Layla and Majnun

Layla & Majnun (Arabic: ‫ ﻣﺠﻨﻮن ﻟﻴﻠﻰ‬Majnūn Laylā, 'Layla's Mad Lover'[1]) is an old story of Arabic
origin,[2][3] about the 7th-century Najdi Bedouin poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his ladylove
Layla bint Mahdi (later known as Layla al-Aamiriya).[4]
A miniature of Nizami's narrative poem. Layla and Majnun meet for the last time before their deaths. Both have fainted and
Majnun's elderly messenger attempts to revive Layla while wild animals protect the pair from unwelcome intruders. Late
16th-century illustration.

"The Layla-Majnun theme passed from Arabic to Persian, Turkish, and Indian languages",[5]
through the narrative poem composed in 584/1188 by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi, as the
third part of his Khamsa.[4][6][7][8][a] It is a popular poem praising their love story.[9][10][11] Lord
Byron called it "the Romeo and Juliet of the East."[12]

Qays and Layla fell in love with each other when they were young, but when they grew up Layla's
father didn't allow them to be together. Qays became obsessed with her. His tribe Banu 'Amir and
the community gave him the epithet of Majnūn (‫" ﻣﺠﻨﻮن‬crazy", lit. "possessed by Jinn"). Long
before Nizami, the legend circulated in anecdotal forms in Iranian akhbar. The early anecdotes
and oral reports about Majnun are documented in Kitab al-Aghani and Ibn Qutaybah's Al-Shi'r wa-
l-Shu'ara'. The anecdotes are mostly very short, only loosely connected, and show little or no plot
development. Nizami collected both secular and mystical sources about Majnun and portrayed a
vivid picture of the famous lovers.[13] Subsequently, many other Persian poets imitated him and
wrote their own versions of the romance.[13] Nizami drew influence from Udhrite love poetry,
which is characterized by erotic abandon and attraction to the beloved, often by means of an
unfulfillable longing.[14]

Many imitations have been contrived of Nizami's work, several of which are original literary
works in their own right, including Amir Khusrow Dehlavi's Majnun o Leyli (completed in 1299),
and Jami's version, completed in 1484, amounts to 3,860 couplets. Other notable reworkings are
by Maktabi Shirazi, Hatefi (d. 1520), and Fuzûlî (d.1556), which became popular in Ottoman
Turkey and India. Sir William Jones published Hatefi's romance in Calcutta in 1788. The
popularity of the romance following Nizami's version is also evident from the references to it in
lyrical poetry and mystical mathnavis—before the appearance of Nizami's romance, there are
just some allusions to Layla and Majnun in divans. The number and variety of anecdotes about
the lovers also increased considerably from the twelfth century onwards. Mystics contrived
many stories about Majnun to illustrate technical mystical concepts such as fanaa (annihilation),
divānagi (love-madness), self-sacrifice, etc. Nizami's work has been translated into many
languages.[15] Arabic-language adaptations of the story include Shawqi's play The Mad Lover of
Layla.[16]
 Lineage of Qays and Layla

Qays is the uncle of Layla and she is the daughter of Qays' cousin. Both Qays and Layla through
their lineage is descended from the tribe of Hawazin, then descended to the tribe of Banu Ka'b
(the patriarch Ka'b), which is also related to the direct lineage to the Prophet Muhammad,
prophet of Islam. Therefore, they are all are descendants of Adnan, who is Ishmaelite Arab
descendant of Prophet Isma'il (Ishmael), son of Ibrahim (Abraham). Their lineage is narrated
from Arabic records as follows:

Qays
…
Qays' lineage is: Qays bin Al-Mulawwah bin Muzahim bin ʿAds bin Rabīʿah bin Jaʿdah bin Ka'b bin
Rabīʿah bin ʿĀmir ibn Ṣaʿṣaʿa bin Muʿawiyah bin Bakr bin Hawāzin bin Mansūr bin ʿAkramah bin
Khaṣfah bin Qays ʿAylān bin Muḍar bin Nizār bin Maʿad bin ʿAdnan.

He is the ʿĀmirī (descended from Banu Amir) of the Hawāzin (‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺮي اﻟﻬﻮازﻧﻲ‬, al-ʿĀmirī 'l-Hawāzinī).

In Arabic:

‫ﻗﻴﺲ ﺑﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻮّ ح ﺑﻦ ﻣﺰاﺣﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺪس ﺑﻦ رﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻌﺪة ﺑﻦ ﻛﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ رﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺻﻌﺼﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻫﻮازن‬
‫ﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﺑﻦ ﻋﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺧﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ﻋﻴﻼن ﺑﻦ ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺰار ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺪﻧﺎن‬

Qays was born around 645 AD (AH 24 in the Hijri) in the Najd till his death around 688 AD (AH 68
in the Hijri) during the succession of the fourth Umayyad caliph Marwan I and the fifth Umayyad
caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the 1st century of the Hijri in the Arabian Desert.

Qays is one of the two Al-Qaisayn poets Al-Mutaymīn (Arabic: ‫)اﻟﻤﺘﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬, and the latter is Qays bin
Dharīḥ (‫)ﻗﻴﺲ ﺑﻦ ذرﻳﺢ‬, dubbed "Majnūn Lubna (‫")ﻣﺠﻨﻮن ﻟﺒﻨﻰ‬. It is narrated by a woman that Qays
died in the year 68 AH (corresponding to 688 AD), and he was found lying among stones (where
Layla was buried) while he was dead, and his body was carried to his family.

Layla …
Layla's lineage is: Laylā bint Mahdī bin Saʿd bin Muzahim bin ʿAds bin Rabīʿah bin Jaʿdah bin Ka'b
bin Rabīʿah bin Hawāzin bin Mansūr bin ʿAkramah bin Khaṣfah bin Qays ʿAylān bin Muḍar (bin
Nizār bin Maʿad bin ʿAdnan).

She was called "Umm Mālik (‫")أم ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬.

In Arabic:

‫ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺖ ﻣﻬﺪي ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻣﺰاﺣﻢ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺪس ﺑﻦ رﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺟﻌﺪة ﺑﻦ ﻛﻌﺐ ﺑﻦ رﺑﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺮ ﺑﻦ ﺻﻌﺼﻌﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺑﻜﺮ ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮازن ﺑﻦ ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﺑﻦ ﻋﻜﺮﻣﺔ ﺑﻦ ﺧﺼﻔﺔ ﺑﻦ ﻗﻴﺲ ﻋﻴﻼن ﺑﻦ ﻣﻀﺮ ﺑﻦ ﻧﺰار ﺑﻦ ﻣﻌﺪ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺪﻧﺎن‬

Layla was born around 648 AD (AH 28 in the Hijri) in the Najd, where the date of death unknown,
during the succession of the fourth Umayyad caliph Marwan I and the fifth Umayyad caliph Abd
al-Malik ibn Marwan in the 1st century of the Hijri in the Arabian Desert.

Layla is born four years after Qays in a town called an-Najūʿ(‫ )اﻟﻨﺠﻮع‬in the tribe of Banu Amir of
Qays of the Hawāzin, which the town is later called by her name "Layla" today, and is also the
capital of Al-Aflaj Province in Riyadh Region.

Location

Jabal Al-Toubad (‫)ﺟﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺑﺎد‬, the hill where the story of Qays and Layla is witnessed

It is believed by narration that Qays and Layla is born in the province of Al-Aflaj in Saudi Arabia
and where the town of "Layla" has descended from also.

Jabal Al-Toubad (‫)ﺟﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻮﺑﺎد‬, located in the city of Al-Aflaj, which in turn is located 350 km
southwest of the city of Riyadh in Saudi Arabia. Jabbar (‫)ﺟﺒﺎر‬, in particular, is located near the
village of Al-Ghayl (‫)اﻟﻐﻴﻞ‬, in the center of Wadi Al-Mughal (‫)وادي اﻟﻤﻐﻴﺎل‬. This hill witnessed the love
story of Qais bin al-Mulawwah and his cousin Laila al-Amiriya, that was in the 65th year of the
Hijri (685 AD) during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik bin Marwan.

The Persian poet Nasir Khusraw traveled and visited both the town "Layla" in the 5th century AH
(1009 CE – 1106 CE) and described the town accurately which in presence of the hill Jabal Al-
Toubad, and described the misery that it had turned into as he spent a few months there, which
the situation in the region changed after was overwhelmed by poverty, internal strife and
insecurity.

Story

A Mughal miniature of Amir Khusro's version; Walters Art Museum

Qays ibn al-Mullawah fell in love with Layla al-Aamiriya. He soon began composing poems about
his love for her, mentioning her name often. His unselfconscious efforts to woo the girl caused
some locals to call him "Majnun." When he asked for her hand in marriage, her father refused
because it would be a scandal for Layla to marry someone considered mentally unbalanced.
Soon after, Layla was married to another noble and rich merchant belonging to the Thaqif tribe in
Ta'if. He was described as a handsome man with reddish complexion whose name was Ward
Althaqafi. The Arabs called him Ward, meaning "rose" in Arabic.

When Majnun heard of her marriage, he fled the tribal camp and began wandering the
surrounding desert. His family eventually gave up hope for his return and left food for him in the
wilderness. He could sometimes be seen reciting poetry to himself or writing in the sand with a
stick.
Layla is generally depicted as having moved to a place in Northern Arabia with her husband,
where she became ill and eventually died. In some versions, Layla dies of heartbreak from not
being able to see her would-be lover. Majnun was later found dead in the wilderness in 688 AD,
near Layla's grave. He had carved three verses of poetry on a rock near the grave, which are the
last three verses attributed to him.

Many other minor incidents happened between his madness and his death. Most of his recorded
poetry was composed before his descent into madness.

I pass by this town, the town of Layla

And I kiss this wall and that wall
It’s not Love of the town that has enraptured my heart
But of the One who dwells within this town

It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet. This type of love is
known as "virgin love" because the lovers never marry or consummate their passion. Other
famous virgin love stories set in Arabia are the stories of Qays and Lubna, Kuthair and Azza,
Marwa and Al Majnoun Al Faransi, and Antara and Abla. This literary motif is common throughout
the world, notably in the Muslim literature of South Asia, such as Urdu ghazals.

History and influence

Persian adaptation and Persian literature

…
Majnun in the wilderness

The story of Layla and Majnun was known in Persia as early as the 9th century. Two well known
Persian poets, Rudaki and Baba Taher, both mention the lovers.[17][18]

Although the story was known in Arabic literature in the 5th century,[19] it was the Persian
masterpiece of Nizami Ganjavi that popularized it dramatically in Persian literature. Nizami
collected both secular and mystical sources about Majnun and portrayed a vivid picture of the
famous lovers.[13] Subsequently, many other Persian poets imitated him and wrote their own
versions of the romance.[13] Nizami drew influence from Udhrite love poetry, which is
characterized by erotic abandon and attraction to the beloved, often by means of an unfulfillable
longing.[14] Other influences include older Persian epics, such as Vāmiq u 'Adhrā, written in the
11th century, which covers a similar topic of a virgin and her passionate lover; the latter having
to go through many trials to be with his love.[20]

In his adaptation, the young lovers become acquainted at school and fell desperately in love.
However, they could not see each other due to a family feud, and Layla's family arranged for her
to marry another man.[21] According to Dr. Rudolf Gelpke, "Many later poets have imitated
Nizami's work, even if they could not equal and certainly not surpass it; Persians, Turks, Indians,
to name only the most important ones. The Persian scholar Hekmat has listed no less than forty
Persians and thirteen Turkish versions of Layli and Majnun."[22] According to Vahid Dastgerdi, "If
one would search all existing libraries, one would probably find more than 1000 versions of Layli
and Majnun."

In his statistical survey of famous Persian romances, Ḥasan Ḏulfaqāri enumerates 59

'imitations' (naẓiras) of Layla and Majnun as the most popular romance in the Iranian world,
followed by 51 versions of Ḵosrow o Širin, 22 variants of Yusuf o Zuleikha and 16 versions of
Vāmiq u ʿAḏhrā.[18]

Azerbaijani adaptation and Azerbaijani literature

…
Azerbaijani folk art based on the Layla and Majnun poem by Nizami Ganjavi

The story of Layla and Majnun passed into Azerbaijani literature. The Azerbaijani language
adaptation of the story, Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn (‫" ;داﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﻴﻠﻰ و ﻣﺠﻨﻮن‬The Epic of Layla and
Majnun") was written in the 16th century by Fuzûlî and Hagiri Tabrizi. Fuzûlî's version was
borrowed by the renowned Azerbaijani composer Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who used the material to
create what became the Middle East's first opera. It premiered in Baku on 25 January 1908. The
story had previously been brought to the stage in the late 19th century, when Ahmed Shawqi
wrote a poetic play about the tragedy, now considered one of the best in modern Arab poetry.
Majnun lines from the play are sometimes confused with his actual poems.

A scene of the poem is depicted on the reverse of the Azerbaijani 100 and 50 manat
commemorative coins minted in 1996 for the 500th anniversary of Fuzûlî's life and activities.[23]

Other influences
Layla visits Majnun in the wilderness; Indian watercolour held by the Bodleian Library

The enduring popularity of the legend has influenced Middle Eastern literature, especially Sufi
writers, in whose literature the name Layla refers to their concept of the Beloved. The original
story is featured in Bahá'u'lláh's mystical writings, the Seven Valleys. In the Arabic language, the
word Majnun means "a crazy person." In addition to this creative use of language, the tale has
also made at least one linguistic contribution, inspiring a Turkish colloquialism: to "feel like
Mecnun" is to feel completely possessed, as might be expected of a person who is literally
madly in love.

This epic poem was translated into English by Isaac D'Israeli in the early 19th century allowing a
wider audience to appreciate it.

Layla has also been mentioned in many works by Aleister Crowley in many of his religious texts,
including The Book of Lies.

In India, it is believed that Layla and Majnun found refuge in a village in Rajasthan before they
died. The graves of Layla and Majnun are believed to be located in the Bijnore village near
Anupgarh in the Sriganganagar district. According to rural legend there, Layla and Majnun
escaped to these parts and died there. Hundreds of newlyweds and lovers from India and
Pakistan, despite there being no facilities for an overnight stay, attend the two-day fair in June.
Another variation on the tale tells of Layla and Majnun meeting in school. Majnun fell in love with
Layla and was captivated by her. The school master would beat Majnun for paying attention to
Layla instead of his school work. However, upon some sort of magic, whenever Majnun was
beaten, Layla would bleed for his wounds. The families learnt of this strange magic and began to
feud, preventing Layla and Majnun from seeing each other. They meet again later in their youth
and Majnun wishes to marry Layla. Layla's brother, Tabrez, would not let her shame the family
name by marrying Majnun. Tabrez and Majnun quarreled and, stricken with madness over Layla,
Majnun murdered Tabrez. Word reached the village and Majnun was arrested. He was sentenced
to be stoned to death by the villagers. Layla could not bear it and agreed to marry another man if
Majnun would be kept safe from harm in exile. Her terms were accepted and Layla got married,
but her heart still longed for Majnun. Hearing this, Layla's husband rode with his men into the
desert to find Majnun. Upon finding him, Layla's husband challenged Majnun to the death. The
instant her husband's sword pierced Majnun's heart, Layla collapsed in her home. Layla and
Majnun were buried next to each other as her husband and their fathers prayed to their afterlife.
Myth has it that Layla and Majnun met again in heaven, where they loved forever.

In popular culture …

Layla and Majnun at the opening ceremony of the 2015 European Games in Baku

The tale and the name "Layla" served as Eric Clapton's inspiration for the title of Derek and the
Dominos' famous album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs and its title track in 1971. The
song "I Am Yours" is a direct quote from a passage in Layla and Majnun.

In Humayun Ahmed's Noy Number Bipod Sanket, a song written by him and rendered by Meher
Afroz Shaon and S I Tutul titled, Laili-Mojnu, Shiri-Forhad, Radha-Krishna was used.
In Cassandra Clare's Chain of Gold, half Persian character Cordelia Carstairs is nicknamed
Layla as a term of endearment and to show her family's love of the story.

In Gary Jenning's novel The Journeyer, a fictionalized Marco Polo is told by a Persian physician
that Layla and Majnun possessed the magical ability to transform their bodies at will,
changing their appearance, age, or gender, even becoming animals or mythical creatures; and
that they would then copulate in various combinations of these forms, as inspiration for their
poetry. The physician is also an alchemist, and has concocted a drug intended to recreate this
ability. Marco tries it on himself and a prostitute, with disastrous results.

In Roshani Chokshi's The Gilded Wolves, Laila calls Séverin “Majnun” meaning madman in
reference to this poem.

The tale was adapted as a play in Arabic, "Majnun Layla", by the Egyptian poet Ahmad Shawqi
known also as the Prince of Poets in 1932.

The tale served as the inspiration for Halim El-Dabh's early electronic tape music composition
called Leiyla and the Poet in 1959.

The tale of Layla and Majnun has been the subject of various films produced by the Indian film
industry beginning in the 1920s. A list may be found here:
http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article419176.ece . One, Laila Majnu, was
produced in 1976. In 2007, the story was enacted as both a framing story and as a dance-
within-a-movie in the film Aaja Nachle. Also, in pre-independence India, the first Pashto-
language film was an adaptation of this story.

The term Layla-Majnun is often used for lovers, also Majnun is commonly used to address a
person madly in love.

Orhan Pamuk makes frequent reference to Leyla and Majnun in his novels, The Museum of
Innocence and My Name is Red.

One of the panels in the Alisher Navoi metro station in Tashkent (Uzbekistan) and Nizami
Gəncəvi metro station in Baku (Azerbaijan) represents the epic on blue green tiles.

In the book A Thousand Splendid Suns by Afghan author Khaled Hosseini, Rasheed often refers
to Laila and Tariq as Layla and Majnun.

South African Author Achmat Dangor of mixed Indian descent makes reference to Leyla and
Majnun in his novels, "Waiting for Leila" and "Kafka's Curse"

On Gaia Online, a recent monthly collectible released an item under the names Majnun and
Layla loosely based on the story.
Layla and Majnun — poem of Alisher Navoi.

Layla and Majnun — poem of Jami.

Layla and Majnun — poem of Nizami Ganjavi.

Layla and Majnun — poem of Fuzûlî.

Layla and Majnun — poem of Hagiri Tabrizi.

Layla and Majnun — drama in verse of Mirza Hadi Ruswa.

Layla and Majnun — novel of Necati.

Leyli and Majnun — the first Muslim and the Azerbaijani opera of Uzeyir Hajibeyov (1908).

Layla and Majnun — symphonic poem of Gara Garayev (1947).

Leyli and Majnun — ballet by Gara Garayev (1969).

Symphony No. 24 ("Majnun"), Op. 273 (1973), for tenor solo, trumpet, choir and strings – Alan
Hovhaness.

The Song of Majnun — opera of Bright Sheng (1992)

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi silent film in 1922.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi silent film in 1927.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film in 1931.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film in 1931.

Laila Majnun — Malayan Malay film in 1933.

Majnu — Indian Hindi film of 1935 by Roshan Lal Shorey.[24]

Layla and Majnun — Iranian film in 1936.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film of 1945 by Nazir, starring Nazir and Swarnalata.[25]

Laila Majnu — Indian Telugu film in 1949.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film of 1953 directed by K. Amarnath, starring Shammi Kapoor and
Nutan.

Laila — Indian Hindi film of 1954 directed by Naseem Siddique, starring Shakila.[26]

Layla and Majnun — Tajik Soviet film-ballet of 1960.

Layla and Majnun — Soviet Azerbaijani film of 1961.

Laila Majnu — Indian Malayalam film in 1962.

Dastan-E-Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film of 1974 by R.L. Desai, starring Dheeraj Kumar and
Anamika.[27]

Laila Majnu — Pakistani film in 1974 starring Waheed Murad and Rani.

Laila Majnu — Indian Hindi film in 1976.

Laila Majnu — Indian Bengali film of 1976 by Sachin Adhikari.[28]

Laily Majnu — Bangladeshi film in 1976 starring Razzak and Babita.

Majnoon — unreleased Indian Hindi film from 1979 by Kamal Amrohi, starring Rajesh Khanna
and Rakhee Gulzar.[29]

Leyla ile Mecnun — Music album of Orhan Gencebay in 1981.

Leyla ile Mecnun — Turkish drama film in 1982.

Sun Meri Laila — Indian Hindi film of 1983 by Chander H. Bahl, starring Deepika Chikhalia and
Raj Kiran.[30]

Laila — Indian Hindi film of 1984 by Saawan Kumar Tak, starring Poonam Dhillon and Anil
Kapoor.

Love And God (1986) — Indian Hindi film directed by K. Asif

Layla and Majnun — Azerbaijani film-opera of 1996.

Majnoon — 2003 Indian film by Aashish Chanana, starring Chanana and Sucheta Khanna set in
the modern Bollywood industry.[31]

Aaja Nachle— a 2007 Indian film has a 15-minute musical play on life of Layla and Majnun.

Majnoon Layla a 2010 song by Syrian-American hip-hop artist and peace activist Omar
Offendum.

Leyla ile Mecnun — is a Turkish television comedy series in 2011.

Habibi (movie) — is a 2011 film by Susan Youssef filmed in the Gaza strip.

Double Barrel — is a Malayalam Movie in 2015.

Tamasha – is a Hindi movie of 2015. A musical story in this movie has parts of laila majnu
duet.

Laila The Musical – British theatre production by Rifco Arts, Watford Palace Theatre and
Queen's Theatre Hornchurch toured England during 2016.[32]
Layla and Majnun — dance-drama, a collaboration of Mark Morris, Silk Road Ensemble and
Howard Hodgkin; 2016 premiere by Cal Performances.[33]

Laila Majnu – is a 2018 Hindi movie based on the legend of Laila Majnu set in Kashmir.

Ye Kahani Hai Laila Majnu Ki — Indian Bhojpuri film of 2020 by Mahmud Alam, starring Pradeep
Pandey, Sonalika Prasad, and Akshara Singh.[34]

See also

Muna Madan

Heer Ranjha

Sassui Punhun

Tomb paintings of Sindh

Notes …

a. Nizami's tragic romance Khosrow and Shirin is another part of the Khamsa.

References

1. Banipal: Magazine of Modern Iran Literature (https://books.google.com/books?id=ykdjAAAAMAAJ) .

2003.

2. Schimmel, Annemarie (2014). A Two-Colored Brocade: The Imagery of Persian Poetry. p. 131. "Indeed,
the old Arabic love story of Majnun and Layla became a favorite topic among Persian poets."

3. The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs (https://books.google.com/books?id=rOlHjFjiOJIC) . 58. 1970. p. 32.
"Nizāmī's next poem was an even more popular lovestory of the Islamic world, Layla and Majnun, of
Arabic origin."

4. electricpulp.com. "LEYLI O MAJNUN – Encyclopaedia Iranica" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/leyli-

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10) . Penguin. ISBN 9781101047163.

. Grose, Anouschka (2011). No More Silly Love Songs: A Realist's Guide To Romance (https://books.googl
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ISBN 9781846273544.

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me=Sh3er&doWhat=lsq&shid=293&start=0) . Archived from the original (http://www.adab.com/module
s.php?name=Sh3er&doWhat=lsq&shid=293&start=0) on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.

10. al-hakawati.net/arabic/Civilizations/diwanindex2a4.pdf

11. "Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine ::: Nizami - Poet for all humanity" (http://www.visions.az/en/news/271/a
3e8bd5c/) .

12. Byron (1814), The Giaour, a fragment of a Turkish tale (https://archive.org/details/giaourfragmentof00byr

ouoft) , London Printed by T. Davison for J. Murray, p. 61

13. Layli and Majnun: Love, Madness and Mystic Longing, Dr. Ali Asghar Seyed-Gohrab, Brill Studies in Middle
Eastern literature, Jun 2003, ISBN 90-04-12942-1. excerpt: Although Majnun was to some extent a
popular figure before Nizami’s time, his popularity increased dramatically after the appearance of
Nizami’s romance. By collecting information from both secular and mystical sources about Majnun,
Nizami portrayed such a vivid picture of this legendary lover that all subsequent poets were inspired by
him, many of them imitated him and wrote their own versions of the romance. As we shall see in the
following chapters, the poet uses various characteristics deriving from ‘Udhrite love poetry and weaves
them into his own Persian culture>. In other words, Nizami Persianises the poem by adding several
techniques borrowed from the Persian epic tradition, such as the portrayal of characters, the relationship
between characters, description of time and setting, etc.

14. Scroggins, Mark (1996). "Review". African American Review. doi:10.2307/3042384 (https://doi.org/10.23
07%2F3042384) . JSTOR 3042384 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3042384) .

15. Seyed-Gohrab, A. A. (15 July 2009). "LEYLI O MAJNUN" (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/leyli-o-maj

nun-narrative-poem) . Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 7 July 2012.

1 . Badawi, M.M. (1987). Modern Arabic Drama in Egypt (https://books.google.com/books?id=xUrm9z9OO

dkC) . p. 225. ISBN 9780521242226.

17. •Zanjani, Barat. "Layla va Majnun-I Nizami Ganjavi: matn-I Ilmi va intiqadi az ru-yi qadimtari nuskha-hayi
khatti-I qarn-I hashtum ba zikr-i ikhtilaf-i nusakh va ma’ani lughat va tarikbat va kashf al-bayat", Tehran,
Mu’assasah-I Chap va Intisharat-I Danishgah Tehran, 1369[1990] Rudaki: ‫ﻣﺸﻮش اﺳﺖ دﻟﻢ از ﮐﺮﺷﻤﻬﯽ ﺳﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫ﭼﻨﺎن ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮه ی ﻣﺠﻨﻮن ز ﻃﺮه ی ﻟﯿﻠﯽ‬

1 . A. A. Seyed-Gohrab, "LEYLI O MAJNUN" in Encyclopedia Iranica (http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ley

li-o-majnun-narrative-poem)
19. Waheib, Osama. "Arabic Literature: The Immortal Love Story of Qays and Layla" (http://arabicollege.com/
arabic-literature-qays-and-layla/) . ArabiCollege. Retrieved 20 August 2018.

20. T. Hägg, B. Utas (2003). The Virgin and Her Lover: Fragments of an Ancient Greek Novel and a Persian
Epic Poem. BRILL. ISBN 9789004132603.

21. ArtArena: "Layli and Madjnun in Persian Literature" (http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/perlm.htm)

22. The Story of Layla and Majnun, by Nizami. Translated Dr. Rudolf. Gelpke in collaboration with E. Mattin
and G. Hill, Omega Publications, 1966, ISBN 0-930872-52-5.

23. Central Bank of Azerbaijan (http://www.cbar.az) . Commemorative coins. Coins produced within 1992–
2010 (http://www.cbar.az/pages/national-currency/commemorative-coins/1992-2010/) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20100119220546/http://cbar.az/pages/national-currency/commemorative-coin
s/1992-2010/) 19 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine: Gold and silver coins dedicated to memory
of Mahammad Fuzuli. – Retrieved on 25 February 2010.

24. "Roop Kishore Shorey – Profile" (https://cineplot.com/roop-kishore-shorey-profile/) . Cineplot.com.

25. Bali, Karan (20 April 2016). "Swarnalata" (https://upperstall.com/profile/swarnalata/) . Upperstall.com.

2 . "Laila" (https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/lailaa) . Cinemaazi. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

27. "DASTAN-E-LAILA MAJNU (1974)" (https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8958e5c4) . BFI.

2 . "Laila Majnu (1976)" (https://indiancine.ma/RON/info) . Indiancine.ma.

29. Sidharth Bhatia (4 May 2013). "Producer Kamal Amrohi was the master of old-world elegance and
heartache" (http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/RzayBUl2pB14xFcYp2svoN/Kamal-Amrohi.html) .
livemint.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

30. Sun Meri Laila | Eros Now (https://erosnow.com/movie/watch/1055515/sun-meri-laila) , retrieved 6 May

2021

31. "Majnoon (2003)" (https://indiancine.ma/CPZO/info) . Indiancine.ma.

32. "Laila – The Musical" (http://rifcoarts.com/shows/laila--the-musical) . RIFCO Arts. 2016.

33. Macaulay, Alistair (2 October 2016). "From Mark Morris, a Tale of Love Refracted and Multiplied" (https://
www.nytimes.com/2016/10/03/arts/dance/mark-morris-layla-and-majnun-review.html) . The New York
Times. Retrieved 9 March 2018.

34. " 'Ye Kahani hai laila Majnu ki' to air on Bhojpuri Cinema" (https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-
channels/movie-channels/ye-kahani-hai-laila-majnu-ki-to-air-on-bhojpuri-cinema-200508) . Indian
Television Dot Com. 8 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021.

Further reading

Nizami, The Story of Layla & Majpoonun, ISBN 0-930872-52-5

 Nizami and Colin Turner, Layla and Majnun, ISBN 1-85782-161-0

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Layla and Majnun.

LEYLI O MAJNUN in Encyclopædia Iranica A. A. Seyed-Gohrab [1] (http://www.iranicaonline.or

g/articles/leyli-o-majnun-narrative-poem) (accessed September 2010 – periodically check
link)

Laila and Majnun at School: Page from a manuscript of the Laila and Majnun of Nizami (http://
www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/08/nc/ho_1994.232.4.htm)

Part of Ahmad Shawqi's opera Majnun Layla, sung by Mohammed Abdelwahab and Asmahan
[2] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5sGPnzyIEY) (accessed 22 October 2017)

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