Professional Documents
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Cerebrovaskularne posledice
COVID-19 infekcije
-Materijal za pripremu-
april 2021.
COVID-19 je multisistemska infekcija koja dominantno pogadja respiratorni sistem preko
koga se prenosi, dovodeći do brojnih manifestacija i komplikacija i na drugim sistemima organa
(Wang C, et al, 2021). SARS-CoV-2 je neurotropan virus koji je povezan sa neurološkim
ispoljavanjima u toku akutne infekcije, kao što su olfaktivna neuropatija, Guillain-Barre sindrom,
cerebrovaskularni dogadjaj, ali i drugi poremećaji centralnog nervnog sistema (Andrabi i Andrabi,
2020). Sa druge strane, nakon preležane infekcije kod značajnog broja bolesnika razvija se
takozvani sindrom “dugog COVID-a” ili “long COVID”, sa potencijalno ozbiljnim neurološkim
sekvelama (Camargo-Martinez W et al, 2021).
Pandemija COVID-19 je proglašena 11. marta 2020. godine. Kao izazivač je identifikovan
„severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2“ (SARS-CoV-2) (Wang C, et al, 2021). Na dan
13. aprila 2021. godine, prema podacima Svetske Zdravstvene organizacije (SZO), u svetu je
postojalo 136 291 755 potvrdjenih slučajeva COVID-19 infekcije, a od posledica iste je preminulo
2 941 128 ljudi, što svedoči da se trenutno nalazimo usred jedne od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u
istoriji čovečanstva (https://covid19.who.int/). Broj stručnih i naučnih publikacija koje se bave
neurološkim manifestacijama COVID-19 infekcije umnožava se na nedeljnom nivou (Ellul M et
al, Lancet Neurol 2020). Prema mišljenju eksperata SZO kao i brojnih medicinskih stručnjaka
širom sveta, post-COVID simptomi će značajno uticati na globalno zdravlje u toku i nakon
pandemije, kako zbog svoje kliničke raznovrsnosti tako i ozbiljnosti manifestacija (Nalbandian A,
et al, 2021).
Prve publikovane studije bolesnika iz Vuhana već početkom 2020. godine pokazale su da
je oko 36% COVID-19 bolesnika imalo neurološke manifestacije infekcije, sa velikim rasponom
tegoba (Mao XY & Jin WL, 2020). Kao neurološke manifestacije COVID-19 infekcije u studiji iz
Velike Britanije opisivani su: cerebrovaskularni dogadjaji (62%), izmena mentalnog statusa
(31%), gde su bili uključeni i bolesnici sa encefalopatijom (13%) i neuropsihijatrijskim
dijagnozama (18%); encefalitis je dijagnostikovan kod 6%, psihoza kod 8%, demencija-like
sindrom kod 5%, a afektivni poremećaj kod 3% (Varatharaj A et al, 2020). Prema rezultatima
tronedeljnog preseka komplikacija COVID-19 iz Velike Britanije, najveći broj obolelih je doživeo
ishemijski moždani udar (46%), intracerebralnu hemoragiju (7%) a manje od 1% je imalo dokaze
CNS vaskulitisa (Varatharaj A et al, 2020). U jednoj od prvih retrospektivnih studija iz Vuhana,
Kina, cerebrovaskularne manifestacije SARS-CoV-2 infekcije su registrovane kod 6% od 219
analiziranih bolesnika, pri čemu je 5% imalo ishemijski moždani udar, <1% intracerebralnu
hemoragiju i <1% cerebralnu vensku trombozu (Li Y et al, 2020). COVID-19 pozitivni bolesnici
sa de novo cerebrovaskularnim dogadjajem su bili stariji, imali teži oblik COVID-19 infekcije, i
češće imali kardiovaskularne faktore rizika, na prvom mestu hipertenziju, dijabetes i bolesti srca,
u odnosu na one koji nisu doživeli moždani udar (Li Y et al, 2020). Pored navedenog, COVID-19
bolesnici sa moždanim udarom su češće imali povećani inflamatorni odgovor i hiperkoagulabilno
stanje, izraženo kroz visoke nivoe C-reaktivnog proteina i D-dimera (Li Y et al, 2020). Autori su
zaključili da akutne cerebrovaskularne manifestacije nisu retke u COVID-19, te da su stariji
bolesnici sa već postojećim kardiovaskularnim bolestima u većem riziku (Li Y et al, 2020). Studija
iz Bergama je istakla da je od bolesnika sa neurološkom slikom čak 38,7% razvilo
cerebrovaskularne manifestacije, kao što je ishemijski ili hemoragijski moždani udar, tranzitorni
ishemijski ataci i cerebralna venska tromboza (Rifino et al, 2020). Medjutim, ova retrospektivna
italijanska studija je skrenula pažnju na učestalost neuroloških manifestacija u kasnijim fazama
SARS-CoV-2 infekcije, ukazujući na činjenicu da se u velikom procentu bolesnika neurološke
manifestacije javljaju ili postaju očigledne sa rezolucijom akutnih COVID-19 simptoma (Rifino
et al, 2020).
Tabela 1. Smetnje koje referišu bolesnici sa “dugim COVID-om” (prema Ostegaard L, 2021 i
Yelin et al, 2020)
Iako se akutni moždani udar u COVID-19 dominantno ispoljava kroz afekciju velikih
krvnih sudova, manifestacije “long-COVID-19” po svojim brojnim osobima asociraju na kliničku
sliku kod bolesnika sa bolešću malih krvnih sudova mozga. Mali krvni sudovi mozga, ili
cerebralna mikrocirkulacija, potiču iz dva sistema: površinskog, koji formiraju završne grane
velikih arterija na bazi mozga, i dubokog, koji čine perforatori, direktne grane velikih arterija na
bazi mozga (Pantoni L, 2010). Oba sistema konverguju i sustiču se u dobokim zonama
supkortikalne bele mase, a kako su ovo terminalni krvni sudovi, izmedju njih se ne uspostavljaju
anastomoze i cirkulacija u ovim zonama mozga je naročito vulnerabilna („ničije livade“) (Pavlović
i Kostić, 2015). Mali krvni sudovi mozga su izuzetno značajni jer predstavljaju mesto na kome se
odvija proces vazomotorne reaktivnosti, ulaze u sastav hemato-encefalne barijere i
neurovaskularne jedinice, u kojoj postoji blizak fizički i funkcionalni kontakt izmedju neurona,
endotela krvnog suda, pericita i mikroglije (Pavlović AM et al, 2013). Svaki četvrti pacijent sa
akutnim moždanim udarom ima okluziju malog krvnog suda kao mehanizam nastanka deficita, a
kod ovih bolesnika je povećan rizik od kognitivnog pada (Verdelho A, et al, 2021a). Svaki drugi
bolesnik sa demencijom, uključujući i demencije degenerativnog tipa, ima vaskularne promene na
snimcima mozga magnetskom rezonancom, potvrdjene obdukcijskim nalazima (Verdelho A, et al,
2021a). Ovi bolesnici su posebno u riziku da u toku akutne infekcije COVID-19 ili posle preležane
viremije ispolje znake kognitivne deterioracije ili prodube kognitivni pad (Ellul MA et al, 2020).
Bolesnici sa već postojećom, dijagnostikovanom ili nedijagnostikovanom demencijom, su
posebno vulnerabilna populacija u aktuelnoj pandemiji, jer pogoršanje funkcionalnog i
kognitivnog statusa ovih bolesnika može nastati usled dejstva akutne infekcije, hipoksije, efekata
same hospitalizacije ili neželjenih dejstava nekih lekova. Neuropsihijatrijski simptomi demencije
u toku COVID-19 se dodatno pogoršavaju socijalnim restrikcijama koje je pandemija nametnula
(Simonetti A, et al, 2020). Studije pokazuju da je karantin usled COVID-19 doveo do dodatnog
pogoršanja kliničkih simptoma u bolesnika sa demencijom i optećenja negovatelja, te je potrebno
razviti nove strategije kojima bi se ovi problemi prevazišli (Rainero I et al, 2021). Rizik od
COVID-19 infekcije i hospitalizacije je veći kod onih pacijenata sa nižim kognitivnim
funkcionisanjem, a postoje podaci da je COVID-19 češći kod osoba koje su nosioci APOE ε4, kao
i da je povezan sa većim morbiditetom i mortalitetom nosilaca oba ε4 alela (Rainero I et al, 2021;
Gkouskou K et al, 2021). Visoki nivoi D-dimera i feritina na prijemu idu u prilog većeg rizika za
nastanak vaskulopatije i razvoj kognitivne deterioracije odnosno demencije (Rainero I et al, 2021).
Kod bolesnika sa demencijom, COVID-19 često ima atipičnu prezentaciju sa naglo nastalom
izmenom mentalnog statusa što komplikuje postavljanje dijagnoze (Alonso-Lana S et al, 2020).
MR zida krvnih sudova: kontrastno pojačanje signala zidova krvnih sudova (veliki, srednji i
mali krvni sudovi) sugeriše inflamatorne patološke procese
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