Distance Protection Principles: Power

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Siemens Power Academy TD
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Kursunterlagen für Igor Stefanovic, stefanovici@ipad.com
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Distance protection principles

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SIPROTEC5 - Application and exercises of system protection

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File: D:\Schulungen\SIPROTEC5\7SA8\englisch\21_Distance_protection_principles_7SA8_V01.odp
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Contents
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■ Short circuit
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■ Distance measurement (principle)
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■ All you need is X
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Load- and short circuit impedance
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■ Pickup
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Directional measurement
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■ Guideline for zone 1 setting
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Redundancy
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■ Signal transmission
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Restricted © Siemens AG 2015 All rights reserved. Siemens Power Academy TD Seite 2
21 SIPROTEC 4 - Application and exercises of system protection
Folienmaster 20130305
Short Circuit
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Example
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Single phase diagram of 3 phase system, only X considered
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■ Source VN (L-L) = 20 kV, Ik = 5,77 kA
■ Line 1 4 km zu 0,5 Ω/km
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■ Line 2 33% of 3km at 0,5 Ω/km
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■ What is the short circuit current?
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■ Which voltages can be measured at the busbars?
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XSource Xline1 k·Xline2
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VSource
ISC ISC
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ISC = VS/(Xsource+Xline1+k·Xline2)
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Short Circuit
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VLG = 11.54kV 0kV
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2Ω 2Ω 0.5Ω 1Ω
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VLG = 2.56kA∙(2Ω +0.5Ω) VLG = 2.56kA∙0.5Ω 2.56kA
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= 6.4kV = 1.28kV
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Xmeas = 2.5Ω Xmeas = 0.5Ω
XSet = 2Ω i@ XSet = 1.5Ω

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=> No Trip => Trip

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Distance measurement (principle phase- phase)
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IL1 ZL
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ZL = RL + j XL
IL2
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ZE = RE +j XE
IL3
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IE ZE
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UL1 UL2 UL3
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6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and
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3 phase- ground loops
phase- phase- loop @ UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

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Measured current
measured voltage
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The same applies to the remaining loops

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Distance measurement (principle phase- ground)
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IL1 ZL
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ZL = RL + j XL
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IL2
ZE = RE +j XE
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IL3
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Phase- ground- loop
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IE ZE
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ef UL1 = IL1 · ZL - IE · ZE
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UL1 UL2 UL3
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IL1, IE measured current
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This equation cannot be solved! Measured voltage
Thus ZE/ZL is used as setting value
XE/XL = 1/3 * (X0/XL – 1)

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remaining loops
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RE/RL = 1/3 * (R0/RL – 1)

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Zero sequence impedance for cables
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The zero sequence impedance for a cable is hardly to be calculated
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• Z0 depends on enviroment conditions such as:
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• Other parallel cables, pipelines, rails etc.
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• At cables with steel band, Z0 depends on actual current flowing
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• Magnatizing of steel band
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For correct values:
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Z0 should be measured on site at the cables!
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All you need is X
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■ The magnitude of the impedance is
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simply calculated from the
magnitudes of current and voltage
X
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■ Reaktance und resistance were then
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calculated by angle measurement,
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which can be critical
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■ Errors in this angle measurement will ef
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lead to big errors in R but only small
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errors in X
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■ Therefor only X is used for distance
measurement i@
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R
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Typical values for overhead lines and cables
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R’L1 X’L1 jL1 R’L0 X’L0 jL0 R’LE X’LE R’LE/ X’LE/
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R’L1 X’L1
W/km W/km o el. W/km W/km o el. W/km W/km
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Overheadline 380 kV
earthing wire 0,018 0,25 86 0,17 0,94 80 0,053 0,23 2,94 0,92
4-times bundle
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4´Al/St 435/55
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Overheadline 220 kV
earthing wire 0,058 0,30 79 0,22 0,99 77 0,053 0,23 0,91 0,77
2-times bundle
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2´Al/St 265/35
Overheadline 110 kV
earthing wire 0,071 ef 0,38 79 0,22 1,10 79 0,050 0,24 0,70 0,63
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Al/St 435/35
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Overheadline 20 kV
Without earthing wire 0,31 0,37 50 0,53 1,58 71 0,073 0,40 0,24 1,08
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95 mm2 Al
cable 400 kV
Single phase-oil isol.
Cable 3´1´1200 mm2 Cu
Cable110 kV
0,020 0,22 85 i @
0,049 0,11 66 0,01 -0,036 0,50 -0,16
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Gas pressure cablle 0,090 0,14 57 0,39 0,16 22 0,1 0,007 1,11 0,05
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40 mm2 Cu
Cable 20 kV
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3-phase lead isolated 0,16 0,12 37 1,4 0,25 10 0,41 0,043 3,42 0,36
3´120 mm2 Cu
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Electromechanicle Relay R1Z23a
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(application for high voltage feeder)
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Electromechanicle
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relays only provides
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circle diagrams
I> pickup
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L1, L2, L3, M
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Time
measurement
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indications
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ZL
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X
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circle
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Moving coil relay RLB
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N: Direction
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direction
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Load and short circuit impedance
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X
Short circuit range

ZL
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Distance protection characteristic
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ZLF2 RF ZF2
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ZL
ZLoad ZLF1
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ZLF1 RF
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ZF1
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RF RF ZLoad
jL
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j F1 F2
jSC1 SC2
D
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R
Short circuit i@
in
reverse
Load
range
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direction
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Distance protection: Adaptive measuring method
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n Least Square estimator with
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variance control
n Adaptive Zone reach
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Z1
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Estimator 1 (n=5)
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Estimator 2 (n=6)
Estimator 3 (n=8)
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Estimator 4 (n=10)
Estimator 5 (n=13)
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Estimator 6 (n=15)
Normal 1 (n = 21)
Normal 2 (n = 26)
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Normal 3
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Jump detected ms
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Distance protection,
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Typical operating time characteristic
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30
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25
Operating time (ms)
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20
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15
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10
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0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Short-circuit data: Fault location in % zone reach
SIR = 26
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f = 50 Hz
Fault: L1-E
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5 shots per fault case Information: Trip times with high speed contacts
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Fault inception: 0° ... 90° approx. 5 ms shorter

extension module IO209 required
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Zone 1 - Setting guidelines
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X
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Line characteristic
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X1
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Recommendation for Zone 1 settings:
X1 » 80...90% of line reactance
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0,5 * X < R < 2*X important!
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1, R1E = half load impedance (if possible)
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R1
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t1 = 0 ms
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R1E
R
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If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

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and the set time has expired, a TRIP command is issued

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Redundancy
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■ Locale redundancy
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■ Z2 for faults of 80% … 100% of the line
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Remote redundancy
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■ Z2 … ZX für
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breaker fail or protection fail
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Zones can be added
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in 7SA8
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(function points needed!)
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Fault detection techniques
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Over- current fault detection
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X
Voltage dependant
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overcurrent fault detection
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U Voltage and
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angle dependant
overcurrent
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R
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Impedance
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fault
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I> Ij> I >>
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I
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Reach of overcurrent starter
ph-ph fault as an example
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ISC(2) [kA]
110 kV
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2,5 net SCC(3)" = 1500 MVA
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40 MVA
uT = 15 %
2,0 20 kV
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400/1 A D I >start = 1,5 · IN = 600 A
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1,5
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UN · 1,1
ISC(2) = ISC
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OH-line
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2 · (ZS + ZS + ZL' · l) 95/15 Al/St
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N T
1,0
Z'L = 0,483 W/km
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I >start = 600 A
0,5 i@
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10 20 30 40 50 60 l [km]
reach of OC starter
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ca. 35 km
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Determination of fault direction
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Current area for
Impedance area for

forward faults X forward faults
USC
ISC
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ZSC
jSC
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jSC
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ISC Z'SC
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Current area for Impedance area for
reverse faults
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current / voltage diagram
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impedance diagram
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Alternatives for the Directional Measurement
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~ ~ ~
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~ ~ ~
fault L1-E
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~ ~ ~
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Zgrid Relay Zline
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VL1
Vf
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VN
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VL3
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VL3 VL2 VL2
fault-free VL1
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faulty phase voltage
Vf
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If If
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VL3 VL2 VL3 VL2

Vdir
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healthy-phase voltage voltage memory

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Teleprotection schemes
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Why use teleprotection?
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1 2
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Faults in this area Faults in this area Faults in this area
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are cleared after t2
at line end 2
are cleared without additional
time delay at both line ends
are cleared after t2
at line end 1
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Faults on approximately 70% of the line length are cleared
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without delay at both line ends
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Faults in the remaining 30% of the line length
are cleared with a time delay.
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Remedy: Exchange of information between the two line ends
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Required: Communication channel (PLC, microwave radio, fibre optic, etc.)
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Tele- protection logic (dedicated device or internal

function in numerical protection devices)
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Teleprotection scheme - Permissive Overreach
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Z1 Z1B or Z2
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A B
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Z1B or Z2
Z1
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Trip
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Trip
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Trip Z1 and ³1 ³1 Trip Z1 and
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further zones further zones
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& &
TS TS
& ³1
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S S
R R
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Z1B Z1B
T1B T1B
(A) (B)
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Teleprotection scheme
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What is different in setting of teleprotection system compared to SIPROTEC 4?
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SIPROTEC 4 SIPROTEC 5
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Zone Z1B must be used for Every zone (even more than one) can be
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teleprotection schemes used for teleprotection schemes
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Zone Z1B will trip only, in combination Each zone will trip with the set trip delay
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with teleprotection schemes ef time
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Therefore, typical trip time setting is Therefore, typical trip time setting for used
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0ms for Z1B teleprotection zone should not be 0ms
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Teleprotection scheme
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How to set setting of teleprotection system in SIPROTEC 5 similar to SIPROTEC 4?
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•Add new stage

•Rename new stage to Z1B
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•Use this zone Z1B for teleprotection scheme
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•Set delay time for Z1B stage to oo (infinite)
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Siemens Power Academy TD

Distance protection principles

SIPROTEC5 - Application and exercises of system protection

XSet = 2Ω i@ XSet = 1.5Ω

=> No Trip => Trip

phase- phase- loop @ UL1-L2 = ZL ( IL1 - IL2)

The same applies to the remaining loops

Thus ZE/ZL is used as setting value

XE/XL = 1/3 * (X0/XL – 1)

RE/RL = 1/3 * (R0/RL – 1)

■ Reaktance und resistance were then

Short circuit range

Operating time (ms)

Fault inception: 0° ... 90° approx. 5 ms shorter

If the measured impedance is within the set characteristic

and the set time has expired, a TRIP command is issued

Impedance area for

VL3 VL2 VL3 VL2

healthy-phase voltage voltage memory

Tele- protection logic (dedicated device or internal

•Add new stage

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