IGC1: Q & A

GC2: Q & A
Question: Outline the reasons for good health and safety Management
3 MAIN REASONS

1- Mora
2- Legal
3- Financial

MORAL REASONS
Moral Reasons are centered on the need to protect people from injury and disease while they are at work

• Injuries cause pains and sufferings

• People at work expose to harm
• Accidents and incidents cause deaths and severe injuries
• Human duty to care of others and themselves

LEGAL REASON

Legal Reasons are centered on the need to force the employers to abide by law to protect people from
injury and disease while they are at work and it helps to
• Provide rights to workers
• Control of anti social behaviour
• Regulate relationship between employees and employer
• Setting standard of HSE behaviour

FINANCIAL REASON

Financial Reasons are centered on the need to avoid costs and loss of time to protect employers from
losses and keep reputation and it helps to save
Direct Costs
Indirect Costs
Insured Costs
Uninsured Costs
Question

Identify costs to an organization following serious accident at work

COSTS TO AN ORGANISATION

1- DIRECT COSTS
2- INDIRECT COSTS

DIRECT COSTS

 Lost time
 Damage to equipment
 Medical or first-aid costs
 Insurance
 compensation payments
 Court costs and Fines

INDIRECT COSTS

 Lost time by other workers who stop work

 Lost time by supervisors who reduce performance
 Failure to fill orders on time
 Loss of bonuses and penalty payments
 
Question

Outline the Health and safety responsibilities of employers towards workers at work

 Safe system of work

 Safe Environment
 Employers’ Liability insurance
 Adequate protective clothing & PPE
 Safe place of work
 Practical measure for Hazard controls
 Training and ssupervision
 Welfare facilities and time schedules

Question

Outline the Health and safety responsibilities of workers

 Compliance with safety instructions and regulations

 Report any situation that presents a ssignificant danger
 Report any work related accident/ill health
 Receive adequate information/instruction Training
 Protect themselves and those around them
 Take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other workers

Question : Outline the circumstances that may require a health and safety policy to be reviewed

CIRCUMSTANCES TO REVIEW H & S POLICY

o Changes in organizational arrangements.

o Changes in responsibilities.
o Change of premises.
o Change of work processes / materials.
o Change of work pattern.
o Change of legislation.
o Risk assessments
o Following accidents investigation.
o Following enforcement action.
o Following professional advice
QUESTION

Outline typical content of the arrangement section of Health and safety policy
TYPICAL CONTENTS OF ARRANGEMENT SECTION
 Planning
 Organising
 Consultation
 Communication
 Training
 Accidents & Hazard reporting
 Control of hazards & Dealing with Waste
 Monitoring compliance
 Emergency Preparedness & Response
 Allocation of finance for health and safety
Question
Outline purpose of an organization Healh and safety policy
HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY
safety policy is written statement of Employer’s intent to ensure safety of Employees
 A general statement of management commitment
 Details of the organisation
 Arrangements to control the risks

PURPOSE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY

To demonstrate an organization's commitment to health and safety in addition to setting the organization
objectives.------- STATEMENT OF INTENT
To identifiy the health and safety responsibilities and channels of communication within the
organization.-------------------ORGANISATION
To detail the practical means for achieving the objectives laid down in the policy statement. and these
include Risk Assessment, monitoring health surveillance, reporting, consultation, training, dealing with
emergencies, use of PPE, etc.--------------------ARRANGEMENTS
Question : how Health and safety behavior at work can be improved

 Commitment of Management
 Communication
 Consultation with workforce
 Safety Committees
 Training
 The setting of realistic & achievable targets
 The provision of a good working environment
 Proactive monitoring of health & safety standards
 A “no-blame” culture

QUESTION
Outline the matters on which employees might be consulte
1- New processes and technologies
2- New PPE
3- New organization of work Pattern
4- The planning and organization of any training required

QUESTION
Identify Four types of Health and safety information that might usefully be displayed on a notice board
within workplace

 Health and safety Policy

 Evacuation Procedures
 First Aid arrangements
 Contact Details for safety representative
 Targets for accident reductions

Question
outline factors promoting positive and negative culture

FACTORS PROMOTING POSITIVE CULTURE

• Effective communication
• Leadership and commitment
• Equal priority
• Accident investigation
• Consultation
FACTORS PROMOTING NEGATIVE CULTURE

• Lack of commitments
• Lack of effective communication
• Lack of Monitoring
• Poor working Environment

Question

Describe Human factors which influence behavior at work

ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS
The organisation needs to provide:
• Clear and evident commitment
• Procedures and standards for all aspects of critical work
• Effective monitoring systems
• Incident investigation
• Adequate and effective supervision

JOB FACTORS

• Identification and comprehensive analysis of the critical tasks

• Design and consistency of presentation of procedures
 • Provision of correct tools and equipment
• Scheduling of work patterns
• Procedures for emergencies
• Efficient and suitable communications

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

• Geographical location
• Education
• Occupational factors
• Hobbies and interests
• family influences - marriage, children
• Ageing

Question: Give TWO reasons why an employer should implement safe system of work and
Outline the factors that should be considered when developing a safe system of work.

REASONS
o Magnitude of risks and worst losses
o Past accidents and Loss experience
o Complexity of operation

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK (ILO C-155 & ILO R-164 )

DESIGN THE SYSTEM

People
• Safe behaviour - sound knowledge –Skills- trained, with job experience

Materials
• Appropriate purchasing and quality standards

Equipment
• Good design and safety specification of plant, machinery and Inspection

Environment
• Effective control of heating, lighting and ventilation ,noise and vibration and Effective control of
dust, fumes, radiation, chemicals and biological hazards
OTHERS
 INDENTIFY HAZARDS
 ANALYZE THE TASK
 FORMULATE PROCEDURE
 TRAINING IN THE OPERATION
 MONITOR THE SYSTEM

CONTROL AT WORK PLACE

Technical : Equipment - Access/egress – Materials – Environment - PPE
Behavioural :Awareness, skill, competence,Attitude, perception, motivation, communication
Procedural: Policy,Procedures,Permit to work,Purchasing controls,Accident investigation&analysis
Question

Outline SIX types of target that an organisation might typically set In relation to H&S

 Systems of work
 H&S training, provision of PPE
 Specific types of hazard (hazardous substances, manual handling, fire etc)
 Accident reporting & investigation procedures
 First-aid facilities
 Emergency procedures
 Employee consultation
 & monitoring & review procedures
Question

Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out risk assessment in workplace and
Describe key stages of a risk assessment

FACTORS

• What are Hazards

• How likely to occur
• Consequences
• Frequency/Duration of Exposure
• Effects of Exposure
• Existing Controls

STAGES OF RISK ASSESSMENT

1- Identify hazards: chemical-Electrical-Mechanical-sharpness-Slipperiness-Noise
2- Who can be harmed: Young persons-Cleaners-Visitors-Operators-Workers
3- Evaluate the Risks: Severity x Likelihood 1-9=LOW 10-15=MEDIUM 16-25= HIGH
4- Record Findings: Activity + hazards + risks + persons affected +existing control measures
5- Review and Monitor the findings A change in process, work methodsor legislation
Question

Identify examples of a confined space and outline main factors to be considered when preparing
a safe system of work for entry into a confined space including emertgency arrangements
A confined space is not only a space which is small and difficult to enter, exit or work in; it can also be a
large space, but with limited/restricted access
EXAMPLES Chamber - Tank - Pipe - Sewer - Flue - Well
FACTORS
Testing the atmosphere
Safe access to and egress from confined spaces
Respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
Communication
Suitable tools and equipment and lighting
Other are-
ropes, harnesses, lifelines, first-aid equipment, PPE
EMERGENCY
 • Means of raising the alarm - provision of recovery equipment
- Fire safety - Notifying public emergency services
Question
Identify the factors that should be considered to help reduce the risks to workers required to work
alone

Lone workers are those who work by themselves without close or direct supervision
 workers on construction, maintenance and cleaning work,
 Agricultural and forestry workers
 Service workers
When evaluating the risks related to lone working particular attention should be paid to:
• Safe access and egress for one person
• Ease of handling of temporary access equipment
• All plant, substances and goods involved in the work can be safely handled within the
capacity of one person
• Able to administer first aid and understand risks associated with work and can respond correctly to
emergencies
• Regular contact using either a telephone or radio
Question

Give the meaning of Permit to work and identify specific activities that need permit to work

A permit to work system is a formal written system used to control certain types of jobs that have
high hazard potential
The function of a permit to work system is to:
• Confirm identity, nature, timing,and limitations of the work
• Establish criteria to be considered when identifying hazards
• Confirm control measures in place to deal with hazards
SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES NEED PW
• Hot work
• Work on electrical systems
• Machinery/plant maintenance
• Confined spaces
• Work at height
Question

Outline Gneral principles of prevention for risk reduction measures

1. INFORMTION 2- INSTRUCTIONS 3- TRAINING

INFORMATION Legislation. Accident statistics
Subjects Company policy statements General hazards and controls

Means of communication Bulletins and news sheets Team briefing

Notice boards, propaganda, films Written material for visitors

INSTRUCTIONS Health and safety rules Use of PPE. Specific hazards,i.e smoking
Subjects Policy, arrangements and plans Emergency procedures.Reporting accidents

Means of communicating Formally using verbal, written and visual material, notice boards,
induction job training, direct issue of document, ‘tool-box talks’

TRAINING Accident investigation How to set up your display screen workstation

Subjects Conducting risk assessments How to use work equipment, for example, rough
Conducting inspections/audits terrain forklift truck

Means of communicating On/off the job Explanation, demonstration, discussion and practice
Internal/external trainers
Question: Outline possible immediate causes and possible underlying (root) causes of the
accident.

IMMEDIATE CAUSES

ROOT CAUSES

Question

Write Active and Reactive monitoring and Outline the reasons why an organization should
review and monitor its health and safety performance.

ACTIVE / PROACTIVE MONITORING & REACTIVE MONITORING

Active monitoring, before the event: before things go wrong

Involves identification through regular, planned observations of workplace conditions,

Reactive monitoring, after the event: after things go wrong

Involves learning from mistakes Whether they result in injuries, illness, and damage
REASONS

 To Achieve its health and safety objectives

 To Implement effective risk controls
 To Ensure the effectiveness of training and communication and consultation
 To Comply with legal standards and learn from Management failure
 To Follow systematic inspections ,regular reports and health surveillance

Question

Define the term health and safety ‘audit’.and Identify the documents that are likely to be
examined during a health and safety audit.

An audit is an exercise which determines the level of compliance of something to a set of agreed standard
and it is critical examination of organisation HS Management system
DOCUMETS
 Health and Safety policy
 Safety Monitoring procedures
 Risk assessment Methodology Procedures
 Training Records
 Inspection records
 Maintenance Records
 Health Surveillance Records

Question

Give reasons why accident should be investigated by the person’s employer and Outline
information that should be included in the investigation report.

REASONS: Humane - Economic - Legal reason help organization for

• Prevention of recurrence

• Establish legal liability

• Data gathering

• Identification of trends

• Discovery of underlying causes

INFORMATION

• What happened - the loss

• How it happened - the event

• Why it happened - the causes/immediate/root

• Recommendations - corrective/preventive action

Question

Give disadvantages of carrying outa health and safety audit of an organization’s activities by:
( I ) An internal auditor; (II) An external auditor.

Advantages
Internal audits  internal audits ensure local
acceptance to implement
actions and recommendations
 The auditor often has intimate
knowledge of the hazards and
existing work practices.
 An awareness of what might
be appropriate for the industry.
 Familiarity with the workforce .
 Relatively low cost
Disadvantages
 May not possess auditing skills.
 May not be up to date with current
legislation and best practice.
 The auditor may also be responsible
for implementation of any proposed
changes and this might inhibit
recommendations because of the
effect on workload.
 May be subject to pressure from
management and time constraints.

External audits  External audits are usually
impartial; auditors will have a
range of experience of different
types of work practices.
 May be able to offer solutions
to what might be considered
unsolvable problems within.
 Not inhibited by criticism.
 Will assess the organisation’s
performance without prior bias.
 Need to plan well to identify nature
and scope of the organisation.
 Individuals may not be forthcoming, be
nervous or resistant to discussing their
workplace with an outsider.
 May seek unrealistic targets.

Question

Outline the stages of a workplace accident investigation.

1-GATHER INFORMATION MATERIALS - EQUIPMENT - ENVIRONMENT - PEOPLE

2- ANALYZE INFORMATION Immediate causes - Root causes- Personal/job Factors

3- IDENTIFY RISK CONTROL MEASURES Measures to be evaluated whether practical and be used

and be effective

4- REPORT TO THE MANAGEMENT

WHO - injured person WHEN - date & Time WHERE -Location WHAT - Type of accident

HOW - Details of event WHY - Analysis of cause RECOMMENDATION - Action to be taken

DOCUMENTATION - All related documents REFERENCE - Possible breaches of Law

Question: Outline welfare requirements that a company might need to consider
before a new office building is occupied

WELFARE REQUIREMENTS

• Drinking water
• Washing facilities
• Sanitary conveniences
• Accommodation for clothing
• Facilities for changing clothing
• Rest and eating facilities
• Seating
• Ventilation
• Temperature
• Lighting
• Cleanliness
• Workspace
Question: Outline Factors associated with physical working Environment specially to
Heat and Cold effects

WORK ENVIRONMENT

Hot Effects: - Loss of concentration - Reduced activity rate – Sweating

• Heat syncope - fainting
• Heat rash - skin disorder
• Heat exhaustion - fatigue, nausea, headache, giddiness
• Heat stroke - breakdown of control mechanisms
Cold Effects: - Loss of concentration - Reduction in manual work - Shivering
• Hypothermia---body temp fall from 37c=98.6f
• Frost nip/bite--- skin damages
• Chilblains- blood vessles on skin
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
- Increasing the distance from the temperature source
- Regular work breaks with fluid intake
- Improved ventilation and humidity control
- Provision of suitable clothing
- Screening workers and Control of working in extremes of temperature
Question: Outline Factors that may cause slips or trips at work and identify control
measures

HAZARDS

Slips, trips and falls on the same level

• Broken bones are the usual result because of following

• Poorly maintained surface - Slippery surfaces
• Inappropriate footwear - Rules not followed
• Uneven surfaces - Objects on the floor
Falls from a height
• Inadequate access to and from the workplace
 • Fragile roofs and Inadequate barriers
Collisions with moving vehicles
• Restricted space to allow for manoeuvring and passing
• Vehicles reversing into loading bays without assistance
• insufficient pedestrian warning devices fitted to vehicles
Striking by moving, flying or falling objects
• Stacking raw materials too high
• Overloading of materials on racking
• Loose materials
Striking against fixed or stationary objects
• Poorly sited machinery and furniture
• Insufficient space for storing tools and materials
• Poor lighting
CONTROL MEASURES

• Designated slip resistant and clearly marked walkways

• Ensuring high standard of housekeeping
• Providing good lighting and correct clothing,footware,PPE
• Using safety signs clealrly visible and easily understood
• Errecting Physical barriers to ensure protection for pedestrians
• showing separate pedestrian access,guarding barriers for Vehicle unloading/loading
• Providing procedures,Management rules,policy and Training
• All involved know what to do if the machine fails

Question: Identify hazards while working on a ladder and Outline the precautions
that might be taken in order to reduce the risk of injury when using stepladders.

Ladders are used for short duration of work: best is Step ladder
Hazards
Falling of the Ladder – over turning – ladder toppling from side ways - ladder base slipping out from wall
Precautions:
Daily inspection before use - Locking device in place – Fully open - Placed on Firm Ground level - Avoid side on
working – avoid over reaching Top step should not be used as a working platform (unless specifically
designed)
Control Measures:
Solid Flat base - Correct angle on rule 1:4 = 75 degree - Hands on stile and not on rungs

Question: Identify factors that increase risks of a road Traffic accident

FACTORS

1- Distance
 The greater the distance of the journey the greater the risk
2- Word schedules
 Badly organised work schedules can put increased pressure on drivers to reach on time
3- Stress due to Traffic
 Driving-related stress increase on high traffic and driving stress show itself as a 'road rage‘
 4- Weather Conditions
 Risks of driving at Sudden rainfall or snow and fog can lead to poor visibility and breaking

Question:Identify movement and non movement related hazards at workplace

transport operation

MOVEMENT RELATED HAZARDS

1- Driving too fast

• Incentives to complete work as fast as possible
• Change of direction
• Inexperienced driver
2- Reversing
• Limited vision of the driver
• Position of vehicle mirrors
• Operate steering in the opposite way
3- Overturning
• Overloading
• Cornering at excessive speed and Hitting obstructions
• Driving too close to the edges of embankments/excavations
4- Collision
• Restricted space in workplaces e.g. warehouses
• People may unexpectedly appear from a building structure
5- Poor visibility
• Loads obstruct driver’s vision
• Weather conditions and Changing light levels
6- Silent operation of Machinery
• Cannot be heard in time to avoid injury
NON MOVEMENT RELATED HAZARDS
Loading and un-loading
• There is a risk of objects falling and the load shifts becomes unstable Resulting injury or death
Securing loads
• The hazards are work at height, slippery surfaces, and manual handling hazards
Sheeting
• Risks of falling or slipping because Sheets are quite heavy
Coupling
• Most accidents during coupling involve drivers or other people being run over, hit or crushed

Question: Outline work related Driving Risk assessment and control measures

WORK RELATED DRIVING RISK ASSESSMENT

Identify Hazards: Journey - Vehicle - Driver

Who May be harmed: Driver - Vehicle

EVALUATE THE RISKS

Risk for Driver

• The level of risk is affected by the driver’s competency,fitness and Level of training
Risk for Vehicle

• Condition of vehicle have an effect on the level of risk such as active breaking systems (ABS)
Risk for Jouney

• Route being taken & Scheduling and Sufficient time allowed for travel and Weather conditions
CONTROL MEASURES

Control Measure for Driver

 Employers duty to ensure drivers competent and in good health

 Hold a valid driving licence and Regular assessments of driver competence
 LGV and PCV drivers have certificate of professional competence
For example, in UK drivers are required to undertake 35 hours of training every 5 years
Control Measures for Vehicle

• Ensure safety equipment is used, Seat belts, air bags are installed, maintained and used correctly
• Ensure Two-wheeled vehicle users have safety helmets and protective clothing
• Ensure vehicles do not exceed speed limits by fitting speed limiting devices and electronic trackers to
monitor

Control Measures for Journey

• Planning and scheduling is essential

• Realistic scheduling and Plan routes thoroughly
• Sufficient time allocated to complete journeys
• Bad weather/traffic conditions
INCIDENT REPORTING

• Record information about all incidents and Report “near misses”

• Emphasis in training on how to recognise, analyse and learn from such events
• Data provided should be analysed and Any changes or improvements noted

Question : Write meaning of DSE and state assessment of DSE work station ?

DSE is display Screen equipment used to avoid WRULD related injuries

Equipment: Screen Positioning, character definition, character stability.

Keyboard Tiltable, character legibility.
Desk Size, matt surface.
Chair Adjustable back and height, footrest available.
Environment: Noise Levels of noise not distractive.
Humidity Low humidity,less 40% Relative Humidity cause sore eyes,
Lighting Levels appropriate, contrast between surroundings
balanced.
Space Adequate for work conducted.

Person/software interface: Software Easy to use.

Work rate Not governed by software.

Monitoring Operator/user informed.
Question: Write meaning of WRLUD and its causes and identify those activities which
have increase in WRULD

MEANING

• WRULDs is a collective term for a group of occupational diseases that comprise musculoskeletal disorders
mainly disorders of parts of body Such as Muscles, joints, nerves, bones
MAIN CAUSES
WRULDs are caused by repetitive movements of the fingers ,hands or arms which involve pulling,pushing ,twisting,
lifting and hammering.these disorders occure mostly in
 OFFICES
 FACTORIES
 CONSTRUCTION SITES
Typical groups include
 PAINTERS
 DECORATORS
 DRILL OPERATORS
 DESKTOP COMPUTER USERS

Question: Identify Mechanical and Non Mechanical Hazards

MECHANICAL HAZARDS: Contact with or being caught moving parts

NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS: From Power source or things emitted by Machines

MECHANICAL HAZARDS
 Stabbing or Puncture
 Impact
 Crushing
 Sharing
 Cutting or Severing
 Entanglement
 Drawing in or Trapping
 High pressure fluid injection
 Friction

NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS

Electricity
Vibration
Hazardous substances
Ionising Radiation
Extreme temperatures
Slips Trips and Falls
Noise
Fire and Explosion
Non-Ionising Radiation
Question: Write brief note on Two hand control device and PPE TWO HANDS CONTROL
DEVICE Requires both hands to operate it and Assures that both hands kept away from dangerous parts and '2HC'

devices protect only the operator

Merits :Ensure both of operator’s hands are out of danger area when machine operated

Limitations Only protects the operator from harm and May limit speed of operation
PPE: Personal protective equipment -Eye protection -Head protection –Footwear Protective clothing-High visibility

clothing-Gloves -Ear protection for noise

Merits Provides protection against a variety of hazards

Limitations: Only protects the user and May not give adequate protection

Question: Outline the causes that could affect severity of injury from electric shock
received from a defective hand-held tool
Common causes of electric shock
Work on live circuits and Replacement of fuses/light bulbs on supposedly dead circuits
Working on de-energised circuits that accidentally become re-energised and Using electrical equipment in wet
environment
Direct shock when a person makes contact with a charged or energised conductor
Indirect shock when a person makes contact with electrical conducting material that is normally at a safe potential,
but has become dangerously live through a fault condition
Common causes of electric Burns
Direct burns - Causes a heating effect that passes through the body tissue
External burns -Creates immediate tissue damage and charring
Internal burns -Severity of damage depends upon the pathway current flows
• The pathways firstly blood vessels, nerves, muscle, then skin, and finally bone
Indirect burns when electrical discharge (an arc or spark) occurs from a high voltage system, without direct contact
with the system

Question: Outline common causes of Electrical fire and risks associated with electricity
and also Outline measures to be taken to minimize the risk using protective systems

Common causes of electrical fires

• Wiring with defects and Overheating of cables
• Too high fuse rating for the circuit and Poor connections

HIGHER RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRICITY

 Work near overhead power lines

A high proportion - fatal Lines and Lines may be hard to see at night or against bright background
 Contact with underground power cables during excavation work
Underground power cables location may be not identified Resulting in explosion and burns
 Work on mains electrical supplies (unsafe to work on live electrical equipment)
where it is necessary to work live, Make sure risk is reduced ‘so far as is reasonably practicable’
 Use of electrical equipment in wet environments
Wet conditions increase the conductivity of surrounding surfaces and Increases the risk of harm
Control Measures through protective systems
 FUSE:
 EARTHING:
 ISOLATION OF SUPPLY/electrical system
 REDUCED AND LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS
 RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES
 DOUBLE INSULATION
 BURRIED SERVICES DETECTING DEVICES

Question : Identify causes of fire and reasons why fire spread and its consequences

CAUSES
Careless actions and accidents

• ‘Hot works’ such as welding, cutting and grinding and Discarded lighted cigarette end or match
• Smouldering waste and Unattended burning of waste materials
Misusing equipment
Failure to follow servicing instructions and repair faulty machinery
Defective machinery or equipment
• Electrical short circuits when affected by heat
Deliberate ignition (arson)
• Deliberate ignition is the crime of maliciously and intentionally, For example, insurance fraud,
REASONS
• No detection system or No alarm system
• Building material waste burnt as a normal routine
• Hot working tasks conducted; burning smells ignored
• Fire doors wedged open and Holes cut for ducts or doorways
• Flammable liquids not controlled and Boxes in corridors
• Off cuts of wood and sawdust left in work areas
• Pallets and plastic covering left near to ignition sources
CONSEQUENCIES
Human harm
• Deaths and Injuries because of fire
Economic effects
• Commercial losses from fire are substantial, even workplace injury and death low
Legal effects
Article 16 of the ILO C155 sets measures relating to fire risks
Environmental effects
• Large uncontrolled fires create pollutants, such as smoke, cause damage to storage areas

Question: outline control measures for prevention of Fire

Elimination and reduction of flammable and combustible materials

IF possible employers to eliminate use of flammable materials in the workplace
• Flammable materials not in use be removed to designed store in a well ventilated area
• Control of ignition sources such as 1- Hot work 2- Welding 3- Smoking
Safe System of work
1) A safe place
2) Safe person
3) Safe materials
4) Safe equipment
5) Hot work permits
 6) Good Housekeeping
Question:Outline factors to consider for Evacuation at a workplace

• Means of escape: Stairs-Passageways-Doors-Emergency Lighting-Exit and Directional signals-Assembly

Points
• Emergency evacuation procedures in compliance with Health and safety Regulations
• Role and appointment of fire marshals
• Fire instruction notices and Fire action
• Fire training and Fire drills and Provisions for the disabled
• Escape Routes
Question:Outline factors to be considered for Fire Extinguishers and how fire
extinguishers are classified
FACTORS
Sighting
Portable fire extinguishers should always be sited:
On line of escape routes – Near but not too near, to danger points
Maintenance
• The servicing of a fire extinguisher by a competent person
Inspection
• A monthly check (inspection) should be carried out
Training
• Understanding principles of combustion/classification of fires
• Identification of various types of fire extinguisher available
• Principles of use and limitations of extinguishers
• Considerations for personal safety and the safety of others
• How to attack fires with the appropriate extinguisher(s)
CLASSIFICATION
• Water (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - red)
• Foam (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - cream)
• Dry powder (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - blue)
2
• Carbon dioxide (CO ) (portable fire extinguisher - colour code - black)
• Fire point sign/Wet chemical extinguisher- colour coded yellow)

Question:Write in brief classification of fire

FIRE CLASSIFICATION
Class A Fire involving solids - wood, paper or plastics
Class B Fires involving liquids- petrol, oil, paint, wax
Class C Fires involving gases - liquefied petroleum
Class D Fires caused by burning metals
Electrical fires electricity is often a source of ignition
Class F Fires involving cooking oils and fats
Question: Describe Forms of biological agents hazardous to health and identify
Factors to be taken into account

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

FUNGI Fungi variety of organisms that act inparasitic manner, feeding on organic matter
Example:from rotten grass called aspergilla, which causes aspergillosis (‘farmer’s lung’)
BACTERIA Bacteria are single cell organisms andcan cause diseasecalled pathogens
• Examples of harmful bacteria are: Leptospira - Bacillus anthracis - Legionella
VIRUSES Viruses are the smallest known type of infectious agent
• Examples of viruses are: Hepatitis-cause liver damage and HIV causes AIDS
FACTORS
• The form of substance and quantity
• The classification of the hazard
• The routes of entry onto and into the body
• Acute or chronic affect or both
• First signs of damage or ill-health
• Vulnerability of the people involved in the process
• The effectiveness of existing control measures
Routes of entry of hazardous substances into the bod Inhalation – Ingestion – Absorbtion - Injection
Question: Write note on 1- HIV 2- Hepatitis 3- Cement 4- Legionella 5- Leptospira 6-
Silica 7- Wood Dust

1- HIV is BBV (blood bourne Virus) It is transmitted through contact with body fluids, in particular blood,
semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk
2- Hepatitis means inflammation of liver and Two of the most common are Hepatitis B and C and are easily
transmitted through contaminated blood and for Risk Control to Ensure good personal hygiene practices
are observed and Use of equipment with built-in safety devices and Use PPE and control waste disposal
3- CEMENT:mildly corrosive cause harm AS :Skin contact - causing dermatitis
• Eye contact - causing irritation and Inhalation - causing irritation of nose/ throat
4- Legionella Legionella/Legionnaires’ disease is a type of pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila, a
bacterium
• Symptoms are aching muscles, headaches and fever also Confusion, emotional
• Greatest risk areas are from showers used for bathing, air conditioning sprays,
5- Leptospira The bacteria leptospira, spiral shaped, penetrates the skin and causes leptospirosis (Weil’s
disease)
• Rodents represent the most important reservoir of infections, especially rats dogs, foxes, pigs, Animals
carry leptospires in their kidneys and excrete it in urine
• Infection transmitted direct contact with blood, tissues, or urine
6- Sillica exists naturally as crystalline minerals A common variety is quartz
• Inhalation can result in silicosis –A form of occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline
silica dust result shortness of breath, fever, and cyanosis
7- Wood Dust is in high dust level produced in
• Machining operations - sawing, routing and Sanding, by machine and by hand
• Inhalation of dust result in fever, and headache and abdominal issues

Question:Define TWO types of radiation Identify possible effects on health and

control measures to reduce the risks of unacceptable levels of ionising radiation.

Ionising radiation is that radiation, typically alpha and beta particles and gamma and x-rays, which has sufficient
energy to produce ions by interacting with matter
Non-ionising radiation does not possess sufficient energy to cause ionisation of matter such asUltraviolet
Visible light -Infrared
IONISING RADIATIONS: ALPHA –BETA –GAMMA – XRAY- RADON
ALPHA PARTICLES
Comparatively large AND Travel short distances in dense materials, and can only just penetrate the skin
The principal risk is through ingestion or inhalation of a source, for example, radon gas emits alpha particles
The high localised energy effect will destroy associated tissue of organs affected
BETA PARTICLES
Much smaller and faster moving than alpha particles AND have longer range, so they can damage and penetrate
the skin
Beta particles less ionising and take longer to effect the same degree of damage
GAMMA PARTICLES
• Gamma radiation passing through a normal atom will sometimes force the loss of an electron, leaving the
atom positively charged Called an ion
X RAYS
X-rays are produced by sudden acceleration or deceleration of a charged particle
The electrical potential required to accelerate electrons to speeds where x-ray production will occur is a minimum
of 15,000 volts X-rays have high energy, and high penetration power through fairly dense material
Acute effects will include: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea,burns, Dermatitis, skin ulcers,
Question :Outline causes that lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress
among employees

Work-related stress is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are
not matched to their knowledge and abilities
Causes
 meaningless tasks-Unpleasant tasks anEnvironmental aspect and Lone working
 Poor communication and inflexible working schedules
 Job insecurity and Lack of promotion prospects
 Unclear or unfair performance evaluation systems
 Bullying, harassment, abuse and violence
Effects of stress
Physical effects - Increased heart rate –Headache-Dizziness-Skin rashes -infection
Behavioural effect –Irritability-Increased smoking-Poor concentration -Feeling inability
Control measures
Demand -Matching worker skills and abilities to the job demands-Provision of facilities
Control- Encouraging workers to use their skills and participation of workers
Support- Establishing policies& procedures and Ensure workers understand resources
Work relationship -Promote positive behaviour -Establish consultation-communication
Question:Identify the health effects associated with exposure to vibration;and risk
assessment

EFFECTS
Long-term, regular exposure to vibration is known to lead to permanent health effects such as: Vibration white finger,
loss of sensation, pain , arms, spine and joints Collectively known as hand arm or whole body vibration syndrome
Prolonged intense vibration transmitted to the hands and arms by vibrating tools and equipment can lead to a
condition known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVs)
Examples of risk activities
• Use of hand-held chainsaws in forestry AND hand-held rotary tools in grinding
WHOLE BODY VIBRATION
• Whole-body vibration is vibration transmitted to the entire body via the seat or the feet, or both,
often through driving or riding in motor vehicles
• WBV can cause fatigue, insomnia, stomach problems, and headaches
RISK ASSESSMENTS
• The assessment should observe work practices
• The risk assessment should be recorded as soon as is practicable
• The employers have a responsibility to assess the risks
• Establish which workers at risk and Identify sources of vibration