NEBOSH IGC – Unit GC2

Question & Answer

Question
Identify FOUR health effects of working outside in
extreme heat created by the sun. (4)

Answer
 Skin burns
 Dehydration
 Heat exhaustion
 Heat cramps
 Heat strokes
 Heat stress
Question
Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the
effects of the sun on construction workers. (4)

Answer
 Give workers cold drinks with electrolytes to replenish the
salt lost by the body
 Implement job rotation to minimize exposure from the sun
 Provide shielding and refuge during break time
 Give workers regular work breaks to have a rest
 Provide suitable clothing such as the coverall to protect
from direct exposure
Question
Outline prevention strategies an organization could consider to
reduce the risk of violence towards workers (8)

Answer
• Provision of training on how to handle the dangerous situation
and aggressive people
• Tight security systems such as 24 hour security guards
• Installing CCTV systems, call back systems - particularly for
lone workers
• provide arrangements for staff working late
• Change of public waiting areas and provision of escape routes
A large office is open to the public for enquiries and the risk
assessment has shown a significant risk of violence to workers from
visitors. Outline measures that the employer could take to reduce
the risk. (8)
 Manage the queue and provide information to customers (The time customers
spend waiting to pay – and their experiences in the queue)

 Minimize face to face contact with the customers

 Use “cashless systems”
 If possible avoid lone working every time
 Place an effective call in systems for lone workers
 Arrangements for Staff working late
 Continued…
 Provide a sufficient training for employees
 Change public waiting areas
 Provide staff with escape routes
 Installation of video cameras and alarms.
 Provide protective screens/security codes between the employee and
customers
 Counters should be wide with higher floor for staff
 Security guard to be present at all times
Identify welfare and work environment requirements that
should be provided in a workplace. (8)
 Sanitary conveniences
 Washing facilities
 Drinking water
 Accommodation for clean clothing
 Facilities for changing clothing (men and women)
 Facilities for eating meals
 Facilities for resting
 Ambient temperature (heating and cooling)
A three meter deep trench has to be dug across a car park. Identify
hazards associated with the work (10)
 Falls of equipment, persons and materials
 Collapse of excavation or structures near by
 Buried services
 Flooding
 Fire and explosion from gas leak
 Access and egress
 Hazardous atmospheres
 Undermining adjacent structures
 Contact with contaminated soil
A three meter deep trench has to be dug across a car park. Outline
control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risk (10)
 Carry out a risk assessment to identify the hazards and risks, the people
who are exposed and the control measures required.
 Nearby structures must not be undermined
 Procedures must be in place to deal with emergencies
 The type of soil needs to be assessed prior to excavation
 All personnel should be trained and competent
 Prevent collapse by using the methods such as battering, trench box (a
structure that goes inside the excavation to support (shoring) it),
Control measures that can be taken when carrying out
Excavations (8)
 Precautions against flooding (pumps)
 Traffic routes should be clearly marked.
 Inspection by competent person before filling in
 Workers should wear correct PPE
 Inspect excavation before the start of every shift
 Inspect excavation after any event that could affect the
strength such as earthquake or heavy rains.
 Inspect after any accidental fall of rock earth or other
materials
Identify precautions necessary to prevent injury when working in
and around excavations. (8)
 Avoid undermining the nearby structures
 Arrangements and procedures for emergencies
 Assess the soil type
 Use trained and competent personnel
 Methods in place to prevent collapse e.g. battering, shoring
 Adequate lighting
 Barriers and signs to prevent people and vehicles from falling in.
Identify precautions necessary to prevent injury when
working in and around excavations. (8)
 Precautions against flooding (dewatering pumps)
 Traffic routes clearly marked.
 Inspection by competent person before filling in
 Workers should wear correct PPE
 Check for soil contamination
 Safe access and egress
List the Control measures when Working at Height (6)
Employers should :
 Avoid working at height where possible
 Use work equipment or other measures to prevent falls or reduce the
distance of fall and consequences.
 Ensure all work at height is properly planned and organised
 Monitor weather conditions
 Adequately trained and competent staff should only work at heights.
 Place of work is safe and equipment is inspected
 The risk of fragile roofs and falling objects is controlled.
Repair work is to be carried out on the roof of a school.
Identify two control measures to reduce the risk to other people
(2)

 Barricade the area to prevent unauthorized entry.

 Toe boards to be installed to prevent tools from falling and
hitting people
 Install signage to warn pedestrians.
 Place safety net around the work area to catch falling objects
that could hit the pedestrians.
Give the meaning of the term ergonomics (3)

The relationship or interface between a worker and the working

environment.
Identify possible health effects that may be caused by
the poor ergonomic design of display screen
equipment workstation (3)

 Musculoskeletal Disorder – hand, arm, shoulder and

neck disorders.
 Eye and eyesight problems – eye strain, eye fatigue
 Fatigue and stress – due to high work rate, lack of social
interaction and lack of breaks
Identify the main factors to be considered in an ergonomic
assessment of a display screen equipment workstation (14)
The assessment should identify the risks and their extent, the people affected, the
existing controls and their adequacies, records the significant findings and how the
assessment is to be reported and to whom. Factors to consider include:

Organization : Job rotation, shifts and breaks

Individual : Training, health and physical characteristics, health surveillance

Environment : Noise, lighting, space, screen glare, temperature.

Equipment : Height and position of keyboard and screen, seating posture, chair design,
screen definition and color, adjustability of equipment, suitable software
Identify precautions that would need to be considered before
welding work can commence (8)
 Competent welders, trained and experienced
 Correct equipment, pre-use inspection
 Permit to Work system is in place
 Barriers to prevent unauthorized entry into welding area
 Warning and safety signage adequately placed.
 Dedicated safe welding area with adequate ventilation e.g. LEV
 Availability of fire extinguishers
 Provision of PPE to welders
 Avoid manual handling of heavy equipment - use mechanical aid.
 Separate areas for flammables and anything that could initiate fire.
 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented
when using ladders as a means of access (8)
 The ladder is of the correct length/type and in good condition (e.g.
not painted or damaged).
 The ladder must be placed the right way up, on firm ground and at
the correct angle, securely footed or tied, and positioned to avoid
over-reaching or contact with live cables.
 The base of the ladder should be protected from collisions by
people or vehicles.
 Users of the ladder should have suitable footwear free from mud
or grease and be provided with a means of keeping their hands
free (e.g. tool belts).
Outline the main hazards that may be present during
the demolition of a building (6)
 Hazards in demolition are generally from falling debris,
and masonry, premature collapse of the building,
 Falls from height or same level,
 Contact with underground and overhead services.
 Explosion and fire – use of explosives,
 Chemical and biological contamination, asbestos,
 Manual handling such as masonry works.
 Plant – collisions and toppling over.
 Health issues could also include noise and vibration
 Identify FOUR hazards that can cause trips or slips.(4)
 Trailing cables, torn carpet, uneven floor, wet floor

Identify control measures that can be used to reduce the risk of

slips and trips. (4)

 Adequate lighting
 Eliminate the need to carry load that obstruct vision
 Implement procedures to wear correct footwear
 All floor surfaces to be made non-slip
 Maintenance of all floor surfaces
 Monitor the area for good housekeeping.
Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an
engineering workshop. (8)
 Adequate lighting
 Eliminate the need to carry load that obstruct vision
 Procedures to wear correct footwear
 All floor surfaces to be made non-slip
 Use drip trays to collect oil that could leak during maintenance
 Implement spillage control procedures and ensure all employees
are trained on controlling and reporting of spillage.
 All tools and car parts are to be adequately stored when not in
use to prevent them from lying around on the floor
 Maintenance of all floor surfaces.
 Implement general good housekeeping throughout the workshop,
all spillage to be reported and cleaned, walkways and doorways
should be free from any obstruction.
Identify precautions that should be considered to prevent
accidents to children who may be tempted to gain access to a
construction site. (8)
Fencing
Hoardings
Warning Signs
Security Patrols
Visiting Schools
Viewing Panels
Remove ladders
Cover holes
Hazardous substances to be lock and stored away from the site.
Identify eight safe working practices that should be considered
to reduce the risk when using a mobile tower scaffold. (8)
 Only to be used on firm, stable level ground
 To be moved only by pulling or pushing at the base.
 Working platforms should be clear of people and materials
when the scaffold is being moved.
 Wheels should be turned outwards to provide maximum
base dimensions and wheel brakes must be “on” and locked
when the scaffold is being used.
 Continued…
Identify eight safe working practices that should be considered to
reduce the risk when using a mobile tower scaffold.
 Correct height to width ratio
 Diagonal bracing
 Working platform properly boarded and evenly supported
 Working platform properly fitted with guardrails and toe boards
 Not overloaded
 Properly secured access extending above landing place
 Monitor overhead obstructions/ power lines
 Correct fittings and materials used
 Inspected every 7 days
Identify the control measures that could be implemented to
reduce the risks to pedestrians in areas where vehicles are
maneuvering. (8)
 Segregation if possible  Adequate lighting
 Separate routes  Clear direction signs and
 High visibility clothing door marking
 Clearly marked/signed  Sharp bends avoided
routes  Good floor conditions/gentle
 Gangways suitable width gradients
and clearance  Sufficient parking
 Speed limits  Avoid reversing
 Alerting people to hazard  Provision of banksmen
Outline the specific hazards associated with the use of
battery powered forklift trucks AND identify the precautions
in EACH case. (8)

Hazards
 Hydrogen gas
 Electrical short circuits
 Battery acids
 Manual handling
 Quiet Operation
Precautions
 Ensure good ventilation
 No sources of ignition/smoking
 Use suitable PPE
 Insulated tools
 Use of lifting equipment
Identify control measures to reduce the risk of accidents from
reversing vehicles in the workplace (8)

Avoid the need for reversing by using:

 Design and implement one-way systems
 Drive through systems
 Turning circles

If reversing cannot be avoided…..

If reversing cannot be avoided:
 Separation of vehicles and pedestrians (barriers etc.)
 Suitable workplace design
 Audible alarms for vehicles
 Suitable mirrors for vehicles and blind corners
 Ensure adequate lighting
 Provision of banksmen
 Speed limit at a minimum
 High visibility clothing
 Site rules/training
Identify eight ways in which Forklift truck may become unstable
during operation (8)
 Poor road surfaces – soft, greasy, uneven surfaces
 Poor environmental factors such as lighting, dust
 Driving very fast/ over speeding
 Lack of regular maintenance – uneven tire pressure
 Lack of competence - regular refresher trainings
 Being overloaded, unevenly loaded or carrying unstable loads
 Travelling across gradients too steep
 Travelling forwards when descending slopes
 Driving with an elevated load especially when cornering
 Excessive braking
Forklift trucks are operating in busy workplace. Identify
suitable control measures to reduce the risk of collision with
workers (8)
 Develop and enforce site rules  Monitor speed limit compliance
and disciplinary procedures.
 Segregate by defining pedestrian routes
and vehicle routes with barriers or road  Maintain good visibility (Mirrors,
markings lighting etc.)
 Safe road crossing places for pedestrians  Audible reversing warning on
vehicles
 Separate doors and walkways for
pedestrian and vehicles  Refuges
 Use of raised walkways (where  High visibility jackets
appropriate)
 Good standard of housekeeping
 Clear vehicular routes
 Provide ITIS (information,
 Speed limits, traffic calming measures training, instruction, supervision)
Outline precautions that should be taken when leaving a fork
lift truck unattended (8)

 Provide a designated parking area for the forklift truck

 Apply brakes before leaving the truck.
 Make sure that the controls are in neutral
 Engine is switched off
 Key removed and returned to responsible person
 Forks resting on a level surface or flooring.
 Mast tilted slightly forward/ fork is not elevated
 Forklift is not obstructing walkways
 Forklift is not obstructing fire exits/fire points
Battery-powered fork-lift trucks are used to move palletized goods within a
warehouse.

Describe FOUR hazards associated specifically with battery-powered fork-lift

trucks. (4)
 Using a battery powered forklift could expose workers to
hazards such as released of HYDROGEN gas and electrical short
circuit during charging, in addition battery contains acids that
poses as a hazard as well. Repeated movement of goods falls
under the category of manual handling that exposes workers
to risk of muskuloskeletal injuries. And lastly because it uses
batteries it runs silently which gives minimal warning to
pedestrians.
Identify possible causes of a mobile crane overturning on a
construction site. (8)
 Poor road surfaces – soft, greasy, uneven surfaces
 Poor environmental factors such as lighting or dust
 over speeding
 Lack of regular maintenance
 Lack of driver competence
 Overloading of vehicles
 Vehicles carrying unstable loads
 High wind pressure
 Unstable ground conditions
A worker is manually loading boxes of components
onto metal shelves. Identify factors in relation to the
task that could increase the risk of injury (4).

 The amount of lifting, twisting, turning, reaching and

bending
 The rate of work
 Distances involved
 Strenuous pulling and pushing of load
 Repetitive handling
 Unpredictable movement of load
 Sufficient rest or recovery period
 The health status, physical strength and stature of the
worker.
Identify the risk factors that could affect manual handling activities
in relation to: (4)
The Load:
 Physical weight (Heavy)
 Size (Bulky)
 Shape (Difficult to grasp)
 Rigidity (Contents liable to
shift)
 Outside surfaces (Sharp)
 Stability of contents (Unstable)
 Other hazards - hot/cold/sharp
Identify the risk factors that could affect manual handling
activities in relation to:

The Individual
 Gender
 Physical strength
 Stature (Physique; Height, etc.)
 State of health
 Level of training
 Hazards to pregnant women
 Person’s perception of their ability
Identify four types of injury from manual handling (4)
 Cuts and puncture of skin
 Abrasion
 Muscle sprains and muscle strains
 Hernia
 Slip disk
 Fractures
 lacerations
Identify the possible ill health effects to workers using
display screen equipment.

 Musculoskeletal disorders -hand, arm, shoulder and neck

 Eye and eyesight problems – (temporary visual fatigue)
 Fatigue and stress - high speed, inadequate breaks, lack of
social interaction
 Epilepsy ( a common chronic neurological disorder)

39
Outline the FOUR main categories of guards and safeguarding devices that
may be used to minimize the risk of contact with dangerous parts of
machinery. (4)

 Fixed guards provides a physical barrier held in its place at all times, not
linked to the machine operation & requiring a special tool for its removal
 Interlocked guards is a guard linked mechanically, electrically, or
pneumatically to the machine operation & preventing access when the
machine is in a dangerous position, it also prevents the operation of the
machine when the guard is open
 Adjustable guard can be adjusted (or which adjust themselves) to allow
for the material being processed. Typical examples can be found on
circular saws & drill chuck.
 Trip device - for example, a pressure mat, probe or photo-electric system,
stops movement of the machine when someone approaches the device.
Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer
and explain how they should be controlled. (8)

 Manual handling (which might be controlled by the use of mechanical aids,

reduced weight of loads, the positioning of materials to reduce twisting or
the provision of training);
 The corrosive and irritant properties of cement (which could be countered
by the provision and use of appropriate personal protective equipment, safe
systems of work and good hygiene practices);
 Inhalation of the cement dust (provide worker with adequate PPE such as
mask with air filter)
 Machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of materials and noise
(where the control measures would include, where appropriate, the
provision of guarding, goggles & hearing protection).
Identify four mechanical hazards associated with the use of
a pedestal drill. (4)
 Entanglement with rotating drill bit
 Contact with drill bit causing puncture wound
 Ejection – struck by flying broken drill bit
 Impact from an unsecured work piece

Outline four control measures to reduce the risk of injury to

a operator of pedestal drills (4)
 Provision of gloves, safety shoes, face visor,
 Routine and planned maintenance of equipment
 Provide operator with training on correct use of machine
 Install guarding on machine
In relation to machinery safety, outline the principles of
operation of:
Interlocked guards (2)
An interlocked guard as one that is linked to the machine
controls so that the machine will not operate until the
guard is closed
When the machine is in a dangerous condition, the
guard is either prevented from opening or, if it is
opened, the dangerous parts of the machine are made
safe.
Trip Devices. (2)

A trip device, on the other hand, operates when a

person approaches a danger area. Typical examples are
trip bars or probes, pressure mats and photo-sensitive
systems (‘light curtains’). Once the devise is triggered, it
‘trips’ the machine, which either stops or otherwise
becomes safe.
Other than contact with dangerous parts, identify FOUR
types of danger against which fixed guards on machines
may provide protection. (4)
Fixed guard might help to protect employees by:
 Reducing noise emissions,
 By containing hazardous substances such as oil, mist or
dust,
 By providing shielding against heat or electricity, &
 By preventing the ejection of particles from the
machine.
Identify:

TWO mechanical hazards associated with moving parts of machinery. (2)

 Mechanical hazards (I.e. those from ,moving parts of machinery &/or the
material being worked) include:
 impact, entanglement, crushing, shearing, ejection, cutting & abrasion,

TWO non-mechanical hazards to which a machine operator may be exposed (2)

 Non-mechanical machinery hazards includes:

 noise, vibration, electricity , hazardous substances, radiation, extremes of
temperature & ergonomic issues.
 A chainsaw is to be used to fell a tree from ground level. In
relation to this task:
Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of the
chainsaw. (4)
 contact or entanglement with the chain,
 noise & vibration,
 dust & fumes,
 ejected particles,
 hot surfaces,
 manual handling & ergonomic hazards, &
 being struck by falling branches or trees
Absorbent mats and granules have been used to soak up a
chemical spillage. Outline the issues that will need to be
considered in relation to the handling, temporary storage
and final disposal of the waste material (8)
Handling : A competent person to have overall responsibility. Spillage
clean up procedures to be followed for handling of waste. Worker to be
issued with correct PPE such as gloves, mask, chemical resistant
coverall.
Storage : segregation of hazardous from non-hazardous, containers to
be clearly labeled, hazardous material to be stored in secured and
locked facilities, bonding if necessary, keep quantity to a minimum.
Final disposal : use licensed contractor, route to be identified, record
of disposal to be kept, bonding of chemicals if necessary while being
transferred to its final destination.
Outline how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an
electric shock. (2)

Electricity will always try to reach earth and earthing is a

means of providing a low resistance path to earth
Identify four factors that could affect the severity of
injury resulting from contact with electricity. (4)

 Length of contact time

 Path the electricity travels through the body
 Resistance of the body
 Amount of voltage
 Conductivity of the environment
 Nature of the contact
 Age and health status of victim
Identify the effects on the human body from a severe electric shock (4)

 Damage to the nervous system

 Fibrillation (irregular heartbeat)
 Tissue burns at entry and exit
 Internal burns
 Muscular contractions
 Physical trauma – from being thrown down upon contact to the electricity
 Respiratory paralysis – breathing stops
 Cardiac arrest - heart stops
Identify control measures to reduce the risk of electric shock
when using a portable electric drills. (8)

 Reduced voltage operation

 Use of residual current circuit breakers
 Protected against overload
 Insulated cables
 Adequate maintenance and repair
 Regular inspections and checks (Portable Appliance Testing)
 Avoid use in wet environment
 Wearing of appropriate PPE such as rubber gloves, rubber sole shoes
 Competent staff
 Select battery operated drill
Identify the electrical hazards that could be discovered by
a visual inspection. (8)

 Overloaded circuits
 Incorrect fuses (e.g. nails)
 Damaged wiring and insulation
 Loose connections
 Coiled and entangled cables - potential for overheating
 Overheating due to lack of ventilation
 Flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
 Cables trapped under desk, cupboards
 Damaged casing of sockets
 Burnt stains on sockets, melted sockets
Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a
severe electric shock. (4)

 Do not touch injured person until the current is switched off.

 If the current cannot be switched off, stand on some dry
insulating material and use a wooden or plastic implement to
remove the injured person from the electrical source.
 Administer first aid if qualified
 Call for professional help
Identify four types of ignition source that could cause a fire in the workplace. (4)

 Naked flame from cigarette lighter

 Sparks from welding
 Portable heater
 Overloaded electrical outlet

Outline control measures for each of the ignition sources identified above. (4)

 Naked flame : Ban smoking in the workplace and introduce a no smoking policy.
 Sparks from welding : Introduce a permit to work system and enforce usage of
the system, accompanied by supervision of welding activities.
 Portable heater : ban the use of portable heaters in the workplace. Install
reverse cycle cooling and heating central system in the workplace
 Overloaded electrical outlet: Disconnect all overloaded electrical outlet.
Arrange for electrician to install additional outlets to all offices to meet the
requirements of users. Procedures for safe use of electrical equipment to be
implemented.
Identify EIGHT common causes of fires in the workplace. (8)

• Deliberate ignition - arson

• Electrical faults
• Misuse of electrical equipment
• Smokers materials
• Smoking in prohibited areas
• Heating equipment
• Unsafe storage of materials
• Flammable liquids and gases
• Hot work – such as welding
• Mechanical heat - friction
Identify THREE methods of heat transfer AND explain how
EACH method contributes to the spread of fire. (4)

Conduction Convection
Movement of heat through Movement of hotter gases
materials up through the air

Radiation Direct Burning

Transfer of heat Combustible materials in
through the air contact with naked flame
In relation to the classification of fires, give an example of a material
(fuel) that falls within EACH of the classes A, B, C, D, E and F. (4)
Identify the key components of the ‘fire triangle’. (3)
 Oxygen, Fuel, Heat

Identify sources of ignition that may cause a fire to occur,

AND give a typical workplace example of EACH.(5)
 Smoking materials – smoking of cigarette where
flammables are kept
 Hot work (Welding, burning)
 Heating appliances (Hot surfaces such as machines and hot
plates to keep food warm)
 Friction (Inadequate lubrication of pedestal drilling
machines)
 Improper storage of combustible material together with
oxygen tanks or where the hot works are taking place.
Give the factors to consider when carrying out a fire
risk assessment of a workplace. (8)
 Construction and use of building
 Flammable materials
 Sources of ignition
 Work activities generating heat
 Methods of control
 Means of fire detection
 Means of raising the alarm
 Means of fighting fire and the maintenance of the equipment
 Evacuation routes and the protection of these routes
 Numbers of persons at risk
 Fire prevention training and fire drills
Identify how the principle of the fire triangle
can be used to prevent fire (2)

The principle of the fire triangle state as if one of the

element is removed or not present the fire is also
removed or wont exist.
Identify FOUR sources of ignition that may lead to a fire in the
workplace. (4)

 Smoking materials
 Hot work (Welding, burning)
 Heating appliances (Hot surfaces)
 Friction (Inadequate lubrication)
Outline methods of reducing the risk of a fire in the
workplace. (8)

 Avoid misuse of equipment

 Prevent overloading of circuits
 Correct design and rating for task
 Isolate the source if not in use
 Means of electrical protection e.g. RCD and trip switches
 Monitor high standards of housekeeping – all flammables to
be stored away from ignition sources
 Provide fire safety training for staff.
 Regular maintenance of electrical equipment.
 Implement a no smoking policy within the workplace.
 Adequate fire fighting equipment, fire alarms and fire
extinguishing system.
Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body.
(4)

 Inhalation through the mouth and nose,

 ingestion through the mouth,
 injection through skin puncture,
 absorption through the skin and mucous membrane of the eye
Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection
from biological organisms. (4)

 Frequent cleaning / disinfecting and personal hygiene

 Adequate treatment of water to kill organisms such as bacteria.
 Initiate pest control to kill rodents and insects.
 Procedures for handling, containment & disposal of wastes
 Immunization (vaccination) of workers to build resistance to specific
infections
 Health surveillance of workers to assess their condition
 Give specific training to promote awareness of biological organisms.
 Provide adequate and proper PPE
Identify THREE forms of biological agents. (3)
 Bacteria, virus, fungi

Give TWO control measures to reduce the risk of exposure to a biological

agent. (2)
 Vaccination – for example vaccination against Hepatitis B
 Good hygiene practice – always wash hands and face before eating or
drinking after working in contaminated area
Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a
local exhaust ventilation system (LEV). (8)
 Damaged ducting of LEV
 Alterations by unauthorized personnel
 Changes in the process
 Poor hood location
 Strength of the fan to release the contaminants
 There are bends in ducting
 Filters are blocked
 Lack of regular maintenance
 LEV made with incorrect material
Identify FOUR types of hazards for which local
exhaust ventilation (LEV) would be an appropriate
control measure giving an example in EACH case of
the harmful effect that might be produced. (8)
Extracts airborne contaminants such as:
 Fumes – welding fumes
 Smoke – burning material
 Gas – Hydrogen
 Dust – flour, saw dust
 Vapour - hot steam vapour
Explain the difference between acute and chronic health effects. (4)
Acute:
 Is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse effect, following short-term
exposure to a hazardous substance, and the effect is normally reversible.
Chronic:
 Adverse health effect resulting from prolonged, repeated exposure to a
hazardous substance, where the response is gradual and may get worse with
no further exposure and it is often irreversible.
Identify the sources of information which could be used in the
assessment of risk of toxic substances. (4)

 Ill health report

 Material Safety Data Sheet
 Health surveillance report
 ILO ( International Labor Organization )
 Government bodies such as Ministry of health.
Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize risks
to workers to toxic substances (8)
 Eliminate the hazard if possible
 Reduction or substitution to a less toxic substances
 Isolate the people from the hazard
• Total enclosure, Segregate the people, LEV
 Control
• Reduce period of exposure by job rotation or provision of breaks, Prohibit
eating in area, safe storage, Hygiene, limit access by employees
 Use of Personal Protective Equipment
 Discipline
Remember - ERIC PD
Identify FOUR forms of hazardous substance for which respiratory protective
equipment could be used to reduce the risk of harm. (4)
 Dust, fumes, vapor, mist.

Outline factors that could reduce the effectiveness of the respiratory protective
equipment. (4)

 The RPE is of poor quality

 The RPE is damaged
 The RPE is not a correct fit
 The RPE filter is blocked
 The RPE is dirty and contaminated
 The user is not trained to the correct use of RPE
 Incorrect storage of RPE which could cause RPE to be damaged
 Other PPE may interfere with RPE
Identify factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance
of workers in a workplace. (8)

Following an increased in :
 Ill health of workers
 General health related complaints from workers such as headache, sinus problems,
eye irritation, sneezing
 Sickness days
 High turnover
 Low morale
 Accidents and incidents
 Asthma attacks
 Civil claims
Identify two types of hazardous substances (4)
 Lead
 Mercury

Outline personal hygiene controls to reduce the risk of ingestion

of a hazardous substance (4)
 Prohibition of eating or drinking in areas where hazardous substance is
used.
 Washing with soap and warm water before meals
 Good housekeeping, daily cleaning of areas where hazardous substances are
in used or produced.
 Change out of contaminated clothing and shower prior to meals
 Correct storage of hazardous substances
 Limit access of unauthorized staff to areas where there are hazardous
substances.
Identify the elements of a hierarchy of control to minimize
pollution from waste. (4)

 Prevent – Example use less packaging

 Reduce – Make the process more efficient
 Reuse – Reduce the amount of waste thrown up. Incineration
produces heat which can be used for general purpose
 Recover – Recycle into another usable product
 Dispose – Dispose in a correct manner. Incinerate or landfill
Outline the term respirable dust (2)
 Respirable dust is airborne dust of such a size that it is able to enter the
lungs during normal respiration. Particle size is between 0.5 and 10 microns.

Outline how the human body defends itself against the effects of
airborne dust (6)

 Nasal hair filter dust that enters the nose

 Nasal mucus lubricates and trapped dust
 Sneezing and coughing is a natural defense mechanism to eliminate particles
or dusts entering the respiratory system
 Saliva contains antibacterial compounds that help combats infection
 Eyes watering is a natural mechanism to eliminate dust or particles entering
the eyes.
 Ciliary escalator is a major barrier against infection by trapping the
microorganism entering the respiratory tract.
Outline using practical examples, the control measures that should be
implemented to reduce levels of dusts in a workplace. (10)

 Eliminate the source – Example purchase ready mixed cement

 Substitute – Example instead of using powder detergent, use pellets
 Change process - Example, arrange for flour to be deposited directly into
the hopper to minimize handling.
 Use liquid process – Example instead of using powder detergent, use liquid
detergent
 Enclose the complete process – Example by using a dedicated enclosed
room for timber machining
 Ventilation – Example using local exhaust ventilation to extract dust
 Control by suppression – Example using water to damp down dust
 Housekeeping – Example daily vacuuming of the workplace
 Maintenance – Example ensure all the filters of the machine, local exhaust
ventilation, vacuum cleaners are maintained and clean
 PPE – Example give RPE with filter to minimize inhalation of dust particles
by workers
Identify the information that should be included on a material
safety data sheet provided with a hazardous substance. (10)
 Identification of substance/preparation  Personal Protective
 The manufacturer/supplier Equipment
 Composition/information on ingredients  Environmental/Disposal
 Hazard identification considerations
 Health effects  Physical and chemical
 First Aid measures properties;
 Fire fighting measures  Stability and reactivity;
 Accidental release measures  Toxicological information;
 Handling and storage  Ecological information;
 Exposure controls  Disposal considerations;
 Transport information;
 Regulatory information;
 Other relevant information.
A noise survey has been conducted in a factory which has resulted in the need for
provision of hearing protection.
Outline the advantages AND disadvantages of:
 earmuffs; (4)
 ear plugs. (4)
Earmuffs Ear Plugs
Advantages : Advantages:
 Comfortable to use  Inexpensive or cheap
 Can easily be checked if being used by worker  Can only use for single time
 Economical as it is designed to be reusable so there’s no issue in
Disadvantages : hygiene
 More expensive than earplugs Disadvantages:
 Hygiene issue if not maintained properly  Uncomfortable to use
 Wearer may not use it  Difficult to check if worker
is wearing the ear plugs
 It is subject to abuse
What are the reasons for workers not wearing ear protectors (8)

 Poor fit  Hygiene issue

 Resistance to use  Lack of Supervision
 Uncomfortable in hot  Deterioration of Equipment
weather
 Abuse of equipment by
 Incompatibility with other users
PPE
 Interference with the task
Identify FOUR types of engineering control that may be used to
reduce noise in the workplace AND give a practical example of
EACH. (8)
On plant & machinery – tighten loose panels, lubrication of joints
and moving parts, eliminate compressed air, use dampers or rubbers
On path – move source away from noise sensitive area
Enclosures - Enclose source and ensure walls are covered with
sound proofing material
Use of silencers to suppress noise generated by air, steam, etc
Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to high levels of noise. (6)
Chronic:
 Can cause tinnitus (ringing in the ear, over-stimulation of the hair cells)
 Permanent threshold shift (permanent damage), hearing impairement
 Loss of frequency (damage to hair cells)
Acute:
 Trauma from loud noise ( explosion, Burst eardrum)
 Temporary threshold shift (hearing affected at specific frequency)
 Short term tinnitus (over-stimulation of the auditory nerves)
 Secondary effects (stress, loss of concentration)

Outline TWO noise control techniques that would benefit all workers. (2)

 Location - Move source away from noise sensitive area

 Enclosure - Surrounding the noise source with sound insulating material (care to be taken not
to overheat machine)
Identify TWO types of non-ionizing radiation AND give an
occupational source for EACH. (2)
 Ultra violet (UVR) – Welding /over exposure to heat from the sun
 Infra red radiation (IRR) – Foundry (hot metal)

Outline the health effects associated with exposure to non-ionizing

radiation. (2)
 May cause skin burn
 Mild eye damage to permanent blindness
 Can also lead to worker having an eye cataract
Identify the health effects that may be caused by ionizing
radiation. (8)

Acute Effects Chronic Effects

 Tissue destruction  Cataracts
 Sterility  Cancer
 Burns
 Loss of hair  Possible genetic effect /
 Radiation sickness abnormalities
 Fatigue
 Death
 Still births
Identify FOUR types of ionizing radiation. (4)

 Alpha
 Beta
 Gamma
 X-Ray
Outline the main control measures for ionising radiation. (4)

 Time - Dose rate is directly proportional to exposure time. The longer

the time of exposure, the greater the damage.
 Distance - All points equidistant from the source have same effect
 Shielding - Physical barrier between the source and the individual
Other control measures include:
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Environmental and personal monitoring
 Training and supervision of the workers
 Good hygiene practices
 Correct disposal of radiation materials
Outline SIX control measures that can be used to reduce the risk
from vibration. (6)

 Eliminate the use of vibrating tools

 Select low vibration equipment
 Select ergonomically designed equipment
 Maintenance of equipment and tools
 Reduce grip forces required
 Reduce exposure time
 Introduce health surveillance
 Provision of gloves and heated pads
 ITIS or Information, Training, Instruction, and Supervision of
the workers
A maintenance worker regularly uses a hand held grinder, and is exposed to vibration.
Identify the symptoms that the worker may experience due to this exposure. (2)
Acute:
 Tingling or pins and needles in the hands and extremities
Chronic:
 Numbness and blanching of the fingers
 Swollen painful joints
 Reduction in manual dexterity
 Reduction in the sensation of touch
Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of
occupational stress amongst workers (8)
Stress can be caused by:
 Working patterns such as shift work,
 Unsociable hours or excessive overtime.
 Job insecurity or the fear of redundancy.
 Job includes repetitive or monotonous work without adequate breaks
 The feeling that there is a lack of control over the their job this can lead to
the perception that the work load is too high or too low.
 Workplace harassment, bullying, or fear of violence
 Poor communication can cause heightened stress levels and lead to
personal and social issues e.g. financial, illness, family.
1) Outline the practical precautions that might need to be taken
prior to the repair of a large item of process machinery.
(8)

• PTW system in place

• Isolation of any services or pipelines to the machine;
• The provision of safe access
• Segregation by the placing of barriers & warning signs; ensuring
availability & use of appropriate PPE (e.g. gloves, eye protection,
etc);
• Employing only skilled & competent personnel to carry out the work
2) Outline EIGHT factors that may be important in in determining the
maintenance requirements of an item of work equipment
(8)

 The location of the equipment

 Is it capable of being Isolated/locking off
 Dissipation of stored energy
 Segregation with other substances or equipment
 Safe means of access and egress
 Is PPE required
 Are personnel trained and competent
 Are there heat or cold problems
 Chemicals are being used or present
 Presence of biological agent
3) a) Identify the specific hazards associated with routine
maintenance work (4)
b) Outline how the hazards identified in a) may be controlled (4)

a. b.

• Unintentional starting of machinery • Isolate electrical power

• Restricted access and egress
• Heat or Cold
• Working at heights
• Confined space
• Residues - toxic, flammable, corrosive
• Permit to work system
• Allow hot machinery to cool
• Provide adequate lighting
• Provide means of access
• Provide suitable PPE
• Provide barriers
• Ventilate the work area
• Adequate supervision
5) a) Outline the issues that should be addressed in
assessing the appropriateness & suitability of a fixed guard
used to protect against dangerous parts of a machine. (6)

(b) Identify FOUR non-mechanical hazards to which

woodworking machine operators may be exposed &
outline the possible health & safety effects in EACH case.
(8)
 5) a) assess the strength and suitability

• Rigidity & durability of the material from which the guard is made,
• The security of its fastenings in requiring a special tool for its removal,
• The importance of securing sufficient ventilation when required.
• The use of a fixed guard only when frequent removal of the protection is not
required,
• The need to ensure that the guard neither interferes with the operation of
the machine nor obstructs the vision of the operator,
• Any openings in the guard should be of such size as to prevent access to the
danger point.
 5) b)

• dust (causing lung disorders & fires/explosions),

• noise (resulting in hearing loss or tinnitus),
• vibration (causing hand-arm vibration syndrome),
• splinters (resulting in injuries to the eye, cuts & infection),
• manual handling (which could result in musculoskeletal disorders),
• & electricity (with its associated risk of shock, electrical burns & fire).
6) Outline the precautions that might be taken to reduce the
risk of injury when using stepladders (8)

• The need to ensure that the stepladder is inspected for defects before
use;
• Stepladder is correctly erected on level ground with its chain or rope fully
extended;
• It is suitable for the task to be performed & does not involve carrying out
work from the top step;
• It is footed by a second person when necessary.
• It is correctly positioned to avoid over-reaching;
• It is not overloaded.
7) A cleaner is required to polish floors using a rotary floor polisher.
(i) Identify the hazards that might be associated with this
operation. (4)
(ii) Outline suitable control measures that might be used to
minimise the risk. (4)

(1)
• entanglement, slips, trips & falls;
• noise & vibration;
• electrical & ergonomic hazard
• possible use of chemical cleaning agents.
 7 (ii)

• Cable management to prevent slip and trip.

• Isolation of the machine for changing brushes.
• Cleaner is wearing an appropriate footwear.
• Regular maintenance & testing of the machine.
• Use of residual current devices.
• Provision of training for the operator with emphasis placed on
pre-use checks.
8) Outline the possible effects of FOUR NON-MECHANICAL hazards
commonly encountered in a woodworking shop. (8)

 dust from sawing & sanding operations (leading to lung disorders & possibly
cancer);
 chemical hazards from varnishes, glues etc. (leading to a range of ill-health
effects);
 noise from machinery (causing noise-induced hearing loss & other auditory &
non-auditory effects);
 sharps & splinters (causing eye injuries, cuts & infections);
 manual handling hazards (resulting in musculoskeletal disorders);
 electricity causing shocks, burns & fire.
9) An employee is engaged in general cleaning activities in a
large veterinary practice.
(i) Identify FOUR specific types of hazard that the cleaner
might face when undertaking the cleaning. (4)
(ii) Outline the precautions that could be taken to minimise
the risk of harm from these hazards. (4)
 9) a)
• cleaning fluids
• manual handling
• slips/trips/falls & sharp objects

those associated with the working environment such as

• biological hazards,
• contact with animals
• & those arising from the use of specialised equipment.

b)
 the need for animals to be kept in secure enclosures,
 possible need for immunization against diseases known to be transmitted by animals.
 Give specific training to employee with regards to safe handling of chemicals and
manual handling
 the provision & use of personal protective equipment the introduction of a procedure
for handling & disposal of sharps,
 10) Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal
drills & outline in EACH case how injury may occur. (8)

 entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chuck,

 stabbing injuries from the end of the bit,
 contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions,
 Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact
that the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit.
 Cutting hazards may also be presented by metal swarf produced by the
drilling process.
11) (a) Identify:
(i) TWO mechanical hazards associated with moving parts of
machinery. (2)
(ii) TWO non-mechanical hazards to which machine operator
may be exposed. (2)
(b) Outline a hierarchy of control measures that may be used
to reduce the risk of injury from dangerous parts of machinery.
(4)
 11) a) (1) Mechanical hazards (I.e. those from ,moving parts of
machinery &/or the material being worked) include:
• impact, entanglement, crushing, shearing, ejection, cutting & abrasion,
(2) non-mechanical machinery hazards includes:
• noise, vibration, electricity , hazardous substances, radiation, extremes
of temperature & ergonomic issues.

b)
• Eliminate hazards using fix guards
• Use of other types of guards or protective devices such as
interlocking guards, push away guards and trip devices
• Provision of safety aids such as jigs, holders and push-sticks,
• Provision of information, instruction, training & supervision,
12) (a) Outline the principles of the following types of machine
guard:
(i) A fixed guard (2)
(ii) An interlocked guard. (2)

(b) Identify TWO advantages & TWO disadvantages of a fixed

machine guard. (4)
12) a) A fixed guard is physically attached to the machine &
normally requires a special tool to remove it. Provides a physical
barrier that has no moving parts & is not linked to the controls,
motion or hazardous condition of the machine.
Interlocked guards work on the principle that a machine cannot
start or otherwise become dangerous until the guard is closed,
& that when the machine is in a dangerous condition either the
guard cannot be operated or opening the guard causes the
machine to come to a rest.
12) b)
Advantages
• is easy to inspect & maintain
• Requires a tool to remove it
• there are no moving parts that can lead to increased reliability
Disadvantages
• It is not linked to the machine controls which means that no protection is
afforded should it be removed
• Since it is fixed & requires a special tool for its removal, access, when
required, is more difficult.
• A physical barrier, particularly if it is solid rather than meshed, may also
hamper visual inspection of the machine or the work being performed.
13) List EIGHT types of non-mechanical associated with
machinery (8)

• Chemical/dust/fumes etc.
• Noise & Vibration
• Fire/explosion
• Hot surfaces
• Temperature
• Electricity
• Radiation
• Biological
• Ergonomics
• Access
14) Identify FOUR hazards when cutting grass on roadside verges
with a rider-operated motor-mower & outline the precautions to be
taken against EACH one. (8)

 fumes,
 fast rotating blades & the potential for the machine to overturn when operating
on inclines.
 noise & vibration,
 collision with road traffic or pedestrians,
 dust,
 flying objects (e.g. stones from the machine),
 & hazards associated with fuel.
Environmental issues such as extreme exposure to sunlight & the presence of
stinging insects.
15) Outline the issues that should be considered to ensure the
health and safety of cleaners employed in a school out of normal
working hours (8)

3 Areas

1) General Cleaning ( Chemicals, Electrical, Sharp objects, Manual handling)

2) School Situation (Labs, Workshops)
3) Out of working hours (Lone working, Communication, Supervision etc. )
 16) Outline the factors to consider before a new
machine is installed in a workplace (8)
• MSDS with regards also to machine lay out
• Perform risk assessment prior to installation
• Competency of workers who will install the machine
• Suitable environment or place where the machine will be installed.
• Provide appropriate tools and equipment for machine installation.
• Eliminate the power source before installation to prevent
unintentional start up of the machine.
• Create a suitable policy prior to machine installation.
• Provide training for workers who will use the machine.
• Check the quality and capacity of machine before installation.
• Provide appropriate PPE for workers doing the installation
17) Outline the key features of fixed guards on machinery to
ensure they are appropriate and suitable
(8)
• Ensure that the guard is not hampering the visual of the operator.
• Creates a physical barrier that gives protection to the user from
getting contact from dangerous part of the machine
• Must be secured with at least one fastener and requires a tool for
removal.
• The fixed guards do not serve as an additional hazard to the worker.
• It allows maintenance without the removal of the guard.
• The guard is not easily disabled or removed.
• Has a good construction, material and adequate strength.
• The guard is fit for its purpose.
 1) Outline the precautions to be used when using a mobile elevating
work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight.
(8)
 the need to inspect the equipment before use & to ensure it is in a good state
or condition
 Used only by competent workers
 Implement the use of outriggers & brakes
 Provide warning signs & barriers to avoid collisions
 Make sure that the platform is not overloaded
 Avoid and monitor overhead obstructions such as powerlines.
 Ensure workers are wearing PPE such as the use of harness
 Consider the safety of those at the ground level
2) Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of
organisations and can introduce additional hazards into a
working environment
(a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that
may pose a risk to the health of drivers (4)
(b) Describe the various circumstances that may cause such a
vehicle to overturn (8)
(c) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the
safety of pedestrians in areas where fork trucks are operation
(8)
 2)
A.
• Fumes/
• Fire and explosion
• Fuel storage
• Refuelling of vehicle

B.
• Unsecure, excessive or uneven loading
• Incorrect elevation of forks when traveling
• Uneven or unconsolidated ground
• Driving on slopes ( incorrect procedures for dealing with them)
• Obstructions (overhead or low level) or changes in level (e.g. edges of
loading bays)
• Cornering at excessive speeds or driving too fast
• Sudden or excessive breaking
• Poor condition of tires, uneven tire pressure, brakes
• Other mechanical failures
2) c)

• Segregated systems for fork trucks & pedestrian traffic

• Ensure appropriate road markings/ pedestrian lanes
• maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting
etc.) & audible warnings on vehicles.
• drawing up & enforcement of site rules
• the provision of refuges
• Enforce wearing of high-visibility clothing
• Keep a good standard of housekeeping
• Provide training for all the concerned workers
• Ensure adequate site supervision
 3) Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork lift
truck is to be used to unload palletised goods from a vehicle parked
in a factory car park (8)

• Fork lift truck is suitable for its intended purpose

• Driver is competent and properly trained
• Check for good ground condition
• Fork lift truck has good manoeuvrability
• Fork lift has good all round visibility
• The load is properly secured on pallet
• Audible warning or safety signs prior to unloading
• Consider other car movements within the car park
• Monitor pedestrians to avoid access on the
unloading area
• Provide adequate lighting of the area.
 4) Outline the hazards and the corresponding precautions to be
taken when charging batteries for fork lift truck (8)

• Corrosive battery acids – use appropriate PPE and inspect batteries regularly for leaks
• Electrical short circuits – make sure all the electrical parts are in good condition such as
the socket, wiring and avoid overloading of electricity
• Release of hydrogen- provide training for concerned workers with regards to SOP in the
event of hydrogen release, ensure there is adequate ventilation and PPE for workers.
• Fire/explosion – maintain safe electrical condition, proper storage of chemicals or other
flammable substances especially during charging of fork lift
• Corrosion – enforce regular inspection and maintenance of the battery or the vehicle
itself
• Ventilation – maintain good temperature of the environment especially during charging.
• Sources of ignition – eliminate the source of ignition that may cause fire or explosion
• Manual Handling - use mechanical aids to avoid manual handling or make the process
automated to prevent injuries.
 5) Outline the factors that should be taken into account when
planning traffic routes for internal transport
(8)

 adequate width of traffic routes with the avoidance of blind corners

 separation of vehicles & pedestrians with the provision of barriers & refuges
 a one-way system with turning circles to reduce the need for reversing
 firm, even & well maintained road surfaces
 roadways unobstructed & signed to indicate speed limits, rights of way & no entry
 visibility aids such as mirrors, transparent screens across doorways & lighting;
traffic calming measures such as road humps;
 marked pedestrian crossings points on vehicle routes
 Separate entrances for work vehicles and visitors.
 6) Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when
pedestrians are required to work in vehicle manoeuvring areas.
(8)

 segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic

 Placed an appropriate road marking signs
 maintain good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc.)
&audible warning alarms on vehicles.
 Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
 The provision of refuges
 Wearing of high-visibility clothing
 Maintain a good standard of housekeeping
 Provide adequate training & supervision of all concerned staff.
 Provision of banksmen
 Provide adequate lighting especially at night
 7) Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to
avoid accidents involving reversing vehicles within a
workplace. (8)
• avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through” systems,
turning circles)
• separation of vehicles & pedestrians by placing barriers, and warning signs)
• Consider the aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on
vehicles & at blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc),
• Banksmen are being put in place.
• Provide sufficient training to the driver and all the concerned staff
• Ensure the drivers competency
• Create and enforce sufficient site rules.
• Provide adequate lighting of the area.
8) List EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left
unattended in a workplace. (8)
 Returning the truck to a designated parking area
 Apply brake before leaving the fork lift truck
 Leave the controls in a neutral position
 Switching off the ignition if the forklift is not being used
 Ensure the forks are resting on the floor
 The mast is tilted slightly forward
 Avoid obstruction of walkways, exits & fire points
 Remove the ignition key & returning it to a responsible person.
9) Outline the precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport
of hazardous substances by road (8)
• Suitable vehicle should be used for transport
• The vehicle is clearly marked
• Make sure that the driver is trained and competent
• There is an available information for the driver with
regards to the load
• Substance is stored in suitable containers prior to
transport.
• Containers of the substances are clearly marked
• Appropriate segregation of different substances
• There is adequate facilities for safe loading and unloading
• There is a suitable route for traveling
10) List EIGHT rules to be followed to minimise the risk of
fork lift trucks overturning (8)

• Ensure the truck is not overloaded

• Load is properly secured
• Correct elevation of forks when traveling
• Ground conditions are properly maintained
• Avoid slopes or have procedures to deal with them
• Avoid obstructions (overhead or low level) or changes in level (e.g. edges of
loading bays);
• Driving at correct speed
• Avoid sudden braking
• Proper maintenance of vehicles
• Daily vehicle checks or inspection
11) List the ways in which a fork lift truck may become
unstable whist in operation (8)

• insecure, excessive or uneven loading;

• incorrect elevation of forks when traveling;
• uneven or unconsolidated ground;
• slopes (& incorrect procedures for dealing with them);
• obstructions (overhead or low level) or changes in level (e.g. edges of
loading bays);
• cornering at excessive speeds;
• sudden braking;
• poor condition of tires, brakes;
• Other mechanical failures
13) Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to a long
distance lorry driver (8)

• Journey duration for drivers with far destination without a break

• Driving hours - drive for a long period in order to get to the destination
faster, accident due to fatigue and lapses of attention
• Route e.g. type of roads , road works, busy and high risk areas
• Weather conditions to prevent accidents when driving on extreme weather
condition
• Type of load and value of load
• Risk of violence during transport or prior to the arrival in destination
• Cab layout e.g. ergonomic conditions, driver’s comfort upon the journey
• Training for special skills - drivers may have to undertake specific training on
safe driving
• Communications between the driver and the management
14) An employee has been seriously injured after being
struck by a reversing vehicle in a loading bay.
a) Give FOUR reasons why the accident should be
investigated by the persons employer (4)
b) Outline the information that should be included in the
investigation report (8)
c) Outline FOUR possible immediate causes and FOUR
possible underlying root causes of the accident (8)
 14) a)

• identify the immediate & root causes in order to prevent similar

accidents occurring in the future.
• To identify and correct possible weaknesses in risk assessment
processes & other aspects of safety management systems.
• collecting evidence to defend a civil claim,
• determining economic loss
• demonstrating management commitment to occupational health
& safety.
 14) b)

• the personal details of the injured party, time & location of the accident,
• environmental conditions, the work activity at the time of the accident,
• the control measures in place,
• the precise circumstances of the accident,
• the type & extent of injury sustained,
• details of witnesses & copies of their statements where taken,
• drawings & photographs
• immediate & root causes identified
• possible breaches of the law
• the recommendations of the investigation team in relation to remedial action
required.
 14) c)
Immediate causes
• human error
• failure to comply with procedures
• restricted view for the driver
• environmental conditions such as high noise levels, inadequate lighting

Underlying causes could have included:

• lack of driver &/or other employee training,
• lack of supervision,
• absence of site rules or procedures for the control of reversing vehicles,
• failure to separate vehicular & pedestrian traffic,
• lack of maintenance of vehicles &/or the workplace.
 15) Outline the means by which the risk of accidents
involving reversing vehicles within a workplace can be
reduced (8)

 avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through” systems,
turning circles etc),
 through the separation of vehicles & pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc),
 Placed an appropriate road marking signs
 maintain good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting etc.)
&audible warning alarms on vehicles.
 Drawing up & enforcement of site rules
 Wearing of high-visibility clothing
 Provide adequate training & supervision of all concerned staff.
 Provision of banksmen during reversing
 Provide adequate lighting especially at night
 16) Outline the factors to consider when assessing the risks to
an overnight delivery driver (8)

• Journey duration for drivers with far destination without a break

• Driving hours - drive for a long period in order to get to the destination faster,
accident due to fatigue and lapses of attention
• Route e.g. type of roads , road works, busy and high risk areas
• Weather conditions to prevent accidents when driving on extreme weather
condition
• Type of load and value of load
• Risk of violence during transport or prior to the arrival in destination
• Cab layout e.g. ergonomic conditions, driver’s comfort upon the journey
• Training for special skills - drivers may have to undertake specific training on
safe driving
• Communications between the driver and the management
17) Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the
safety of pedestrians in vehicle manoeuvering areas in a busy
distribution depot (8)

 segregated systems for vehicular & pedestrian traffic,

 appropriate road markings,
 maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent doors, provision of lighting
etc) & audible warnings on vehicles.
 Other relevant measures that were mentioned included the:
 drawing up & enforcement of site rules,
 the provision of refuges,
 the wearing of high-visibility clothing,
 a good standard of housekeeping,
 & training for, & supervision of all concerned.
18) A fork lift truck has over turned in a busy warehouse.
Identify EIGHT ways this might have occurred (8)
• insecure, excessive or uneven loading;
• incorrect elevation of forks when traveling;
• uneven or unconsolidated ground;
• slopes (& incorrect procedures for dealing with them);
• obstructions (overhead or low level) or changes in level
(e.g. edges of loading bays);
• cornering at excessive speeds;
• sudden braking;
• poor condition of tires, brakes;
• Other mechanical failures
19) Outline the specific hazards that may be encountered
in motor vehicle repair premises (8)

Hazards that workers may encounter during motor vehicle repair of

premises are:
Electricity, Fuels, Burning gases, Fire, Fumes, Paints, Pits, Hoists,
Falling objects, Vehicle movements, Chemicals, Manual Handling,
Slippery floors, Noise, Compressed air.
20) List EIGHT items to be included on a checklist for the routine
inspection of a fork-lift truck at the beginning of a shift. (8)

 the condition & pressure of tyres,

 the integrity & proper functioning of lights, horn, brakes & mirrors,
 the absence of oil leaks
 a seat that is securely fixed (with properly functioning & intact restraints
where fitted).
 The fork-lift truck should also be checked for obvious signs of damage to
bodywork & lifting mechanism, & for the security of any equipment fitted
such as an LPG tank.
 The fuel level or condition of battery.
21) A driver of a fork lift truck has been seriously injured
after the vehicle overturned.
a) Outline the possible immediate causes of the
accident in terms of BOTH the behaviour of the driver
AND the conditions of the workplace and work
equipment (10)
b) Describe the underlying factors that may have led to
the unsafe acts or conditions identified in a) (10)
21) a) Driver
• Cornering too fast
• Hitting obstructions
• Driving on uneven ground
• Turning on slopes
• Driving with unstable or excessive load
• Colliding with another vehicle
• Driving under effects of drugs and alcohol
• Driving over potholes
• Defective or excessive brakes
• Tyres under inflated or in poor condition
21) b)
• Poor perception of risk
• Unfamiliarity with workplace
• High workload causing driver to hurry
• Poor vehicle selection
• Inadequate driver training
• Poor employee selection procedures
• Inadequate maintenance procedures
• Poor or no risk assessment
• Failure to develop a safe system of work
• No defect reporting procedure
• Lack of daily fork lift truck inspection
• Lack of management commitment
• Lack of supervision
1) With respect to manual handling operations:
a) Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk of injury
(4)
b) State FOUR factors relation to the individual that may increase the risk of
injury (4)
a)

• The contents might move & the load become unbalanced

• difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load
• presence of sharp edges.
• the size & weight of the load
b)
• physical strength & stature
• Sex of the employee
• state of health of the employee
• level of training in manual handling techniques.
• the person’s perceptions (or misperceptions) of the requirements of the task or their
own abilities.
 2) Outline the factors that may affect the level of risk from manual
handling in relation to:
(i) the task (4)
(ii) the load (4)
i
a) Holding away from body
b) Twisting
c) Stooping
d) Reaching upwards
e) Long carrying distance
ii
a) Weight of the load
b) Size and shape of the load
c) Difficulty to grasp
d) Unstable/unpredictable load
e) Presence of sharp edges
f) Hot/cold (temperature of the load)
 3) a) List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect
manual handling of loads (2)
b) Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a
person required to lift a load from the ground (6)
a) slipped disc, torn ligaments, tendon sprain or hernia, cuts, abrasions & fractures
if boxes fall

b)
• Consider the size & weight of the load before lifting the load
• Correct positioning of the feet
• Take firm grip to gain more stability of the load
• keep the back straight to prevent back injuries
• bending only the knees and not the waist
• Use strength of thigh muscles
• lifting smoothly keeping the load close to the body.
4) Outline the factors that should be considered in an
assessment of manual handling activities (8)

Load :- Size, Shape, Sharp edges, Hot/cold

Individual:- Age, Sex, physical capability

Task:- Stooping, Stretching, Pulling, Pushing

Environment:- Temperature, lighting, Floors
5) Outline the factors that could contribute towards the
development of work-related upper limb disorders (WRULDs)
amongst employees at a supermarket checkout. (8)

 space constraints that minimize the full movement of the worker.

 poor equipment design (such as chairs that are not adjustable)
 bulky or heavy items, poor design or reliability of scanning equipment,
 high levels of repetition, working at a fast pace, over-reaching (often from a
seated position),
 insufficient rest or breaks/ lack of manpower
 environmental conditions such as temperature & humidity.
 Long working hours in front of the check out counter.
 lack of appropriate training for the employees.
 6) Outline a procedure for the safe lifting of a load by a crane,
having ensured that the crane has been correctly selected &
positioned for the job. (8)
 the correct selection of the sling & its inspection for damage before use
 the employment of competent persons to attach the sling to the load in order to ensure a correct
balance
 Provide unrestricted view for the crane driver or if not possible, the use of competent banksmen
to maintain effective communication with the driver
 checking and monitoring the area where the lifting procedure is taking place is clear from any
employees.
 ensuring that the load is raised at the correct speed, lowered slowly to its landing position &
controlled during its passage, possible by the use of tag lines.
 The load capacity of the crane is not exceeded.
 The load is properly secured prior to lifting.
 The driver of the crane is competent and have received sufficient training.
 Adequate supervision while the lifting procedure is taking place.
7) A storeman is required to place boxes of metal components by
hand on to shelved racking.
(a) List FOUR types of injury to which the employee may be at risk
while carrying out this task. (4)
(b) Outline the factors in relation to the task & the load that
will affect the risk of injury. (10)
(c) Outline a good manual handling technique that could be
adopted by the employee when required to lift one of the boxes
from ground level. (6)

a) slipped disc, torn ligaments, tendon sprain or hernia. Cuts, abrasions &
fractures if boxes fall
 7) b)
Factors relation to task include
• the number of boxes to be lifted & the frequency of lifting
• The vertical & horizontal distances that the boxes are required to be lifted or
carried, particularly if they have to be lifted from the ground &/or placed on
high shelves.
• The need for excessive pulling or pushing of the load & twisting of the body
should also have been considered.
• Factors relating to the load include:
• the weight & size of the boxes to be lifted by the worker
• the weight distribution
• the shape of the load; if the worker is able to have a good grip of the load
• If there is a presence of sharp edges
• the stability of content of the boxes.
 7) c)
• Consider the size & weight of the load if it fits the capacity and strength
of the executioner of the task
• Consider the location to which it is to be moved
• outlined a technique that included issues such as the correct positioning
of the feet
• Avoid over reaching while lifting the boxes from the floor
• Bend only the knees and not the waist
• Lift the load smoothly while keeping the it close to the body.
• Use manual handling aids if available to reduce the work force.
• Ask assistance from other workmates if possible.
8) Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual
handling assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of
water out of a sink. (8)
 frequency and duration of the activity
 vertical & horizontal distances to be lifted/transported
 distance of load from the body
 The repetitive task undertaken by the worker
 the type/size of bucket & water temperature.
 Condition of the work place such as wet floors, space constraints, ambient
temperature and lights
 physical capabilities & limitations of the individual
 The weight of the bucket after loading with water from the sink.
 9) Outline FOUR hazards & the corresponding precautions to be
taken when using conveyor systems for moving materials within a
workplace. (8)
 traps & drawing-in (with nip guards & trip devices as possible precautions);
 entanglement (fixed guards, avoidance of loose clothing);
 impact against overhead systems (bump caps, restricted access, warning
signs, cushioning);
 items falling off (edge guards or barriers);
 contact hazards (belt edge protection, restricted access, elimination of sharp
edges);
 manual handling hazards (appropriate height of conveyor, the use of
mechanical aids);
 & noise (various attenuation methods, hearing protection).
10) An office employee is required to replace 20 litre
(20kg) water bottles located on top of water coolers.

(i) Identify FOUR factors specific to the employee that

might increase the risk of injury when carrying out this
task. (4)
(ii) Outline a good handling technique that could be used
when lifting a full bottle from the floor. (4)
 10) a) and b)
a)
• physical strength & stature of the employee
• Gender of the employee
• state of health of the employee
• level of training in manual handling techniques.
• the person’s perceptions (or misperceptions) of the requirements of the
task or their own abilities.
b)
• Make an initial assessment of the load
• The employee needs to take a firm grip of the bottle
• Lift the bottle smoothly while keeping the back straight
• Always bend on the knees and the waist
• Avoid over reaching, and twisting of the trunk while doing the task
 11) Outline the precautions to be taken to prevent accidents to
employees working at ground level in a workshop where heavy
loads are lifted & transported by means of an overhead gantry
crane (8)
 The use, training & competence of key personnel (operator, signaller, slinger)
 Maintenance & statutory inspection of the crane & lifting tackle.
 Place an audible or visible warning that a lift is taking place
 The load is properly secured before the procedure takes place.
 The load does not exceed the intended capacity of the crane
 The load is lifted in a correct height & moved at an appropriate speed
 Ensure that all those working in the area have been properly trained & are
adequately supervised.
 Provide barrier if possible on the area where the lifting is taking place.
 Provision of banksmen to facilitate safe lifting and transport.
 Examiners’ Report

Part (i) of the question explored candidates’ knowledge of the ways in

which the nature of a load can present a risk of injury during manual
handling activities.
Candidates should have identified matters such as:
• the size & weight of the load;
• the possibility that the contents might move & the load become
unbalanced;
• the position of the centre of gravity;
• difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load;
• & the presence of sharp edges.
 Part (ii) required candidates to outline the factors relating to the
individual carrying out the handling operation.
These include:
• body size & strength in relation to the task to be carried out (which can be
age or gender-related);
• physical handicaps or restrictions caused by illness, disability or
pregnancy;
• lack of training in manual handling;
• & inappropriate clothing or footwear.
The question was concerned only with the load & the individual but
many answers also addressed factors connected with the task & the
environment – an indication that some candidates perhaps had not read
the question with sufficient care or did not have a clear picture of the
four variables affecting manual handling activities.
1) a) Give TWO examples of a disease resulting from biological hazards at
work (2)
(b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of
infection from one of the biological hazards given in a) (6)
a)
• Hepatitis B, Salmonella, pneumonia, toxic mushroom poisoning, asthma
b)
• Cleaning / disinfecting / personal hygiene such as hand washing and bathing after contact with
biological agent
• Water treatment to prevent accumulation of certain biological agent
• Pest control to kill rodents and insects
• Safe and adequate procedures for handling, containment and disposal of waste
• Immunization of workers to build resistance to specific infections
• Give specific training to employees and perform health surveillance
• Provide sufficient PPE such as gloves and RPE
 2) In relation to occupational dermatitis
(i) Identify TWO common causative agents (2)
(ii) Describe the typical symptoms of the condition (3)
(iii) State the sources of information that may help identify dermatitic
substances in the workplace (3)

a) acids, alkalis, detergents, mineral oils, organic solvents, metal salts, wet cement

b) The skin becomes red, itchy and can be blistered. The skin can also be hard,
thickened and cracked. Bleeding can occur with possible infection

c)
• Material safety data sheets
• Product labels
• Special publications
• Governmental organizations
• Occupational health journals
 3) a) Explain the term “respirable dust”. (2)
(b) Outline the ways in which the levels of dust in a
workplace can be assessed. (6)

(a) Airborne dust small enough to enter the lungs during normal breathing.
Particle size is between 0.5 and 10 microns.
(b)
• Visual examination of the accumulation of dust on surfaces or the use of a dust lamp to highlight
sources of dust emission) & quantitative methods (sampling methods or direct reading
instruments).
• Basic sampling strategies (personal versus fixed or area sampling)
• Concentration of airborne dust by noting the weight difference of a pre-weighted filter after a
known quantity of contaminated air is drawn through it.
• Through health surveillance of the workers for increased number of respiratory disease.
• If there are frequent equipment problems
• Increase complain of the workers with regards to the environment condition.
4 a) Define the term ‘target organ’ within the context of
occupational health (2)
b) Outline the personal hygiene practices that should
be followed to reduce the risk of ingestion of a
hazardous substance (6)

a) “Target organ” is referred to the organ of the body on which a toxic

substance exerts its effects.
b)
• Apply rule such as No smoking/eating/drinking in area where hazardous
substances are present.
• Wash hands/skin after contact with hazardous substance.
• Apply barrier creams or after use creams
• Wearing of clean and appropriate PPE such as gloves and RPE
• Cover wounds before going to work to avoid contamination or from
worsening
• Use clean working clothes and change if being soiled with hazardous
substances.
6) a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into
the body. (4)
(b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the
risk of infection from biological organisms. (4)

a)
• inhalation, injection, entry through broken skin/ absorption, & ingestion.
b)
 engineering controls (such as containment & the use of microbiological safety
cabinets),
 vermin control, good personal hygiene & immunisation.
• Cleaning / disinfecting / personal hygiene such as hand washing and bathing after
contact with biological agent
• Water treatment to prevent accumulation of certain biological agent
• Provide sufficient PPE such as gloves and RPE
7) a) Identify FOUR forms that an airborne hazardous substance may take (4)

b) Outline the advantages and limitations in using a chemical stain indicator

(stain detector) tube to monitor the atmospheric concentrations of hazardous
substances (8)

c) State the primary effect on the body of each of the following types of
hazardous substance, giving a named example of each type

1) Irritant (2)
2) Corrosive (2)
3) Toxic (2)
4) Carcinogenic (2)
7) a) Dust, smoke, fume, vapour, gas
b) Advantages:
• Low Cost
• Easy to use take little time
• Immediate result
• Gives indication during emergency spillages
• Good for coarse (approximate) measurement
Disadvantages:
b)
• Can give inaccurate result
• Contaminant must be known
• Only a snapshot
• Only suitable for fumes and vapours
• Shelf life
• Requires a competent user
• Can be affected by other chemicals
7c
i. Irritant - On contact with skin, eyes or mucous membrane can
cause INFLAMMATION
e.g.: detergents/adhesives
i. Corrosive - May DESTROY living tissue. Has burning effect
e.g.: Strong acids/alkali
i. Toxic - POISONOUS cause harm to biological systems/interfere
with bodily functions
e.g.: Lead/mercury/pesticides
iv. Carcinogenic - Alter living cells causing CANCER
e.g.: Asbestos/vinyl chloride
8) Employees working for a specialist shoe
manufacturer are engaged in trimming soles by hand
prior to using a solvent based adhesive to glue them
onto the shoes.

a) Describe FOUR possible adverse health effects that

may be experienced by these employees (4)
b) Identify the information that should be included on
the manufacturers safety data sheet (8)
c) Outline the measures to minimise risks both from the
trimming and glueing operations (8)
8) a) The worker is at risk having skin & eye irritation, conatacting
dermatitis, headaches, nausea & dizziness. With possible & more serious
effects such as narcosis & loss of consciousness. Repetitive shearing or
cutting can result to cuts and also can lead to muscle strain injury.

b)
• the name of the substance
• its chemical properties & composition
• the nature of the hazard; relevant standards (e.g. occupational exposure
standards);
• precautions to be taken in its transport, handling & use
• measures to be taken in an emergency (e,g spillage or accidental exposure)
including first-aid treatment;
• disposal requirements and procedures.
8) c)
• The possible substitution of the adhesive for a less toxic one
• Adequate ventilation of the working area
• Minimize the amount of the substance to be used for the job
• Monitoring good housekeeping procedures (e.g. keeping lids on containers
& avoiding contaminated rags),
• Enforce the use of a respirator & other PPE such as gloves and eye
protector
• Advise the worker for good personal hygiene
• Provision of information, instruction & training to the employees
• Limit the time of exposure of the workers by giving breaks or by job
rotation
• Regular breaks from trimming operation
9) a) State TWO respiratory diseases that may be caused
by exposure to asbestos (2)
b) Identify where asbestos is likely to be found in a
building during renovation work (6)
a) Asbestosis; Mesothelioma; Lung cancer
b)
• Pipe lagging
• Ceiling/floor tiles
• Roof sheets/panels/guttering/fall pipes
• Fire resistance/fire stopping
• Loft/wall insulation
• Rope/gaskets/packing/plugs
• Gas/electrical appliances
• Surface coatings (around steel columns)
10) a) List THREE respiratory diseases that could be caused
by exposure to dust at work (3)
b) Describe the body’s respiratory defence mechanisms
against atmospheric dust (7)
c) Outline the control measures that may be used to
eliminate or reduce dust in a work environment, using
practical examples where appropriate (10)
a)
• Pneumoconiosis/miners lung
• Asbestosis
• Asthma
• Silicosis
• Farmer’s lung
• Bronchitis
10) b)
• Nasal hairs remove larger particles by sneezing or just
trapping the dirt from entering the nose.
• Mucous coated cilia (hairs) remove medium sized
particles
• Penetrating bronchi is removed by coughing/irritation
• Small particles reach alveoli are digested (broken
down) by cells
10) c)
– Eliminate e.g.: pre-formed material/no cutting
– Substitute e.g.: paste/liquid/granules
– Change process e.g.: auto-dosing
– Isolate e.g.: separate room
– Enclosure e.g.: closed barrier to prevent escape of dust
– Extraction e.g.: LEV
– Suppression e.g.: damping down
– Avoid disturbing e.g.: vacuum
– Ensure proper maintenance of the equipment
– Monitor good housekeeping
11) a) Identify TWO substances that can cause dermatitis
and describe how this condition occurs (4)

b) Outline the specific measures designed to prevent

the occurrence of occupational dermatitis (4)

a) Caused by alkalis, detergents, mineral oils which get on to the skin and
cause reddening, soreness, itching and cracking of the skin

b.)
• Avoid use of strong alkalis or substitute with a mild type of substance
• Change process e.g. remote handling
• Wear gloves, barrier creams, after use creams, and good personal
hygiene
• Provide information to the workers such as Material Safety Data Sheets/
product labels/ HSE leaflets
12) a) State the principles of EACH of the following methods used to
control airborne contaminants at work
1) Dilution ventilation
2) Local exhaust ventilation

b) Draw a labelled sketch of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system

clearly showing the main components

a) 1) Introduction of large volumes of air By natural (open windows/doors)

or mechanical means (fans/blowers) to Dilute airborne contaminants

2) Removing contaminant at source by mechanical means. LEV consists

of a Hood, ducting, filter and fan.
14) An essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form
and poured by hand from bags in to a mixing vessel. Outline the control
measures that might be considered in this situation in order to reduce
employee exposure to the substance (8)

 elimination (e.g. by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty

operation);
 substitution (e.g. of powder by granules, liquid or paste);
 isolation of the process in a separate room;
 enclosure (in a glove box, for instance);
 the provision of LEV;
 & suppression by damping down & carrying out cleaning operations by vacuuming
rather than sweeping
 Supply of respirator and eye protection
 Limit time of exposure
 Carry out measurement of dust level
 16) Outline the factors that that may reduce the
effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system
(8)

• Blocked filters
• Lack of maintenance
• Position of hood
• Unauthorised alterations
• Broken ducting
• Wear of fan blades
• Incorrect settings
• Increased contaminant level
• Inadequate design
• Failure of operators to use it
17) Outline the factors to be taken into account when
undertaking an assessment of the risks to health
from a hazardous substance to be used in the
workplace (8)

• Nature of substance (liquid/dust/fume/vapour)

• Harmful effects (toxic/harmful/irritant/corrosive)
• Route of entry (inhalation/ingestion/injection/ absorption)
• Numbers of people exposed or might be esposed
• Concentration of substance/OES levels
• Duration/frequency of exposure
• Control measures needed to minimize or remove the hazards
• Monitoring controls
• Reference documentation/assessment/data sheet
• First aid and fire fighting arrangements
18) A factory employee has developed a respiratory
disease after exposure to a hazardous substance.
a) Outline the factors that should be considered when
carrying out an assessment of the risks to health from
the substance (8)
b) Describe the control measures that may be available to
the employer when elimination of the substance is not
practical (6)
c) Outline the information that the employer should
provide to other workers who may be exposed to the
substance (6)
 18) a) The hazards of the substance such as:-
• The degree of toxicity,
• The level of exposure
• What are the safe exposure limits
• Who can be affected and how
• The methods of work adopted (which may determine the
routes of entry),
• The duration & frequency of exposures,
• Assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures.
18) b)
• ventilation of the working area
• using the minimum amount of the substance for the job,
• adhering to good housekeeping procedures (e.g. keeping lids on containers
& avoiding contaminated rags),
• the use of a respirator & other PPE,
• good personal hygiene
• the provision of information, instruction & training to the employees
• limiting time in use of respirators
• Regular breaks or providing job rotation to employees
18) c)
• Harmful effects of substance
• Routes of entry
• Safe use/handling and storage
• Preventative measures/PPE
• Maintenance of controls
• Emergency procedures
• First aid actions
• Safe disposal of substance
• Exposure levels/health surveillance
19) A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles in a new
premises using a solvent based adhesive. In relation to
the use of the adhesive in such circumstances:

(i) Identify the possible effects on health (4)

(ii) Outline the control measures that should be

considered. (4)
 19) (i)
• skin & eye irritation,
• dermatitis,
• headaches,
• nausea & dizziness,
• with possible & more serious effects such as narcosis & loss of
consciousness.
(ii)
• the possible substitution of the adhesive for a less toxic one,
• ventilation of the working area,
• using the minimum amount of the substance for the job, adhering to good
housekeeping procedures (e.g. keeping lids on containers & avoiding contaminated
rags),
• the use of a respirator & other PPE,
• good personal hygiene,
 the provision of information, instruction & training to the fitter
• limiting time exposure use of respirators
20) Outline the factors that need to be considered
when managing the risk of exposure to hazardous
chemicals in the workplace (8)
The hazards of the substance such as:-
• The degree of toxicity,
• The level of exposure
• What are the safe exposure limits
• Who can be affected and how
• The methods of work adopted (which may determine the routes of
entry),
• The duration & frequency of exposures,
• Assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures.
21) Outline the information that employees should
receive when there is a risk that their work will expose
them to a substance hazardous to health (8)

• Harmful effects of substance

• Possible routes of entry into the body of hazardous
substance
• Safe use/handling and storage of hazardous substances
• Preventative measures and the use of appropriate PPE
• Maintenance of controls
• Emergency procedures
• First aid actions to be carried out in case of sudden ill or
injury
• Safe disposal of substance
• Exposure levels/health surveillance
22) Identify the information that should be included on a
hazard data sheet supplied with a hazardous substance.
(8)

 the name of the substance;

 its chemical properties & composition;
 the nature of the hazard; relevant standards (e.g. occupational
exposure standards);
 precautions to be taken in its transport, handling & use; measures
to be taken in an emergency (e.g. spillage or accidental exposure)
including first-aid treatment;
 & disposal requirements
23) a) List TWO substances that can cause occupational dermatitis
and describe how this occurs (2)
b) Outline specific measure designed to prevent the occurrence
of occupational dermatitis. substances in the workplace (6)

a) acids, alkalis, detergents, mineral oils, organic solvents, metal salts, wet
cement get on to the skin and cause reddening of the skin, soreness,
itchiness, Flaking, cracking & bleeding with possible infection

b.)
• Avoid use of strong alkalis or substitute with a mild type of substance
• Change process e.g. remote handling
• Wear gloves, barrier creams, after use creams, and good personal
hygiene
• Provide information to the workers such as Material Safety Data
Sheets/ product labels/ HSE leaflets
24) a) Describe with the aid of a labelled sketch, a chemical indicator
(stain detector) tube for atmospheric monitoring (4)
b) List the main limitations of chemical indicator (stain detector)
tubes (4)

GLASS TUBE MEASURING SCALE-PPM

TO PUMP

PRE-FILTER REACTIVE CRYSTALS DISCOLOUR

IN RELATION TO CONTAMINANT

b) Inaccurate; Contaminant must be known;

Only suitable for fumes/vapours; Shelf life;
Competence of user; Affected by other chemicals
25) Outline with examples the appropriate control measures
for dealing with exposure to a hazardous chemical ranging
from the most effective to the least effective (8)
• Eliminate if possible
• Reduce by substitution
• Isolate
• Total Enclosure
• Segregate the people
• Control
• Engineering Control (LEV)
• Maintenance of controls
• Administrative control such as
• Change the work pattern or method
• Hygiene and housekeeping
• Appropriate signage's
• Providing work breaks and job rotation
• PPE such as gloves, eye mask, face mask, RPE, safety shoes
• Discipline
26) A furniture factory uses solvent-based adhesives in its
manufacturing process.
(i) Identify the possible effects on health of employees using
the adhesives. (4)
(ii) State FOUR control measures to minimise such health
effects. (4)

(i)
 irritation of eyes,
 skin & lungs, dermatitis,
 headaches,
 nausea & dizziness.
 psychological effects of exposure to the adhesive with the possible
secondary effect of an increased risk of accidents.
 26)
(ii)
• discontinuing the use of the adhesive or introducing a less toxic
alternative,
• minimising the use of the product or limiting the surface area of
application,
• providing ventilation for the area where the adhesive is to be used,
• introducing good housekeeping & work procedures (e.g. to ensure that
containers are not left open),
• providing suitable personal protective equipment,
• ensuring good standards of personal hygiene,
• & providing information, instruction & training for the employees.
 27) a) List FOUR respiratory diseases that could be caused by
exposure to dust at work. (4)
b) Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in a
workplace. (4)

a) asbestosis, silicosis, asthma, bronchitis, & cancer of the lung or other part of
the respiratory system.
b)
 visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes),
 complaints of discomfort by employees.
 impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical
surveillance),
 problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters.
 28) In relation to the spillage of a toxic substance from a ruptured drum
stored in a warehouse:
(i) Identify THREE ways in which persons working in close vicinity to the
spillage might be harmed. 3)
(ii) Outline a procedure to be adopted in the event of such a spillage.
(5)
(i)
• toxic substances mixed in the air can cause skin and eye irritation
• inhalation of fumes or particles & ingestion.
• slips
(ii)
 isolation of the area & evacuation of employees at risk,
 the provision of bonding to contain the spillage,
 the issue of appropriate personal protective equipment to those involved in carrying out the
procedure,
 contact with the emergency services,
 safe disposal of the spilled substance & any absorbent material used.
29) (a) Identify the THREE types of asbestos commonly found in buildings.
(3)
(b) Explain where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during
renovation work. (5)

a)
• white (chrysotile),
• brown (amosite),
• blue (crocidolite).

b) Asbestos could be encountered while doing renovation as it was widely use

as a popular building material before.
• Can be encountered during replacement of old ceilings, windows and door
panels.
• Using textured decorative coatings such as artex also contains asbestos.
• Changing or repairing of pipe insulation
• Using vinyl/PVC or thermoplastic floor tiles
• Repairing or changing of roof gutters and downpipes as they are often
made of asbestos cement.
 30) A factory uses small quantities of various toxic chemicals
which are obtained from & returned to a central storeroom.

(i) Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances into

the body &, in EACH case, describe a circumstance in which the
storeroom staff might be at risk of such exposure. (8)

(ii) Outline the factors to consider when assessing the health risks
to storeroom staff from handling the chemicals. (4)

(iii) Outline the control measures that might be required in order

to minimise the risk to the health of those working in the
storeroom. (8)
 30) a)
• Inhalation in relation to spillage & the build up of vapours, ingestion due to
poor personal hygiene practices
• Ingestion by touching the substance and accidentally getting into the mouth
• absorption through the skin as a result of inadequate personal protective
equipment or uncovered wounds,
• Injection from the use of damaged, broken or unsuitable containers for
handling the toxic substance.
b)
 degree of toxicity of the substances used
 the methods of work adopted (which may determine the routes of entry),
 the possible duration & frequency of exposures,
 & an assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures.
 30) c)
• the use of suitable containers for the chemicals & the methods for
handling them,
• the provision of ventilation & appropriate personal protective
equipment,
• procedures for dealing with spillage,
• the introduction of site rules to ensure personal hygiene,
• provision of information & training to the staff involved
 31) (a) List the elements of a hierarchy for the control of airborne
contaminants (6)
(b) Outline TWO reasons why a cartridge-type respirator may in practice
fail to provide a sufficient level of protection. (2)
a)
 The elimination of the substance or its substitution for something less harmful.
 Reducing exposures by introducing changes to working methods, such as the use of a brush
instead of a spray
• The segregation or enclosure of the process
• The provision of local exhaust ventilation.
• Provision & use of personal protective equipment.
• The use of a correct cartridge for the particular contaminant,
b)
 the cartridge itself not being properly fitted,
 failure to change the cartridge at appropriate intervals,
 inadequate storage facilities for the respirator leading to damage or contamination.
 32) Outline the precautions to ensure the health & safety of
persons engaged in paint-spraying in a motor vehicle repair
shop. (8)

• segregation of the activity, typically by means of a a spray booth fitted with

local exhaust ventilation & protected electrical equipment;
• suitable storage & fire precautions for flammable paints & solvents;
• the provision & use of personal protective equipment (clothing, respiratory
protection etc);
• monitoring employee’s exposure to airborne substances;
• ensuring the examination & maintenance of control measures;
• providing appropriate training to employees;
• maintaining welfare & hygiene facilities.
• Give employee frequent work breaks to minimize the exposure to spray
paint.
33) (a) Describe the typical symptoms of occupational dermatitis.
(2)
(b) Identify the factors that will influence the likelihood of dermatitis
occurring in workers handling dermatitic substances. (6)
a). Occupational contact dermatitis is a local inflammation of the skin.
Symptoms of inflammation are itching, pain, redness, swelling, and the
formation of small blisters or wheals (itchy, red circles with a white center)
on the skin
b)
• The nature of the agent
• Concentration level of the agent
• The duration & frequency of exposure
• Presence cuts & abrasions (which would allow chemicals to be absorbed
more readily),
• The individuals skin conditions, the type of skin & its sensitivity,
• poor personal hygiene,
• Misuse or non-use of protective measures.
 34) Identify FOUR possible routes of entry of toxic substances
into the body &, in EACH case, describe a circumstance in which
an employee might be at risk of such exposure. (8)

 inhalation due to a build up of fume or vapour, either as part of a process (e.g.

welding) or accidentally (e.g. spillage)
 ingestion caused perhaps by poor personal hygiene (e.g. eating or smoking
without first washing the hands)
 entry through the skin if wounds are not covered or by contact with chemicals
(e.g. solvents) that may be absorbed through the skin
 injection possibly caused by the handling of contaminated sharp objects.
35) Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health
surveillance of employees in the workplace. (8)

 Increase ill-health & absence records of the employees.

 Increase cases of first-aid treatment
 Lots of complaints from employees
 The result of risk assessment indicates the need for health
surveillance
 The results of inspections or monitoring activities
 There are changes in methods of work
 The relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes
of practice.
37) For EACH of the following agents, outline the principle
health effects AND identify a typical workplace situation in
which a person might be exposed.

(i) carbon monoxide (2)

(ii) asbestos (2)
(iii) legionella bacteria (2)
(iv) hepatitis virus. (2)
37)
(i) the principal effects from exposure to carbon monoxide are headaches,
drowsiness & possible asphyxiation. Exposure could occur when working near
a vehicle exhaust in an unventilated area (e.g. vehicle repair premises or
underground car park) or to a boiler with a defective flue.

(ii) exposure to asbestos may cause asbestosis (disease of the lung), lung
cancer or mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lung). Those at risk
include persons engaged in maintenance or demolition work where asbestos
is contained in the fabric of the building.
37)

(iii) Legionella may cause legionellosis, which is characterised by flu-like

symptoms, pneumonia &, in about 15% of cases, death. Any workplace that
has untreated water tanks & systems from which water droplets may be
released into the atmosphere (e.g. from air-conditioning systems or cooling
towers) poses a risk to those in the vicinity.

(iv), hepatitis virus affects the liver & may result in jaundice, fever, abdominal
pain &, ultimately, liver failure. Any workplace situation that exposes people
to infected persons or to used of hypodermic needles presents a particular
risk of the disease. The hepatitis A virus, which is normally less serious, is
transmitted via the mouth and can be contacted by unhygienic or wrong
preparation of food; hepatitis B & C via the blood.
38) An employee is required to install glass fibre insulation in a loft.
a) Identify FOUR hazards connected with this activity (4)
b) Outline the precautions that might be taken to minimise harm to the
employee (4)
a.)
• Fibres from insulation material
• Falls from the ceiling
• Falls from ladder during access and egress
• Contact with live surfaces
• Ergonomic and work environment hazards
• Biological hazards from wasp nests, rats etc.

b.)
• Boards over joists to prevent falls through ceiling
• Secure the ladder considering the angle and the level of the floor to have a safe access
and egress.
• Provide a good lighting to have a good vision of the work place.
• Provide PPE such as respiratory protection equipment. Overall hoodie and gloves.
• Take precautions for live surfaces.
1. Explain what is meant by ‘ionising’ and ‘non-ionising’
radiation giving ONE occupational source of EACH
type (8)
 Ionising radiation is easy to detect, has sufficient energy to
penetrate solid objects and can also destroy body tissue and
organs e.g. X-Ray – Radiography/Airport security

 Non-Ionising radiation is the term used to describe the part

of the electromagnetic spectrum covering two main regions,
namely optical radiation (ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared)
and electromagnetic fields. Can cause heating effects to the
body, e.g. ultra-violet from arc welding, sun and from lasers
2) a) State one process known to emit ionising radiation (3)
b) Outline the main precautions for the protection of workers and
others from the effects of such radiation (5)

a.) Using Gamma radiation to investigate one part of the body such as the
liver.
b)
• Time – limit the exposure time of the employee to minimize the effect
• Distance – the risk is greater if the worker is closer to the source
• Shielding – give a physical barrier between the source and the worker.
• Good hygiene practices.
• Correct disposal of radiation materials
• Training and supervision to all the concerned staff
• Give appropriate PPE to the workers.
3) a) Give THREE examples of the use of non-ionising radiation at
work (3)
b) For one of a) state types of eye protection and reasons (5)

a.)
Infrared:- Heating and brazing
Ultra violet:- Welding
Lasers:- Bar code reading, levelling
Microwaves:- Cooking

b) For ultra-violet shaded glasses must be worn to protect the employee from
burns and heat cataracts. Wear protective goggles with side protection when
working with high power beams laser to avoid retinal damage and
accumulation of blind spots in the eyes.
4) a) Identify TWO types of non-ionising radiation giving ONE
Occupational source of EACH type (4)
b) Outline suitable control measures for ONE of the above sources
of non-ionising radiation (4)

a)
TYPE SOURCE
INFRARED Any hot materials/laser/ cellphone
ULTRAVIOLET Arc welding/sun

b)
• Time – limit the exposure time of the employee to minimize the effect
• Distance – the risk is greater if the worker is closer to the source
• Shielding – give a physical barrier between the source and the worker.
• Appropriate PPE such as clothing/eye protection.
• Use protective creams to protect the kin from radiation.
5) a) Identify two workplace sources of ionising radiation (2)
b) Outline the possible means of ensuring that workers are not
exposed to unacceptable levels of ionising radiation (6)

a.)
• Smoke detectors emit alpha radiation
• Beta radiation is used in thickness measurement
• Gamma rays to investigate organs of the body

b.)
• Time – limit the exposure time of the employee to minimize the effect
• Distance – the risk is greater if the worker is closer to the source
• Shielding – give a physical barrier between the source and the worker.
• Good hygiene practices.
• Correct disposal of radiation materials
• Training and supervision to all the concerned staff
• Give appropriate PPE to the workers.
6) During routine monitoring within a factory noise levels above
90bB(A) have been recorded
1) Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to such
noise levels (6)
2) Outline with practical examples the engineering means by which
noise levels in the factory may be reduced (8)
6) 1)
• Noise induced hearing loss
• Permanent threshold shift
• Hair cell damage can cause loss of frequency
• Reduced hearing at certain frequencies
• Temporary threshold shift
• Tinnitus (ringing in ear caused by over stimulation of the hair cells)
• Trauma from loud noises(burst eardrum)
• Can lead to secondary effect such as stress, loss of sleep, loss of
concentration.
 6) 2)

• Eliminating or reducing noise at the design stage e.g. nylon bearings instead
of metal
• Silencing:- An attachment is fitted to the exhaust of a machine the baffles
reduce the noise
• Damping:- Reduction in structure born noise by use of rubber/cork, springs in
noise path e.g. panels, motors or by reducing vibration.
• Isolation:- Protection of persons from noise source by distance or sound
proofed rooms.
• Lagging:- On pipes carrying steam or hot fluids Insulation of pipes to reduce
sound transmission.
• Absorption:- Absorbing sound in the work area by means of acoustic
absorbent panels on walls or ceilings
• Enclosure:- Placing a sound-proof cover over the noise source
7) a) Explain the following terms in relation to
noise exposure at work:
i) noise induced hearing loss (2)
ii) tinnitus (2)
b) Identify FOUR limitations of personal hearing protection as a means
of protection against the effects of noise (4)
(i) Chronic effect from long duration to noise, reduces hearing at
particular frequencies and causes permanent threshold shift/hair cell
damage
(ii) Over stimulation of hair cell that causes ringing in ears. Short term or
acute tinnitus last for 24 hours while chronic tinnitus is irreversible
b)
– Incorrect selection
– Not worn/fitted correctly
– Incompatible with other PPE
– Comfort factors; Unhygienic/needs cleaning
8) Identify FOUR limitations of personal hearing
protection as a means of protecting against the effects
of noise (8)

• Earplugs: hygiene; poor fit; difficult to monitor

• Ear muffs: comfort; compatibility with other PPE
• Bulky to store
• Require employee to use correctly
• Uncomfortable to use specially for long periods of work
• Interfere with communication
• Incompatible with other PPE
• Ear muffs are expensive that is why it is not disposable.
9) (a) Describe the TWO main types of personal hearing protection. (4)
(b) Identify FOUR reasons why personal hearing protection may fail
to provide adequate protection against noise. (4)

(a) earplugs & ear defenders /ear muffs

(b)
• incorrect selection
 incorrect fit
 incompatibility with other PPE
 damage & lack of maintenance
 lack of training in use
 the non-use of the equipment, even for short periods, by those requiring
protection.
10) a) Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise
1) Frequency
2) Intensity
b) Outline TWO acute and TWO chronic health effects from exposure to noise

a.)
Frequency:- The number of wave fronts assign a point in one second measured in
Hertz
Intensity:- The loudness of the noise

b.)
Acute Chronic

Stress Noise induced hearing loss

Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness
14) Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to
noise control
1)Silencing (2)
2) Absorption (2)
3) Damping (2)
4) Isolation (2)

1. Silencing - An attachment is fitted to the exhaust of a machine the baffles reduce

the noise
2. Absorption - Absorbing sound in the work area by means of acoustic absorbent
panels on walls or ceilings
3. Damping - Reduction in structure born noise by use of rubber/cork, springs in
noise path e.g. panels, motors or by reducing vibration.
4. Isolation - Protection of persons from noise source by distance or sound proofed
rooms.
15) a) Explain the term dB(A) in relation to noise measurement (2)
b) Outline the following methods of noise reduction giving one
practical example of each
1) Isolation (3)
2) Absorption (3)
a) db- Decibel is a unit that measures loudness (logarithmic scale). A weighted
frequency response most closely resembling human hearing (filter)

b.)

• Isolation:- Protection of persons from noise source by distance or sound

proofed rooms.
• Absorption:- Absorbing sound in the work area by means of acoustic absorbent
panels on walls or ceilings
16) Outline the factors to be considered when
assessing risks to the health of a a user of a
display screen (8)
• Desk should be at a suitable height
• Screen at correct height and right angle
• No glare on screen of the computer monitor.
• Take note of the position of keyboard
• Suitable chair with adjustment for height, backrest
• Footrest if necessary
• Provision of document holder
• Adequate space for the worker to move and work
• Suitable lighting to facilitate good vision of the work and workplace/
• Consider also the lay out of the equipment.
17) (a) Outline the possible health risks
associated with working in a seated
position for prolonged periods. (4)
(b) Outline the features of a suitable seat for
sedentary work. (4)
 17) a) and b)
(a)
• vertebral or muscular damage,
• cardiovascular problems (e.g. elevated blood pressure)
• problems with circulation (e.g. thrombosis).

(b)
• With good lumbar support
 the ability to adjust both seat back & seat height,
 the provision of foot-rests
 the stability of the seat’s base
 the provision of arm rests where appropriate
 a choice of material suitable for the environment.
 18) Outline the factors in the physical working environment
that may cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)
• cramped conditions
 dirty or untidy working conditions
 workplace layout resulting in a lack of privacy or security,
 Poor lighting
 problems with glare,
 extremes of temperature &/or humidity,
 inadequate ventilation resulting in stale air (or conversely, draughty conditions),
 exposure to noise & vibration,
 inadequate welfare facilities
 for those working outside, inclement weather conditions.
19) Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the
health & safety of persons who are required to work on
their own away from the workplace. (8)

• The type of work to be done

• The hazards & risks
• The equipment to be used
• The work environment
• The control measures in place.
• The competence & suitability of the persons involved
• The methods of communication with the home base
• The emergency & first-aid procedures
 20) Outline the practical measures that might be taken to
reduce the risk of violence to employees who deal with
members of the public as part of their work (8)
• Have a clear safety policy and prosecution of offenders.
• Security doors between public areas and staff areas
• Minimize queues and waiting times
• Look at in terms of environment, job factors, individual protection and
general security
• The design of public areas, in terms of décor, seating, the means of
providing information
• Wide counters, coded locks on doors, CCTV systems, panic buttons
& alarm systems
• Those involving money may need physical separation, such as
security screens, between employees & members of the public
 20) cont

• avoidance of carrying large amounts of cash, implementing

appointment systems,
• avoid lone working altogether &/or to implement regular
check-in procedures & to issue panic alarms
• staff will need to be trained in the procedures & possibly
how they might recognise the early signs of aggressive
behaviour & avoid, defuse or otherwise deal with a violent
situation. In certain circumstances, the employment of
security staff & the provision of PPE (e.g. bullet or stab
proof vests, helmets etc) may be required
21) (a) Identify the possible effects on health that may be
caused by working in a hot environment such as a
foundry. (2)
(b) Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent
the health effects identified in (a). (6)

a) skin burns from radiant heat,

dehydration & heat cramps, heat cataracts, heat stress

b)
• Shielding or shield the heat source
 minimising the exposure time of employees
 Provide access to drinking water to ensure that workers have adequate fluid intake.
 Provide good workplace ventilation
 Provision of suitable clothing.
 Allow workers to acclimatise gradually to the environment
 Insulate the heat source
22) A group of production workers are required to check the operation
of padlocks manually as the last stage of a manufacturing process.
A number of work related upper limb disorders (WRULDS) have
been reported amongst the employees.
a) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would
have shown (4)
b) Outline the specific causational factors that may have contributed
to the condition (4)
c) Outline the measures that that can be taken to reduce the risk of
WRULDS (12)
22) a)
Symptoms:
• Numbness in fingers
• Pains in hands or arms
• Restriction of joint movement
• Soft tissue swelling
22) b)
Causes of WRULDs:
• Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
• Twisting movements
• Squeezing such as squeezing pliers or scissors
• Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
22) c)
• Reduce force exerted
• Reduce frequency of operation
• Reduce duration of operation
• Provide rest or recovery
• Improve posture
• Ensure adequate space
• Improve environment
• Mechanization of the task
• Use correct tools and equipment
• Provide suitable training to the employees
23) Outline the measures an employer might take to reduce work-
related stress within the workplace (8)

• Selecting suitable employees for the work

• Give employees training with regards to stress awareness and stress
management
• Make a clear definition of each individual role.
• Clearly defined work objectives
• Provide a comfortable working environment
• Ensure a good lines of communication
• Give employees a realistic work schedules
• Have a good grievance procedure
• Impartial investigation of stress
• Show good management support and commitment to the employees.
24) A glassworks produces covers for streetlights &
industrial lighting. The process involves molten glass being
blown by hand & shaped in moulds.
(i) Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused by
working in the hot conditions of the glass factory. (4)
(ii) Describe measures that could be taken in order to
minimise the health effects of working in such hot
environments. (6)
(iii) Outline the factors relating to the task & the load that
may affect the risk of injury to an employee engaged in
stacking the finished products onto racking. (10)
 24) i) and ii)
(i)
• heat stress
• dehydration
• Heat exhaustion
• Respiratory distress

(ii)
• Measures such as ensuring an adequate ventilation and providing screens to
protect the workers against the radian heat. Management should also provide
water station to ensure that workers are consuming adequate amount of fluids.
Lessen the exposure of the workers by giving them regular breaks or through job
rotation. New workers should also be gradually acclimatize to their new working
environment. Having an appropriate PPE is also important to minimize the health
effect of working in a hot environment.
 24 ) (iii)
the task
• holding or manipulating loads at a distance from the trunk
• the need to twist the body
• excessive pushing or pulling of the load or excessive carrying distances
• unsatisfactory posture caused perhaps by space restriction
• excessive lifting distances (e.g. from the floor &/or on to high racking)
• frequent or prolonged physical effort coupled with insufficient rest or
recovery periods.
the load
• its weight & size or shape
• the ease with which the load can be held or gripped
• If there’s a presence of sharp edges
• the possibility that some components might still retain process heat.
25) An office is about to be occupied by new owners
1) Outline the factors that should be considered by the
new owners when assessing the suitability of
lighting within the building (8)
2) Describe FOUR effects on health and safety that
might result from inadequate lighting within the
building (4)
3) Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided
in the building (8)
25) a)
• The tasks being undertaken inside the office
• The size and layout of the work area
• The equipment used in the place
• Availability of natural light
• Shift times/work patterns of the occupants
• Suitable number of artificial light
• Contrast levels of the whole office
• Presence of glare and their location
• Areas that are not properly lighted
• Need for localised lighting
• Maintenance of lighting
• Adequate number emergency lighting

b.)
Due to inadequate lighting, employees tend to bend closer for them to properly see
the details of something that results in bad or poor posture. Eye strain is a result of
the eyes trying to adapt in an either dark or very lighted environment producing glare
and usually comes with head aches. The risk of trip and slip also increases as there is
no sufficient light to reveal objects that are hard to see in the dark. There is also an
increased likelihood of human error and a tendency for higher casualty if there is an
emergency that requires workers to immediately vacate the property.
• Provision of potable drinking water
• Provision of sanitary conveniences
• Provision of washing facilities
• Provision of changing rooms
• accommodation for clothing
• Resting and eating facilities
• Arrangements for non-smokers
• Adequate work space and lighting
• Provision of appropriate seating
 26) Outline the specific risks that should be
considered when assessing the risks to
employees working on night shifts.(8)
 lighting, heating, welfare & first-aid provision.
 the effects of fatigue & the increased likelihood of human error
 the number hours worked & the period allowed for recovery between shifts
 general well-being of a worker when normal routines are disrupted
 the level of supervision provided
 the possible increased risk of violent assault on the way to & from work
 The communication system between the worker and the immediate
supervisor during difficult situations.
 The availability of security personnel and CCTV cameras.
 Arrangement for safe transportation to and from work.
27) In relation to work related upper limb disorders
(WRULDS)
1) Identify the typical symptoms that might be experienced
by affected individuals (4)
2) Outline the factors that would increase the risk of
developing WRULDS (4)
(i)
• pain to the back, neck, shoulders &/or arms
• Swollen painful joints
• reduced mobility & stiffness
• cramps & muscle fatigue.

(ii)
• space constraints resulting in poor working postures
• excessive force or awkward hand movements needed to carry out an operation
• the frequency with which tasks need to be repeated
• the use of vibrating tools & equipment
• the involvement of vulnerable workers such as those with pre-existing conditions &
pregnant women.
28) Outline EIGHT possible causes of increased
stress levels amongst employees other than
those associated with the physical environment
(8)
• Shift work, excessive overtime
• Fear of redundancy
• Repetitive monotonous work
• Lack of adequate breaks
• Lack of control over the job
• Work load too high or too low
• Harassment, bullying, fear of violence, poor communisation
• Personal and social factors e.g. financial, illness, family
1) List the items that should be included on an
inspection checklist designed to ensure the
safety of portable electrical appliances. (8)
 the need to check that the appliance is of a suitable type for the
operations to be carried out
 the connecting plugs are in sound condition & sockets are not
overloaded
 the fuses fitted are of the correct rating
 the appliance is operated at reduced voltage (where appropriate) &/or
protected by a RCD
 Wiring cables are undamaged & routed safely
 that the casing of the appliance is in good condition.
 need to check that a PAT has been carried out & is current and that the
relevant information is provided.
 If used only by competent staff
 2) Outline a range of checks that should be
made to ensure electrical safety in an office
environment. (8)

• Equipment manufactured to appropriate standards

• Avoid the use of trailing cables
• Avoid multi-socket extension boards
• Control private electrical equipment brought from home
• Report defective and damaged equipment
• Ensure effective heating
• Disconnect electrical equipment overnight
• Avoid using extension cables
• Switch off overnight
• Position equipment close to suitable sockets
• Test appliances at regular intervals
• System of pre use checks
3) Describe options for reducing the risk of electric shock
when using a portable electric drill on a construction site
(8)
• Ensure that the equipment is of good quality
• Reduced voltage supply if possible
• Use of RCDs
• Use a double insulated tools if possible
• Use a battery operated tools if available
• Use only suitable connections
• Pre-use visual check on the plug, the lead and the drill
• Equipment is tested frequently
• Avoid using in wet conditions/environment
4) a) Describe the function and limitations of a fuse as
an electrical protection device (6)
Explain ONE advantage a residual current device
(RCD) has over a fuse (2)
a) A fuse is designed as a weak link to melt breaking the circuit at
excessive currents. However it does not protect the individual from
shock. It is also slow to operate and may be inaccurate. Unsuitable
or wrong fuse may be used if the user is not competent. Easy to
override and it needs tool to replace.
b) A Residual Current Device or an RCD protects the worker from being seriously
harmed as it is designed to prevent the worker from getting a fatal electric shock. It
also reacts rapidly and is sensitive with regards to the difference in the flow of
electricity. It cannot be reset if there is still fault in the circuit.
5) Describe the principles of operation of the
following types of electrical protection:
1) Earthing (4)
2) Reduced voltage (4)

Earthing:- is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the
ground as electricity will always try reach the earth. An earthing system
avoids hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at
earth potential.

Reduced voltage systems:- By reducing the voltage, the consequences of

electrical shock can be greatly reduced as well. Reducing the main voltage
by means of a transformer to a lower safer voltage
 6) (a) Describe the possible health effects of electricity on the body. (4)
(b) Describe how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock
(4)
(a)
When the body receives an electric shock it could possibly cause the heart (
cardiac arrest ) and lungs ( respiratory paralysis ) to stop functioning. It could
also cause tissue burns at the entrance and exit and possible organ damaged
depending on the path the electricity pass through. Muscular contraction and
damage to the nervous system are also some adverse effect of electricity in the
body

b) Earthing is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the
ground as electricity will always try reach the earth. An earthing system avoids
hazard by keeping the exposed conductive surfaces of a device at earth
potential.
 7) (a) Outline
1) The effects on the body of electric shock (4)
2) The emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electrical shock. (4)
b) Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of electric shock when
using portable electrical appliances (12)

(a) 1)
• interference with nerve/muscle action
• tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the possibility of damage to internal
organs.
• Cardio-respiratory effects such as respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest
• the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm/ fibrillation
7) 2)
• Do not touch injured person until the power is switched off.
• If power cannot be switched off - stand on some dry insulating material and
use non-conductive stick to remove the injured person from the electrical
source.
• Administer first aid if qualified
• Call professional help
b)
• the appropriate selection of equipment such as battery-operated appliances or those operating at a
reduced voltage (typically 110v);
• cables connected to the power supply with proper connectors;
• the use of RCDs;
• training of operators in the checking procedures to be followed before use
• the introduction of a regular appliance inspection & testing procedure (PAT)
• avoidance of using in wet conditions
• Have a regular/correct maintenance and repair
• Have a sufficient socket outlet
• All cables are insulated
• Ensure that the equipment have correct casing
• There is a protection against overloading
8) (a) Outline the dangers associated with electricity. (4)
(b) Outline the emergency action to take if a person
suffers a severe electrical shock. (4)
(a)
• interference with nerve/muscle action
• tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the possibility of damage to internal organs.
• Cardio-respiratory effects such as respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest
• the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm/ fibrillation

b)
• Do not touch injured person until the power is switched off.
• If power cannot be switched off - stand on some dry insulating material and use
non-conductive stick to remove the injured person from the electrical source.
• Administer first aid if qualified
• Call professional help
 9) In relation to the use of 230 volt hand-held electrical tools:
1) Outline the possible dangers (8)
2) Describe suitable precautions that should be taken to control
such dangers (12)

(1)
• interference with nerve/muscle action
• tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the possibility of damage to internal
organs.
• Cardio-respiratory effects such as respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest
• the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm/ fibrillation
9) 2)
• Apparatus and cables should be protected against overload by fuses
and/or circuit breakers. All cables should also be insulated and protected
against mechanical damage. The operator must use correct types of
sheathing to suit working conditions. The presence of sufficient socket
outlets minimise the need for trailing cables. The use of cable drums
wherever possible. A regular and correct maintenance and repair also
lessens the danger of being electrocuted. Having a correct connections
prevent having electrical short circuit. Another precaution is also by
reducing voltage operation of portable equipment. It is also important to
use residual current circuit breakers as it gives protection to the user.
Regular inspections and checks to remove damaged equipment should be
carried out and only properly trained competent workers should use the
equipment.
10) Out the precautions to take to protect against electrical contact when:
a) Excavating near underground cables (4)
b) Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines (4)
a)
• Plan the area carefully.
• Locate using surface clues and metal detectors, cable detectors.
• Careful digging by hand or light tools.
• Exposed services should be identified and clearly labeled.
b)
• Isolation of power if possible
• Safe path clearly marked by using fencing and barriers.
• Height restrictions by using “Goal posts”
• Placing of warning notices
• Prohibiting equipment capable of reaching overhead lines.
• Travel limiters fitted to cranes
• Give adequate supervision.
11) a) Outline the main electrical hazards arising from work on a construction
site (4)
b) Describe the precautions that should be taken to minimise the hazards (4)
a)
• Underground/overhead electrical lines
• Use of portable power tools
• Working in wet conditions

b)
• Isolation of power if possible
• Safe path clearly marked by using fencing and barriers.
• Height restrictions by using “Goal posts”
• Placing of warning notices
• Prohibiting equipment capable of reaching overhead lines.
• Travel limiters fitted to cranes
• Give adequate supervision.
12) List two types of fire extinguisher that can be
used on an electrical fire (2)
Outline the measures that should be taken to
minimise the risk of an electrical fire (2)

A) CO2, Dry powder,

b)
• Adequate and sufficient circuits
• Avoid overloading of circuits
• Use correct type of fuses
• Ensure no damage to insulation
• No loose connections
• Do not store flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
• Ensure cables do not overheat
• Suitable inspections of the equipment and area
• Proper maintenance procedures.
13) A decorator uses a large portable electric
steamer for wallpaper stripping.
(i) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the
use of the steamer. (4)
(ii) Outline the checks that should be made to
ensure electrical safety when using the
steamer. (4)
 13 i) and ii)

(i)
• manual handling
• contact with the steam & hot surfaces
• ergonomic & electrical hazards
• slips, trips & falls

(ii)
• visual inspection of cables, plugs & sockets.
• the equipment conforms to relevant standards (CE marking),
• that it has been subject to portable appliance testing,
• that the equipment does not show signs of damage,
• that fuses are of the correct rating,
• that residual current devices are in use,
• that there are appropriate means of isolating the steamer.
14) In relation to electrical safety, explain the
meaning of the following terms:
(1) ‘isolation’ (2)
(2) ‘earthing’ (2)
(3) ‘reduced low voltage’ (2)
(4) ‘overcurrent’ protection. (2)
 14) 1) 2) 3) 4)
• ‘Isolation’ refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of
equipment or part of an electrical system & preventing inadvertent
reconnection in order, for instance, to carry out maintenance work.
• ‘Earthing’, on the other hand is a means whereby electrical
equipment & conductive items are connected to earth by a cable or
metal pipework such that the route to earth provides the path of
least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions.
• ‘Reduced low voltage’, commonly used on construction sites, involves
the reduction of mains voltage by a transformer to a lower, safer
voltage – typically 110 or 55 volts;
• Overcurrent protection’ is a method of preventing the flow of excess
current by cutting the supply under fault conditions by means of a
fuse or circuit breaker.
 15) a) Describe the possible effects of electricity on the
body (4)
b) Outline FOUR factors that may affect the severity of
injury from contact with electricity (4)
(a)
• interference with nerve/muscle action
• tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the possibility of damage to internal organs.
• Cardio-respiratory effects such as respiratory paralysis and cardiac arrest
• the risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm/ fibrillation

b)
• Voltage
• the route taken through the body,
• the length of contact time,
• the general health & age of the person involved,
• The type of current being used
• type of footwear
1) Outline the precautions that should be taken to
reduce the risk of injury when work is carried out on a
pitched (sloping) roof. (8)

 the provision of safe access to the roof & roof edge protection,
 the use of crawling boards or roof ladders,
 identifying & covering roof lights,
 arrangements for moving tools & materials to & from the roof,
 the issue of wearing of PPE such as helmets, footwear & harnesses,
 the employment of a trained & competent workforce,
 & the need to stop the work activity during adverse weather conditions.
 There is an adequate supervision of the worker while doing the work.
2) Outline the main precautions to be taken
when carrying out excavation work (8)
 Ensuring no collapse of the excavation,
 Identify buried services
 Isolate buried services if possible
 Prevent ingress of water,
 Prevent build-up of fumes
 Preventing falling materials
 Safety whilst using excavation machinery
 Do not undermine adjacent structures
 Prevent vehicles falling in to excavation
 Prevent people falling into excavations.
3) Identify EIGHT safe practices to be followed
when using a skip for the collection & removal
of waste from a construction site. (8)

• ensuring the integrity of the skip,

 locating the skip on firm, level ground away from excavations,
 ensuring clear access for filling & for removing from site by vehicle,
 filling by chute or by mechanical means unless items are to be placed
in the skip by hand,
 introducing controls to prevent overfilling,
 Control the tipping of incompatible wastes,
 Netting or sheeting when the skip is full
fire hazards created by the skips & the probable need to site away
from buildings & to protect against arson.
4) Outline the main hazards that may be present during
the demolition of a building (8)
• Struck by falling debris, masonry
• Premature collapse of building
• Falls from height or same level
• Underground and overhead services
• Explosion and fire – Use of explosives
• Chemical and biological contamination
• Inhalation of asbestos
• Manual handling jobs
• Plant – Collisions and toppling over
• Noise from equipment of explosives
5) Mobile tower scaffolds should always be used on
stable, level ground. List Eight additional points that
should be considered to ensure safe use.(8)
 ensuring the correct ratio between the height & base dimensions of the
tower
 the use of diagonal bracing
 the use of stabilisers
 the provision of toe boards & guard rails
 ensuring that wheels are locked
 ensuring that the scaffold is not overloaded
 ensuring that it is not moved when loaded with persons &/or materials.
 Avoid overhead power lines when the tower is moved
 Avoid climbing up at the outside of the tower.
 Should be built by trained personnel
 6) Identify the main dangers associated with
excavation work on construction sites. (8)

• Ingress of water,
• Build-up of fumes
• Being struck by falling materials
• The possibility of vehicles or people falling into unprotected excavations.
• Collapse or cave in of sides
• Striking buried services electrical cables, gas pipes
• Presence of other hazardous substances
• Confined spaces
• Collapse of adjacent structures
7) a) Explain the meaning of the term hazard (2)
b) Outline the main hazards that may be present
during the demolition of a building (6)

a) Something with the potential to cause harm

b)
• Struck by falling debris, masonry
• Premature collapse of building
• Falls from height or same level
• Underground and overhead services
• Explosion and fire – Use of explosives
• Chemical and biological contamination
• Inhalation of asbestos
• Manual handling jobs
• Plant – Collisions and toppling over
• Noise from equipment of explosives
8) Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure
the safety of children who might be tempted to gain
unauthorised access to a construction site (8)

• Take children to site on visits

• Lock away vehicle keys
• Remove ladders
• Reduce heights of materials
• Solid/strong perimeter fence and signs
• Secure gates to all site access points
• Security staff (perhaps 24 hour cover)
• Good lighting on site and on the perimeter
• CCTV cameras and/or site alarm
• Secure all portable equipment in locked storage
• Secure all chemicals in locked storage
• Cover or barrier off excavations
 9) a) Outline four ways in which a person may be injured when using a ladder
at work (4)
b) List the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of ladders at
work (4)

a)
• Could fall off the ladder
• Ladder could fall due to incorrect angle
• Ladder could be struck by a vehicle
• Manual handling injury erecting the ladder
• Using aluminium ladder near electricity
9) b)

• Ladder at correct angle –ratio of 1 out : 4 up

• Extends above landing point (1.05 metres)
• Tied at top or footed
• Placed on secure level ground
• Visible/in a safe position e.g.: access
• Protected at base (vehicle collision)
• Suitable for purpose (single span/limited
• Length/ Non metal near electricity)
• Pre-inspection/ladder register/maintained in good
• condition
• Assistance when removing/erecting ladder
• Not used for carrying excess loads/2 hands free/1 person
10) (a) outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an
independent tied scaffold (5)
(b) outline precautions that could be taken to prevent materials falling from
a scaffold whilst work is being carried out (3)
a)
• Damaged/corroded scaffold components
• Insufficient ties
• Unstable ground/no sole boards
• High winds
• Inadequate bracing
b)
• Toe boards prevent items kicked from platform
• Mesh guards prevent items through guard rails
• Catch nets/debris chutes prevent items falling to ground
11) List the main hazards that may be encountered
during the demolition of a multi-storey building (8)
• Struck by falling debris, masonry
• Premature collapse of building
• Falls from height or same level
• Underground and overhead services
• Explosion and fire – Use of explosives
• Chemical and biological contamination
• Inhalation of asbestos
• Manual handling jobs
• Plant – Collisions and toppling over
• Noise from equipment of explosives
12) Outline EIGHT health and safety precautions
that should be taken during demolition work (8)

• Assessment and planning e.g. selecting a demolition method.

• Elimination or control of work at height
• Structural surveys to assess strength and stability
• Assessing the strength and stability of floors
• Disconnection of services (e.g. gas, electricity, water).
• Removal and disposal of any hazardous materials, such as asbestos
• Securing the site with fencing or hoardings
• Damping down with water spray.
13) A contractor is to be selected to drain & clear a section
of canal.
(i) Identify the information that might be required to
establish the suitability of the contractor. (4)
(ii) Describe the hazards associated with the draining &
cleaning operation. (8)
(iii) Outline suitable controls to minimise the risk from the
hazards identified. (8)
13) i)
• Previous experience with the type of work
• Reputation amongst previous or current clients
• Content and quality of Health and Safety policy
• Content and quality of risk assessments
• Training and qualifications of staff
• Accident/enforcement history
• Membership of approved accreditation bodies
• Records of maintenance of equipment
 13) (ii)
• falls into the water
• entrapment in silt or mud
• collapse of the canal sides
• flooding
• hazards arising from the use of equipment
• health hazards such as leptospirosis (Weil’s disease).
• Manual handling of workers
• Inhalation of toxic waste

(iii)
• Availability of buoyancy aids & rescue equipment
• Availability of access equipment
• Use of shoring or other means to prevent collapse of sides
• Provide appropriate personal protective equipment such as air filter mask
• Place appropriate edge protection
• Place pumps against the risk of flooding,
• Give information to employees on the risks to their health & the precautions to be taken.
14) Outline the precautions to be taken when
carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a building
(8)
• Wear harness and other PPE that will protect the worker from
falling.
• Surround the work are with nets to catch the falling materials and
debris
• Put toe boards, edge protection, crawling boards and demarcation
area
• Survey roof for hazards before initiating the repair
• scaffolding/ladders are in good condition and is safe
• Limit job in adverse weather
• Provide clothing and sun cream to protect the worker from the sun
• Manual handling assessment
• Use hoist/lift for movement of materials
• Isolate or barricade the area to prevent public from going near the
repair work.
15 ) Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile
elevated work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such
as a streetlight (8)
• Ensure workers are competent
• Outriggers are in place and brake is secured
• Avoid overhead electrical cables/power lines
• Wear PPE such as harness to arrest the fall
• Do not overload (SWL)/suitable for task
• Avoid over reaching as it may lead to accidental falling or injury
• MEWP is park on a suitable ground conditions
• Place appropriate warning signs/barriers
• Check/inspect the vehicle before use
• Suspend use in adverse weather
 16) Identify ways in which accidents may be
prevented when using ladders as a means of access.

• The ladder is of the correct length/type & that it is sound (e.g. not painted
or damaged).
• The ladder must be placed the right way up, on firm ground & at the
correct angle, securely footed &/or tied, & positioned to avoid over-
reaching or contact with live cables.
• The base of the ladder should be protected from collisions by people or
vehicles.
• Users of the ladder should have suitable footwear free from mud or grease
& be provided with means of keeping their hands free (e.g. tool belts).
17) Outline the possible risks to health & safety associated
with laying paving slabs in a busy high street. (8)
 trapped fingers, foot injuries & musculoskeletal problems
from handling slabs
 the possibility of being struck by traffic;
 injuries from the use of cutting discs (e.g. contact with the
disc & being struck by flying particles);
 the effects of exposure to noise, vibration, dust & wet
cement;
 the increased likelihood of tripping.
 Dehydration, heat cramps and heat exhaustion due to over
exposure from the sun.
 18) (a) Outline the possible causes of a dumper truck to overturn. (6)
(b) Identify TWO design features of the vehicle intended to minimise the
consequences of an overturn. (2)

(a)
• overloading or uneven loading of the bucket
• cornering at excessive speed
• The truck hit an obstruction
• driving too close to the edges of embankments or excavations
• There is mechanical defects not being inspected prior to use
• Inappropriate or uneven tyre pressures
• driving across slopes

(b)
• rollover protection & seat belts
• the width of the wheelbase & the position of the centre of gravity of the truck.
19) Damaged corrugated roofing sheets on a single storey
factory are to be replaced. Access to the roof will be via a
mobile tower scaffold.
(i) Identify the hazards that are likely to be encountered
during such work. (6)
(ii) Outline the precautions needed to ensure the safe use
of the mobile tower scaffold. (6)
(iii) Outline the further precautions that may be required to
control the hazards identified in (i). (8)
 19) (i)
• working at height,
• falls of material
• exposure to extreme weather conditions.
• work equipment (including access equipment),
• manual handling
• work on or near fragile material
• contact with hazardous substances, particularly the possibility of asbestos.

(ii),
• ensuring that the ratio of the height of the tower to its base dimensions is appropriate;
• the provision of adequate diagonal bracing;
• a fully boarded working platform with toe-boards & guardrails in place;
• safe means of access to the platform;
• means for locking the wheels of the tower when work is in operation;
• the use of outriggers;
• checking that the condition of the ground on which the tower is sited is suitable (e.g. level
& firm)
• the erection & inspection of the scaffold by competent persons.
19) (iii) The provision & use of roof ladders, crawling boards, protection at
roof edges & voids, & harnesses;
• The provision of hoists, chutes & covered skips for the removal of material
being stripped from the roof;
• Protection for those working below (e.g. barriers, netting, signs, safety
helmets);
• Isolation of overhead services or ensuring safe distances;
• The use of reduced low voltage or residual current devices for portable
electrical tools;
• Protection against extreme weather conditions.
Particular precautions would be required if asbestos were involved,
including the avoidance of breaking the sheets, the provision of respiratory
protection & overalls, the need for damping down, & ensuring the safe
disposal of waste.
 20) Identify the hazards associated with the use of a cement
mixer & explain how they should be controlled. (8)

• manual handling (which might be controlled by the use of mechanical

aids, reduced weight of loads, the siting of materials to reduce twisting
&/or the provision of training);
 the corrosive & irritant properties of cement (which could be
countered by the provision & use of appropriate personal protective
equipment, safe systems of work & good hygiene practices);
 inhalation of the cement dust (against which masks might be
provided);
 machinery hazards such as moving parts, ejection of materials & noise
(where the control measures would include, where appropriate, the
provision of guarding, goggles & hearing protection).
 20) continuation.

• Also relevant are hazards associated with the

power supply to the mixer.
• If petrol-driven, requirements would include
storage facilities for the fuel to protect against the
risk of fire, training in refuelling procedures, & the
prohibition of the use of the mixer in confined
areas to protect employees against inhalation of
fumes.
• If electrical, a similar system of regular inspection
& testing of the equipment, & the use of residual
current devices to minimise the risk of shock,
should be in place.
1) Outline the main requirements of a safe means of
escape from a building in the event of fire (8)
• At least 2 routes in opposite directions
• Fire resistant walls & ceilings
• Adequate size relative to numbers of persons
• Within travel distance guidelines
• Clearly marked/direction arrows
• Emergency lighting
• Exit route free from obstructions
• Fire/smoke doors on route/self closing
• Fixed stairs to upper floors
• Exit to safe place/assembly point
• Emergency procedure/practiced fire drills
2) Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when
storing and using flammable solvents (8)
• Suitable containers-metal/closed
• Containers closed and stored outdoors/protected against
• sunlight
• Fire resistant storeroom
• Remove ignition sources e.g.: incompatible materials
• Prevent vapour build up
• Mark stores/containers clearly
• Measures to prevent spills e.g.: bunding/non spill caps
• Limit quantities used/stored
• Fire fighting equipment/emergency procedures
• Control flammable waste
• Anti static clothing/earth bonding/training
3) Outline the factors to consider when carrying out a
fire risk assessment of a workplace (8)

• Flammable materials – construction & use

• Sources of ignition
• Work activities generating heat
• Methods of control
• Means of fire detection
• Means of raising alarm
• Means of fighting fire and maintenance of equipment
• Evacuation routes/Protection of evacuation routes
• Numbers of persons/Specially at risk
• Fire prevention training/Fire drills
4) Outline the reasons for undertaking regular fire drills
in the workplace (8)

• satisfying a legal requirement, or one specified in a fire certificate,

to provide instruction to employees on the action to be taken in
emergency situations;
• checking that the alarm can be heard in all parts of the premises;
• testing the effectiveness of the evacuation procedures both
generally & in relation to specific requirements (such as the need
to ensure the safety of disabled employees & visitors);
• familiarising employees (particularly those new to the
undertaking) with the alarms, evacuation procedures, escape
routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real emergency,
they would know the actions to be taken;
• & providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific
functions to practice their designated roles
6) a) Identify FOUR different types of ignition source that may cause a fire
(4)
b) Outline the ways of controlling each of the ignition sources identified in a)
(4)

a) Electrical arcing; Smoking materials; Hot work; Chemical reaction; Hot

surfaces; Friction; Static electricity
b) Electrical testing/protection e.g.: RCD
Signs/barriers/rules/confiscation
Permit to work/fire watch/housekeeping
Segregate incompatible materials
Isolation/shielding/ventilation
Planned maintenance/good design
Earth bonding/anti-static clothing/controlled discharge
7) a) With reference to the fire triangle, outline TWO methods of extinguishing
fires (4)
b) State the ways in which persons could be harmed by a fire in work
premises (4)

a) STARVATION: limiting FUEL available

SMOTHERING: limit OXYGEN supply/foam/ CO2/sand/fire blanket
COOLING: limiting IGNITION & HEAT/water
CHEMICAL INTERFERENCE: dry powder

b) Toxic fumes & gases (products of combustion)

Smoke (suffocation/loss of visibility)
Burning by heat/flames/explosion
Depletion of oxygen; Structural collapse
Panic/crushing/falls from building
 8) . a) Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning
of the term ‘fire triangle’ (4)
b) List the sources of ignition that may cause a fire
to occur giving an example of EACH (4)
OXYGEN
a) in order to create ignite a fire, we
need oxygen, fuel and heat. If one element is
removed, fire wont be produced.

FUEL HEAT

b) Electricity: faulty wiring

Smoking material: discarded cigarette
Hot work: welding/cutting/grinding operations
Friction: unlubricated machine
Spontaneous combustion: organic dust
Hot Surfaces: heating appliances
9) List two types of fire extinguisher that can be used on
an electrical fire (2)
Outline the measures that should be taken to minimise
the risk of an electrical fire (2)
a) CO2, Dry powder,
b)
• No overloading of circuits
• Use of correct fuses
• No damage to insulation
• No loose connections
• Do not store flammable materials too close to electrical equipment
• Ensure cables do not overheat
• Suitable inspections or PAT inspection
• Proper maintenance procedures
10) Explain the methods of heat transfer that
explain can cause the spread of fire. (8)

Conduction:- heat being transferred through metal beams or other

parts of a structure
Convection:- heat can be carried by rising air currents to cause a build-
up of hot gases under ceilings
Radiation:- heat travelling through the air causing heating of material
at a distance from a fire
Direct Contact:- combustible material in direct contact with flames
can itself catch fire.
11) a) Explain the meaning of the term
flashpoint (2)
b) Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce
the risk of fire when using flammable liquids in
the workplace (6)

a) Flashpoint:- The temperature at which a

vapour given off by a substance will ignite when
brought to a source of ignition
11) b)
• Suitable containers-metal (closed)
• Containers closed and stored outdoors/protected against sunlight
• Fire resistant storeroom
• Remove ignition sources e.g. incompatible materials
• Prevent vapour build up
• Mark stores/containers clearly
• Measures to prevent spills e.g. bunding/non spill caps
• Limit quantities used or stored
• Fire fighting equipment/emergency procedures
• Control flammable waste
• Anti static clothing/earth bonding
• Provide training to workers with regards to fire and electrical safety
12) List EIGHT rules to follow that may reduce the
risk of fire starting in the workplace
(8)
1) No smoking/smoking in designated areas only
2) Store flammable materials in designated areas
3) Do not cover heater vents
4) Do not overload electrical sockets
5) Switch off electrical appliances when not in use
6) Do not allow flammable materials to accumulate
7) Do not use/report faulty electrical equipment
8) Segregate incompatible/reactive chemical
14). Outline the issues that should be included in a
training programme for employees on the
emergency action to take in the event of fire (8)
Means of raising alarm/sound of alarm/emergency services
Fire evacuation routes/Fire evacuation signs
Assembly points/Places of safety/role call
When not to tackle fire
Types of fire extinguishers/Extinguishers to be used to
Maintaining escape or exit route free from obstruction
Prevention of spread of fire/fire doors/close windows
When not to use lifts
Evacuation in orderly manner/no running
Prevention of return/Disabled evacuation procedure
15) a) List FOUR sources of ignition which should
be considered when storing and using flammable
solvents (4)
b) Identify TWO extinguishing agents that can be
used on fires that involve flammable solvents AND
explain their mode of action (6)
c) Outline the safety precautions that should be
taken when storing and using flammable solvents
(10)
15) a)
• Electrical arcing/overheating e.g. faulty wiring, overloaded
socket
• Smoking materials e.g. discarded cigarette/matches
• Hot work e.g. welding/cutting/grinding
• Chemical reaction/spontaneous combustion
• Friction e.g. not lubricated machines
• Static electricity e.g. lightening/high velocity liquid discharge

b) DRY POWDER:- Smothers with powder blanket cools/chemically

interacts & excluding oxygen
FOAM:- Smothers and cools, forms foam blanket & excludes oxygen
CARBON DIOXIDE:- Smothers with inert gas blanket excludes oxygen
SAND/FIRE BLANKET:- Smothers and excludes oxygen
15) c)
• Suitable containers-metal (closed)
• Containers closed and stored outdoors/protected against sunlight
• Fire resistant storeroom
• Remove ignition sources e.g. incompatible materials
• Prevent vapour build up
• Mark stores/containers clearly
• Measures to prevent spills e.g. bunding/non spill caps
• Limit quantities used or stored
• Fire fighting equipment/emergency procedures
• Control flammable waste
• Anti static clothing/earth bonding
• Provide training to workers with regards to fire and electrical safety
16) Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer &
explain how EACH can cause the spread of fire. (8)

Conduction:- heat being transferred through metal beams or other

parts of a structure
Convection:- heat can be carried by rising air currents to cause a
build-up of hot gases under ceilings
Radiation:- heat travelling through the air causing heating of
material at a distance from a fire
Direct Contact:- combustible material in direct contact with flames
can itself catch fire.
 17) (a) Outline the main factors to be considered in the
siting of fire extinguishers. (4)
(b) Outline suitable arrangements for the inspection &
maintenance of fire extinguishers in the workplace.
(4)
a)
• accessibility, visibility, proximity to exits & escape routes,
• the means of supporting the equipment off the ground
• the place where the fire extinguisher should be free from
obstruction
• the need to protect extinguishers from the weather & other sources
of damage
 17) (b),
Inspection of fire extinguishers typically takes the form of routine
(perhaps monthly) visual checks to ensure that the extinguishers
are in place, have not been discharged & bear no obvious
damage.
Maintenance , on the other hand, is something rather more
extensive & usually involves an annual examination & test by a
competent person according to the manufacturers instructions
in order to ensure the integrity of the extinguisher, with the
removal & replacement of equipment found to be faulty & the
date of the examination recorded on the extinguisher
18) List EIGHT ways of reducing the risk of fire in
the workplace (8)

• Suitable security to prevent arson

• Ensuring electrical equipment are properly maintained
• No smoking except in specified areas
• Control use of oil/gas heating equipment and portable
heaters
• Safe storage of materials
• Flammable liquids or gases stored in a suitable areas
• Control of welding/hot work (Permit to work)
• Maintenance to prevent mechanical heat (Sparks/friction)
19) a) Outline TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using hose reels as a
means of extinguishing fires (4)
b) Outline the main factors to consider in the siting of hose reels (4)

Advantages Disadvantages
Comparatively Inexpensive Only suitable for class A
Harmless to health Poor siting giving partial cover
Unlimited supply of water Hose may be snagged
Good water pressure May prevent closure of doors
Operators further away May create tripping hazard

b.)
• Closeness of water supply to the hose reel
• Good water pressure
• The place where the whose reel is could cover the whole area
• Properly stored and easily accessible
 20) Outline the requirements to ensure the safe
evacuation of persons from a building in the
event of a fire. (8)
• the means for raising the alarm
• an acceptable distance to the nearest available exit
• escape routes of sufficient width
• clear signing of escape routes
• the provision of emergency lighting
• escape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent
the spread of smoke
• the provision of fire-fighting equipment
• the appointment of fire marshals
• procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment (in relation
to hearing, sight or mobility)
• & the need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals.
21) a) In relation to the classification of fires give an
example of a material (fuel) that falls within EACH
category (4)
Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how
each method contributes to the spread of fire (4)

Class Type of fuel Examples

A Combustible solids
B Flammable liquids
C Flammable gases
D Flammable metals
F Cooking media
Coal, cloth. paper
Alcohol, petrol
Butane, propane
Aluminium, magnesium
Vegetable oils, fats
 21) b)
Conduction:- heat being transferred through metal beams or
other parts of a structure
Convection:- heat can be carried by rising air currents to cause a
build-up of hot gases under ceilings
Radiation:- heat travelling through the air causing heating of
material at a distance from a fire
Direct Contact:- combustible material in direct contact with
flames can itself catch fire.