Stronger is the v1bration -

higher will be the energy

d1ssipation
S%
damping () =
- wB1 s1n(wt) + B,w COs(wt) +
for Concrete
1- Qcoslt=0 givesr, = ()+ .
2% damping tor steel V = B,) + Jo
k(1-8)
These goveTn rate of oscillation of
atructure'corresponding to the design equation.
Damping is not a fixed value. It
depends on rate of energy k(1 -B2) k(1-B*)
dissipation.
Date 18-01-22
x(t) =
Xxg COs(wt) *
Response to Harmonic Loading: K1-B*)1 sun (t)
The first two terms are transient response and last term
) =
fosndt, d is the frequency of
iS steady state response.
forcing function (Capital omega) A particular
Equation of motion: case is when x(0) =
0, and x(0) = 0 gives
mi +Ci +kx =
fosindt with damping x(t ßsin (wt)]
Sin(Lt)
-
For undamped systems, C=0 Home work:
Derive the expressions of response for follov.ng t o condit cn
mi +kx =fosinQt N present but va= 0
Solution of the equation is V present but x = 0
The term in square bracket is
x(t) =
x^(t) +Xp(t) sinusoidal function with phase difference.
Xn(t) =
B, cos(wt) + B2sin (wt) Note that Xstatic Static reSponse coesficient
Xpt) = A. sinQt
-2'S magnitication factor (nothing to do with rate of application of
loading
x= -A0-sindt, m(-A0sinQt) + k(A. sinNt) =fosinlt Resonance-Twining
-m+k]A. sinlt = fosinlt
Dividing byk sin (Qt) is steady state response
14. sinnt =sino psin (wt)
If

is transient
response
a structure is undamped, when you
A 1 apply a sinusoidal force, response will be out of phase
Phase difference depends on natural frequency and frequency ratio.
In a spring mass system with mass m and stiffness k and subjected to force in
Let = A =L
k [1-) fo,
experimentxst #as the effect of sinusoidal term in bracket.
x(t) =
Xn (t) +Xp(t) Response Ratio:R (t) =
st sin (Qt) -
Bsin (wt)
x(t) =
B1 cos(ot) +B2 sin(wt) + fo 1 For tuning ß~1 i.e.l wleading to R(t) o
k[ - 82Snalt
Taking initial conditions, x(0) A real
system can not resonate. Prior
=Xo. and x(0) =
Vo we get Bi =
Xo
machine breaks in reality
to resonance either the specimen breaks or the
For putting velocity condition, differentiating x(t) experiment.
Date 19-01-22
Example: In a typical spring mass system, m=1kg. k=4N/m, aw = 2rad/s, f(t) =
sin (1.4t)
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 A,Jostr IA,9
,
0 . M.a8nituation Iictor 1.F. 1-) A,0 2d,0
corllicientls ol tHs and Ris, we Eet two rquations to
br solyed fos A,undA
Comparing the
0.25
-A,9+ .2{wd,N 4 A, 01e.A,(u ) ut 0
. tq't)
Maximum forced response M.F. 0 . 5 1.9G= 0.19 m
And -A,0 - 2{wtA,94 Au . 2u)A, (u9)A,
Free Vibrations of Overdamped System: From Eq ), (. )
( t ) = e *.i | e oshwt + (o t uoNg )sinhwt| Substituting in Eq'"(2), we get
to 2ero, as x increases.
1he response x{t) asymptotic ally approaches
-2( C -9) ll+(-!)
For the case ot coetficient =1, (-
Alcoshwt + snhwt) = 1 +x+++ Substituting in A
2w
B- =1-+ A (o-0-)|(28«»2) + (w* - 0)2]
Factorial terms grows much faster than power terms.
-2 ws?
A
should have more rate of decreasing than the rate at which 171 (2wl) +(a - 9)]|
It the term is exponential
equations for and A2, divide numerator and denominator by w
Uterms is increasing. substituting B = in A
wo =wy
-
1 Note> 1 2
I(2wn+{ui xw
In the previous expression B> A
Implies that 258
A *((24) (1 -*1
(w-n)
Harmonic Response of damped system: Jo
A
c0, c = 2{wm T2 + (o-
Equation of motion: ë + 28wB + w'x = -sinsNt
A2 Ja (1-B*) (1-p)
k 258)2 +(1 - *}*]
x(0)= a(t) +Xp(0) mo( )+ )
For<1(underdampedsystem) 1-)sint - 2{wcost)
x,Ct)= eSut[B, coswpt + B,sinpt]
x(t) =
er*a [B,coswp + B,sinopl+x T1- + (20)*1
t ) = A coslt + A, sinlt Constants B1 and B2 are found from initial conditions, (0) =
xo. and v(0) =
x,t) =-A,0sinlt + A2Ncoslt i) x(0) 8ives B, 2
Xpt 1-(2t|
= =
Xo
xp(t) = - A , 9 cosnt - A20-sinlt
l1-)+2
Substituting in equation of motion and collecting coefficients of cos and sin together,
i) &(0) =
v{0) =
Po. gives B, xV + oxo +
1-+28
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