and causes measurable effects on humans, animals, plants, or property, then only it is

classified as an air pollutant.

The concentration of a pollutant in the iatmosphere can be expressed in a
number of
ways involving units of
weights volunae per unit weight or volume of air. Four
or

concentrations scales are generally used to deecribe the concentrations of either gaseous
or particulate pollutanta.
The first is the mass
the mass of air
concentration, ,
mass of
defined as the ratio of the mass of
pollutant to
plus pollutant:
p
m+ mp ..2.1)
where m, is the mass of the pollutant and m, is the mass of pure air in a given volumee of
airpollutant mixture. The second
concentration scale is the volume
concentration, Yp
defined as the ratio of the volume of pollutant to the volume of air
plus volume of pollutant:
P
...(7
From the statement of the problem, >,pm - 50. The air density at standard eondition is
1.185 kg/m, and the molecular weight M, is 28. From Eq. (2.3),
0.00005
pp 10°
=
,
From Eq. (2.8), the mass volume concentration, is
Pp.

P M10)28(60)10
24.45 24.45

57.2610 )ug/m' - 57.26(10o )ke/m

The mass concentration, o, can be calculated as follows:
Dividing Eq. (2.1) by (2.2), have we

But the term (m, +mp/v, +u,) can be written as

 0.00005
ypm 10 =

From Eq. (2.8), the masa voBume concentration, pp is

Pp M10
2445 28(60)10
24.45

57.26(10 )Jg/m" 5726(1o )kg/m*

=

Themass concentration, o, can be calculated as follows:

(2.1)
Dividing Eq. we have
by (2.2),

But the term (m, +m,lo, +") can be written as

 m +mp)
But the tenm (m, +
m, /v, +",) can be written as

Gpytigted h a i a

m a(1-y.)+
p

Taking the density of air, P as equal to m, /v we get

m,
1lmeet.google.com is shanng your seen Mop shamg
 increea
s giobai DacgrUuna cuncenrauon, 18 uuunoe on g o u cumauc patterns 1
of great concern. The radioactive pollutants are of specialised nature and they are beyond
the this
scope of book. The interested reader may refer to Hodges.
Secondary pollutanta are formed from chemical and photochemical reactions in the
atmosphere. The reaction mechanisms and various stepe involved in the process are influ
enced by many factors such as concentration of reactants, the amount of moisture present
in the atmosphere, degree of photoactivation, meteorological forces, and local topography.

2.2.2 Propertles of Alr Pollutants

Particulete Matter
In general the term "partieulate" referu to all atmospheric subatances that are not gases.
of the two. Particulates
They be suspended
can
dropletsar
solid particles or mixtures size
can

beconpoeed of
inert oT extremely reactive materiala ranging in from 100 um down to
and less. do not the they
0.1 um The inert materials react reacily with environment nor
do
ahibit any morphological changes as a result af combustion or any other process, whereas
the reactive materials could be further oxidised or may react chemically with the
environment.

The classification of various particulates may be made as follows:

Dust: It containa particles of the size ranging from 1 to 200 um. Theee are formed by
natural disintegration of rock and soil ar by the mechanical procesees of grinding and
spraying. Tbey have large Bettling ve -en a wen a y gravity and
other inerial prmcesses.ne dust DlusrcrA a gEIEv SaaroI 1U1 many ofc h e
ncsabed giooa1 DackgrUuna concenursuon, 1s iniiuence on gioDai cumanc patterns 1s
of great concern. The radioactive pollutants are of specialised nature and they are beyond
the
scope of this book. Theare
interested reader may refer
and
to Hodges'. reactions in the
Secondary pollutants formed from chemical photochemical
reaction mechanisms and various stepe involved in the process are influ-
atmosphere. The
enced by many factors such as concentration of reactante, the amount of moisture present
in the atmosphere, degree of photoactivation, meteorological forces, and local topography.
2.22 Propertes of Alr Polutants
Particulete Matter
In general the term particulate" refers to all atmospheric subetances that are not gases.
They can be suspended droplets or solid particles or mixtures of the two. Particulates can
be composed of inert or extremely reactive materials ranging in size fron 100 um down to
0.1 um and less. The inert materials do not react readily with the environment nor do they
exhibit any morphological changes as a result of combustion or any other process, wbereas
the reactive materials could be further oxidised or may react chemically with the
environment.
The classification of various particulates may be made as followa:
Dust: It contains particles of the size ranging from 1 to 200 jum. Theseare formed by
by the of
natural disintegration of rock
and soil or mechanical procesaes grinding and
spraying. They have large settling velme com *ha*g you KEER o &ravity and
t n Ans he
 vwwue
0.1 um and less. The inert materials do not react readily with the environment
nor do they
exhibit any morphological changes as a result of oombustion or any other
procesa, whereas
the reactive materials could be further oxidised or
may react chemically with the
environment
The clasesification of various particulates may be made as followw:
Dust: It containsparticlee of the size ranging from 1 to 200 um. These
are formed by
natural disintegration of rock and soil or by the mechanical processes of
grinding and
spraying. They have large settling velocities and are removed from the air by gravity and
other inertial processes. Fine dust particles act as centres of catalysis for
many of the
chemical reactions taking place in the atmosphere.
Smoke: It contains fine particles of the size ranging from 0.01 to 1 which can be
um
liquid or solid, and are formed by combustion or other chemical processes. Smoke may
have different colours depending on the nature of material burnt.
Fumes: There are solid particles of the size ranging from 0.1 to 1 um and
released from chemical
are normally
or metallurgical proceeses.
Mist: It is made up of iquid droplets generally smaller than 10
um, which are formed
by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial operations.
Fog: It is the mist in which the liquid is water and is sufficiently
dense to obecure
vision.
Aerosol: Under this category are included all air-borne suspensions either solid or
liquid; these are generally smaller thi peeore nwm r en
Sp hi Hide
0.1 um and lesa. The inert materials do not react readily with the environment nor do they
exhibit any morphological changes as a result of combuation or any other proceae, whereas
the reactive materials could be further azidised or may react chemically with the
environment.
The classification of various particulates may be made ns follow:
Dust: It contains particles of the size ranging from 1 to 200 um. These are formed by
natural disintegration of rock and soil or by the mechanical procesees of grinding and
spraying. They have large settling velocities and are removed from the air by gravity and
other inertial processes. Fine dust particles act as centres of catalysis for many of the
chemical reactions taling placein the atmosphere.
Smoke:It containe fine particles of the ize ranging from 0.01 to 1 um which can be
liquid or solid, and are formed by combustion or other chemical processea. Smoke may
have different colours depending on the nature of material burnt.
Fumes: There are solid particles of the size ranging from 0.1 to 1 um and are normally
released from chemical or metalhurgical proceesea.
Mist: It is made up of liquid droplets generally smaller than 10 um, which are formed
by condensation in the atmosphere or are released from industrial operations.
Pog: It is the mist in which the liquid is water and in suficiently dense to obecure
vision
Aerosol: Under this catesgory are,
liquid; these are generally smaller thi
includod all air-borne susDensions either solid or
e m e shwva a sueen
Environnent
The classification of various particulates may be made as followa:
Dust:It contains particles of the size ranging from 1 to 200 jum. These are formed by
natural disintegration of rock and soil or by the mechanical processes of grinding and
apraying. They have large settling velocities and are removed from the air by gravity and
other inertial processes. Fine dust
partices act as centrea of catalysis for many of the
chemical reactions taking place in the atmoephere.
Smoke: It contains fine particles of the size ranging from 0.01 to 1 um which can be
liquid or solid, and are formed by combustion or other chemical processes. Smoke may
have different colours depending on the nature of material burnt.
frum 0.1 to 1 um and are normaly
Pumea: There are solid particles of the size ranging
released from chemical or metallurgical procerees.
Mist: It is made up of liquid dropleta generally smaller than 10 um, which are formed
by condensation in the atmospbere or are released from industrial operations.
is the mist in which the liquid is water and is sufficiently dense to obecure
Pog:It
vision.
Aerosol: Under this category are included all air-borne suspensions either solid or

liquid; these are generally smaller than 1 um.

Particles in the size range 1-10 jum bave measurable settling velocities but are readily
stirred by air moveme Mettling velocities.
Thans below 91 Hm a O mesgeogecom 1sharing yaur oreen Stp hain o om Brownian
 Nitrogen Oxades
of oxide (N,O), nitric axide NO),
the siz or
seven oides of nitrogen, only three-nitrous
and nitrogen dioxide (NO,-are formed in any appreciable quantities in the atmosphere.
Often NO and NO, are analysed together in air and are
referred to as
NO
Nitrous oxideisa colourleas,odourles8 nontoric gas presentinthe natural atmosphere
in relatively large concentrations (0.25 ppm). The major source of N,O in the atmosphere
the there
is
has
the biological activity
in
of soil and andareis significant anthropogenicairsources.
no It
a low reactivity the lower atmosphere generally not considered pollutant. an

Nitrie oide is a colourlesa, odourleas gas produced laryely by fuel combustion.

oidised to NO, in a polluted atmosphere through photochemical eecondary reactions.
It is

Nitrogen diozide is a
brown pungent gas with an irritating odour which can be detected at
concentrations of about 0.12 ppm. It abeorbe aunlight and initiates a series of photochemical
reactions. Small concentrations of NO, have been detected in the
lower stratosphere; NO2
by of is of major concern
is
as
probably
a
produced the axidation NO by ozone. Nitrogen dioxide
pollutant; it is emitted by fuel combustion and nitrie acid plants.
Cerbon Monaxkde

It constitutes the single largest polutant in the

odourless, and tastelese, and has boiling
urban atmosphere. CO is colourless,
a point of-192 °C. It has a strong affinity towards
the hemoglobin of the
bloodstream an metgoogie com s tharing your seen
Stop sharing ho on o
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in - ; mixtures of