VA 01 - Reading and Vocabulary 1

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Verbal Ability – 1
Reading and Vocabulary –1:
Eclectic Reading Orientation to Reading and Vocabulary
Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.
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(Philosophy)
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Descartes is often called the “Father of Modern Philosophy,” implying that he
provided the seed for a new philosophy that broke away from the old in important
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ways. This “old” philosophy is Aristotle‟s as it was appropriated and interpreted
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throughout the later medieval period. In fact, Aristotelianism was so entrenched in
the intellectual institutions of Descartes‟ time that commentators argued that
evidence for its truth could be found in the Bible. Accordingly, if someone were to try
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to refute some main Aristotelian tenet, then he could be accused of holding a
position contrary to the word of God and be punished. However, by Descartes‟ time,
many had come out in some way against one Scholastic-Aristotelian thesis or other.
So, when Descartes argued for the implementation of his modern system of
philosophy, breaks with the Scholastic tradition were not unprecedented.
(Contd…)
For questions – 1 to 5
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Descartes broke with this tradition in at least two fundamental ways. The first was his
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rejection of substantial forms as explanatory principles in physics. A substantial form was
thought to be an immaterial principle of material organization that resulted in a particular
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thing of a certain kind. The main principle of substantial forms was the final cause or purpose
of being that kind of thing. For example, the bird called the swallow. The substantial form of
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“swallowness” unites with matter so as to organize it for the sake of being a swallow kind of
thing. This also means that any dispositions or faculties the swallow has by virtue of being
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that kind of thing is ultimately explained by the goal or final cause of being a swallow. So, for
instance, the goal of being a swallow is the cause of the swallow‟s ability to fly. Hence, on
this account, a swallow flies for the sake of being a swallow. Although this might be true, it
knowledge.
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does not say anything new or useful about swallows, and so it seemed to Descartes that
Scholastic philosophy and science was incapable of discovering any new or useful
The second fundamental point of difference Descartes had with the Scholastics was his
denial of the thesis that all knowledge must come from sensation. The Scholastics were
devoted to the Aristotelian tenet that everyone is born with a clean slate, and that all material
for intellectual understanding must be provided through sensation. Descartes, however,
argued that since the senses sometimes deceive, they cannot be a reliable source for
knowledge. Furthermore, the truth of propositions based on sensation is naturally
probabilistic and the propositions, therefore, are doubtful premises when used in arguments.
Descartes was deeply dissatisfied with such uncertain knowledge. He then replaced the
uncertain premises derived from sensation with the absolute certainty of the clear and
distinct ideas perceived by the mind alone.
The new philosophy sought to
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(a) condemn Aristotle.
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(b)
(c)
break away from the old.
lay down precedents.
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(d) convey a sense of rebellion.
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Question – 1
Aristotelianism was equalivalent to
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(a) intellectual institutions.
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(b)
(c)
the Bible.
the word of God.
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(d) the later medieval period.
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Question – 2
The first way Descartes broke with the scholastic tradition was
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(a) by influencing the immaterial principle.
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(b)
(c)
by arguing for implementating of the new theory.
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by rejecting substantial forms as explanatory principles. la
(d)
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by substantiating explanatory principles.
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Question – 3
The example of the “swallow” helps explain
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(a) the link between existence and goals.
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(b)
(c)
the association of goals and faculties.
the substantial form of „swallowness‟.
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(d) the purpose of faculties.
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Question – 4
The second point of contention was
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(a) the deception of the senses by the mind.
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(b)
(c)
the fact of being born with a clean slate.
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the fact that knowledge must come from sensation. la
(d) the uncertainty of knowledge.
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Question – 5
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(Science and Research)
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If our knowledge of the number of unicellular and multicellular organisms found in
the soil and in water bodies is incomplete, what we know about organisms thriving in
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subsurface environment is sketchy. The discovery of living multicellular nematodes
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or roundworms belonging to three different species, and the DNA of a fourth
species, at depths ranging from 0.9 km to 3.6 km from the Earth‟s surface, has
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extended the known boundaries of Earth‟s biosphere. Before this discovery,
scientists had harvested only unicellular bacteria from similar depths. One of the
nematodes is a new species. It has been named Halicephalobus mephisto by the
authors of a paper published recently in Nature. The worms were recovered from
fracture water. Fracture water flows from deep cracks in the Earth‟s crust and so is
free from any contamination.
(Contd…)
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Unicellular and multicellular extremophiles have been found from unexpected ands
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highly inhospitable conditions, including volcanic vents in mid-oceanic ridges, and
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below Antarctic ice sheets at a depth of about 180 meters. Although roundworms
are well known for their physiological tolerance — surviving in a state of suspended
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animation or anabiosis for prolonged periods of time and metabolizing aerobically
even in low-oxygen conditions — their subsurface presence has still taken scientists
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by surprise. In fact, researchers have difficulty in understanding how unicellular
organisms thrive at such depths. The presence of nematodes at such depths
demonstrates their ability to tolerate and survive in highly hostile conditions like
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reduced oxygen levels, high temperature, and scarce food supply. Sequencing the
worms may provide answers to whether the worms had migrated to the fracture
waters and adapted themselves to the harsh conditions. Science once again
highlights the truth that the presence of unicellular as well as multicellular life in
unthinkable environments is limited only by our imagination to explore — not by their
ability to survive.
What is the crux of the passage?
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(a)
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Halicephalobus mephisto is the only species that can exist at depths ranging
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from 0.9 km to 3.6 km from the Earth‟s surface.
(b)
(c)
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Scientists are surprised how life can exist at unimaginable depths.
Our knowledge of organisms thriving in subsurface environment is insufficient.
(d)
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Some organisms can survive in the harshest of conditions.
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Question – 6
According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
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(a)
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Roundworms migrate and adapt to the prevailing conditions in any
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environment.
(b)
(c)
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Roundworms survive in fracture water.
Roundworms can metabolize aerobically even in low oxygen conditions.
(d)
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Roundworms cannot survive in highly hostile conditions.
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Question – 7
With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:
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1.
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Earth‟s crust is free from contamination, so water that flows through it is also free
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from contamination.
2.
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Before the discovery of nematodes, scientists had harvested multicellular bacteria
from depths ranging from 0.9 km to 3.6 km.
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Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
O n (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Question – 8
With reference to the passage, which of the following statements is valid?
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(a)
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Scientists didn‟t expect roundworms to exist at great depths despite being
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aware of roundworms‟ physiological tolerance.
(b)
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The subsurface presence at depths of 0.9 to 3.6 km is a specific characteristic
of multicellular organisms.
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(c) By sequencing the roundworms, scientists will surely determine whether they
migrated to the fracture waters.
(d)
free from contamination.
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Water which does not flow through deep cracks of the Earth‟s crust cannot be
Question – 9
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(Linguistics)
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Modern English is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be
avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. Language becomes ugly and
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inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language
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makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts, and so on indefinitely. The work of
good prose construction is habitually dodged.
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Dying metaphors are used because they save people the trouble of inventing phrases
for themselves. However, they have lost all evocative power. Examples are “toe the
line” and “ride roughshod over.” Many of these are used without knowledge of their
meaning, and incompatible metaphors are frequently mixed. Some metaphors have
been twisted out of their original meaning by those who use them despite being aware
of the fact.
(Contd…)
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Verbal false limbs save the trouble of picking out appropriate verbs and nouns. s
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Characteristic phrases are „render inoperative‟ and „militate against‟. In addition, noun
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constructions are used instead of gerunds (e.g. „by examination of‟ instead of „by
examining‟).
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Pretentious diction is used to dress up a simple statement and give an air of scientific
impartiality to biased judgments. Foreign words and expressions such as „mutatis
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mutandis‟, „status quo‟, and „weltanschauung‟ are used to give an air of culture and
elegance. There is no real need for any of the hundreds of foreign phrases now current
vagueness.
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in the English language. The result, in general, is an increase in slovenliness and
Meaningless words abound. The word „Fascism‟ has now no meaning except in so far
as it signifies „something not desirable‟. The words „democracy‟, „freedom‟, and „justice‟
have each of them several different meanings which cannot be reconciled with one
another. In the case of a word like „democracy‟, not only is there no agreed definition,
but the attempt to make one is resisted from all sides.
(Contd…)
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It is almost universally felt that when we call a country democratic we are praising it.
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Consequently, the defenders of every kind of regime claim that it is a democracy, and
fear that they might have to stop using that word if it were tied down to any one
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meaning. Words of this kind are often used in a consciously dishonest way. The
person who uses them has his own private definition, but allows his hearer to think he
means something quite different.
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In our time, political speech and writing were largely the defense of the indefensible.
Political language consists largely of euphemism, question-begging, and sheer cloudy
vagueness. Defenseless villages are bombarded from the air: this is called pacification.
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Millions of peasants are sent trudging along the roads with no more than they can
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carry: this is called transfer of population or rectification of frontiers. People are
imprisoned for years without trial: this is called elimination of unreliable elements. Such
phraseology is needed if one wants to name things without calling up mental pictures
of them.
Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and
to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. One cannot change this all in a
moment, but one can at least change one‟s own habits. If one gets rid of these habits
one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is the first step towards political
regeneration.
A suitable title for the passage is
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(a) The English Language and Politics
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(b)
(c)
The Evolution of the English Language
Political Degeneration
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(d) Foolish Thoughts
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Question – 10
The author‟s tone is _________.
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(a) ebullient
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(b)
(c)
digressive
critical
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(d) philosophical
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Question – 11
According to the author,
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I.
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careless thinking can be caused by the inaccurate use of language.
II.
III.
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inaccurate use of language can be caused by careless thinking.
the educational system is partly to blame for the degradation of the English
language.
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The correct choices are
(a)
(b)
(c)
I only
II only
I and II only
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(d) I, II and III
Question – 12
If language were used clearly, honestly, and accurately,
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(a) politicians would find it more difficult to deceive.
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(b)
(c)
there would be world peace.
dying metaphors would be saved.
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(d) we would not have to think as much.
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Question – 13
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(Economics)
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The National Mission for a Green India with a planned investment of $10.3 billion over
the next 10 years can have a major developmental impact in more ways than one.
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Such a massive exercise can raise fresh natural capital that is so vital for the tens of
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millions of people who depend on degraded forests. It can meet the twin objectives of
assigning forest land to tribal and other forest-dwelling communities to enable
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livelihoods, and relieving extractive pressures on core dense forests to aid
conservation of wildlife and biodiversity. The overarching benefit to the environment
will be in the form of carbon sequestration to combat climate change. The Ministry of
Environment and Forests, which has grasped the imperative to balance these
concerns, aims to add an impressive five million hectares of forest cover, and also
improve the quality of forests over a similar area. That nearly 40 per cent of open
forest remains degraded today reinforces the need for a vastly improved management
system.
(Contd…)
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A central role for local communities in forest restoration and expansion is envisaged
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under the new plan. This can help correct the historical imbalance in their role in
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managing the commons. It must be emphasized, however, that the whole exercise
needs to be rooted in scientific practices. Several dedicated young scientists have
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been working in degraded areas of the Western Ghats to re-introduce endemic plants.
These conservation groves, often sitting cheek-by-jowl with plantations and
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habitations, shelter a lot of endangered animals and birds. This shows that many more
eroded ecosystems can harbor the biodiversity that is under pressure. The potential to
expand horticulture in these sites, including disused mines, through fruit tree cultivation
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is worth exploring. Local communities can also be involved in the campaign to control
invasive plant species that have been unthinkingly introduced into the environment.
Overall, the Green India plan, which is expected to provide a higher forest-based
livelihood income to three million households, is significant for its attempt to give
people a central role in restoring forest health. The legacy of mistrust between the
Forest departments and tribal communities must give way to a joint management
framework that is grounded in good conservation science.
According to the passage, which of the following is correct?
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(a)
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The National Mission for a Green India has planned investment of $10.3 billion
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over the next 20 years.
(b)
(c)
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Removal of carbon is required to combat climate change.
An efficient management system to improve the condition of open forests is in
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place.
(d) The local communities do not have any role in the new plan.
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Question – 14
What constitutes an effective plan for forest restoration and expansion?
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1. Potential to expand biodiversity in disintegrated ecosystems.
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2.
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Giving more power to the Forest department to tackle poachers and
smugglers.
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3.
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Shunning of scientific practices in favour of more traditional ones.
4.
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The development of a relationship based on trust between Forest departments
and the tribal communities.
5.
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Active involvement of the people in restoring forest health.
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Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Question – 15
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What is/ are the objective(s) of the exercise planned by the National Mission for a
Green India?
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1. Forest land will get assigned to tribal and other forest-dwelling communities to
increase the revenue of the Government.
2.
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Taking the load off core dense forests which in turn will aid conservation of
wildlife and biodiversity.
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(a) 1 only (b) 2 only n
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
O (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Question – 16
The new plan to restore the degraded forests will be effective if
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(a)
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tribal communities lessen their dependence on forests which in turn will ease
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the pressure on the environment.
(b)
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the legacy between the Forest departments and tribal communities is allowed
to continue.
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(c) scientific practices are made an integral part of the whole exercise.
(d) local communities are advised to introduce invasive part species into the
environment.
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Question – 17
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(History)
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The study of the post Napoleon wars on states like Austria and Prussia are worth
studying. Students of history would find it interesting to learn how Prussia emerged as
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a sovereign state. Austria was weakened after the battle with Napoleon. While Austria
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had come out of the first phase of the Napoleonic wars weakened but not broken,
Prussia had lost more than half her territory, having been reduced to but four
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provinces: Brandenburg, Pomerania, Prussia and Silesia. Her economic life was
completely paralyzed by the immense war indemnities and by Napoleon‟s „Continental
blockade‟ of England (decree of 1806) which made it impossible for Prussia to continue
the lucrative export of agricultural products to the British Isles. The catastrophes of
Jena and Auerstedt made the political leaders of Prussia realise the mistakes and
omissions of the past decades and made room at last for those „unselfish and patriotic
men‟ who had long voiced their prophetic warnings in vain.
(Contd…)
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One such man was Geoffrey Goodrich, who said, “I have but one fatherland which is
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called Germany. With my whole heart I am devoted to it, and not to any of its parts.” In
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1804, Goodrich received an appointment as Prussian Minister of State and was given
charge of the departments of finance and economics. He immediately seized the
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opportunity to carry out some of the much-needed reforms. An edict of 1805 decreed
the suspension of the inland duties on Prussia which had proven one of the major
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stumbling blocks to the development of a unified national economy. The substitution of
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private ownership of industrial enterprise for State ownership, served to break down
the economic system of the mercantile State and the elimination of the corporate
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restrictions of the guilds was to prepare the way for the introduction of the principle of
freedom of trade. In 1806, Goodrich‟s demand for reorganisation of the whole
governmental system for the sake of greater efficiency and responsible leadership
were unheeded, and he was dismissed by royal cabinet order. Within six months, he
was recalled and shortly, therefore, published his first great Reform Edict, having as its
main objectives the abolition of serfdom, the free exchange and disposal of landed
property, and the free choice of occupation. Up to this time, two-thirds of the population
of Prussia had been bound to the soil, unable to leave their homes of their own free will
and obliged to render personal service to the manorial lord. In the rural districts the
medieval feudal system had survived essentially untouched.
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Goodrich recognised in the sudden and unparalleled breakdown of Prussia the result
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of a political and social system of bureaucratic and feudalistic tutelage. A partly
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paternalistic, partly absolutist form of administration had gradually loosened the mutual
bonds of loyalty and unselfish devotion between the people and their government, and
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had bred an attitude of irresponsibility and indifference among all classes of the
population. Goodrich‟s programme of national regeneration received its directives from
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his clear-sighted diagnosis of the national disease.
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O n
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According to the passage, which of the following would not be true of the concerns
and character of Geoffrey Goodrich?
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(a) Clear-sighted vision of nation‟s problems.
(b)
(c) He was against reforms of any kind.
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Understanding of the nature of the Germans.
(d)
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Willingness to act in a decisive, revolutionary manner.
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Question – 18
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When Goodrich said, “Germany . . . I am devoted to it, and not to any of its parts,“
he most probably meant
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(a) that he was not concerned with the separate Prussian states.
(b)
(c)
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that he was interested mainly in Germany‟s international role.
that he was involved with leadership, not warring factions.
(d)
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that he viewed his country as a single, united entity.
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Question – 19
The reason given for Prussia‟s lack of exportation to Britain was
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(a) Napoleon‟s blockade of the British islands.
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(b)
(c)
the early phase of the Napoleon Wars.
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lack of agricultural commodities to export. la
(d)
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reduction in commodities produced for export.
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O n
Question – 20
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According to the author, Germany hindered the development of a unified national
economy by
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(a) the massive war effort itself.
(b)
(c)
resuming inland duties on Prussia.
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the substitution of private ownership in place of State ownership.
(d)
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guilds that had historically operated without restrictions.
O n
Question – 21
Goodrich felt that Prussia had broken down as a country primarily because
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(a) the Napoleonic Wars had paralysed its economy.
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(b)
(c)
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Prussia‟s political leaders paid scant attention to their international role.
the mercantile State had not kept pace with that of other countries.
(d)
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her people had an attitude of irresponsibility and indifference.
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O n
Question – 22
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Goodrich‟s programme of national regeneration received its directives from his
(a) clear-sighted diagnosis of the national disease.
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(b)
(c)
superiors in the administrative lines.
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the cronies to the capitalist bureaucrats. la
(d)
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the officials who voted for the partition.
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O n
Question – 23
(Fill in the blanks)
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Choose the most appropriate word to fill the blank in each of the sentences below.
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The visit has _________ created a ripple in the media.
(a) cautiously
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(b) slightly
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(c) solely (d) barely
Question – 24
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(a) merged (b) emerged
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Beijing has _________ as a major world player in economic and strategic terms.
(c) emerging (d) dodged

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O n
Question – 25
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West.
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Most of what we know is second-hand, _________ with the cares and concerns of the
(a) transferred (b) bought

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(c) dragged (d) merged
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O n
Question – 26
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interest in Chinese matters.
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Part of the _________ response has its roots in our genuine lack of knowledge and
(a) hot (b) limpid

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(c) lukewarm (d) seethe
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O n
Question – 27
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(a) amenable (b) egregious
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His mistake was so _________ that he was expelled from the school.
(c) alterable (d) wonderful

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O n
Question – 28
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Choose the most appropriate words to fill the blanks in each of the sentences below.
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C la
A-level history students are using a textbook that teaches a highly ________, strongly
Eurosceptic view of Britain‟s ________ into the European Union, MPs have claimed.
(a) adherent, evacuation
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(b) broad-minded, access
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(c) partisan, entry
(d) biased, exodus
Question – 29
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C la
Florida‟s a _____campground, with spacious tent and RV sites dotted among palms
and moss-laded oaks, _____into strange shapes by the ocean winds and providing
vital shade.
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(a) animated, clogged
(b) graphic, deformed
(c)
(d)
vivid, damage
picturesque, battered
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Question – 30
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C la
The nuclear test by the Democratic People‟s Republic of Korea may have been widely
________but that has not made the ________from its showmanship any less
alarming.
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(a) surprising, shocks
(b) required, waves
(c)
(d)
needed, vibes
anticipated, tremors
O n
Question – 31
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C la
Asian stocks ________in the early trade as investors awaited the G20 meeting of
finance and central bank officials over the weekend for clues to their views about
global growth and the role currencies ________ in the economies of individual member
countries.
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(a) rose, play
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(b)
(c)
rise, perform
plummet, perform
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(d) rose, share
Question – 32
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C la
In a welcoming development, the two countries had last month signed two landmark
agreements : an extradition treaty to ________ transfer of criminals and terrorists and
an agreement to ________ the visa regime.
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(a) inculcate, sign
(b) facilitate, liberalize
(c)
(d)
stop, activate
aid, ally
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Question – 33
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In the following question, choose the word which best expresses the meaning of the
word given in bold.
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ASPERITY
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(a) Courtesy (b) Severity
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(c) Seriousness (d) Antipathy
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O n
Question – 34
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word given in bold.
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VITIATE
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(a) Permit (b) Annihilate
e (c) Ratify (d) Affirmation
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O n
Question – 35
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word given in bold.
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UPBRAID
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(a) Admonish (b) Complement
e(c) Accommodate (d) Adulation
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O n
Question – 36
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word given in bold.
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APOCALYPTIC
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(a) Denial (b) Augural
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(c) Renewal (d) Avowal
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O n
Question – 37
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word given in bold.
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GRUFF
C la
(a) Friendly (b) Ghostly
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(c) Boisterous (d) Cordial
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O n
Question – 38
(Antonym)
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Do you have the_________ to answer him back?

C la
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(a) honesty (b) audacity (c) hostility (d) severity
O n
Question – 39
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s s
The thief moved into the house _________ .
(a) rudely (b) wistfully
C
(c) stealthily la
(d) fastidiously
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O n
Question – 40
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He kept on _________ and never came to the topic.
(a) gobbling (b) opposing
C
(c) digressing la
(d) splurging
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O n
Question – 41
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(a) tumult (b) humidity (c) paucity la
The _________ of water in the desert areas is a major concern for the inhabitants.
C (d) sufficiency
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O n
Question – 42
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It was difficult to manage the_________ kids.
(a) submissive (b) unruly
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(c) biased la
(d) plenary
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O n
Question – 43
(Analogies)
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In the following question, select the pair that best expresses a relationship similar to
that expressed in the pair in question.
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CARTOGRAPHY : MAPS
(a) Calligraphy : Paintings
(b)
(c)
Demography : Discussions
Orography : Mountains
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(d) Monography : Silence
Question – 44
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STRENGTH : WEAKNESS
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(a) Paper : Pencil
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(b) Pardon : Punish
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(c) Point : Circle
(d) Active : Interactive
Question – 45
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CRY : HOOT
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(a) Pacify : Peace
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(b) Truce : Military
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(c) Container : Liquid
(d) Monster : Fiend
Question – 46
e s
In each of the following questions, select the pair that best expresses a relationship
similar to that expressed in the pair in question.
s s
IMPUDENT : : MEEK
C la
(a) enterprise : activity
e
(b) salubrious : unhealthy
(c) adulation : worship
il n
(d) pedantry : learning
O n
Question – 47
e s
In each of the following questions, select the pair that best expresses a relationship
similar to that expressed in the pair in question.
s s
INSULAR : : BROADMINDED
C la
(a) lover : passion
e
(b) morality : virtue
(c) prodigal : thrifty
il n
(d) coward : timidity
O n
Question – 48

VA 01 - Reading and Vocabulary 1

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VA 01 - Reading and Vocabulary 1

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e s

O n (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

O (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

(c) emerging (d) dodged

(a) transferred (b) bought

(a) hot (b) limpid

(c) alterable (d) wonderful

Do you have the_________ to answer him back?

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