Phere are three way ‘ T re three ways to separate complete sentences (independent clauses) from one another: 1) Period 2) Semicoton 3) Comma + Coordinating (FANBOYS) Conjunction A. Period = Semicolon Periods and semicolons have the same function: to separate eva complete sencencts Although the first lewer altera period is capitalized while the fist word after a semicolon is not, they are grammatically identical Correct. ‘Tomatoes are used in many different ypes of cooking, Farmers around the world grow them in both fields and greenhouses. “Tomatoes ace used in many different pes of cooking; farmers around the world grow them in both fields and greenhouses. Corres “Strong” Transitions Commonly tested “strony” transitions (formally known as conjunctive adverbs) include foveter, therfor, vmanvbile, and instead When these transitions begin a clause, the clawse is onseguentiy, mioreorer, nevertbeless independent ~ drat is, the transition must come after ether a period or a semicolon, not a comma. don grammar questions, the correct answer can be given in the form of When these transitions are reste m5 i 2 “period + Transition’ cither “semicolon + transition” 0 When these teansitions are rested on rhetoric questions, the answee will viewaly always be given ia the form of “period + Transition.” «used to begin a clause, these transitions should never follow a comma. cone of te most popuae salad ingredients, however it is actualy a fruit When they art Incorrect: The tomato is sre tomato is one of the most populae salad ingredients; however, itis actually a fruit. Correct: Ye tomato “the tormmo is one of the most popular salad ingredients. However iti acually a fui, Porrect: Corres 7x all he way yn the beginning ult Very important: No matter where a sentence starts, make sure 40 ceal from WE OTT ag one, A through to the period, Otherwise, you might not notice that there are HO AME ontonce, phrae chat maker sence a the end of one sentence might actualy be the stat of the following Let’s look at an example: Since the early nineteenth century, doomsayers 5 ef ae 1. A. NOCHANGE ew decades, they have gloomily predicted that inereasing populations B. supplies ln only a few decades, hey claumedy . ‘would exhaust their food supplies in only a few CC. supplies, in only 3 few decades, they 1 claimed D. supplies in only 2 few decades they claimed decades, they claimed food shortages would result 1 in catastrophic famines. Yet the world currently produces enough food to feed 10 billion people, and there are only 7 billion of us. takers will immediately pick Because the underlined phrase initially seems to make sense where itis, most test-takers ately NO CHANGE and move on to the next question without a second thought. (If you did that, don't Sorry =f sperma) What they wil not do i read all the way to the period atthe end of the paragraph. "Take a moment now, and just read the entire sentence in isolation: just mneans you’ Since the carly nineteenth century, doomsayers have gloomily predicted that increasing populations would exhaust their food supplics in only afew decades, they claimed food shortages would result in catastrophic famines. Can you spot the problem now? If we leave the phrase in ony afew decades without any pancsuation, the sentence is way too long, In fact, there are two sentences, not one: Sentence #1: Since the early ninereenth century, doomsayers have gloomily predicted that increasing populations would exhaust theic food supplies in only a few decades. Sentence #2: They chimed food shortages would result in catastrophic famines. As discussed, two complete sentences must be divided by a period or a semicolon, not a comma. ‘The only daswer chat divides the sentence into two is (B). When the underlined phrase is attached to the beginning of the second sentence rather than the end of the first, the sentences make perfect sense: ° Sentence #1: Since the early nineteenth century, doomsayers have gloomily predicted that increasing populations would exhaust thei {aod supplies, Sentence #2: In only a few decades, they claimed, food shortages would result in cat famines. 7 trophic So (B) is correct. Important: You can save time by checking answer choices that contain gjven the option to use a perind, Periods first. When you hint chat there ate two s 38B. Comma + FANBOYS As discussed in the previous chapter, complete sentences can alo be joined by comma + cvontinatng (FANBOYS) conanctiom Fos, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So. To ceiterate, the ACT tests primarily and + but, The conjunctions so and yet are tested very rarely, and or and nor are vierually never tested. When 4 FANBOYS conjunction is used without a comma to join cwo sentences, the result is a run-on. sentence. Note that a sentence does not have to be long to be a run-on, Run-on: ‘Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking and they are grown around the world in both fields and greenhouses, Correct: ‘Tomatoes are used in many cifferent types of cooking, and they are grown azound the world in both fields and greenhouses. Likewise, a FANBOYS conjunction should never be used after a period or a semicolon.* Any answer choice ‘hat contains one of those constructions ean be automaticaly eliminated. Incorrect: ‘Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking. And they are grown around the ‘world in both Gelds and greenhouses. Incorrect: Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking; and they are grown around the ‘world in both fields and greenhouses. When the subject is the same in both clauses and is not repeated in the second clause, do not use a comma Incorrect: ‘Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking, and are grown around the world in both fields and greenhouses. Correct: ‘Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking and are grown around the world in both fields and yeeenhouses. You can also think of the above cule this way. Since comma + and = period, simply ceplace comma + and with a period and see if you have cwo complete sentences: Incorrect: Tomatoes are used in many different types of cooking. Are grown around the world in both Gelds and greenhouses. Since the informauon after the period is not a sentence, no comma should be used before and. “Occasionally, an ACT sentence will begin with a FANBOYS conjunction for stylistic effect. When this occurs, ‘you will nor be tested on the conjunction, although you may be tested on another aspect of the sentence. See The Real Guide, p. 292, fourth sentence (So, when be har went...) for an example, 39 39‘Comma Splices somma splice. Comma {When a comma lone is used to separate independent clases, the result is known #8 2 comma sp) splices are always incorrect. f cers around the world Comma Splice: Tomatoes are wed in many different types of cooing, farmers around U grow many varieties of Ube in both fields and greenhouses 1 (it they, she, many, some) as well Remember from Chapter 2 that an independent clause can start with a pronoll patency fs a noun, and that it does not need to make sense out of context to be # geammatically comple! Sentence: “Tomatoes are used in many different rypes of cooking, Sentence: “They are grown in both fields and greenhouses around the world: Comma Splice: ‘Tomatoes are used in many different rypes of cooking, they are Brown 2 both fields and greenhouses around the world. Sentence: ‘Tomatoes come in a variety of colors. Sentence: Some (of them) are red, while others are green or yellow. Comma Splice: Tomatoes come in a variety of colors, some (of them) axe red, while others are green or yellow. Fixing Comma Splices ‘There are number of ways to fix comma splices, and the ACT does not favor any particular method over tother, Some questons will requze you to Lx this error by using a period, while others will require you to fix them using 1 semicolon, comma + EANBOYS conetin, ot even another way entirely. As a result, you should be comfortable fixing comma splices a variety of ways. h yous “The simplest way to correct a comma splice is to replace the eortma with a period or semicolon: Comma Splice: Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today. Correct ‘Tomatoes were onginally small and multicolored, They are mostly laege and red tod: y ly large and red today. Correct: “Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored; they are mostly large and red tod and red today. We can also leave the comma and add a FANBOYS conjunetion, or add semicolon + coon + however Correct: ‘Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, red ty. eds but they age mostly large and Cone “8 "Tomntoen were ocginaly srl and meleotonds pepe Hored; however, they are mostly large and 0 40Another option isto turn one ofthe independent clauses into a dependent clause. When a dependent cause is ane an independent clause to form a seatence, then a comma alone can be placed between the clauses. Correct! While tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, they are mostly large and red today. Correct: Originally small and multicolored, tomatoes are mostly large and ced today. Correct: Tomatoes are one of the most popular cooking ingeedients, used in soups, stews, and salads in many different cuisines. Conrect: ‘Tomatoes were originally small and multicolored, having become large and red only during the nineteenth century. The last example above is notable because it involves an exception to a common answer choice pattern, namely that answers containing ~ing are usually wrong. When it comes to Gixing comma splices, however, answers containing -ing ace often correct because they create dependent clauses and thus prevent a comma from separating two independent clauses. For example: ‘The large, lumpy tomato originated in 1. A. NOCHANGE B. Mesoamerica, becoming Mesoamerica, it became the direct ancestor of CC. Mesoamerica: and it became 1 D. Mesoamerica it became some modern cultivated tomatoes. [Alchough (B) contains an ing word, lecoming it corrects the comma splice in the original version of the sentence by making the second clause (if became the direct ancestor of ome modern cultivated tomatoes) Jependent. (O is incorrect because it places a semicolon rather than a comma before a FANBOYS conjunction, and (D) is incorrect because it places no punctuation whatsoever between the wo independent clauses (fused sentence).Very Important: Semicolon = Period = Comma + FANBOYS rammatically identical, the ACT wi than one fight answer: Because a period, a semicolon, and “comma + FANBOYS” never ask you to choose between them. When more than one o choices, you can climinate all of them since no question can have mors For example: IF you grow tomatoes to s het yOu grow tomatoes to sell at a mazket, 1. A. NOCHANGE semember that it will take about 70 to 80 days BL market, and remember , C. market. Remember from the time you set plants i the Geld until you Cee Hoeabes can pick mpe tomatoes from them. Jiminated. When you encounter this Since (B), (C), and (D) are grammatieally equivalent, all of them caa be el (B), (C), and (D) are grammatically equivalent, all of them can be Se aris pattesn, you should of course double-check the remaining answer to make sure that it make: general, you can assume that it will be right. In this case, (A) is correct because it places a comma berwe dependent clause and an independent clause. Very often, the semicolon = period = comma + FANBOYS rule will also be tested in “all of the following EXCEPT” questions. For example: “There are many good varieties of tomatoes 1, Allof the following would be acceptable altematives to the underlined portion -cach grower should EXCEPT 1 try a few plants of several varieties to determine available to growers growers. Each grower growers, each grower which performs best. growers; cach grower growers, and each grower pose Solution: Don’t get too concerned about the dash we'll talk about those later. If you know th {A), the semicolon in (C), and the comma + and in (D) ate the same, you ean instantly eliminate {B) remains. Since it forms a comma splice itis NOT an acceptable alternative to the underlin al the period in all of them. Only ‘ed portion of the While nor every question will be nearly as staghtforward as the examples above, many answer choice pattern, and most others will contain something close to it. ‘will contain this exact aColons have ewo major uses: 1) Iatroduce a list 2) Introduce an explanation must follow a full sentence that can stand on its own as a complete thought. A Important: A colon by a complete sentence. colon does not, however, have to be followed Colon before a list ern Red Cedar, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas Fir trees. Incorrect: ‘The Great Bear Rainforest contains: Connect: The Great Bear Rainforest contains three main tree species: Western Red Cedar, Sitka Spruce, and Douglas Fir it does not Although Tle Great Bear Rainforest contains is full sentence because it contains a subject and a verb, make sense on its own, Colon before an explanation ‘an ideal pet for most people because: it requires much “fhe Amazon parrot does ot make y other animals do. Incorrect: more attention and entertainment than man} “The Amazon pattot does not mak: an ideal pet for most people for one major reason: requizes much more attention and affection than many other animals do. lete sentence typically follows the colon. For this reason, there ally aeceptable: Correct: When a colon precedes an explanation, a compl Yon/period, of a dash (see next page) is graraat are instances in which a coloa, a semicol not make an ideal pet for most people: it eequires much more “The Amazon parrot doe: han many other animals do. Correct: attention and affection Correct: “The Amazon parrot does not make an ideal pet for most people; it sequtes much more attention and affection than many other animals do. Correct -The Amazon parrot does not make an ideal pet for most people. t sequtes auch more attention and affection than many other animals do. sween them. When either a colon oF 2 semicolon is acceptable, the ACT will gever ask you to choose bel 75White dashes are typically the most unfamiliae punetuation mark for many test-takers, mostly because they are used more frequently in British English than in American Lnglish, they are fury straightforward to master. Dashes have three major uses: 1) Set off a non-essential clavse 2) Introduce a list or explanation 3) Create a deliberate pause “The vast majority of ACT questions that test dashes test the fist usage. Questions testing the second usage appear occasionally, and questions testing the thied appear only rarely. ‘A. Set Offa Non-Essential Clause: 2 dashes = 2 commas “When used this way, ewo dashes are exactly equivalent to two commas, If one dash appears, so must the other, Another punctuation mack such as a comma cannot be used in place of the dash. Incorrect; London ~ which is a very old city, has many new buildings. Correct: London ~ whi is avery old city has many new buildings. “The choice to use two dashes rather than two commas is purely a stylistic one, and the ACT will never requize jos to choose bewween the two. The only rae s that dashes must go with dashes and commas with commas he of the ACT's favorite errors is to mix and match commas and dashes. For example: “Vhe Norman Conquest — which occursed in L.A. NO CHANGE 1066, marked an important step in the B. 1066 masked C. 1066. Marked Znglish language. Dy 1066: marked development of the Lr you know that a dash rms only be paired with another des, you can immediately choose (B). 16B. Before a List or Explanation: Dash = Colon c ent. sca full, stand-alone statement When used this way, a dash is the exact equivalent of a colon and must come after a eda, Sitka ve species — Western Red Cedar, Sit List: The Great Bear Rainforest contains three main tree species Spruce, and Douglas Fir. a1 pet for most people ~ it requires much more Is do. ‘planatio: ‘The Amazon parrot does aot make an idea attention and affection than many other animal ask you to choose benween them. ‘The dash vs. colon distinction is purely stylistic; the ACT will C. Create a Pause sti atic pause A dash can also be used for stylistic reasons: fo deliberately interrupt a statement or to create a dramatic pause or sense of suspense. Create a pause: After eight hours of driving, we finally arrived home — and that was when we discovered that we had forgotten to close all of the windows. Because questions testing this use of dashes appear very rarely, you do not need to spend a lot of time focusing on it; you should simply be aware that it exists. Moreover, when this construction does appear in an answer choice, the focus of the question will often be content or style rather than grammar. In such cases, you are simply responsible for recogaizing that it is acceptable to use a dash this way and will not be required to make a