ELEMENT- 1

WORKPLACE HAZARD AND RISK CONTROL

Identify the welfare and work environment that should be provided at

workplace. (8)
WELFARE
● Drinking water should be provided.
● Provide with washing facilities.
● Provide with sanitary conveniences.
● Provide changing rooms for men and women.
● Provide accommodation for clothing.
● Resting and eating rooms should be provided.
● Transport facilities should be provided.
● Prayer rooms for workers should be provided.

WORK ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT

● Provided with seating facilities.
● Provide with adequate ventilation.
● Heating facilities - reasonable temperature should be maintained.
● Adequate lighting should be provided.
● Space – provide with adequate space.
● Noise - control of noise if needed.

1. “Office workers are relocate to new premises excluding welfare

facilities”

Outline the factors allocated at new workplace that should be considered

when reviewing the health and safety requirements for workers . (8)

● Consideration of access and egress with respect to new premises.

● Considering the population of workers and the activities that are being
performed.
● Space factor - workers should not collide with each other while performing
the task.
● Considering of work station with appropriate seating.
● Consideration of hazards and risks involved with new premises.
● Environmental factor - illumination, ventilation, humid and temperature,
noise etc.
● Considering the emergency arrangements such as escape routes, assembly
point with respect for new premises.
 2. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in hot
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HOT ENVIRONMENT
● Dehydration- water is lost as a result of sweating.
● Muscle cramps - as a result of salt loss through sweating.
● Heat stress - where core temperature 37oC cannot be controlled and start to
increase, causes discomfort, lethargy, headaches and fainting.
● Heat exhaustion a precursor to heat stroke.
● Heat stroke - where core temperature increases rapidly causes hallucination,
coma and death.
●
3. Identify the possible adverse health effects of working in cold
environment. (4)
HEALTH EFFECTS OF COLD ENVIRONMENT
● Hypothermia – difficult in maintaining body’s core temperature.
● Frost bite- involving in freezing of skin tissues.
● A reduction in heart rate and persistent shivering.
● Chilblains – causing redness, tingling in the affected areas.

4. Outline the precaution that should be taken to reduce the risk of

workers working in sub-zero temperature at cold store. (6), (8)
● Pre- employment screening of workers by carrying out health surveillance to
fit in cold storage areas.
● Shielding of lagging the cold surfaces including the tools.
● Provide with job specific trainings to create awareness about the use of PPE
and possible health effects.
● Restricting the time spent working in cold stores by inducing the job
rotational shifts.
● The provision of wearing thermal clothing such as under garment, jackets,
gloves, foot wear and balaclavas.
● Provide with access to warm foods and drinks during breaks.

5. Give the meaning of term work related violence. (2)

Work related violence: Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or
assaulted in any circumstances relating to their work.
6. Identify the reasons why a member of public may behave violently
towards worker. (2), (6)
● Member of public was not given enough attention to his enquiry.
● Misunderstanding between member of public and worker.
 ● Member of public might be under the state of alcohol.
● Sometimes workers have rude approach towards member of public.
● The location of worker where the work has been assign.
● The duration of time and physical appearance of worker.

7. Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of

violence at workplaces. (8)
● Provide security between public waiting areas and staff areas.
● Provide with cashless transaction such as e – payment.
● Provide with to maintain queue management information system.
● Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV both inside and outside of
premises.
● Provide with security guards specially in isolated areas such as parking areas,
and trouble spots
● Provide employee training to identify the early signs of aggression and
violence.
● Provide employees training both in terms of soft skills and self-defence.
● Develop zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol, bullying
within premises.

8. Outline the control measures that should be taken to reduce the risk of
violence in a hospital.
● High screen cash counter should be provided.
● Provide with staff escape route.
● Provide with panic alarms to notify in case of emergency.
● Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV both inside and outside.
● Provide with security guards especially in isolated areas, such as parking lots
and trouble spots.
● Provide employee training to identify the early signs of aggression and
violence.
● Provide employee training both in terms of soft skills and self – defence.
● Develop zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol, bullying
within premises.

9. Identify the two types of substance miss use at workplace. (2)

● Alcohol
● Legal or illegal drugs(Narcotics)
● Solvents(Inhalation)
10. Identify the general symptoms for the misuse of drugs and alcohol on
workers. (2), (4)
● Late attendance
● Increased absenteeism
● Poor work quality
● Reduce output
● Dishonesty
● Theft
● Mood swings
● Poor relationship

11. Outline the effective control measures that an employer should take to
reduce the misuse of the substances at workplace. (6), (8)
● By developing a zero tolerance policy for the misuse of drugs and alcohol
within premises.
● By providing competence site security to carry out frisking.
● Provision of breathe analyser within the premises to find out the possibilities
of alcohol.
● Provide with video surveillance such as CCTV especially at isolated place for
key monitoring.
● Ensure the workplaces are adequately illuminated and guarded.
● Provide with high impact intervention trainings of the misuse of substances
at workplace.

12. Outline the main causes of slip trips and fall in workplaces. (8)
● Poorly maintained surfaces or uneven surfaces.
● Slippery surfaces such as wet floor or spillages.
● Smooth surfaces such as highly polished marbles.
● Trailing cables across the walkways or doorways.
● Obstructions on the floor or pathways.
● Not wearing adequate slip resistance foot wear.
● Task factor such as improper manual handling.
● Individual factor such as lack of knowledge and training.
● Behavioural factor such as not following the rules and regulations.
● Environment factor such as inadequate illumination.
13. Outline the control measure that should be taken to reduce the risk of
slip, trips and falls. (8)
● Proper designing of site layout to prevent slip, trips and falls.
● Good housekeeping is most basic and fundamental aspect to prevent slip,
trips and falls.
 ● Providing with specific training to the workers on maintaining brisk walking.
● Usages of housekeeping requirements such as cones, caution board and
warning tapes.
● Provide with adequate slip resistance foot wear.
● Emphasize on avoiding carrying combustion objects while walking.
● Provision of adequate illumination within premises.

14. Outline precaution that should be considered to prevent accident to

children who may be tempted to gain access to a construction site. (8)
● Provide with competed security and ensure that all the entrances and exits
are adequately chained and guarded.
● Provide with high perimeter fencing across the construction site to keep the
children away from construction hazard.
● Provide with video surveillances for key monitoring.
● Ensure the heavy equipment are parked in the designated areas.
● Ensure the material is unloaded within the compound of site.
● Notification has to be issued within the vicinity to create awareness about
construction hazards.

15. Identify the hazard access fragile and pitched marbles.

● Fragile roof material
● Roof edges
● Slippery, sloping roof surface
● Materials falling from roof
● Manual handling
● Contact with overhead electricity cables
● Hot bitumen

16. An activity taking place and work at height cannot be carried out from
an existing permanent workplace.
A) Identify suitable work equipment that could be used in order to help
reduce the risk of people falling from height. (4)
● Fixed scaffolds
● Mobile tower crane scaffold
● MEWP platform
● Ladders and suspended scaffolds

B) Outline the circumstances that could require a worker to be rescued

when working at height. (6)
 ● Rescue of those workers who has fallen from height got protected by full
body harness.
● Rescue of those workers who fallen from height but got protected from
safety net.
● Rescue of those workers when MEWP got struck in raised position.
● Rescue of those workers who got collapsed on the scaffold due to high
temperatures or due to acrophobia.
● Rescue of those workers on scaffold which got collapsed and protected by
guardrail system.

C) Outline the precaution that could help reduce risk of falling materials
when work is being carried out at height. (10)
● Employers must ensure that no objects is thrown or tipped from height
● Materials must be stocked and stored in such a way that they don’t
collapse and roll over.
● Areas that have risk of falling objects due to the work process must have
measure to prevent unauthorized entrance.

17. “Periodic maintenance on a large item of machinery will require

workers to work at height.” (8)
A) Outline the factors to be considered in order to assess working at
height risk.
● The nature and duration of task.
● Considering the access to carry out the work on machinery.
● Considering the competency of the people.
● Considering the energy sources with respect to machinery maintenance.
● Conceding on contact with overhead power lines, pipes, beams.
● Environmental factor such as illumination, humid, ventilation etc.
● Considering the usage of equipment and falling objects.
● Considering the legal compliances with respect to maintenance.

B) Identify the three types of objects that could fall and hit a person
below when work is carried out at height. (2)
● Machinery items or materials.
● Tools and equipment
● Debris
● PPE

C) Outline the reason why accident may occur on stairs. (4)

● Poor design of staircases, for e.g. - too step or too narrow.
 ● In adequate illumination for carrying objects.
● Slippery cases on stairs.
● Not using handrail system especially in ascending and descending.

D) Identify the ways in which accident can be preventing on the stair.

(4)
● The design of stairs is well and equal level in sizes.
● Regular housekeeping regimes
● Adequate lighting on the stairs
● Eliminate materials or objects likely to cause tripping
● Eliminate the storage location of materials in pedestrian

18. Identify the factor that an employer considered when selecting the
personal head protection to use for worker. (4), (6)
● The nature of the work
● The compatibility with other PPE
● The need involved chain strap or screw tie.
● The impact resistant
● Considering the legal compliances.

19. Identify the hazard associated with the use of step ladders and outline
precautions of them. (4), (4)
HAZARD
● Falls from height
● Tripling side ways

PRECAUTION

● Daily inspection before use

● Legs fully open
● Locking devices in place
● Firm and level ground
● Don’t work of top two step
● Avoid side on working
● Avoid over reaching

20. SCAFFOLD
Scaffold is the temporary structure use to support people and material in the
construction and repair of buildings and other large structure.
 21. Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the scaffolds
should be inspected. (4)
● Scaffolds should be inspected after the erection and before the first use.
● Subsequent to any alteration or modification.
● Subsequent to any event that may have reduced stability of the scaffolding
such as being hit by a moving vehicle.
● Subsequent to any adverse weather conditions such as rainfall, high wind etc.
● At a regular intervals of 7 days.

22. Identify the reasons why a scaffold may collapse. (8)

● Overload work on platform
● Scaffold built on soft ground without use of adequate sole boards
● Scaffold not tied adequately to building
● Insufficient bracing incorporated into scaffold
● Standards not upright
● High winds
● Incorrect couplers used to join tubes together
● Scaffold struck by mobile plant
● Scaffold erected by incompetent workers
● Scaffold not inspected prior to use
● Soil erosion at the base.

“An independent tied scaffold is to be erected on a building in a busy town

centre location”
23. Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk of injury
to the member of public during erection and the use of scaffold. (8)
● Provision of barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and
egress prior to erection work.
● Provide with FOPS to reduce the risk to members of public during the
erection and the use of scaffold from falling objects.
● Provide with tool linnet for scaffolders during erection.
● Limiting the usage of material on scaffold working platform and ensure the
material is centred and secured.
● Provision of safety nets for the accumulation of falling objects.
● Ensure there are no wide gaps on the scaffold platform.
● Ensure scaffold is equipped with guardrails and toe boards.
● It possible designs separate pathways for movement of people
“Maintenance workers are replacing fluorescein tubes on the roof space of
busy warehouse using MEWPs”
24. Identify the possible hazard associated with the task. (10)
● Working at height with possibilities of falling from height.
● Coming in contact with overhead cranes or structures.
● Coming in contact with electrical fittings, leads to electrocution.
● Possibility to collision with moving forklift.
● Instability of MEWPs can result in overturning.
● Possibilities of entrapment hazard.
● Possibility of falling object.
● Possibility of musculoskeletal disorder to worker.
● Environmental hazard such as humidity, temperature, in sufficient lighting
and exposer of dust.

25. Identify eight safe working practices for the use of mobile tower
scaffold. (8)
● Guardrail fitted to the work platform
● Tower must not be overloaded
● Wheels should be locked when the tower is in use
● Tower must be sited on firm, level ground
● People and materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved
● Care should be taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved
● Outriggers should be used where necessary to ensure stability
● People should not climb up the outside of the tower
● Tower must be built by trained workers

26. Outline measures to be taken to ensure the safety of maintenance

workers and others who may be affected by the work. (10)
● Notification has to be issued within organisation.
● By placing of MEWP on firm and stable ground.
● Barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and egress.
● The work should be done in unsocial hours.
● Competent workers should be appointed.
● Out rigger should be fully extended.
● Provision of guardrail.
● Carry limited material on the platform.
● Toe boards should be provided.
● Overhead crane should be isolated.
● High impact training should be provided to workers.
 MEWP

Precautions
● Firm and stable ground
● Clearance of obstructions and overhead
● Barriers to exclude vehicles etc.
● Guardrails
● Control inside the cradle

27. Outline the possible hazard associated with demolition work. (8)
● Premature collapse of building.
● Falling from height and risk of manual handling.
● Vehicles may collide with pedestrians.
● Live overheads – contact with power lines.
● Buried services – damage to underground buried services or utilities.
● Asbestos – presence of sharp objects, grasses, planters etc.
- Presence of ACM and PCB

● Physical hazards such as noise, dust and vibration.

● Presence of flammables can lead to fire and explosion.
● Biological hazards such as stagnant water and termites.

28. Outline the control measures should be taken for demolition works. (8)
● Structural surveys should be carried out by competent person to find out the
strength and stability of building.
● Barricading and signage to prevent unauthorised access and egress.
● Isolation of overhead power lines and underground utilities.
● Careful removal of combustibles with the use of elephant trunk.
● Careful removal of ACM and PCBs.
● Use of sprinkler system to separate dust.
● Eliminate working at height if it is possible or provide the means of
preventive fall.
● Provision of PPE to the workers.
● Emergency procedures such as fire fighting, medical assistant and ERT.

EXCAVATION
An excavation is any man made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the earth’s
surface formed by earth removal. This can include for anything.
29. “A three meters deep trench has to dig up across car parking”
A) Identify the hazards associated with task. (10)
● The possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavation
● Collapse of the sides walls
● Contact with buried services
● Ingress of water
● Build- up of fumes or being struck by falling materials
● Biological hazards such as leptospirosis

B) For the above hazards identify or outline the control measures to reduce
the risk during this activity. (10)
● Use of excavation support to prevent the collapse of the side walls
● Barriers may be required to protect edge of an excavation to prevent falls of
people, materials, and vehicles.
● Crossing points in an excavation should be at designed points and be of
sound construction to support all types of vehicles and equipment.
● Lighting and warning signs warn of the presence of an excavation.
● Positioning and routing of vehicles, plant & equipment should be carefully
considered to prevent object falling into excavation.
● Identification and marking of buried services.
●
30. “Excavating near underground utilities.”
A) Outline precaution required to avoid to risk of contact with
underground services. (4)

●
●

B) – Outline precautions when working in vicinity of power head lines. (4)

ELEMENT- 2
TRANSPORT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
1. Outline the activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving
that could result in risk of injury. (4), (6)
● Maintenance work which requires workers to lift manual handle of heavy
parts of vehicle.
● Risk of musculoskeletal disorder which requires workers to adopt awkward
postures during maintenance activity.
● Falls from height during securing and sheeting of loads.
● Crush injuries during coupling and attaching trailers.
 ● Possibility to getting trapped and crushed during tipping operations.

2. Identify the reasons why vehicles may not be able to stop effectively.
(4), (6)
● Driver error E.g. - driving too fast.
● Environmental condition e.g. - mud on the road.
● Mechanical failure e.g. - Brakes fail
● Skid
● Collision
● Over turn of the vehicle.

3. Outline the factors that may lead to pedestrians being hit by a moving
vehicle in a workplace. (8)
● Lack of designated walkways for pedestrians.
● Poor visibility at the workplace.
● No safety signage (ill defined)
● Ill define traffic rules at the workplace.
● Incompetency of the driver.
● Mechanical failure such as brakes fail.
● Presence of trouble spots.
● Over speed of the vehicle.
● Poor maintenance of the vehicle.
● Overloading the vehicle.

4. Identify the reasons that could cause a forklift truck to overturn. (6)

● Cornering whilst being driven too fast.

● Uneven loading of the forks
● Driving over potholes
● Driving with the load elevated, especially cornering
● Uneven tyre pressure
● Driving across a slope rather than straight up/down
● Excessive braking
● Collision, especially with kerbs.

5. Identify the factors that may increase the risk of collision of forklift
within a workplace. (8)
FACTOR INCREASING RISK OF COLLISIONS
● Driving too fast
● Inadequate lighting
 ● Reversing without the help of a banks man
● Blind spots such as corners and entrances.
● Bad weather conditions e.g. - rain
● Obstructed visibility e.g.- overloaded forklift truck
● Poor design of pedestrian walkways and crossing points.
● Lack of vehicle maintenance.

“A vehicle traffic routes needs to be established on construction site. “

6. Outline the measures that should be considered for suitable traffic
routes. (8)
● A standard layout of the route considering the volume of traffic.
● Be constructed of tarmac, concrete or suitable material.
● Considering one way system or drive inn - drive out layout which would
eliminate reversing operation.
● Clear, well marked and sign posted traffic routes.
● Have firm and even surfaces and be properly drained.
● Managing blind spots and avoiding slip slopes or gradients.
● Slip slopes, if they are unavoidable, should be properly sign posted.
● Environmental measures such as adequate illumination, housekeeping and
tidy roads.
● Provision of traffic co-ordinator to co-ordinate between pedestrian and
vehicle movements.
● Segregation of pedestrians and vehicles movement have to be considered by
providing barricading.

7. Identify the factors to be considered for the workplace environment

within the workplaces. (8)
● Vehicle free zones
● Pedestrian free zones
● Traffic route layout
● Segregation
● Marked walkways
● Good visibility
● High visibility clothing
● Maintained roads/ path ways
● Avoid gradients
● Signage
● Separate access point
 8. Outline markings, warnings and signs that could be used to reduce the
risk of vehicle accidents at workplace. (8)
MARKINGS
● Any structure that represents height or width restriction should be readily
identifiable by people and vehicle drivers. This will include low beams,
bridges, pipes etc.
● The markings can be by means of attaching hazard types or painting to
structure to highlight the hazard.

WARNING
● Warning can be audible or visual or the combination of each.
● The warnings are used to warn people in a area such as flashing beacon lights
or reversing alarm of a forklift truck.
● The warnings are designed to alert people so that they can put themselves in
the position of safety.
SIGNS
● Sign provide the information about the speed limits, traffic routes and
hazards on site
● Signs are used to direct vehicle around the workplaces and safe distances.

9. Identify the measures to be taken to reduce the risk of accident from

reversing vehicles in a workplace. (8)
● Provide drive inn – drive out layout which would eliminate reversing
operation.
● Ensuring reversing operation carried out in the designated areas.
● Ensure the availability of banks men for safe reversing operation.
● Ensure the vehicle is equipped with rare view camera, reversing alarm,
flashing beacon and approximates sensing devices.
● Use portable radios or similar communication system.
● Ensure the reversing areas are adequately illuminated and sign posted.

10. Identify the precautions to be taken when leaving a forklift truck

attendant. (6)
● Forklift should be parked in designated parking areas.
● Ensure the forks are resting on the floor and most should be lifted slightly
forward.
● Ensure the forklift is not obstructing any emergency and fire fighting
equipment.
● Ensure the all controls are in neutral position.
● Ensure the hand brake is applied and hand over the keys to responsible
person.
 11. Outline how a driver can be protected from injury in the event of
overturn of a forklift truck. (2)
The role over protection structure (ROPS) is a cab or frame that provides a safe zone for the
forklift operator from being crushed in the event of overturning of forklift truck.

12. Identify the checks should be carried by the operators when inspecting
the forklift before the shift. (4), (6)
● Tyre pressure
● Parking breaks and service breaks
● Steering
● Fuel, oil and water system leak free
● Battery and charges
● Lifting and tilting system / hydraulics
● Audible warning
● Lights and mirrors

13. Identify three practical measures to segregate to pedestrian and vehicles

at workplace. (3)
● Barricading or physical barriers
● Foot over bridges
● Crossing points

14. Identify the measures to reduce the risk of pedestrian when the
segregation is not practicable. (5)
● Marking the work areas and indicating the main routes followed by vehicles
such as forklift truck.
● Provision of traffic co-ordinator who can co-ordinate the traffic.
● Workers can be made to wear high visibility clothing.
● Audible warning signals on vehicles while taking a reverse.
● Loud horn systems to be used at turns.
● Cameras and warning systems to indicate the presence of pedestrians on the
path.

15. Identify the control measures that could be implemented to minimize

the risk to pedestrians when vehicles are manoeuvring. (8)
● Marking the work areas and indicating the main routes followed by vehicles
such as forklift truck.
● Provision of traffic co-ordinator who can co-ordinate the traffic.
 ● Workers can be made to wear high visibility clothing.
● Audible warning signals on vehicles while taking a reverse.
● Loud horn systems to be used at turns.
● Cameras and warning systems to indicate the presence of pedestrians on the
path.
● Barricading or physical barriers
● Foot over bridges
● Crossing points

16. Outline the factors that should be considered when assessing the risk of
road traffic incidents while driving at work. (8)
THE DRIVER
● The level of training the driver has received that may effect the need to carry
out additional training to perform the duty safely.
● Drivers level of health influence the ability to see well when driving at night,
and their ability to drive excessive distances with taking appropriate break.
● The pre health condition of the driver such as back injury, late term
pregnancy could also influence driver’s ability to concentrate.
● The driver’s bad habits such as consumption of drugs and alcohol before and
during the journey and usage of mobile.

THE VEHICLE
● The condition of vehicle such as poor brakes, light and suspension will
influence high risks in any driving situation.
● The ergonomic consideration have an effect on both comfort and abilities to
control the vehicle.
● Lack of safety equipment within the vehicle may also influence significant
risk.
THE JOURNEY
● Routes – motorways are safer than smaller roads which can reduce the risk.
● Schedule – if the journey is to be made early in the morning or late night
might increase level of risk due to tiredness.
● Distance – driving excessive distance without appropriate breaks may
increase the level of risk.
● Weather condition – the weather condition may rapidly increase the level of
risk such as high winds, rainfall etc.

17. Outline the rules that should be included and work related road safety
policy for workers to follow while driving their own vehicle at work on
public roads. (8)
● All the drivers must have current and valid driving licence.
 ● The vehicle must carry a comprehensive insurance to drive at work.
● All the drivers have to undergo statutory trainings such as defence driving
training.
● Plan the journey in advance to avoid congestion and traffic delays.
● Do not drive continuously more than 2 hours without a break for at least 15
minutes.
● Emphasize on not to use of mobile phones or any hands free equipment
while driving.
● Ensure the vehicle meets the safety standards.
● Emphasize on not to use drugs and alcohol before and during the journey.

18. Outline how the organisation can monitor the driving performance of
the managers. (8)
● The checking the current and valid driving licence.
● By checking their competency and level of experience of driving.
● By monitoring the level of fitness through health surveillance.
● By installing IVMS such as speed radar at workplaces.
● By reviewing their incident records and enforcement actions.

ELEMENT- 3
MUSCULOSKELETAL HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

1. Give the meaning of term WRULD. (2)

WRULDs are work related musculoskeletal disorders that mainly affect the neck,
shoulders, forearms, elbows, wrists, hand and fingers.
Tendonitis, carpal tunnel syndromes, vibration white finger

2. Give the meaning of term musculoskeletal disorder. (2)

Musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs) can affect the body’s muscle, joints, tendons, ligaments
and nerves. E.g. - back pain
3. Identify the occupational that would cost WRULDs. (4)
● Keyboard operators or office staff
● Factory workers assembly small components
● Brick laying workers
 ● Supermarket checkout staff
● Slaughter house staff
● Barbers

4. Give the meaning of term Ergonomics. (2)

Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human
body, its movements and its interaction abilities.

5. Outline the possible causes of WRULDs. (6)

● The work which requires a worker to adopt awkward postures while
carrying out a task.
● The work in which forces are involved or physical actions.
● The work which is repetitive or monotonous in nature.
● Environmental aspects such as temperature, humid will directly affect the
workers ability to carry out their task with their comfort.
● Physical characteristics of the equipment which encourages poor
postures.
● The work which involves over reaching, side reaching while initiating the
task with space constraints.

6. Outline the measures that should be considered to minimize the risk of

WRULDs. (6)
● The design of work stations which fits the human capacity and the needs
of individual thereby promoting effectiveness.
● The design of working systems which does not exceed physical capability
and mental wellbeing thereby promoting comfort.
● Considering the physical characteristics of the individual such as height,
weight and level of fitness.
● Providing with ergonomically design tools and equipment
● Eliminate the need of overreaching, reaching up, reaching down and
stooping movements by providing training to create awareness.
● Controlling extended work hours by introducing job rotational shifts.
● Maintaining comfortable and steady temperature to carry out their work
with comfort.

7. Identify the possible factor that could contribute for the development of
WRULDs effecting supermarket checkout workers. (8)
● The work which requires a worker to adopt awkward postures while
carrying out a task.
● The work in which forces are involved or physical actions.
 ● The work which is repetitive or monotonous in nature.
● Environmental aspects such as temperature, humid will directly affect the
workers ability to carry out their task with their comfort.
● Physical characteristics of the equipment which encourages poor
postures.
● The work which involves over reaching, side reaching while initiating the
task with space constraints.

8. Identify the factors to be considered in an ergonomic assessment to DSE

work station. (8)
● Screen
- Well defined, clearly formed
- Free of reflective glare
● Keyboard
- Separate
- Matt surface
● Small components
- Mouse – resting on wrist test
- Web camera
● Work desk
- Large, low reflectance
● The chair
-
● Work environment
- Adequate illumination and steady temperature

9. Identify the possible risk to health that may be caused by poor

ergonomic design of computer work station. (4)
● WURLDs
● Eye strain
● Back pain
● Fatigue
● Stress

10. Identify the typical symptoms by WRULDs. (4)

● Numbness in the fingers and arm pain.
● Tingling sensation to hands.
● Pain and stiffness in the joint and affected areas.
● Tendonitis
 ● The pinch in the medium nerves causes pain and tingling called carpal
ton syndromes.

11. Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for DSE

workstation. (8)
● Appropriate for the job being performed and for the height of the work
table
● Adjustable seat height, back rest height and back rest tilt.
● No excess pressure on under side of thighs and back of knees.
● Allow the worker to lean forward or backward easily.
● Adequate leg room under the work table for postural change.
● Provide with a footrest or feet should stay flat on the floor.
● Chair should have five legs for stability.
● Good lumber support
● Seat should curve slightly downward at the front edge.
● Comfortable not to prevent the worker from getting close enough to the
work table.
● Chairs should be covered with a breathable fabric to prevent slipping of
chair.

12. Identify the types of injuries caused by improper manual handling. (4)
EXTERNAL INJURIES
● Cuts, lacerations, bruise, crush injuries
INTERNAL INJURIES
● Tears, hernias, slipped discs, trapped nerves, muscle strain

13. Outline the factors you need to consider when carrying out an
assessment of manual handling. (8)
THE LOAD
● Weight of the load
● Size of the load
● Shape of the load
● Rigidity of the load
● Outside surface
● Stability of the load
THE INDIVIDUAL
● Does this activity requires physical strengths, size of an individual or
technique.
● Does this activity pose any risk to vulnerable such as young person and
pregnant woman.
 ● Does this activity pose any risk to people may have previous injuries or
existing health problem.
THE TASK
● At what height the load is being lift.
● Distance and duration of task.
● Does the task is repetitive in nature.
● Does the task involves twisting or stopping movements
● Rate of work imposed on individual
● Does the task involves jerky or jolting movements
THE ENVIRONMENT
● The adequate lighting in the work area
● Ventilation
● Temperature
● Weather
● Obstacles
● Floor conditions
● Space available

14. Identify four mechanical methods a transporting a load that would

eliminate manual handling. (4)
● Forklift
● Cranes
● Trolley
● Hoist
● Material conveyor

15. Outline the control measures to be taken to minimize the risk to

workers carrying out manual handling activities. (8)
● Reduce the risk of manual handling through team lifting.
● Use of mechanical aids such as trolleys, cage truck etc.
● Modify the process such as load, task and environment
LOAD
- Split the load into two halves and provide with adequate markings and
warnings.
- Additional packaging to maintain consignment.
- Provide with adequate grips to execute the load.
TASK
- Planning of load at appropriate height that would eliminate
stooping movements.
 - Reducing distances and duration by introducing job rotational
shifts.
ENVIRONMENT
- Provide with adequate illumination, ventilation, even surfaces
and remove obstructions from pathways.
- Maintaining steady temperatures
● Ensure the individual capabilities are matching the activities.

16. Identify the appropriate lifting techniques that could be adopted by

individual when transporting a load by manual handling. (6)
CORRECT MANUAL HANDLING TECHNIQUES
● Assess / lock at the load
● Foot position
● Band knee/ back straight (natural position)
● Test the load / firm grip/ head up
● Left with legs/ load close to trunk
● Move with load close to body
● Put down with care, avoid twisting

17. Identify the possible hazards associated with manually operated

handling equipment. (4)
● Manual handling hazard due to pulling / pushing
● Fall of load due to instability
● Loss of control during movement (Up/down/across)
● Poor parking causing obstructions
● Striking on pedestrians during manoeuvring.
● Trapped feet under wheels or load.

Manually operated handling equipment – Controls

● Avoid uneven grounds and slope
● Use of ramps over steps
● Observe SWL
● Use brakes of the truck when truck is stationary
● Use safety boots.

“A mobile crane has been permitted to use on a construction site”

18. Identify checks that the operator should carry out before lifting
operation. (8)
● Ground condition where crane has to set up.
 ● Position of the crane and the boom radius.
● Obstructions such as overhead power lines.
● Checking of possible wind speed for lifting operations.
● Assessing the load including the dimensions.
● Lading area and the obstruction on the pathways.
● Inspection of lifting accessories.
● Load estimation such as SWL – safe work load, charts and load indicators.

19. Outline the possible reasons why cranes may collapse. (6), (8)
● Unsuitable support or inadequate base for crane
● Incorrect positioning of crane, e.g. on soft ground. Too far away from load
● Overloading, e.g. collapse bending of jib due to overloading
● Improper methods of use crane, e.g. use in high winds
● Incorrect signals by the signaller (banks man)
● Ground bearing capacities, position of basements, weather conditions

20. Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of battery powered
forklift and identify the precautions necessary in each case. (8)
● Charging batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive, the provision of
dedicated charging stations with adequate ventilation.
● Batteries contain dilute sulphuric acid, which is corrosive, Need to be
providing wear personal protective equipment such as gloves and eye
protection.
● Batteries are extremely heavy and present a manual handling risk, to
provide suitable lifting facilities.
● The possibilities of electric shock, burns or fire through the shorting of
battery leads, Protect against this adequate insulation, a correct
connection procedures.
● Battery powered vehicle can be very quiet or almost silent, increasing the
risk of collision with pedestrian, The delineation of traffic routes, the
wearing of high visibility clothing by pedestrians and sounding on the
truck warning device by drivers when work carry on.

“A mobile hoist is to be used in a hospital in order to lift patients from bed

and transfer them into a bath which is located illusion.
21. Outline the control measures that should be considered to reduce the
risk. (8)
● The provision of escort to help patients seating in mobile hoist.
● Proper care should be taken while navigating the patients especially
around bends and slopes in corridors and doorways.
 ● Ensure the navigation route is free from obstructions and other
disturbances.
● Make sure the hoist wheel is locked before loading and unloading the
patients to avoid unnecessary movement of the hoist.
● Ensure the footwear worn satisfies the task requirements and prefer only
the non- slip soles and low heels to prevent slips and trips while
transferring patients.
● Ensure the hoist is not used to transport patient over long distances.
● Periodically check the battery level of the hoist so as to avoid the risk of
loss of power while transferring patients.
● Ensure the battery charging of hoist is carried out in a well-ventilated
designated area to avoid trip hazard and electrical short circuit.
● Place the hoist in a designated storage area if not in use.

“A conveyor system is used in a factory to transfer manufacturer

articles to warehouse area.”
22. Outline the control measures to be taken to help reduce the risk of
injury to workers. (8)
● The erection of barriers to keep workers away from the conveyor.
● Warning alarms or sirens to alert people that the belt is about to start
moving.
● Guarding of moving parts to prevent drawing in and entanglements
● The provision of emergency stop buttons for the system conveniently
situated and easily accessible.
● Controlling lose clothing and long hair, e.g. by the use of overalls and
hairnets in the workplace.
● Information, instruction and training for operators
● Maintenance by authorised person only to ensure safe running
● The power supply to the conveyer is disconnected or locked off before
and after start work.

“A workshop has over head crane for lifting and transporting

loads.”
23. Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers during lifting
and transporting the load. (8)
● Ensuring the crane or lifting device is of the correct type of the job and
terrain that is strong and stable.
● Ensuring that the load to be lifted is within the safe lifting capacity of the
crane
● Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators
 ● Providing a banks man to give direction to crane operator, with good
communication between driver and other operator.
● Ensuring that safety devices such as overload indicators.
● Using PPE such as hard hats, steel toe-cap boots & high visibility clothing

ELEMENT- 4
WORK EQUIPMENT HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

1. Hazards of maintenance of work equipment

● Guards and enclosures removal
● Safety devices removed or disabled
● Power source exposed
● Stored power released
● Access awkward
● Manual handling of heavy parts
● Additional hazard eg- power tools

2. Outline the precautions to be taken for the routine maintenance of

machinery. (6)
● Maintenance work should only be carried out by competent staff.
● Implementation of SSOW such as risk assessment and PTW.
● Power sources should be isolated and physically locked off.
● Stored power should be released or secured to prevent accidental
discharge.
● If dangerous moving parts are accessed
- Run at very low speed
 - Fit purpose made maintenance guards
● Where power cannot be isolated additional precaution are required.
- Cover live parts with insulating material
- Use additional PPE.
● Precaution for safe access
● Use manual handling aid.

3. Outline the control measures to reduce the risk to workers when

using hand held non- power tools. (8)
● Ensure tools are made of suitably quality materials.
● Select correct tools for the job
● Prior inspection before every use
● Do not use screw driver as chisel
● Do not use flat screw driver to remove Philips screw
● Do not use damage tools
● Discarding or prompt repair of defective tools.
● Use of brose hammers to prevent spark
● Proper maintenance and storage
● Information, Instruction, Training and supervision
● Use appropriate PPE

4. SAFE USE OF HAND –HELD POWERED TOOLS

● Do not carry tools by cord
● Never pull the cord to disconnect
● Keep cord away from heat
● Disconnect when not in use
● Keep observers at safe distance
● Secure work with clamps
● Avoid accidental starting
● Use RCDs on electrical tools
● Maintain good footing and balance
● Inspect and maintain tools
● Wear appropriate PPE.

“An employer has installed a new item of machinery “

5. Outline the factor to be considered before the machine is put into
use. (8)
● Considering that the machinery is adequately secured and footed.
● Considering the machinery is equipped with adequate guarding and
emergency controls.
 ● Considering all the potential hazards associated with machinery before its
use.
● Considering the space around the machinery so that workers should not
collide with each other.
● Considering the competency of the operator and the needs for formal
training with respect to legislative requirements.
● Considering the development of safe working procedure before the
machinery is put into use.
● Environmental aspects needs to be considered such as temperature,
illumination, ventilation etc.
6. MECHANICAL HAZARD
ENTANGLEMENT
● Machinery which grips loose clothing, hair or working materials such as
emergency paper.
TRAPPING/ DRAWING IN
● Trapped between running gear wheels or rollers or between belts and
pulley drives.
SHEARING
● Shears part of the body typically hands or fingers between moving and
fixed parts of the machine or between two moving parts.
CRUSHING
● Trapped between moving part of machine and fixed structure such as wall
or any material in a machine.
IMPACT
● A moving object or part directly strikes a person

STABBING/ PUNCTURE
● Through ejection of particles from a machine or sharp operating
components forced to the skin.
FRICTION/ABRESION
● Contact with grinding wheels or sanding machine
CUTTING /SEVERING
● Contact with cutting edge such as saw or rotating disc.
EJECTION
● High pressure fluid leakage from hydraulic system

7. Outline the possible hazards associated with photocopier. (4)

● Contact with moving parts during maintenance.
● Risk of electrocution due to faulty wirings.
● Heat burn due to contact with hot parts of machine
 ● Health hazard due to cartridge or toners.
● Manual handling by carrying heavy rings of paper
● Radiation sickness

“Documents have been to collect into sacks and are been individual
destroyed using a document shredder.”
8. Identify the mechanical or non- mechanical hazards associated with
task. (10)
● Drawing in between rotating cutters when feeding the papers.
● Contact with rotating cutters during cleaning the jam.
● Possibilities of cutting during shredding process.
● Heat burns due to contact with hot parts during cleaning the jam.
● Electrical hazards through faulty plug or wiring
● Possibilities of musculoskeletal disorders due to prolong standing and
awkward postures during shredding process.
● Risk of manual handling due to carrying sacks of documents.
● Possibilities of fire in the presence of ignition sources.
● Possible exposure through dust during shredding
● Exposure to noise and vibration.

9. Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risk to worker

during task. (10)
● Provide with fixed guard which surrounds the cutter with restricted
access paper only, which prevents fingers reaching the danger parts.
● Emphasize to switch off the machine when waste bin is empty.
● Provide with trip device to start the machine automatically when the
paper fed in.
● Provide with general ventilation system to prevent accumulated dust
● Restricting the use of documents to trained or competent person.
● Emphasize on pre-use checks and inspection prior to work.
● Provision of seating facilities and steady temperature to minimize the risk
of MSDs.
● Controls to prevent the exposure from noise and vibration such as PPE
● Provision of mechanical aid such as trolley to minimise the risk of manual
handling.

“A portable electric sander is being used in a production area of a

factory.”
10. Identify the possible hazards that may be present. (4)
● Abrasion or friction due to running wheels.
 ● Risk of electrocution due to faulty wiring.
● Possibilities of MSDs due to awkward postures.
● Exposure to noise and dust during the activity
● Possibilities of fire in the presence of ignition sources.

11.Outline the precautions that could be taken to reduce the risk. (4)
● Provide with LEV to control the accumulation of dust during sanding
process.
● Restricting the use of sanding machine to trained person.
● Emphasize on proper positioning of body while initiating the task.
● Emphasize to avoid loose clothes.
● Provision of PPE such as goggles, respirator, and abrasion free gloves.

“A portable electric drill is being used on a building site.”

12. Other than electricity, identifies four hazards associated with the use
of drill machine. (4)
● Possibilities of entanglement
● Stabbing injuries due to sharp drill bit.
● Ejection of particles during drilling process.
● Contacting with chuck resulting in operation.
● Possible exposure of noise, dust and vibration.

13. Outline the precautions that could reduce the risk to worker. (4)
● Avoiding wearing loose clothes
● Ensure the drill bit inserted properly into chuck and lock with chuck key.
● Ensure the trailing cable is secured.
● Provide with appropriate PPE such as glasses, gloves etc.

14. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench top
grinder. (4)
● Abrasion due to contact with rotating wheel.
● Cutting and shivering
● Bursting of wheels, ejection and puncture.
● Fire burns
● Noise
● Electrical

15. Identify eight type of non- mechanical hazard associated with use of
machinery. (8)
● Dust
 ● Noise
● Vibration
● Fire
● Chemical
● Radiation
● Biological
● Manual handling
● Electrical

16. Identify four mechanical hazards associated with the use of pedestal
drill. (4)
● Entanglement around rotating spindle.
● Contact with cutting drill.
● Stabbing or puncture
● Drawing in

17. Identify the possible hazards associated with cylinder mower. (4)
● Trapping typically hands or fingers
● Contact and entanglement
● Drawing in between chain and sprocket
● Impact and cutting injuries
● Burns from hot parts
● Fire
● Noise
● Fumes
● Electrical hazards

“A worker uses petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside verges. ”

18. A) Identify the possible hazards associated to the worker. (10)
● Entanglement with rotating part of motor and shaft.
● Cutting from contact with rotating cutting heads and bled.
● Burns from hot part of engine.
● Fire due to presence of highly flammable liquid such as petrol.
● Manual handling strain due to prolong wearing of strimmer.
● Health hazard due to animal faeces.
● Health hazard due to inhalation of dust.
● Possible exposure to noise, vibration etc.
● Eye and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles.
● Exposure to temperature and risk of collision.
19.B) Identify the items of PPE that should be provided and used by
worker. (5)
● Eyes and face protection such as goggles and ear plugs.
● Repertory and nose mask.
● Gloves
● Safety shoes
● Helmet

20.C) Outline the control measures other than PPE might be considered.
(5)
● Ensure the rotating parts of the engine are adequately guarded.
● Avoid wearing loose clothes.
● Rotating cutting head or bled should be enclosed with partial guards.
● Refuelling should be done in well-ventilated area.
● Reducing exposure of manual handling strain, noise and vibration by
introducing rotational shifts.
● Provision for isotonic drink working in hot environment if needed.

21. Outline the possible hazards and risk to which a worker could be
exposed when cutting down a tree using a petrol driven chain saw.
(8)
● The kick back can result in serious injuries or even death.
● Serious cutting by contact with high speed cutting chain.
● Coming contact with hot parts of the engine resulting in burns.
● Inadequate maintenance of chain saw may cause chain to break resulting
in severe injury.
● Eyes and face puncture wounds due to ejected particles during cutting a
tree.
● Contact with overhead power lines and risk of fall from height.
● Exposure to wood dust resulting in nozzle cancer.
● Possibility of hit by falling branches.
● Ergonomical hazards due to awkward posture.
● Physical hazards such as noise and vibration result in hand arm vibration
syndromes.

22. Outline the possible hazards associated with the use of cement
mixers. (8)
● Contact and entanglement with moving parts of the motor.
● Drawing-in between chains and sprocket drives.
 ● Cursing between loading hopper and drum
● Eye injury from splashing cement starry.
● Burns
● Fires
● Electrical hazards
● Noise
● Cement dust

23. Identify the possible hazards associated with the use of bench
mounted circular saw. (4)
● Drawing-in between chain and sprocket.
● Contact with blade.
● Ejection of work piece.
● Contact and entanglement
● Noise
● Wood dust

24. Other than guard, outline four control measures to reduce the risk to
worker to by using bench mounted circular saw. (4)
● Fixed guard fitted to motor and bottom of cutting blade.
● Riving knife fitted behind blade
● Hearing protection
● Eye protection
● Routine inspection and portable appliance testing
● Use restricted to trained operators only.

25. Outline the requirements that needs to be considered when

selecting a guard for a piece of work equipment. (4)
● Suitable for purpose which they are provided.
● Maintained in an efficient state, working order.
● Sufficient distance from danger zone.
● Not to be easily bypassed or disabled.
● Remove possibility of accidental contact.

26. Describe the principle of fixed guards and inter locked guards. (2), (2)
Principles of fixed guards

Principles of interlocked guards

 27. FIXED GUARDS (4)
MERITS
● Create physical barriers with no moving parts.
● Less maintenance
● Protect against dust and fluids
DEMERITS
● Poor visibility
● If enclosed create hit
● No protection when removed guard

28. INTERLOCKED GUARDS

MERITS
● Connected to power sources hence machine cannot operate with guard
open.
● Allow convenient access
DEMERITS
● Needs regular maintenance due to moving parts.
● Can be over ridden (disallow/reject)
● More complex as dangerous part of by guards.

29. ADJUSTABLE GUARDS

MERITS
● Can be adjusted by operator to provide protection.
●
DEMERITS
● Relied on the operator to adjust correct position.
● May obscure visibility when in use.

TRIP DEVICES
MERITS
● Minimize the severity of the injury.
● Additional risk control measure.
DEMERITS
● Can be over ridden
● May not operated fast enough
● Cause production delays with false trip

TWO HAND CONTROL

MERITS
 ● Ensure both hands of operator is out of danger area.
● Allow full visibility and access to the machine
● A simple inexpensive design
DEMERITS
● Only protects the operator from harm
● Limit the speed of operation with delays for poor control operation

EMERGENCY STOPS CONTROL

MERITS
● Removes power immediately
● Prevents accidents restarting
DEMERITS
● Will not prevent access to danger area
● Incorrect positioning

HOLD TO RUN CONTROL

MERITS
● Releasing the control will disconnect machine
● Can be handle or foot pedal
DEMERITS
● Will not protect the body parts of operator
● Can be easily defeated by the operator
● Can be operated by others than the operator

PPE
MERITS
● Easy to see if worn
● Provides protection against a variety of hazards
DEMERITS
● Only protects the user
● Will not give adequate protection
● May pose additional hazards

IITS
MERITS
● Easy to reach wide audience on varied techniques
DEMERITS
● May be misunderstood
● Relies on the person concerned to follow the instruction
 30. Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk to person
using photocopier. (4)
● Ensure all the rotating parts of the photocopier are enclosed.
● Routine inspection and portable appliance testing.
● Use in a ventilated room.
● Special care should be taken during cleaning or replacing toners and
cartages.

31.Outline the precautions to be taken to minimize the risk to worker of

bench top grinder. (8)
● Secure grinder in position
● Fixed enclosing guards around motor and abrasive wheel.
● Adjustable poly carbonates eye guards on wheel.
● Tool rest adjusted to minimizes nip point.
● Use and setting restricted to trained operators only
● Eyes protection, hearing protection
● Installation of LEV may be required to control dust
● Routine maintenance, including inspection and portable appliance testing
for electrical safety.
● Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
● Operators to avoid loose clothing to avoid entanglement.
● If used for prolonged periods, introduce job rotational shifts to reduce the
exposure.

32. Outline the precautions should be considered to reduce the risk of

worker while using cylinder mower. (6)
● Fixed guards over drive mechanism
● Safety switch under seat to ensure that driver is in seat before machines
will operate
● Hearing protection
● Refuelling carried out in well-ventilated area
● Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure
● Use restricted to trained operators only
● Use restricted for workers with sensitisation. (the process of becoming
highly sensitive to specific events)

32. Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of workers

when using chainsaw. (6)
● Fixed enclosing guards over motor and drive mechanism.
● Hand guard for front hand grip.
 ● Safety interlocked throttle trigger to prevent accidental operation of
throttle.
● Job rotation may be necessary to limit vibration exposure.
● Refuelling carried out in well-ventilated area.
● Use restricted to trained operators only.
● Provide appropriate PPE.

33. Outline the precautions of concrete mixer. (4)

● Location of the mixer on firm, level ground, away from traffic.
● Fixed guards to motor and drive mechanism.
● Routine inspection, PAT & RCD.
● Use restricted to trained operators.
● Safe storage of petrol and control of ignition source for petrol powered
equipment, avoid use in confined spaces due to emission of exhaust gases
● Hand protection, respiratory protection overalls and eye protection
● Hearing protection to reduce noise exposure
 ELEMENT- 5
ELECTRICAL SAFETY

Hazards of Electricity
● Electricity burns
● Electric shock
- heart fibrillation
- muscle contraction
● Arcing
● Fire and explosion
● Secondary effects

1. Identify the effects of electricity on human body. (4)

● Tissue burns
● Muscle contraction
● Ventricular fibrillation
● Asphyxiation
● Cardiac arrest
● Physical trauma

2. Identify the factors that affect the severity of electric shock. (6)
VOLTAGE: The higher the voltage, the greater the current.

DURATION: The length of time that a person is exposed.

CURRENT PATH: The route that the electricity takes through the body.

FREQUENCY: Of the AC current.

RESISTANCE: Skin condition, clothing etc.

CONTACT SURFACE AREA: The more skin that is in contact, the more severe the

Injury.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS: Metal surfaces, humidity etc.

3. Outline how fire can be caused by electricity. (6)
● Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheated
● The system may be overloaded
● Equipment may be misused
● Obstructions to equipment ventilation or vent hole blocked.
● A flammable atmosphere may be present.
● Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal
operation.
● Poor internal connections.

4. Outline the factors that needs to be considered when selecting the

electrical equipment when using on construction site. (4)
● Selection of electrical equipment suitable for the task.
● The selection and initial procurement of electrical equipment should
comply with relevant standards.
● Consideration of environmental factors in which it is going to be used.
E.g. weather

5. Outline how Earthing can reduce the risk of receiving electrical shock.
(4)
● Outer metal causing connected to earth by wire.
● Provides fault current with a low resistance path to earth.
● Electric shock should be minor.
● Will usually blow the fuse.

Isolation and Loto control measures

● Deprives the circuit power.
● Ensures that it cannot be re-energised by applying some form of lock.
● Should be clearly labelled.
● Circuit should be tested.
● Often referred as Lock off/Tag out.

6. Outline the emergency actions should be taken on finding a worker

suffering from electric shock. (8)
● On finding a worker suffering with electric shock, always raise an alarm by
calling the help from colleagues.
● Immediately call for an ambulance.
● Isolate the power if it is possible.
 ● If it is not possible to isolate the power then push or pull the person away
from conductor by using a good insulator material like a wooden stick and
remember to stand on dry material such as rubber mat.
● If the person is breathing then place him in recovery position in order to
maintain open airway to drain out necessary.
● If the person is not breathing then provide CPR and mouth to mouth
breathing.
● Remain with the victim until he is taken to hospital.

7. Identify the checks that should be carried out during inspection on

electrical equipment. (8)
OR
Outline the factors of portable electrical equipment that should be checked by
user before use. (8)
● Damage to cable sheaths, plugs
● Damage to insulation or loose plugs and cord grips
● Flex fully insulated- no kinks /splits
● Inadequate joints
● Check of any in- service date
● Unsecured sheath
● Wet or contaminated equipment
● Damage to casing of equipment
● Burns / scorch marks.

8. Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of inspection of

inspection and testing of electrical equipment. (8)
● Legal standards and codes of practice.
● Type of equipment.
● Manufacturer’s recommendations.
● Initial integrity/ soundness of the equipment.
● Age of the equipment.
● Working environment.
● Frequency and duration of use.
● Foreseeable abuse of the equipment
● Effects of any modifications or repair.
● Analysis of previous maintenance records.

9. Identify the ways in which the risk of severe electricity shock can be
reduced when using a portable electric equipment. (4)
● Double insulation of wire.
 ● RCD and MCB.
● Pre-use check or inspection.
● PPE
● Ensuring Earthing continuity.

10. Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by visual

inspection. (8)
● Damage to cable sheaths.
● Equipment is of an approved standard
● The wiring and casings are free from mechanical damage
● The wiring is free from defect
● Cables are correctly routed to avoid damage or tripping hazards
● The system is not overloaded

“With respect to electrical circuit.”

11. Identify the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. (2),
(4)
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
 ELEMENT- 6
FIRE SAFETY
1. Identify the principle of fire triangle. (2)
Fire is a chemical reaction between oxygen and fuel with the presence of heat. In order
to ignite fire these three elements should be in correct proportion.
● Oxygen
● Fuel
● Heat

2. Identify the classification of fire and give an example of each. (4)

● Class-A- Combustible solid e.g. wood, plastic etc.
● Class- B- Flammable liquids e.g. petrol, diesel, grease etc.
● Class-C- Flammable gases e.g. methane, butane, propane etc.
● Class-D- Flammable metals e.g. sodium, potassium etc.
● Class-F/K- High temperature fire or kitchen fire e.g. edible oil.

3. Identify the possible modes of heat transfer/fire speed. (4)

● Convection
● Conduction
● Radiation
● Direct burning

4. Outline the common causes of fire in the workplace. (6), (8)

● Accumulated waste and rubbish (Poor housekeeping).
● Overloading of electrical sockets.
● Faulty or misused electrical equipment
● Unsafe storage and use of combustibles and flammables materials.
● Hot process such as welding, cutting, brazing etc.
● Obstructions to equipment ventilation.
● Unsafe cooking and smoking.
● Possibility of arson.

“A small fire has started in a motor car repair workshop and is currently
contained to a waste bin holding card board packaging materials.”
5. Outline the possible sources of ignition that may have started the fire.
(8)
 ● Overloading of electrical sockets.
● Faulty and misused electrical equipment.
● Obstructions to equipment ventilation.
● Hot work such as welding, cutting, grinding etc.
● Emission of sparks during denting process.
● Poor battery connections loading to emission of sparks.
● Unsafe cooking and smoking.
● Possibilities of arson.
● Emission of sparks from engine exhaust and during testing of vehicles.

“Substantial changes are to be made to the internal layout of the

workplace.”
6. Identify the factors you need to consider when reviewing the fire risk
assessment. (8)
● Identification of all the potential to fire hazards with respect to fuel, heat
and oxygen.
● Consideration of people in the premises and the number of people at risk.
● Consider how fire and heat could spread to the areas people would
occupy.
● Considering statutory requirements on notifying about the changes in
internal layout.
● Considering the fire fighters and the equipment should not impede during
fire fighting.
● Considering the fire fighting equipment and the need for the additional
equipment.
● Considering the type of activities being carried out in the internal layout.
● Consideration of previous accident history with respect to fire.

“A fire started in the store room in the basement of a multi storey building,
spread rapidly and eventually destroyed the entire building.

7. Outline the factors that may have influenced the spread of fire in the
building. (8)
● Inadequate design of building material leading to lot of ventilation.
● High flammable materials kept in store room
● Environmental factor such as high wind
● Presence of __________________
● In proper structure of building like made by wood or use of more
_____________
● No means of ducted system such as fire alarm system
● People none knowing ___________________
 ● Fire started during ______________________
● Inability of lake of maintenance of princely system.

8. With reference to the fire triangle, outline the factors that could
increase the risk of fire starting in a motor vehicle workshop. (8)
OXYGEN SOURCE
● The natural air around the workshop.
● Oxygen cylinders.
● Oxidizing chemicals which liberate oxygen when they burn.
● Ventilation systems.
● Compressors and piped system.

FOUEL SOURES

● Flammable liquids- petrol, diesel etc.

● Flammable gases- methane, butane etc.
● Paper, wood

HEAT SOURCES

● Naked flames
● Arson
● Hot surface, heaters
● Hot work- welding

9. Outline eight ways of reducing the risk of fire starting in a workplace. (8)
PREVENTIVE MEASURE
● By maintaining good housekeeping in the workplace.
● Proper storage of flammable gas and liquids.
● By provision of correctly rated electrical equipment.
● By provision of safe system of work for hot work.
● Safe storage and safe use of combustible material.
● Design structure of building with less ventilation.
● Prevention of arson by provision of site security.
● Periodic or regular maintenance of all the electrical equipment and
machinery.

10. Other than extinguisher, outline the measures to be taken for the safe
storage of flammable solvents in the workplace. (8)
● Ensure the minimum use of flammable solvents in quantities.
● Ensure the flammable solvents are clearly labelled.
● Provide suitable container for the solvents.
 ● Ensure metal catch tray.
● Keep away from heat
● Ensure the storage areas are well-ventilated.
● Always return to storage.

11. Identify the siting of fire extinguishers. (8)

● On fire exit routes.
● Close to exit doors.
● Close to specific hazards.
● Clearly visible and signed.
● Unobstructed access.
● According to the specification of fire certificate.
● 30 meter maximum travel distance.
● Minimum 1 extinguisher per 200 sq. meter.
● Noticeable and accessible.
● Handle not over 1.1 meter above floor.
● Suitable type.
● Protection against damage and weather.

12. Outline the measures that should be in a place for a successful

evacuation of the workplace in the event of fire. (8)
● Means of raising the alarm to notify the people in the event of fire.
● Ensure the availability of escape route considering the volume of people.
● Ensure the escape route are adequately illuminated and sign posted.
● Ensure the escape route leads the workforce to place of safety. E.g.
assembly point.
● Ensure the availability of fire marshals to help the people evacuation.
● Ensure the people in the premises are adequately trained on how to
evacuate themselves in the event of fire.

13. Identify the issues to consider for the location of assembly points for the
use in workplace. (4)
● The assembly point should be outside of the building but not out outside
the compound of building.
● The assembly point must not impede fire fighting.
● Considering the volume of people in the premises.
● Consideration of vulnerable group such as disabled worker, pregnant
women, nursing mother and provide the refuge state.
14. Outline the general role of fire marshal that would be expected to
undertake in the emergency evacuation of the workplace in the event of
fire. (6)
● Wear high visibility clothing.
● Instruct people to leave via nearest escape route.
● Help people to disabilities.
● Shut down all dangerous and vital equipment.
● Report the incident to incident controller.
● Liaise with rescue services on arrival.
● Be the last person to leave the premises.
● Carry out a roll call or head count at assembly point.

15. Outline the factors to be considered so that the person with sensitive
impairment or physical disabled can safely evacuate from workplace in
the event of fire. (6)
● Consideration to proper evacuation plan constructed
● Fire resistant stairways and lobbies can usually be considered
● A fire marshal/ warden may be given responsibilities for ensuring a
disabled person.
●
●
●
●

ELEMENT- 7
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL
 1. Identify two forms of hazardous substances found within the workplace.
(2)
● Dust
● Gas
● Liquids

2. Identify three forms of biological agents. (2)

● Fungi e.g. Farmer’s lung
● Bacteria e.g. Legionnaires disease
● Virus e.g. HIV aids

3. Identify the ways in which chemical can enter the human body
● Inhalation (Dust)
● Ingestion (Biological agents, Chemical)
● Absorption (Through skin)
● Injection (Puncturing by sharp objects)

4. Explain the distinctions between acute and chronic ill health effects. (4)
Acute:
Acute health effect are characterised by sudden and severe exposure and rapid
absorption of the substance. Normally a single large exposure is involved. Acute
health effects are often reversible.
Chronic:
Chorionic health effects are characterised by prolonged or repeated exposures over
many days, months or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent. Chronic
health effects are often irreversible.

5. Identify the factors to be considered when carrying out the assessment

of health risk of worker. (8)
OR
Identify the factors could affect level of harm experience by a worker expose to
a hazardous substances. (8)
FACTOR TO BE CONSIDERED
● Hazardous nature of substance
● Potential ill- health effects
● Physical forms
● Routes of entry
● Quantity
● Concentration
 ● Number of people exposed
● Assigned exposure limit (WEL)
● Frequency of exposure
● Duration of exposure
● Existing control measures

6. Identify the possible sources of information which could be used in the

assessment of risk of toxic substances. (4)
● Product levels and labelling
● European Union list of indicative limit values
● HSE list of workplace exposure limit (WELs) (UK).
● American conference of governmental industrial hygienists (ACGIH) list of
threshold limit values (US).
● Manufacturers health and safety data sheet and responsibilities for their
provision
● NFPA hazard diamond - providing hazard information.

7. Identify the typical content of MSDS. (8)

OR
Identify the written information which is provided in MSDS. (8)
● Manufacturers details and supplier details
● Composition and ingredients
● Hazard information
● First aid measures
● Fire fighting measures
● Control for accidental release or spills
● Safe storage and handling
● Controls and protection
● Chemical and physical proprieties
● Stability and reactivity
● Toxicological information
● Ecological information
● Disposal Consideration
● Transportation
● Regulatory information
● Other information
 8. Outline the measures that should be taken to minimize the risk to
workers working with hazardous substances. (8)
● Set up the process to minimize the release and spill of chemicals.
● Identification of all the routes of entry of hazardous substances into the body
and developing controls for that.
● Provision of LEV and lab fume controls to minimize the exposure from gases.
● Emphasizes on personal hygiene and do not allow workers to eat, drink and
smoke in the hazardous areas.
● Regular health surveillance to be carried out to execute these workers from
the hazardous areas.
● Ensure WEL exposure does not exceed and controls are proportionate the
risk.
● Provide with job specific trainings and the level of competent supervision.
● Emphasize on wearing protective clothing and respirators.

9. Identify the reasons that the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced or

poor. (6)
OR
Outline the reasons the effectiveness of LEV may be reduced. (6)
● Poorly positioned in take hoods
● Damage ducts
● Excessive amount of contamination
● Ineffective fan
● Blocked filters
● Sharp bends in ducts
● Build-up of contamination in the ducts
● Unauthorised additions to the system

10. Outline the factor to be considered when selecting the RPE for use by
workers. (8)
● Consideration of the contamination and its hazards.
● Concentration of contaminant.
● Physical form of the substance.
● Level of protection offered by the RPE
● Presence or absence of oxygen
● Duration of time that it may be worn
● Compatibility with other items of RPE
● Shape of the user face
● Facial hair
 ● Physical requirements of the job
● Physical fitness of the wearer

11. Outline personal hygiene controls to be followed to reduce the risk of

ingestion from the hazardous substances. (4)
● Specific trainings on hand washing routine.
● Careful removal and disposal of PPE to prevent cross – contamination to
normal clothes.
● Prohibition of eating, drinking and smoking in the work areas.
● Provision of washing facilities, resting areas and cafe areas away from work
location to maintain personal hygiene.

12.Identify four hazardous substances for which respiratory protective

equipment (RPE) can reduce the risk of harm. (2), (4)
● Gases
● Dust
● Mist
● Vapours
● Fumes

13.Identify the possible chronic health risk from exposure to asbestos. (2)
● Asbestosis
● Mesothelioma
● Pleural Thickening

14. Identify where asbestos material can be found. (4), (6)

● Asbestos cement roofs
● Ceiling tiles
● Fire breaks in ceiling voids
● Floor tiles
● Down pipe
● Pipe lagging
● Gaskets (rings used in engine fixing)

15.Outline the measures that should be considered before and during the
removal of asbestos.
BEFORE THE REMOVAL
● Identify the presence of asbestos and it is adequately labelled.
● An assessment must be done of the work to which the workers are exposed
during removal.
 ● A written plan required to work with asbestos and the work has to be notified
to the relevant authority.
● Development of safe working procedures and appropriate measures prior to
work.

DURING REMOVAL
● Ensure the competency of people and are trained for the respective work.
● Emphasize on protective clothing and RPE.
● Asbestos waste should be securely double bag and labelled as hazardous
waste.
● Ensure the waste is disposed at the licensed site.

16. Identify the health risk that could be caused by exposure to CO (carbon
monoxide). (4)
● Faster breathing or respiratory distress.
● Low level of CO can result in headache, diseases, vomiting or nausea.
● Exposure to CO can also result in feinting and seizure.
● High level of exposure to CO can result in unconsciousness or even death.

17. Carbon monoxide typical control measure.

● Competent engineers for gas systems
● Maintenance and testing of boilers and flues
● Good ventilation
● LEV for workshop vehicle exhausts.
● CO alarm
● Confined space entry controls.

18. Identify the possible adverse health effects of cement. (4)

● Irritation to eyes, respiratory tract and skin disease.
● Allergic dermatitis
● Corrosive burns to skin
● It can enhance pulmonary disorder such as COPD (chronic obstructive
pulmonary disorder)
19. Typical controls measure of cement.
● Eliminating or reducing exposure
● PPE gloves, dust mask, eye protection
● Removal of contaminated clothing
● Good hygiene and washing skin on contact

20. Identify the health risk from the exposure to legionella bacteria. (2)
● Pneumonia
 ● Influenza

21.Outline the circumstances that could cause legionella bacteria to be

present in water logging area. (4)
● Stagnant or untreated water
● Presence of sludge.
● Presence of algae.
● Presence of rust and organic material
● Dead ends in water system
● Emergency showers and cooling towers
● Water kept at temperature between 20` - 50` C.

22.Typical control measure of legionella bacteria.

● Keep water storage system and equipment clean
● Use water (chemical) treatments where necessary (chlorination)
● Carry out water sampling and analysis
● Ensure correct and safe operation and maintenance of water systems.
● Hot water >60*C
● Prevention of time scale basis routine cleaning of cooling towers.

23.Identify possible health effects from exposure to leptospira bacteria. (2)

● Meningitis
● CKD (chronic kidney disorder)
● Jaundice
● Pontiac fever
● Muscles pain

24. Identify the workplace circumstances from leptospira bacteria may be

present. (4)
● Farms (Livestock)
● Slaughter houses
● Warehouses and storage areas
● Sewers and unclean parking areas
● Possibilities in garbage bins.

25.Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the exposure

from leptospira bacteria. (6), (8).
● Identification to find out the presence of sources and eliminate.
● Preventive rat infestation - good housekeeping and pest control.
● Emphasize on personal hygiene (e.g. Hand washing)
 ● Provision of adequate illumination so the source that won’t stay.
● Emphasize on PPE, especially gloves covering cuts and grazes.

26.Identify the typical control measures of Silica.

● Prevention of exposure by use of alternative work method.
● Dust suppression by water/ jet spray.
● Local exhaust ventilation
● Respiratory protective equipment (RPE).
● Health surveillance (Lungs- function test and chest x-ray)

“Workers have been exposed in high level of inhalation of wood

dust.”
27. Identify the body’s respiratory defence mechanism against the
inhalation of wood dust. (4)
● Nose – the nasal hair prevents and the wetness of nose prevent wood dust
entering respiratory track.
● The series of reflects active the coughing sneezing to foreseeably expel the
wood dust.
● Cilia – the base of respiratory system is aligned with mucous and fine hairs
known as cilia, which pushes out the foreseeing substances which get
trapped the respiratory tract.

28. Outline the measures to be taken to reduce the risk to workers from
exposure of wood dust. (4)
● Well design extraction system to accumulate the wood dust.
● Installation LEV if need.
● Emphasize on vacuuming rather than sweeping.
● Introduction of job rotation shifts to limited exposure.
● Regular health surveillance and trainings.
● Emphasize on usage of PPE and RPE.
“Observant needs of granules have been used to sock up a chemical spillage”
29. Outline the issues to be considered in relation to the handling of
temporary storage and final disposal of waste. (8)
● Preventing manual handling of waste by mechanisation or automation of
process.
● Identification of the distance and the location where the waste has to be
sifted.
● Consideration of the waste segregated with accordance to flammability,
corrosivity or sensitivity to environment.
 ● Consideration of storing waste in the suitable containers with the dip trays to
prevent spillage.
● Provision of adequate monitoring and illumination to prevent unwanted
incident such as vandalism.
● Considering the legal requirements with respect to correct paper work.
● The final disposal of the waste should comply with regulatory requirement
and dispose to the licensed site.

30. Outline the suitable control measures for safe storage of highly
flammable liquids at workplaces. (8)
● Containers located in bund, away from walls.
● Bunds have 110% capacity of largest container.
● Provision for rain water.
● Transfer points - e.g. pumps bunded.
● Protect bund from damage
● Bunds checked and maintained
● Metal catch trays
● Keep away from heat and provide well ventilation

31.Identify the factors that may indicate a need of health surveillance in a

workplace. (8)
● Presence of chemical and biological agents or increase in chemical usage.
● Complaints from workforce.

ELEMENT- 8

PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

1. Identify the possible health effects from exposure of high level of
noise.
● TEMPORORY EFFECT
- Reduction in hearing (temporary threshold shift)
- Ringing in ears
● PERMANENT EFFECT
 - Tinnitus condition – Constant ringing, buzzing or whistling in the
ear
- Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) ( permanent threshold shift)
● Physical damage to hearing mechanism such as rapture of ear drum and
dislocation of ear bone.
● Causes annoyance and irritation.
● Affecting inability to hear vehicles, warnings, and conversation.

2. Give two examples of noise techniques other than PPE that could
benefit all workers.
● Damping
● Absorption screen
● Silencer for engine exhaust
3. Occupations at risk
● Construction workers
- Plant, machinery – e.g. demolition, maintenance, repair
● Uniformed services
- Live firing operation, Fire and rescue operation
- Small earns and artillery
● Entertainment sector works
- Loud music
● Manufacturing sector workers
- Industrial machinery
- Industrial machinery, forging, shaping, riveting, cutting, grinding
● Call centre workers
- Acoustic shock from handset

4. Identify the reasons why personal hearing protection may not

provide the level of protection stated by the manufacturer. (4)
● Are not worn correctly , eg- muffs worn over hair, jewellery or glasses
● Are not fitted correctly, eg- earplugs not correctly
● Are not properly maintained
● Are uncomfortable or inconvenient when worn for long time
● Need constant management commitment to ensure its use.

“An Industrial washing machine has been installed on a concrete floor of a

factory in order to clean workers clothes when the machine is in use
workers are exposed to high level of noise”
5. Identify the possible health effects from exposure to high level of
noise. (4)
● Muscular tension
● Tightening of blood vessels
● Raised heart rate and effects on the digestive system
● Incurable hearing damage

6. Outline the control measures of exposure of high level of noise. (4)

● THE SOURCE
⮚ Elimination or reduction at source
⮚ Change the total or partial design of the whole or a component of
the machine.
⮚ Damping, adding material to reduce vibration
⮚ Isolate; prevent noise from being transmitted through the
structure of the building.
● THE PATH
⮚ Providing barriers to the transmission of noise through air or
through structures.
● ENCLOSURE
⮚ Placing a sound – proof baffles and enclosures over the noise
source.
● ABSORPTION
⮚ Sound in the workroom can be absorbed by means of acoustic
absorbent panels on walls or suspended from the ceiling.
● SILENCERS
⮚ Attachments fitted to the inlet or exhaust of a moving air or gas
stream emitted from the machine.
● DISTANCE
⮚ Positioning the worker away from the noise source will decrease
the noise do received.
● Time limiting the duration of exposure to noise
● Provision of information and training.
● Provision of PPE Personal hearing protection.

7. Identify the factors that may have reduce the effectiveness of hearing
protection.
●
●
●
●
 ●
●
8. Identify the possible health effects that could be suffered by a worker
from exposure to vibration. (4)
● Muscular disorder in fingers blood vessels.
● Neurological disorder
● Muscle and tendon damage
● Bone and joint dislocation
● Write and numb finger after prolonged usages.

9. Identify the four types of ionizing radiation. (4)

● Alpha particles
● Beta particles
● X-rays
● Gamma rays
● Radon
● Neutrons

10.Identify the possible chronic health effects of ionizing radiation. (4)

● Cancer
● Genetic mutation
● Birth defects
● Anaemia
● Eye cataracts
● Skin damage and death.

11. Outline the main principle of control measures of ionizing radiation.

(4)
● Time of exposing should be minimum
● Segregation by distance reduces the risk to health
● Shielding, enclosures, ranging from concrete and/ lead to cardboard
● Correct disposal of radiation materials
● Training and supervision
● Good hygiene practice
● PPE whole body radiation suits.

12.Identify the non-ionizing radiation.

● Ultra-violet
● Infrared
 ● Microwaves
● Radio frequencies
● Lasers

13. Identify four possible health effects of non- ionizing radiation. (4)
● Skin burns, arc eye skin cancer
● Temporary blindness
● Redness and skin burns, retinal burns, cataracts
● Internal heating
● Organ damage
● Interval heating
● Organ damage.

14. Give the meaning of term stress.

STRESS
The consequences of the failure of a human body to respond appropriately.
An adverse and excessive pressure placed on them known as stress.

15. Outline the factor that may lead to occupational stress amongst
workers.
● Culture - of the organization and how it approaches work related stress
eg- communication, consultation, staff support system, working hours.
● Demands - Workload to high or too low, shift work and unsocial hours,
excessive overtime.
● Control - how much control the person has in the way they do their work,
eg- work planning.
● Relationship between employees, eg- physical violence, threatened or
actual, verbal abuse such as repeated shouting and swearing.
● Change - Organizational changes is managed and communicated in the
organisation, eg- new technology, unclear objectives.
● Role - job insecurity, fear of redundancy, being unclear about role,
responsibilities, and expectations, conflicting roles.
● Individual skills not matched to the task, inadequate training, and unclear
job description.
● Environment - Inadequate lighting, problems with glare, extremes of
temperature and humidity, inadequate ventilation, high noise and
vibration levels, inadequate welfare facilities and poor weather
conditions for those working outside.
 “A worker is using a hand held, powered rotary grinding tool the
manufacturing of large steel waste containers. And this work
creates high level of noise and vibration.”

16. Outline the health effects that could be suffered the worker from
this exposure.
● Muscular tension
● Tightening of blood vessels
● Raised heart rate and effects on the digestive system
● Incurable hearing damage
●

“A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder and

expose to vibration.”
17. Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this
exposure. (2)
● Pain
● Tingling
● Vascular disorders in fingers blood vessel
● Neurological disorders
● Muscle and tendon damage
● Bone and joint dislocation
● White and numb fingers after prolonged usages.

18. Outline six control measures that can be used to reduce the risk from
vibration. (6)
● Identify the sources of high vibration and eliminate it wherever possible
● Install vibration arrestors in the sources of high vibration if eliminations is
not possible.
● Encourage the use of PPEs like anti vibration gloves
● Maintain tools and equipment to avoid excessive vibration
● Take action immediately if exposure action value and exposure limit value
exceeds the pre- defined value.
● Provide information, instruction and training to enhance the safe working
practices
● Organize medical check-up camp to predict early indicators of adverse
health effects.
● Introduce job rotational shifts to reduce exposure.
 “A hospital has installed an x-ray facility”
19. Identify the principle health effects associated with exposures to x-
ray radiation. (4)
● Erythema reddening of the skin
● Radiation sickness- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
● Hair loss
● Eye cataracts, skin damage.

20. Identify the control measures that could be taken to reduce the risk
to the operator. (4)
● Time of exposing should be minimum
● Segregation by distance reduces the risk to health
● Correct disposal of radiation materials
● Training and supervision
● Good hygiene practice
● PPE whole body radiation suits

21.Outline the factors to be considered when assessing the risk of HAVS

developing among the workers. (6)
● Type of vibration.
● Duration of vibration.
● Exposure limit or action value.
● Temperature and humidity.
● Information from health surveillance.
● The effectiveness of existing control measures.
● Previous ill health data and sickness record.