendant?

Heistheonewhoisawareoftheconfinedspacehazardsandknowshowtoreactif anything goes wrong, able to maintain confined space entry log
sheet etc.

10) What are the hazards in a confined space?

Oxygen deficiency or enrichment, presence of toxic or flammable gases, chemical hazards, fire hazard, fall of materials, fall hazard, electrocution,
dust, heat or cold, sound. Caught between moving parts of equipments, engulfment etc.

11) What are the duties of a confined space attendant?

He is responsible for the life of the entrants, should be present whenever people are working in confined space, maintain updated entry log
sheet, maintain continuous communication with entrants and monitor conditions in the confined space to ensure safe
workingatmosphere,preventunauthorizedentryofpersonnel,initiatealarmforhelpifneeded,
Evacuate the entrants if conditions are not satisfying or incase of any general evacuation is initiated, contact rescue personnel if necessary etc.
12) Who is a competent person?
Competent person is one who is properly trained and authorized to perform a specific work in a safe manner.

13) What is permissible exposure limit?(PEL)

3
The Permissible exposure limit is a legal limit in the united states for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance.( ppm or mg/m )
A PEL is usually given as a time weighted average, short term exposure limit or ceiling limit

14) What is Time weighted average or Long term exposure limit?

Average exposure on the basis of 8 hours per day 40 hours per week work schedule (not exceed 10ppm)

15) What is short term exposure limit? (STEL)

Spotexposureforadurationof15minutesthatcannotberepeatedmorethan4timesper day (10ppm)

15 min work+ minimum 1 hour break, 4 times / day, 5 days/week.

16) What is Threshold limit value?

TLV is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working life time without any adverse health effects.

17) What is TLV Ceiling?

Absolute exposure limit that should not be exceeded at any time.10ppm is NIOSH ceiling limit (should not be exceeded without proper
respiratory protection)
Monitors should be set for this concentration and designed as the action level. If the level is above its ceiling limit the employees should leave the area
and don supplied air respiratory protection.

18) What is Lower explosive limit?

The lowest concentration (%) of gas or vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source.

19) What is flashpoint?

It is the lowest temperature at which a gas produces a significant vapor to form

an ignitable mixture with air capable of producing a flash of fire by introducing an
ignition source.
Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to“ flash”,i.e. ignite momentarily (not continue to burn ) when a source of
ignition is applied to that vapor.

The flashpoint of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize
to form an ignitable mixture in air, will ignite but not continue to burn.

20) Explain the various steps while working in a confined space.

 Appoint supervision
 Arranged communication
 Isolate gas lines, electricity utility lines
 Permit to work
 Limit the working time
 Check the size of the entrance
 Gas purging
 Clean before entry
 Provision of ventilation
 Rescue equipment and crew should be ready
 Provide special tools and lighting
 Breathing apparatus, prevailing winds, H 2S alarms, first-aid kit.

21) Properties of Hydrogen Sulphide. H2S

  Hydrogen sulphide is a gas present along with natural gas.
 It is a very toxic gas, which in concentrations of more than 700 ppm can cause
immediate respiratory paralysis and unconsciousness and death within a few minutes
 It is a colorless gas, so we need detectors to detect it. There are three types of
detectors.
 Fixed detectors in working areas(5ppmalarmlevel)
 Portable gas detectors used for gas testing(10 ppm alarm level)
 Personal detectors for personal use(10 ppm alarm level)
 It has a rotten egg like odor which is easily detectable even in low concentrations
of 0.13 ppm onwards up to 10 ppm level because of olfactory nerve, but at higher
concentrations (more than 100ppm ),H 2S causes loss of sense of smell, and hence
the nose is not are liable detector for H2S
 H2S (vapor density = 1.1895) is heavier than air ( vapor density = 1) and will
settle in low lying areas.
 It is highly corrosive in certain materials.
 It forms an explosive mixture with air / oxygen ( LEL=4.3%andUEL=46% )
 Auto ignition temperature for H2S is 518℉(260®C)
 It burns with a bluish flame to produce SulphurDi-oxide ( SO 2 ). SO2 is 5 times more
toxic as compared to H2S and twice (vapor density=2.25) as heavy as H2S.
 H2S dissolves in to any liquids especially water, producing a mild acid
 1% H2S= 10,000ppm.
 H2S affects human metabolism in two significant ways. It causes cessation of
respiratory functions and reduces the ability of blood to carry oxygen to body
organs.
 H2S is also known as sour gas and sulfated hydrogen is highly toxic.
 Corrosive nature of H2S can lead to equipment failure hazards.
 Attack metals ,forming pyrophoric iron sulfide scale.
 Below 1 PPM=rotten egg odor, around 10ppm=eye irritation begins,
300 ppm = loss of balance, unconsciousness. At800pm = death within 5 minutes,1000 to 2000 ppm = coma or death after one breadth.

H2S exposures:

 Maintenance operations
 Pipeline and pump repair
 Confined space entry
 Unclogging drains
 Gas leak investigations
 Tank gauging

Sources of H2S:

 Oil exploration, extraction and refining.

 Natural gas exploration, extraction and processing.
 Contaminant in crude oil and natural gas
 Synthetic petroleum operation. Also occurs in
 Landfills
  Sewage, waste water treatment
 Laboratories, dye and pigment manufacture.

Maximum Exposure Limit:

MEL is the maximum allowable amount that a worker can be exposed to over 8 hrs working day without any adverse effect.

Types of exposure controls:

 Exposure avoidance
 Engineering controls
 PPE

Engineering controls:

Ventilation, monitors, warning system, fixed monitoring system linked to control room in the central control building (CCB), portable multi gas monitoring and
personal single gas monitor.

Material Name Formula TWA STEL

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 10 ppm 15 ppm
Sulphur Di-Oxide SO2 2 ppm 5 ppm
Carbon Monoxide CO 25 ppm 75 ppm
Carbon Di-Oxide CO2 5000 ppm 30,000 ppm
Mercury Hg 0.01mg/m3 0.03 mg/m3
Benzene C6H6 0.5 ppm 2.5 ppm

22) Define lower flammable limit? ( LFL )

LFL is the point where there is insufficient fuel to sustain combustion because it has become over-diluted with oxygen / air

23) Define upper flammable limit? (UFL)

UFL is where there is too much fuel for combustion to occur (not enough oxygen / air dilution)

24) Define classification of flammability

Extremely flammable = Below0℃
(flashpoint) Highly flammable = 0°-21℃
Flammable = 22° - 55℃

25) What are the specific risks involved in confined space?

 Fire or explosion
 Loss of consciousness due to increase of body temperature
 Loss of consciousness due to Asphyxiation (suffocation - lack of O 2)
 Poisonous gases and liquids can build up in underground works
 Drowning e.g. Flooding by liquids
 Visibility, noise, radiation, biological hazards

26) Atmospheric hazards in confined space.

 Oxygen deficiency and enrichment

 Carbon monoxide
 Carbon di-oxide
  Hydrogen sulphide
 Ammonia
 Welding gases

27) Who is a competent person?

Competent person is one who is properly trained and authorized to perform a specific task in a safe manner

28) What is the difference between flashback arrester and a check valve?

A check valve allows flows in one direction only. This prevents oxygen reaching acetylene cylinder and acetylene reaching oxygen cylinder in the event of
a block age in the torch or line pressure variation.
A flash back arrester prevents reverse flow of flame reaching the cylinder in the event of a flashback or the temperature exceeds a limit ( 220℉ )

29) What is a tool box talk?

Any sort of briefing carried out with workforce to ensure all involved in safe system of
work planned for allotted work is called TBT.
Toolbox talks promote the awareness of safety issues in the forefront. A toolbox talk may
have the following impacts:
 Promotes safety awareness. Workers get actively involved in safety matters and
reduce safety risks
 Introduces workers to new safety rules, equipment, preventive practices and motivates
workers to follow standard operating procedures
  Provides vital information to the workers on accident causes types and
preventive actions
 Emphasizes planning, preparation, supervision and documentation
 Helpswhenreviewingnewlawsorindustrystandards,companypoliciesandprocedure
s
 Encouragesworkerstodiscusstheirexperiencesthathelptoreviewsafetyproced
ures in future

Following are the salient features of a toolbox talks:

 Should be scheduled at the beginning of the work shift

 Meeting should be done at the job site
 Duration should be approximately10-15 minutes
 Discussion and review of the previous meetings to be done as reminder
 Discussion on the current task to be done
 Discussion on the safety issues including environment, hazards, use
of personnel protective equipment, first-aid and medical support and
emergency procedures
 Worker participation is to be encouraged
 There may be review and recapitulation with quiz or test

30) Definition - What does Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) mean?

A fault tree analysis (FTA) is a type of problem solving technique used to

determine the root causes of any failure of safety observance, accident or
undesirable loss event. It is a tree like graphic model of the pathways that starts
at the top and leads to a predictable and undesirable loss event. Probability of
such an event occurring may be entered and propagated through an FTA model
to assess the probability and prevent the foreseeable and undesirable event.

31) PASS Method

P - Pull the pin
A - Aim at the base
S- Squeeze the handle
S–Sweep side by side
Minimum distance while using the fire extinguisher is 4meters. Stages of fire incipient (1000℉), free burning (1300-2000℉) and
smoldering (1000-1400℉) when oxygen % is around 14.

32) What is safety?

The prevention of physical injury arising out of work activities

32) What is hazard?

Anything that has the potential to cause harm

33) What isNear-Miss?

An unplanned, uncontrolled event which could have cause injury, damage or loss.
A potential hazard has not yet caused an accident or
Anoccurrencethatdidnotresultinbuthavethepotentialtoresultinundesirable consequences to personnel
(illness/injury) and/or to the assets or to the neighboring community and environment
Near miss is an incident that result in no apparent loss

34) What is proactive?

To control hazard before it occurs

35) What is Reactive?

 To find the root cause of the happening
36) What is housekeeping?

Keeping designed things in a designated area.

Maintaining the working environment in a tidy manner so that, in particular, access and movement is not hindered.

37) How to identify hazards?

 Physical inspection (walk around)

 Job hazard analysis
 Process analysis ( to observe from start of the work to end of the work )
 Incident investigation findings ( after any accident occurs )

38) Key safety for maintaining zero accident?

 All accidents are preventable, stop all unsafe acts
 Report all incidents, near miss, illness and injury.
 Participate in daily Toolbox talks
 Know the emergency procedures
 Follow procedures and safety rules.
 If you don’t know ask
 Use appropriate PPE
 Keep your work area clean & organized
 Right person for the right job
39) Incident classification

 First-aid ( minor injuries, common illness)

 Medical aid (can’t be treated by first aider)
 Restricted to work ( given worker light work)
 Lost time injury ( not reporting to work for 3 days )
 Fatal (death during accident )

40) Communication tips during emergency: (METHANE)

 M-minor / moderate / major (size of incident )

 E-Exact location of incident
 T-Type of incident
 H-Hazards involved (i.e. flammable, high pressure etc )
 A-Access to incident ( nearest / safest route to incident)
 N-Number of casualties
 E–Emergency support required ( mutual aid, civil defense, helicopter etc )

41) Types of hazards

Physical, mechanical, chemical, electrical

42) Lock-out / Ta-gout

For positive isolation of hazardous energy sources

Control of hazardous energy is the purpose of the Lockout–Tag-out program.
This program establishes the requirements for isolation of both kinetic and potential,
electrical, chemical, thermal, hydraulic and pneumatic and gravitational energy
prior to equipment repair, adjustment or removal.
The purpose of lock-out / tag-out is to prevent energy from accidentally being released
while a machine or equipment is being serviced.
The ultimate goal of lock-out / tag-out is to protect the health and safety of
employees.
Secondary is the protection of equipment from damage.
During maintenance, inspection or construction jobs, LOTO is used to prevent
unexpected energization or startup of the machine or equipment or release of
stored energy which could cause injury to employees.

43) Electrical safety

Human bodies can resistance up to 0.5 milli amps of electrical energy. From 0.6 milli amps to 15 milli amps. It gives jerking to the body.
After crossing 15 milli amps tissues start burning, paralyzing the body and finally cardio arrest (affects on hearts )
During confined space entry only 24 volts bulb can be used. The box which is used is called step down. It will trip automatically when
the body gets in contact with the current. It has the facility of ELCB ( earth leakage circuit breaker )

44) General safety focus

PPE, scaffold and ladder, work at height, electrical safety, first-aid & accident report, lifting practices, fire & safety prevention,
housekeeping

46) Acetylene safety

Maximum pressure should not exceed 15 psi during gas cutting & welding

47) ACRONYMS

 COSHH: Control of substances hazardous to health

 P & ID: Piping & Instrumentation diagram
 EIA : Environmental impact assessment
 STOP: Safety talk observation program
 STARRT: Safety task analysis and risk reduction talk
 IDLH: Immediate danger to life and health

48) Radiography

During radiation 3 types of rays passes. Alpha, beta & Gamma.

Two types of radiation: ionization, non-ionization

Ionization: Damages tissue s and organs in body, especially for men

Non-ionization: like microwave oven etc, long term problem arises. Measures in curieil = 0z

49) What is working at height?

It is a work in any place, including a place at above or below ground level where a person could be injured if they fall from that place
and start over 1.8m.

50) What is scaffolding?

Scaffolding is a temporary platform constructed for reaching heights for the purpose of construction, maintenance or repair

51) What is a TAG system?

A tag is put on scaffolding by a competent person, indicating the present condition whether it can be used and whether fall protection needed
or not.
REDTAG: Do not use. (Is being erected or dismantled )
GREENTAG: Safe to use
YELLOW TAG: can use with 100 % fall protection ( is incomplete or cannot be

52) What are the details in a scaffold tag?

 Location
 Maximum loading capacity ( KN/M2 or PSI )
 Date erected and date inspected with foreman’s name and signature
53) In which conditions a scaffold cannot be erected?

 Extreme weather( strong wind, rain etc )

 Ground not stable
 Safe clearance can’t be maintained with livewire (min10f t)
 Certified workers and supervisors are not available, permit not available.

54) What is a guard-rail system?

A barrier consisting of top-rails, mid-rails, toe-boards and vertical uprights erected to prevent men and material falling from an elevated
work area.

55) What is a toe-board?

Barrier secured along the sides and end so far a platform to guard against falling materials, tools and other objects.

56) What is the height of the top-rail from the platform?

38 to 45 inches

57) What is the minimum height of the toe-board?

4 inches

58) What is the minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks in a scaffolding platform?

Not less than 12 inches

59) What is the minimum width required for a walkway?

Minimum width of a walkway is 18 inches

60) In what circumstances fall protection system has to be used?

If a person could fall from more than1.8 m than a fall protection system should be used. Eg. Any activity at an elevation morethan1.8 m
such as erection, dismantling or maintenance of scaffolding pipes, equipments.

61) What are the requirements in placing an access ladder on a scaffold?

 Provide access when scaffold platforms are more than 2ft above or below
point of access
 When using ladders bottom rung must not be more than 24 inches high
 Ladders should be at the correct angle (4:1),1 feet out for every 4ft in height
 Ladders must not be extended by lashing two lengths together
 Ladders are to be tied at both sides not by the rungs
 Make sure the ladder extends a safe distance of at least 90cms above the
landing stages.
 When the horizontal travel distances exceeds 15m provide at least two
accesses.
 If the platform is longer access shall be provided at every 30m
 The ladders should be free from damage and should be color coded
 All the access ladder must be tagged

62) What materials can be placed on a scaffold platform?

 All types of construction materials which are used for particular construction
activity can be kept on the scaffolding platform.
 But before keeping the materials and tools required for the work on the
platform, we must ensure load bearing capacity of the scaffolding platform
 The platform shall not be over loaded and shall be fitted falling object
protection system like toe-boards, nets, etc.
63) Some parts of scaffold?

Base plate, Sole board, standards, ledgers, Transoms, intermediate transom, Toe- board, Guard rail, Ladder for access and egress.
While erecting a scaffold parts starting from base plate, while dismantling it is reverse.

64) When we should inspect a scaffold?

 After erection before use

 Every seven days
 After adverse weather condition
 After being struck by vehicle
 After substantial alteration

65) What are the reasons for scaffolding collapse?

 Wrong materials
 Unstable foundations
 Improper design
 Improper erection
 Overloading
 Modified incorrectly
 Undermined by excavation
 Hit by machinery or vehicle
 Adverse weather condition

66) Types of scaffold?

 Single pole scaffold

 Double pole scaffold
 Outrigger (cantilever scaffold)
 Suspended scaffold
 Slung scaffold
 Bird cage scaffold
 Tower scaffold- stationary, mobile
 Proprietary scaffold

67) What are the requirements for working on a moving scaffold?

 Mobiles scaffolding shall be plumb, level and square

 It shall only be used and moved on surfaces sufficiently firm and level to ensure
stability
 It shall be moved only by manually pushing or pulling the base
 No men, equipment or materials shall be on the scaffolding while it is in motion
 Castors ( base-plate on static tower ) shall belocked at all time except
during scaffold movement
 The temporary foundation or track set on uneven ground for scaffold
movement shall be level and properly secured
 The height of the working platform shall not exceed 4 times of the
minimum base dimension, if it exceeds this limit outrigger must be
installed
 A complete guard-rail system must be provided
 The scaffolding shall be inspected and tagged before use by a competent person
68) Faults in
scaffold
Before work
starts:
 Scaffold being erected by man who do not know their job
 Experienced foreman not being available to supervise the work
 Scaffolders not being informed for the purpose for which the scaffold is required
 Bent tubes, damaged fittings, split-boards being used in the erection of the
scaffold

During erection:

 Ground having insufficient bearing capacity to support scaffold standard when

loaded
 Insufficient base-plate and sole-plates provided
 Standards placed too wide apart and out of upright
 Ledgers placed too wide apart and out of horizontal
 Insufficient bracing
 Bracing connections not made with load bearing couplers
 The connections not made with right angle couplers
 Put log not fixed with putlog couplers
 Fittings are over tightened so that threads are strained
 Joints in standards and ledgers not staggered
 Scaffolding poorly tied in to
 Fittings are over tightened so that threads are strained
 Uneven working platform
 Guard-rails fixed at wrong height or not fixed at all
 Toe boards not fixed
 Wooden ladders painted
 Scaffold boards on rungs
 Ladder placed at an unsafe angle
 Ladders too short to provide a safe handhold when stepping to or from the
top of the ladder.

During use:

 Scaffold not inspected at least once a week

 Scaffold not inspected after bad weather
 Scaffold not inspected by competent person, faults cannot be recognized
 Scaffold overloaded
 Signs of previous overloading ignored
 Ties removed and not replaced
 Alteration made to scaffold by other tradesmen
 Guard-rails and toe-boards removed and not replaced
 Men not warned of incomplete scaffold

During and after dismantle:

 Fitting not serviced

 Ladders not checked for damage
 Defective tubes, fittings and board not being taken out of use
  Tubes, fittings and boards not being inspected after use

69) What is a lifting plan?

 It is the document prepared for planning a critical lift by calculating and

considering all facts or which is going to effect the lift and thereby
selecting the correct tools and cranes and ensure the safe lifting
procedure to be followed for the particular lift.
 Giving details about the size and weight of the object to be lifted.
 Which crane is used for lifting and what the safety factor is?
 Where crane is positioned.
 From where the load is lifted.
 Where it is fitted
 Size and SWL of each lifting tool used.
 JSA and Load chart are attached with it.

Defenition of Critical Lift:

A non routine crane lift requiring detailed planning and additional or unusual
safety precautions
Critical lifts include:
 Lifts made when the load weight is 75% or more of the rated capacity
of the crane; lifts that require the load to be lifted, swung or placed
out of operators view; of lifts made with more than one crane.
 Lifts using more than one hoist; lifts involving non-routine or technically difficult rigging
arrangements; hoisting personnel with a crane or derrick
 Lifts involving hazardous materials (e.g. Explosives, highly volatile
substances); lifts involving submerged loads; lifts without the use of
outriggers.
 Lifts where the centre of gravity could change; or any lift that the crane operator believes
should be critical

70) What is SWL?

Safe working load is the maximum load that can be applied to the lifting safely.

71) What is working radius?

It is the maximum distance where the crane has to reach for lifting or lowering the load.

71) How are slings inspected?

 All slings must be inspected before every use and periodically it should be
thoroughly checked and shall be rejected if found wear of one third the
original diameter of outside individual wires, severe corrosion, distortion
(kinking, crushing, bird caging )
 Broken wires ( a maximum of 10 randomly distributed broken wires in one
rope lay or broken wires in one strand in one rope lay)
 Heat damage ( loss of internal lubricant by overheat exposure )
 Pulled eyes plices ( only evidence that eye splices have been slipped, sleeves
damaged)
 Sling should be clean from dirt and rust.
 Before use the slings, it has to be color coded per the month color code.

72) What are the requirements for a mobile crane lifting?

  Crane positioned on firm and level ground with wood pads and steel plates.
 Outriggers are fully extended. Tires are off the ground. Certified operators
and riggers are available
 Safe load indicator is working
 The checklist is filled by the competent person
 Crane has valid inspection sticker, insurance and third party certificate
 The load’s weight is confirmed and is within the safe working limit of the crane
 The swing arm radius is barricaded and unauthorized persons are evacuated
 The lifting tools are free from defects, wind speed is less than 32 km / hr
 Approved lifting plan is available for critical lifts
 Permit for the activity is obtained
 Crane operator and rigger’s vision is not obstructed, the load is well-
balanced and taglines are used to control the weight etc.

73) Define Excavation

 Any man made cut or cavity for gaining underground services.

According to soil classification; Benching, Sloping, Shoring

74) Suspension trauma

Suspension trauma (orthostatic shock while suspended) also known as harness hang syndrome or orthostatic incompetence is an effect
which occurs when the human body is held upright without any moment for a period of time.

If the person is strapped into a harness or tied to an upright object they will eventually suffer the central Ischemic response
( commonly known as fainting )
If one faints but remains vertical, death will happen due to one’s brain not receiving the oxygen required.
If someone is strained in a harness, but is not unconscious or injured and has something to kick against or stand on ( such as rock,
ledge or caving leg loops ) it is helpful for them to use their leg muscles by pushing against often to keep the blood pumping back to the torso.
If the person is strained in mid air or is exhausted, then keeping the legs moving can be both beneficial and rather danger.

On the one hand, exercising the leg muscles will keep the blood returning
to the torso, but on the other hand, as the movement become weaker the leg
muscles will continue to demand blood yet they will become much less effective
at returning it to the body and the movement the victim ceases moving their legs
the blood will immediately start to pool.
Pedaling an imaginary bicycle should only be used as a last ditch effort to prolong consciousness, because as soon as pedaling
stops, fainting will shortly follow.
If it is impossible to rescue someone immediately, then it is necessary to raise their legs to a sitting position which can be done with a loop of
rigging tape behind the knees or specialized equipment from a rescue kit.

75) What is line of fire?

A moment or situation at which a person directly or indirectly, partially or fully exposed to an accident can be considered as a line of
fire.

76) How to identify hazards?

Visible hazards, Hidden hazards, developing hazards.

Visible hazards: untidy housekeeping, broken or damaged ladder, damaged vehicles, missing guards, blown or missing lights.
Hidden hazards: Toxic and asphyxiating gases and vapors inside the confined spaces, emission from radiation.
Developing hazards: Damage by vibration or sagging foundation, corrosion and excessive weathering of metal components, abnormal
wear and tear of critical parts of machinery or equipment.

77) What is color- coding system?

This is the system followed to inspect and ensure the serviceability of tools and equipments periodically (normally it is monthly) like fire
extinguisher, lifting gears, full body harness, electrical cables, power tools etc. These things are inspected by a competent person and are
putting the color of the particular month (this color is decided in advance and is being followed by all people at particular site).The items
which are found defective or unserviceable will not be color coded and has to be removed from service

78) What is frost bite?

Frostbite is the medical condition where localized damage is caused to skin and
other tissues due to freezing.
Frostbite is most likely to happen in body parts farthest from the heart and those with large exposed areas.
1) First stage: initial stage- frost nip
2) Second stage: chilblains are superficial ulcers of the skin
3) Third stage: frostbite.

Causes: inadequate blood circulation when the ambient temperature is below freezing leads to frostbite.

79) What is a cold burn?

Cold burns are burns that take place as the result of skin coming in contact with an object that is extremely cold. The cold is sufficient
to cause damage to the skin and the underlying tissues.

80) What are all lifting accessories?

 Fiber or rope slings
 Chain( single or multiple legs)
 Hooks
 Eyebolts
 Spreader beams
 Magnetic and vacuum
LOLER : Lifting operations and lifting equipment regulations (1998)

81) PMC-Pre mechanical commissioning activities

 Blowing–Air blowing, steam blowing.
 Flushing –water.
 Mechanical run, in test
 Vessel internal inspection
 Leak test ( Nitrogen, Helium )
 System dry out / Inerting
 System energization
 Perlite, Rock wool filling
Hazards in PMC:

 System under pressure

 Chemical /oil spill
 Electrical shock
 Noise, vibration, exposure
 Confined space

PMC Barrier: Blue and white warning tape

Test run hazards: rotating equipment, electricity, noise and fire. Cold boxes are constantly ventilated with Nitrogen leads to
suffocation

Energization hazards: Electricity, violating of LOTO procedures, fire.

82) Effects of Noise

 Hearing loss
 Tinnitus- Ringing in air
 Annoyance
 Communication interference
  Affect the ability to detect available warning signals

83) What is an assembly muster point?

The area determined and marked for assembly of people working in the area in case of emergency.

84) What are the different types of safety signs?

 Safety conditions
 Warning signs
 Mandatory signs
 Fire fighting equipments

86) What is human error?

It is any deviations from a safe system of work for whatever reason or immediate cause of unsafe acts.

87) What is lost time injury? ( LTI )

A lost time injury occurs when person is injured in the execution of his duties
and as a result of his injury he is unable to perform his regular duties for one full
shift or more on the following day which the injury was incurred.
Any work related injury or illness which prevents that person from doing any work the day after the accident.

88) Why is gas testing carried out?

To monitor the work areas for toxic, flammable or inert gases and measure oxygen level.
Gas tests are performed to confirm that the working environment is safe from the hazards of combustible or toxic
gases and to conform that oxygen level are within the safe limit and safe to breadth.

89) Who carries out gas testing?

An authorized gas testers (AGT’s ) are responsible for carrying out gas testing duties in liaison with other supervisor and in accordance with
specified precautions.

90) When is gas testing performed?

Whenever there is risk of flammable or toxic gases being present or when oxygen enrichment or deficiency is likely hazard.

 Hot work of any type where heat is used or generated e.g. Grinding,
welding, flame cutting.
 Work which can generate sparks or other sources of ignition.
 Entry in to confined space
 Work which can cause an uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons or other
flammable or toxic materials
 Monitoring purging operations.

91) What is accident?

An accident is an unplanned, uncontrolled, unexpected event happening because of unsafe act or unsafe condition cause fatality, injuries or
illness to personnel and cause damage to properties and equipments and cause impact on the environment

92) What is unsafe act?

Performance of a task or other activity that is conducted in a manner that may threaten the health and safety of workers. E.g. Operating
equipment at unsafe speed, failure to lockout / tag out, horseplay, operating without authority, taking an unsafe position or posture

93) What is unsafe condition?

A condition in a workplace that is likely to cause property damage or fatality or illness to the workers. E.g. Defective tools, fire & explosion
hazards, poor housekeeping, improper guarding, improper illumination
95) What is an incident?

Incident is an unplanned event that has not led to any injury, harm or loss.
 What is Near-Miss?

An unplanned, uncontrolled event which could have cause injury, damage or loss.
A potential hazard has not yet caused an accident or
An occurrence that did not result in but have the potential to result in undesirable consequences to
personnel (illness / injury) and / or to the assets or to the neighboring community and environment

96) What is Risk?

Risk is the likelihood of harm actually occurring together with the severity of its consequences.
Eg. The chances of someone being killed by coming in to contact with electricity

97) What is a Hazard?

Hazard is a condition or situation which could result in an accident. Hazard is
anything or something that has the potential to cause harm.

98) Why we need to prevent accident?

Because of moral, social and economic reasons.

99) What is risk assessment?

Risk assessment is a method of estimating the rate of risk of an activity by

classifying actual and potential consequences and finding out mitigating actions
to limit that risk.

100)Five steps of risk assessment?

 Identify the risk ( hazards )

 Identify the people who might be harmed and how
 Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions
 Record the significant findings
 Review and update the assessment as necessary.
Risk Assessment is a careful examination of anything in workplace that could
cause people to suffer injury ill-health while they are at work.
Risk assessment is about deciding who might be harmed and then judging
how likely it is that something will go wrong and how serious the consequences
could be.
You don’t have to carry out the assessment yourself, if you are not
confident, get help from someone who is appropriately qualified and trained and
knows about what they are processing. But you are responsible for seeing
that it’s done.
It’s always a good idea to involve other people in the risk assessment
process- particularly the person whose job you are assessing.
How to carry out Risk assessment:
Stage 1: List the work tasks that you are responsibility
Stage2: Identify the risks-what are the hazards, who might be harmed and
how? Stage3: Estimate the risk.
Stage 4: Evaluate
the risk Stage5:
Record your findings
Stage6: Review your
 findings
Stage1:
Anything in your workplace that you manage-the activities that take place,
the people involved in those activities, the equipment they use and the different
locations they work in- can be hazard in some circumstances.
It is essential that you make a list of everything you manage. The best way
to do this is to walk around the workplace and see for yourself what’s going on.
If you don’t do this, it’s possible that a hazard could be over looked and therefore not
included in the risk assessment.
a) A description of the location you manage
b) The people who work in the area on a regular basis or from time to time
c) Permanent and temporary pieces of equipment and substances used at the location
d) Activities carried out at different locations

Work task list

Company: Department: Location:

LOCATION PEOPLE EQUIPMENT ACTIVITIES

Stage 2: Identify the risks- what are the hazards, who might be harmed and how?
 Observe the physical layout at each location and the activities being carried
out. e.g. do people have enough space to work comfortably without being
unnecessarily at risk.
 Speak to your staff and their representatives, if they have any, and find out
whether they consider anything in the workplace to be a hazard- they may
have noticed something which is not obvious to you.
 Inspect relevant company records, such as accident records, manufacturer’s
instructions or datasheets
 Read upon hazards relevant to your area. For example, do any of your staff
have to work with hazardous chemicals or electricity? If they do both you
and your staff should have some knowledge of these topics.
To record this information, you can use a hazard checklist

Hazard checklist:

Company: Department: site name:

Work activity Description of the Number and occupation of Risk assessment
hazard people recommended
yes No

Stage 3: Estimate the risk

Identify what the hazards are, weigh up how serious each risk is. You need to
consider two things
1) How likely it is that something could go wrong
 2) How serious the outcome could be

Figure 1
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY

3 6 9

2 4 6

1 2 3

LIKELIHOOD VERY UNLIKELY LIKELY VERY LIKELY CERTAIN

SEVERITY UNLIKELY (MAY
HAPPEN)

FATALITY 5 10 15 20 25

MAJOR 4 8 12 16 20
INJURY
OVER 3 DAY 3 6 9 12 15
INJURY

FIRST AID 2 4 6 8 10
INJURY

MINOR 1 2 3 4 5
INJURY

1 – 4 = LOW RISK (Maintain Current Levels of Control)

5 –10 = MEDIUM RISK (Some further controls should be planned to reduce the
risk further)

12 –25 = HIGH RISK ( At this level, work must stop (or not begin if in planning
stage)until further controls reduce the risk.

Risk = likelihood x consequence (severity)

=frequency x
severity

Frequency rate= No of reportable loss time incidents x 10 6/total man hours

Worked
6
Severity rate=No of man days lost x 10 /total man hours worked

Disability Injury Index ( DII)=F.RXS.R/100=RISK/100

RISKMATRIX: During risk assessment, risk matrix is used to define the various levels of risk as the product of the harm probability categories
and harm severity categories.
Risk mitigation / control of risks:
The control of risk can be achieved by Elimination, substitution, isolation, engineering, administration and PPE.

Outline the Concept of ALARP in the risk assessment:

Risk that falls between the acceptable and unacceptable is referred as tolerable as we are prepared to endure such risk because of the
benefits they give and because further risk reduction is grossly disproportionate to in terms of time, effort ,money, uncertainty, practicability,
etc. such decisions are based on COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS rather than affordability, i.e. availability of money within budgets. Risks that
fall in to the tolerability region are described as being ‘As low as reasonably practicable’ often referred as ALARP.
A risk reduced to levels such that further risk reduction measures would be so
disproportionatetotheprobabilityandconsequencesofoccurrencethatitwouldbeobjectively unreasonable to implement them.

101) Who make an accident report?

Concerned area supervisor or site safety representative.

102) Who makes an accident investigation report?

A team of frontline supervisor, HSE Manager, subcontractor representative if subcontractor personnel are injured, high officials depending upon
these verity of accident.

103) What is the use of accident investigation report?

To find out the cause of an accident, make recommendations to prevent recurrence and evaluate the effectiveness of emergency
response.

104) Identify four parties other than the employer who may want to investigate these types of incident.

 Enforcement authority / Local government authority: To verify compliance of

Health and Safety legislation, or else, would entail a criminal proceeding
 against the employer
 Insurance company:- To establish fault liability/vicarious liability and rule
out contributory negligence to facilitate compensation claims
 Trade unions / Employee representatives:-To facilitate claim management
 Manufacturer / Supplier: To ensure the efficiency of equipments / materials and
to ensure they are inherently safer
 Shareholders / Stakeholders:-To know about financial implications and if any
adverse effect on reputation

105) What is corrective action?

Action to eliminate the cause of a detected non-conformity or other undesirable situation.

A corrective action deals with a non-conformity that has occurred. The organization shall take action to eliminate the causes of non-
conformities in order to prevent recurrence.

106) What is preventive action?

Action to eliminate the cause of a potential non-conformity or other

undesirable potential situation. A preventive action addresses the potential for a
non-conformity to occur. The organization shall determine action to eliminate the
causes of potential non-conformities in order to prevent their occurrence.
107) What is Proactive?

To control the hazards before it occurs

108) What isReactive?

To find the root cause of the happening.

109) Types ofHazards.

Physical, Mechanical, Chemical, Biological and Ergonomics.

110) What is safety?

Safety is the absence from harm

The prevention of physical injury arising out of work activities

111) What is hazard?

Hazard is anything or something that has the potential to cause harm

112) What is incident?

Incident is an unplanned event that has not led to any injury, harm or losses

114) Why we need to prevent accidents?

Because of Moral, Social and Economic Reasons

115) What is hierarchy of control?

It is a management tool designed to provide a systematic control strategy

in a logical order to control risk. This order deals with things in order of
effectiveness attempting to remove or lessen as much as danger as possible. The
hierarchy begins with a safe place strategies & concludes with safe person
strategies with PPE as the last resort. ERICPD.
E- Eliminate (the safest control measure is to eliminate the hazard completely )
R-Reduce or Substitute (if we can’t eliminate the hazard, we can reduce the hazard or we can use a less hazardous method)
I- Isolate ( Isolate the hazards from the rest of the workers )( Engg.Control )
C-Control ( This is where we consider organizational and technical controls such as safe system of work procedures, training, supervision, local
exhaust ventilation, machine guards, safety devices and tools to carry out the task)
P- Personal Protective Equipment
D- Discipline (make sure that all controls are monitored, reviewed and enforced)

Hierarchy of control:
  Elimination: The complete elimination of the hazard.
 Substitution: Replacing the material or process with a less hazardous one.
 Engineering controls: Redesigning the equipment of work process, isolating
the hazard by guarding or enclosing it.
 Administrative control: provides controls such as training, procedures etc.
 PPE: using appropriate and properly fitted PPE where other controls are not
practical

116) What is a Health & Safety Policy?

Health & Safety policy is a written statement of principles and goals embodying the company’s commitment to workplace, health &
safety.

117) What is a Health & Safety culture?

It is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the
commitment to & proficiency of an organizations health & safety management.

118) Why communication is a relevant factor to safety?

Communication is what we do to inform another of our ideas, feelings & knowledge and in turn receive their feedbacks.

119) What is permit to work?

Permit to work is a legal document identifying the details and location of an activity
includingthehazard&riskassociatedwithaspecificcontrolmeasuresandapprovedbya responsible person.

120) What is PPE? Why it is often called the LAST LINE OF DEFENCE?

PPE is any clothing, equipment or substances designed to protect a person from risks of injury or illness.
When you cannot engineer, administratively eliminate or guard against a hazard, PPE is the only thing between you and serious injury. It
is in other words, the last line of defense.
Methods that employers can implement to reduce or eliminate a particular workplace hazard-must always be
first when evaluating and mitigating workplace hazards.

121)What is fire?

It is chemical reaction known as combustion which occurs when fuel and oxygen are brought together with sufficient heat to cause
ignition.

122) What is the principle of fire prevention?

C-Control of heat sources H-
Housekeeping
E- Elimination / minimization of fuels S-
Storage
S- Safe system of work

123) What is heat stress?

It is a condition due to overexposure to or overexertion in excess environmental temperatures.

124) Explain the triangle of fire?

The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple mode lf or understanding the ingredients necessary for most fires,
The triangle illustrates fire requires three elements: heat, fuel and an oxidizing agent( usually oxygen).The fire is prevented or extinguished
by removing any one of them. A fire naturally occurs when the elements are combined in the right mixture.

125) Why we need to investigate Accidents & Incidents?

To find out the cause of an accident, make recommendations to prevent reoccurrence

and evaluate the effectiveness of emergency response.
To develop safety culture and certain
management skills Humane, economic legal

126) Types of Accidents

 Fall to:
 Same level
  Lower level

 Caught:
 In
 On
 Between
 Contact with:
 Chemicals
 Electricity
 Heat/cold
 Radiation

 Bodily reaction from:


 Voluntary motion(controlled)
 Involuntary motion(automatic)

 Struck:

 Against-stationaryormovingobject,protrudingobject,sharporjaggedobject
 By-moving or flying object, falling object

 Rubbed or Abraded by:

 Friction
 Pressure
 Vibration
127) What are the three basic causes of an accident?

 Basic causes- poor safety management policy & decisions, personal

factors, environmental factors.
 Indirect causes- unsafe act, unsafe condition
 Direct causes- unplanned release of energy and / or hazardous materials

128)Definition-What does Accident Causation mean?

Accident causation refers to the factors that are the primary reasons behind an
accident. For occupational health and safety professionals, determining causation
factors in any workplace injury or accident is key. Understanding what caused an
unsafe situation to occur is important in implementing measures to help prevent a
reoccurrence.

126) Accident Investigation procedures

There are some basic principles and procedures that can be used when investigating an incident.

Step 1: Gather factual information about the event

Step2: Analyze that information and draw conclusion about the immediate and root causes
underlying / root causes are failure of procedures and failure in management system that
has resulted in unsafe acts and / or unsafe conditions ( immediate causes )
Step3: Identify suitable corrective
measure

Step4: Plan the remedial actions

Before the investigation can begin there are two important issues that have to be
considered: Safety of the scene: It is the area safe to approach? Is immediate
action needed to eliminate danger even before casualties are attended to?
Casualty care: Any injured person will require first-aid treatment and possibly hospitalization. This Is a priority. The welfare of injured by
standers also has to be taken into account-they may be suffering shock.
Once the immediate dangers have been dealt with and casualties attended to, a
decision should be made regarding the type and level of investigation that is
needed.
Should it be?

 A relatively simple investigation of an incident that caused only minor

outcomes and did not have the potential for serious outcomes?
 A more in-depth and thorough investigation of an incident with serious
outcomes or potential for serious outcomes?
The first type of investigation might be carried out by the line manager of the
area; the second type often involves a team of investigators that might include a
safety specialist, senior managers, a technical specialist and perhaps a
worker representative.
Offshore investigating teams may also include installation specialist from services
such as drilling services, maintenance, process and deck crews. In the most serious
and major cases can inspect or from health and safety executive ( In the UK ) or
national safety enforcing agency may become involved and conduct or lead an
investigation.

Step1: Gathering information

 Secure the scene as soon as possible to prevent it being altered

 Collect witness details quickly before they start to move away, in some
cases it may help to remove witnesses from the scene and ask them to
wait in a separate area. If there are many witnesses, it may be better to
separate them from each other to prevent collusion or contamination of
their testimony
 Collect factual information from the scene and record it. This might be done
by means of:
 Photographs
 Sketches
 Measurements
 Videos
 Written documents of factors such as wind speed, temperature etc.
 Taking physical evidence
The investigator should come prepared with the appropriate equipment to record this information
 Once the scene has been thoroughly examined, move on the second
source of information: witness
Witness often provides crucial evidence about what occurred before, during and after incidents. They should be interviewed
carefully to make sure that good quality evidence is gathered.

Good interview technique:

 Hold the interview in a quiet room or are a free from distraction and interruption
 Introduce themselves and try to establish rapport (bond) with the witness
 using appropriate verbal and body language
 Explain the purpose of the interview ( perhaps emphasizing that the
interview is not about blaming people)
 Use open questions, such as those beginning with what? Why? Where?
When? Who? How? etc. that do not put words into the witnesses mouths
and do not allow them to answer with a“ yes” or “no”

 Who was working with him / her?

 What operation was being performed?
 When did the employee start his / her shift?
 Why did the employee do what he / she did?
 Where was the employee positioned?
 How many hours had the employee worked?
 Keep an open mind
 Take notes so that the facts being discussed are not forgotten
 Ask the witness to write and sign a statement to create a record of their
testimony
 Thank the witness for their help

 Once witness have been interviewed, move on to the third source of

information: documentation. Various documents may be examined during
an accident investigation, such as:
 Company policy
 Risk assessments
 Permits-to-work
 Training records
 Maintenance records
 Disciplinary records
 Internal accident report forms
 Log book entries
 Computer print outs relevant to the situation

Step 2: Analyzing Information

The purpose here is to draw conclusion about the immediate and root causes of the incident. Immediate causes are the unsafe acts and
unsafe conditions that gave rise to the event itself. These will be the things that occurred at the time and place of the accident. For example,
a worker slips on a puddle (pond) of oil spilt on the floor-immediate causes: the slip hazard (unsafe condition), the worker walking through
it(unsafe act)

Underlying or Root causes:

Are the things that lie behind the immediate causes. Often root causes will be failure in
the management system, such as:
 Failure to adequately supervise workers
 Failure to provide appropriate PPE
 Failure to provide adequate training
 Lack of maintenance
 Inadequate checking or inspections
 Failure to carryout proper risk assessments

Manyoftheaccidentsthathappeninworkplaceshaveoneimmediatecauseandoneunderlying