Jharkhand Agriculture Development Vision

Draft
Jhorkhond Agriculture
Development Vision
Ftr
Prepored by
INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
New Delhi
Jharkhand Agriculture Development Pase I t
State Agricultural Scenario
The State
Jharkhand is a young State, carved out of Bihar in the year 2000. lt is spread over 7.97 million ha with a
population of 32.97 million. The state has 24 districts, 259 blocks, 4423 Gram panchayats and 32615 villages.
Nearly 70%of the population of the State is dependent on agriculture. Jharkhand is also mineral-rich with
40% of India's mineral reserves that include coal, iron ore, bauxite, kyanite, copper and uranium, etc. The
State profile, general and from agricultural perspective is given in Tables 1a and 1b.
Table 1a Jharkhand basic information
Total Population 32,966,239
Rural Population 25,055,073
DecadalGrowth 22.34%
Population Rank l.3th
Sex Ratio (f:m) 0.947 (urban); 0.961 (rural)
Population Density 4I4 per sq.km.

67 .63% (M: 78.45%; F: 56.21%l
Literacy rate
74% (National)
Per capita Income Rs 4161 per month
National Highways L844 km
State Highways 6880 km
Table 1b Jharkhand State agricultural profile
Parameter Area in million ha Percentage
Total Geographical Area 7.97
Total Cultivable Land 3.8 47.67
Net Sown Area (Against TGA) 2.56 32
Current Fallow 0.89 LL.L2
Other Fallow 0.48 5.59
Forest 2.32 29.2
Barren Lands o.57 7.2
Non - Agricultural Use 0.59 8.6
Pasture and Other Grazing Lands 0.20 2.48
Cultivable Waste Land o.27 3.44
lrrigated land (Against NSA) 0.300 13
Cropping Intensity 1.t6

Source: Stote Agric. Dept.
2 | Page Jharkhand Agriculture Development
Agroclimatic subzones
The state falls under the agro-climatic zone Vll, i.e., Eastern Plateau and Hilly region, which has been further
divided into three subzones, namely, lV. Central and North-Eastern Plateau, V. tA/estern Plateau and Vl. South-
Eastern Plateau. The state receives annual rainfall of 1200-1600 mm and the climate ranges from dry semi
humid to humid semi-arid types. Out of the average annual precipitation of 10 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)
that the state receives, about Llo/o is lost in the atmosphere and 50% flows out as surface runoff. Thus, 35%
of the total precipitations recharge the ground water.
The central and north eastern plateau has 50% of the net cultivated area and L3%of the area under forests,
whereas the western and south eastern plateau together have the rest 50% of the net cultivated area and a
farger forest cover (33 and 24o/o respectively).
Fig. 7 Agroclimotic zones of tharkhind
Key characteristics of the three subzones ofJharkhand:
SrrtZorle N
1. Low water retentive capacity of the soil particularly that of uplands.
2. Late drrival and early ceslation of monsoon and erratic and uneven distribution of rainfall.
4. Lack of safe disposal of runoff water during monsoon and water storage and moisture conservation
practices for raising rabi crops.
4. Drying of tanks and wells by February results in no rabi crop production.
Sub Zone V
L. Late arrival and early cessation of monsoon
2. Erratic /uneven distribution of rainfall.
3. Low water retentive capacity of soils.
4. Lack of soil and water conservation practices

Jharkhand Agriculture Development Page | 3
Sub Zone Vl
L. Uneven distribution of rainfall.
2. Low water holding capacity.
3. Eroded soils.
4. Poor soil fertility.
Londscope and rainfall

Undulating toposequeneces of the State and rain-fed agriculture have led to massive degradation of soil
(*4O% of geographic area), diverse agricultural practices and low productivity. Highly dissected landscape
give rise to short-range variations in terrain and soil and water conditions, which influence the kinds of crops
that can be grown, the time windows for cropping, and the possible cropping systems in different parts of
the toposequence. About 82% of the annual rainfall occurs within the monsoon period, which lasts roughly
from June to September. Available moisture over the entire monsoon period determines the time window of
opportunity for the various cropping systems practiced by farmers in the plateau region.
5ols
Soils of Jharkhand are low to very low in'available phosphorus and sulphur, medium in available nitrogen &
potassium status and deficient in available boron, in general. About 1.6 miilion ha (L9% TGA) are acidic (Fig.
2). The region has a major problem of slight (52% areal to moderate (36 % area) soil erosion since about 43
% of the area are located on very gentle slopes (1 to 3%) and 31 Yo area, on gentle slopes (3 to 8%1.
sgd- REACTIoN lpHf

i
I{ARXHA'.ID I
0 tSX dl 90lni
ffi
|.g..d
Chh.d6grh
f '.s
!e:-:.0
$s.r-r.s
iatdmo3 fj ss-e.o
,1. ht Hed+46
i'l,-: e.r ' s.o
fll e.c-r.r
Njltt.'t.t
/'\i tus f rs.ar
floe-*oc.y lr.r.r.o
Fig. 2 Soil pH mop of Jharkhond
Water Resources
Out of the cultivable area of 3.8 million ha.,80Yo of the area is drought prone and about TYoarea is flood prone.
The highly variable rainfall in Jharkhand mainly occurs during the South-west monsoon period between June
to September with the number of rainy days varying between 60 and 80. The estimated average annual
+ | page Jharkhand Agriculture Development
avaif ability of water resources consists of 27 .726 km3 of surface water and 5.251 km3 of subsurface. Of the 15
river basin systems, more than 50%of this average annualavailability is found in the five major river basins
(Subarnarekha, Damodar Barakar, North Koel, Gumani and South foel) of the State. As per the recent estimate,
the net annual groundwater availability and annual groundwater draft in the state has been estimated as 5.41-
and 16.1 BCM (stage of ground water development=30%l (CGWB, 2OLL\.
The Agriculture Sector

Nearly 7O%of the area during kharif is under paddy, a typicalsituation of EH&P region (Table 2). Most of this
area remains fallow during the rabiseason, leading to cropping intensity level L1.6%. The productivity of all
the crops, except pulses are below national average; fertiliser use is about 55kg/ha. The productivity of paddy
and pulses are comparable to national average, whereas for other crops it is lower.
Table 2 Jharkhand agricultural production scenario 20tz-tg
Production
Crop(s)
(million tonnes)
Rice 3.86
Other cereal crops o.32
Pulses 0.57
Oilseeds 0.34
Source: Stote Agric, Dept.2073
Table 3 Major crops: Area and Productivity, Jharkhand vs National average
Productivity (t/ha) Productivity (t/ha)

Crops Area (m ha)
Jharkhand National
Rice 1.63 2.27 2.20
Wheat 0.09 1.62 2.79
Oilseeds o.t2 0.s8 1.09
Pulses 0.39 0.80 0.54
Maize o.24 L.52 2,34
Directorote of Statistics and Evaluation, Dept. of Planning and Dev., Govt. Jhorkhond. 2007-08
The State Government has recently taken up some major initiatives in specific areas, especially under National
Horticulture Mission. Organic farming, started two years back, is targeted to cover about 0.1 million hectares
in few years. Cashew nut cultivation, introduced recently has taken the State has among top ten states, with
three processing units.
Role of agriculture in Stote economy

Share of agriculture (agriculture& animal husbandry) in Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined
from 2O.I7% in 2O0t-O2 to 8.66% in 2008-09. In case of fisheries there has been an increase from 0.26 to
O.44o/o in the corresponding period.
Jharkhand Agriculture Developmenl Paee I 5
Stote investment in the sector

The development investment in the sector during the last six years is depicted below, which includes centre-
assisted schemes. The investment for development of State agriculture sectot had been growing impres-
sively over the years.
2500
20@
{Source: State Agric. Dept.}
1500
1000
500
0
2007-08 2008{9 2009-10 201G,11 20LL-12 2012-13
Fig. j lnvestment in agriculture sector of Jharkhand
lnfrastructure
State Government
Only one agricultural university (Birsa Agricultural University) is functioning with one each of agriculture, and
veterinary and one forestry colleges. The State government has decided to establish the following colleges
in agricultural and allied sector, which it is hoped would increase in availability of technical manpower in the
State
. Agriculture Engineering College at BAU, Ranchi

. Dairy College at Godda,
. Horticulture College at Chaibasa
. Agriculture College at Garhwa
o Veterinary College at Jamtara
.' ' Fisheries College at Gumla
Central Government organizations related to agriculture

. Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (under establishment)
. Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Piska-Nagri, Ranchi
. lndian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum
. ICAR-RCER RanchiCentre, Plandu
. Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribag

. Regional Sericultural Research Station, Hehal
r NBPGR Base Centre, Ranchi
. KVKs funded by ICAR in 23 districts

Krishi Vigyon Kendras (lC/Ks)

KVKs form the vital link between the research and farmers. The KVKs are present in 23 out of 24 districts of
Jharkhand for technology assessment and refinement and demonstrations of locally relevant production
technologies; capacity building of the farmers and other stakeholders in the target area and now set to work
in close in association with ATMA for technology transfer.
Seed storage
The storage facilities available for seeds is very weak. Development of storage facilities has been given
adequate stress by the State Agric. Dept, which is summarized below:
100 MT godowns: 323 nos. at LAMPS/PACS level

2500 MT godowns: 48 nos. at Block HQ level.
L000 MT godowns: 24 nos. of District HQ level.
100 nos. of godowns construction is proposed under 14th Finance Commission.

In view to promote Public Private Partnership in the sector; Jharkhand State Agricultural Marketing Board
act has been amended.
Constraints, Opportunities and Challenges

Despite good rainfall in the region, the cropped area, growing period and cropping intensity are low. The level
of technology adoption is also poor leading to lower productivity in general.
Cultivable area in Jharkhand is estimated around 3.8 million ha. However, the net sown area is 2.55 million
ha and only t2% of the cropped area is under irrigation. The totalcultivable land in the state, which is52Yo,
compares well with 55% of the country; but only 43o/o area of this under net sown area compared to national
average of 76%. The state as a whole suffers from several critical gaps in agricultural and allied sectors though
a number of opportunities exist to make the state self-sufficient in agricultural production.
The agricultural development of Jharkhand should also mainstream with national strategic goals, viz.,
improving food security, enhancing opportunities for inclusive growth, improving competitiveness of
agriculture, improving and sustaining the status and quality of natural resources for agriculture, enhanced
risk management and creation of adequate quality manpower for the sectoral development.
Constraints
Edaphic
. The sloping landscape of the State coupled with narrow spread of rainfall has led to soil erosion and
shallow depth of soil. Soil erosion in the form of sheet and gully erosion over an area of 2.3 million ha
every year.
. Poor soil conditions, i.e, soil pH < 5.5 in about 1 million ha of cultivated area and 0.15 million ha of
cropped area deficient in sulphur, Boron Zinc, and Copper; toxic levels of iron and aluminium. About
60% of the soils deficient in phosphorus availability.
. In general, erratic distribution of rainfall, poor water holding capacity, high infiltration rate, unproductive
soil texture, poor fertility of soil and acidity have put a heavy stress on crop productivity and crop
diversification in the state.
Jharkhand Agriculture Development Paee | 7
Climatic
. Erratic high rainfall combined with high rate of leaching of nutrients.
. Hail storm during spring and summer season result in severe damage to both fruit and vegetable crops.
. Low rate of success of plant multiplication due to prevailing low humidity and temperature conditions
is also a major constraint for e*pansion of area under horticultural crops.
Biotic
Major biotic stress in the State can be attributed to
. High incidence of blast, false smut (in hybrid), brown hopper in paddy; weeds in direct-seeded paddy;
wilt in rabi pulses; white rust and aphids in mustard.
. High incidence of hoppe4 shoot gall psylla, fruit fly, powdery mildew, anthracnose in mango, mite of
litchi, wilt of guava, shoot and fruit borer in brinjal, powdery mildew in cucurbits, wilt of solanaceous
vegetables, termite attack, rhizome rot in horticultural crops.
Developmental
. The fertilizer consumption is also very low, i.e., 33.52, 17.39 and 4.82kg/ha, respectively, of nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium. Low availability of boronated SSP and slow-release fertilizers.
. Large acreage under dryland agriculture with lack of suitable high yielding crop varieties
. Poor crop management, low input use and inadequate crop planning leading to less efficient production.
o Wastage of rain water in the absence of appropriate watershed management systems.
. Indiscriminate use of insecticides and fungicides, especially in vegetable cultivation and other crops
leading to health hazards.
o Poor adoption of modern agro-technology due to inappropriate technology, lack of awareness among
the farmers and also due to poor access to research institutions.
. lnadequate input availability (lrrigation- t2%; low seed replacement rate for paddy (L5o/ol, maize (!2%1,
pulses (13%) and oilseeds (30o/ol; inadequate availability of seed and planting material, in general.
. Economically constrained farmers (BPL population- 3L.8o/ol.
. Low Credit/lnsurance, and inadequate Infrastructure
. Low adoption of horticultural plantation.
l
. Inadequate post-harvest infrastructure.
. Lack of organized marketing facilities, and absence of effective value chain management.
. Poor infrastructure, roads, communication, power supply, storage, processing and marketing facilities
for agricultural produce.
. lnadequate extension and other service delivery mechanisms (lCTs).
Technological
. Poor adoption of technologies on location-specific soil and water conservation models.
. Integrated nutrient management strategies for different crops, protocols for organic farming, biomulches
for vegetable crops
. Collection, characterization and evaluation of lesser known wild crops.
Opportunities
. There is scope for of bringing about 3.5 million ha of land under net sown area, up by about 1.0 million
ha from the current, as per the State Directorate of Economics and Statistics 2006-07.
. The state receives average annual rainfall of 1300 mm which gives opportunity for better water use
through water conservation technologies. lt is estimated that only ab out2o%ot the rain water is utilized.
. Large scale quality seed production on community basis can be taken up.
. Existing soil type and weather condition provides ample opportunity for horticulture, floriculture and
other sectors.
. The state as a whole is having sufficient scope for food processing industries, if availability of power is
improved.
. The present milk production capacity of 1.45 million tonnes, which is about half of the requirement,
can be enhanced.
. Good untapped potential of aquaculture in water bodies and agro-aquaculture through integrated
watershed development
. Provides unique climatic situation ior cultivation of both tropical and subtropical crops.
. Strategically located for harnessing export potential of vegetables, fruits and flowers to SE Asian
countries.
. Organic farming can'be taken up for select vegetables, spices, medicinal plants, aiomatic rice, etc.
. Jharkhand is the leading producer of lac and tasar; there is ample scope strengthening these sectors
along with apiculture through integration with general agriculture for enhancing the income of the
growers and local enterprises for value addition.
. The tribal farmers have retained useful traditional crops and practices, which can be mainstreamed for
food security and appropriate technologies, acceptable to them.
Challenges
. By and large, mono-cropping system prevails is the state hence the cropping intensity is very low, i.e.,
LL6%.
. Predominantly rain-fed agriculture, 75% of the net sown area is rainfed in the state.
. Water productivity is very low (0.25 kg/m') in Jharkhand. Similarly, out of 5.25 BCM available ground
water, the state hardly utilizes 1.09 BCM (-20%1, indicating the scope of improvement in both.
. The per capita availability of food grains is currently at2i0g/day, which needs to enhanced up to 400-
5o0g/daV; similarly per capita availability of fish, meat, milk and egg is very low compared national
averages.
. The farmers of Jharkhand, especially the tribals, lead a conservative life style and do not readily accept
and adopt new technologies.
r Area under forest is recorded to be about 29%. Tribal communities that constitute 26.3O% of the
population, solely depend on forests spread over 2.33 m ha for firewood, fodder, food and timber.
Deforestation, over-grazing by livestock and loss of wetland due to siltation and exploitation of forest
are putting tremendous pressure on plant biodiversity in the state.
. Heavv mining activities lead to emergence of degraded lands, which need to restored through planting
appropriate MPTs.
Vision
To attain and transcend self-sufficiency in agricultural sector through optimal and environmentally positive
utilization of resources, technologies and interventions for sustainable production; employment, livelihood
enhancement, nutritional and food security of the farmers through appropriate mix of sustenance and
commercial agriculture.
Key sectors: Strategic framework (Short and Long-term)

Because of the risky environment and the relative difficulty in gaining access to markets, food security is a
primary concern of households in the state. Besides, sustenance agriculture is culturally entrenched in tribal
communities. As a result, large amounts of the resources of farm households (especially family labor) are
typically applied to rice production, particularly in the rainy season, for their own consumption. Despite the
predominance of agricultural employment, non-agricultural income plays an important role in its contribution
to household income. Since most of the agricultural land is monocropped, the household labour are free for
non-agricultural income generating activities after the monsoons.
The importance of non-agricultural income suggests that technological interventions in agriculture needs
to take into account the opportunity costs of labour in non-agricultural activities. The existing patterns of
off-season employment or migration indicate that the introduction of agricultural activities in fallowed fields
is unlikely to be adopted unless the returns to labour are at least as high and as secure as those currently
available through such employment. The farmers migrate as they perceive the potential returns from
agricultural production to be very low given their present bio-physical and socio-economic conditions. lt has
been suggested that a broader approach giving attention to ways of improving labour productivity in non-
agricultural work, as well as improving rice cultivation and converting farming activities to the cultivation
of higher-value crops, is needed to substantially improve household income. There is a need to focus on
technological innovations that increase rice productivity in ways that release household labour and land
resources for non-rice agricultural production that enable households to more easily fulfil their subsistence
demand for rice.
Various crops suitable for different districts of Jharkhand, in view of prevailing conditions is summarised in
Annexure l.
Crops
Rice production and productivity in Jharkhand gradually increased during the second half of the last decade
but the state also witnessed unprecedented droughts which had adverse impact. In addition to the reduction
in cropped area, early season drought shifted the crop calendar and reduced fertilizer consumption which
further depressed the yields. However, technological interventions during the last four years (BGREI /NFSM)
appear to have buffered the impact of drought in so far as productivity is concerned. Even though seasonal
rainfall was less than L000 mm during 2012, the state produced about 3.85 million tons of rice compared to
1.55 and 1.L1 million tons during the drought years of 2009 and 2010 (Table ).
Table 4 Rice, production and productivity of rice in Jharkhand during 2O08-L2
Year Area (million ha) Production (million tons) Productivity (T/ha)*

2008-09 1.68 3.42 2.03 (2.18)
2009-10 0.99 L.54 L.ss (2.13)
2010-11 o.72 L.1.1 L.s4 (2.241
20L1-L2 1.69 3.85 2.O2(2.371
20L2-13 1.43 2.76 1.93

*Figures in parentheses ore All lndia averoges.
A number of high yielding rice varieties (Abhishek, Sahabhagidhan, lR 54, Lalat, Naveen, Swarna) suitable
to the rainfed environment have been in use in the state which benefited the farmers to some extent. An
important aspect while promoting such varieties is the recognition of diversity of rice growing environments
within a small region defined by the hydrology, topography and the physical environment in different regions
of the state. The location specificity extends not only to rice but other crops as well. The progress has been
confined to rice and much has to be done in other cereals and legumes, oil seeds and vegetable crops, to
name a few.
Roadmap for rice and other field crops:

There is a need tofocus on sustainability'and eco-enhancement. Integrated Land-Water-Energy Management;
and a "Farming systems" approach, rather than concentrating on one or two crops is needed. To cope with
the looming water and labour shortage and resultant unstable productivity in rainfed rice, monetary losses,
social insecurities and its ramifications on poor farm families, changes in cultivation practices are needed that
address ubiquitous abiotic and biotic stress factors.
Unlike irrigated ecosystems, the rainfed environment in Jharkhand is heterogeneous and needs location/
toposeq uence-specifi c technologies.
Diversification of upland rice systems: Unbunded uplands constitute about 0.L8 m ha in the state where rice
was being grown. With better productivity of rice in the lowlands and market access to subsidized rice for
the poor, the pressure on upland has eased considerably paving way for diversification of this sub-system.
Intensification of pigeon pea, cowpea, maize and millets as solo crops or intercrops and diversification to
vegetable and/or horticultural crops would be the best alternative replacing upland rice. Popularization of
intercropping of nice with pulses and locally suitable intercrops to maintain soil health would improve overall
productivity of this subsystem and bring in additional income. The upland soils are highly depleted of organic
matter and nutrients, hence bio-fertilizers and micro-nutrients need to be popularized.
Direct seeded rice in bunded uplands (0.2 m.ha) and rainfed shallow lowldnds (0.7 m hol: Cultivation of
rice aerobically can be a profitable alternative to counter the challenges posed by erratic behavior of rainfall
pattern reducing labour requirements, cost of cultivation and improving the productivity. The upper bunded
fiefds and drought prone shallow lowlands (Don 3l can be brought under DSR with necessary technology
back up (suitable drought tolerant varieties of 100-110 days duration, direct seeded crop establishment,
nutrient management, intercultural/ herbicidal weed management and utilization of residual moisture for
a sequence crop). Early hybrids like JRH4, JRHs, JRHS released for rainfed ecosystem (MP) can be tried in
the drought-prone shallow lowlands with mechanical crop establishment/ weed management and higher
inputs. Site specific innovative approaches like incentives/smart subsidies to the farmer to promote DSR (hire
Jharkhand Agriculture Development Paee | 11"
charges of tractors with seed-cum-fertilizer drill, availability of sprayers for herbicide application) will improve
technology adoption.
Short duration hybrids in medium lands (O.tM m ha): Shorter duration rice'hybrids or HWs (120-125 days)
in medium lands would enhance productivity of this sub-system. However, it is essential that staggered
nurseries (selecting shorter duration varieties in the later nurseries) are raised by village communities/groups
and transplanted sequentially based on the rainfall pattern and toposequence.
lntensification of Roinfed Lowlands (0.O m.ha): The area under lowlands is limited in Jharkhand. However,
these lowlands are less affected by the vagaries of monsoon and hence can provide stable yields if high
yielding rice varieties/ suitable hybrids are grown with moderate fertilizer inputs. Rice followed by rice in
irrigated pockets of South Eastern Plateau region and rice followed by wheat or summer vegetables are
remunerative and has better prospects. ln rainfed conditions, these parcels can be used for para-cropping of
lentil, rapeseed and gram.
Rice fallow mdnogement with sequence crops: A shift to with shorter duration varieties in drought
DSR
prone shallow lowlands and replacement of longer duration hybrids with shorter duration hybrids in medium
lands can open opportunities to grow a sequence crop with residual moisture or with minimal supplemental
irrigation. Management of rainwater harvesting & storage by construction of runoff management structures,
minor irrigation tanks, which can be used as providing life-saving irrigation. Short duration varieties of mustard,
lentil, linseed and chickpea can be grown depending on toposequence. There is about one million ha rice
fallow area, which needs diversification, particulaqly through pulse production. lt is therefore proposed to
brought at least 0.1 million ha additional area under pulse production every year. As of now, the area under
pulse production is hardly 0.32 million ha (pigeon pea-0.14 million ha, black gram/moong-O.15 million ha and
rest under horse gram and other pulses). Likewise, as of now, area under oilseeds is also very less, i.e., 0.052
million ha.'
Productivity targets
Current deficit of food grains are about 52%. To make the state self-sufficient in food grains, production has
to be doubled. Scope for horizontal expansion being limited, the focus would be on increased productivity
in the food grain sector. This is possible with emphasis on stabilizing production in the most vulnerable area,
i.e. drought prone shallow lowlands. Reduction in area is substantial (0.5 m. ha) as the farmers seldom adopt,
or are aware of, modern technologies to tackle drought. Direct seeded drought tolerant rice can bring about
additional 1.5 m. tons of paddy from land that is left uncultivated due to lack of water for transplanting. DSR
will also help in early harvest allowing for sequence cropping.
Secondly, the large rice fallows (1.24 m.ha) can be tapped for production of pulses and oil seeds with residual
moisture after rice harvest. Early varieties of mustard, rapeseed, lentil and gram can be successfully grown to
increase the cropping intensity to atleast t50%in rainfed areas and L75-2OO% in irrigated areas.
Thirdly, increase in irrigation potential can boost productivity by providing supplemental irrigation to rice
and its sequence crops. Watershed management does not involve high costs or technical knowhow but
community approaches are required to implement schemes for equitable sharing of limited water resources.
Pani panchayat can bring in about additional L5-20% yields from crops grown under rainfed conditions.
Thrust areas for Jharkhand

Address location specificity: In northern Jharkand bordering Bihar/Bengal and south eastern Jharkhand
bordering Orissa, relatively higher night temperatures during November permit the use of longer duration
Jharkhand Agriculture Development
varieties of rice but in the plateaus nycto-temperature limits the use of longer duration varieties like Swarna
and BPT 5204, especially in years of late monsoon onset. Within a block also, the different toposequences
(don 1, 2 and 3)demand the use of varieties ranging in duration from l-00-130 days. Tolerance to intermittent
drought is an essential criterion for rice varieties.
lmprove SRR: Seed replacement rate is around LO% currently. lt should be possible to increase SRR initially
to 30o/o and eventually to 50 or 75% by the end of the current plan by ensuring timely availability of certified
seedsforwhichthestatecanassistthe formationof seedvillagesineachdistrict,arrangetosupplyfoundation
seeds and other infrastructure for seed production and processing. The state seed farms also can be gainfully
utilized in a public-private partnership mode for seed production.
Community nurseries: Uncertainties of the monsoon onset and rainfall distribution remain a challenge
to tackle. Synergies of SHGs can be developed to establish and use community nurseries for staggered
production of seedlings of not only rice but also vegetables, which can also be linked to markets for collective
sale of vegetables etc.
lmproved mechanization: The State Govt. currently runs a programme with identified list of implements
for mechanization, which needs to be given greater momentum. There is need to include more implements
in this initiative of the State Govt such as zero till machines, multi-crop seed drills and drum seeders, wheel
hoes, cono-weeders, sprayers, reapers and threshers
Since many resource poor farmers would not be able to own and operate many of these implements, the
state may promote agiressively, the availability of such implements and equipment to farmer groups or SHGs
and training to the village youth to operate, repair and maintain them. Maintenance centres should be set
up at strategic locations for service backup to farmers.
Other focus points
' Strengthening of feed and fodder and bio inoculants production is needed
' Jharkhand produces about 46.80 million tonnes of agri-residue, which if collected and used in an
organized way can substantially mitigate soil fertility problems.
' Special programme for bio-composting from farm and forest wastes for recycling organic nutrients,
water harvesting on ridges for recharge of wells, and restoration of mined area with useful vegetation,
are needed. Promotion of agro-forestry will also yield multiple long term benefits.
HORTICUTTURE
The state has the uniqueness of having excellent climatic conditions for cultivation of ,a wide range of
horticultural crops coupled with constrained edaphic and soil moisture regime which limits the crop
productivity.
At present, the total area under horticultural crops in the state is 0.4 million ha with a total production of
4.8 million tonnes. During the last five years, the state has witnessed diversification into other sectors of
horticulture like plantation crops, floriculture and medicinal and aromatic plants. Nearly 29/oincrease in total
area under horticultural crops was recorded in Jharkhand during the last five years as compared to 15% at
national level..Hpwevg.L the total pr.oduction of horticultural crops increased by 18.8% as compared tg 2t.7%
at national level during the last five years.
Jharkhand Agriculture Development page | 13
Sharr cf arre under diffcrent lprtirultural Sharesf rrer mder difierem horticulturel
cropc durirE 1007-08 cropr durilg 2011-U
0.04% 0.04% 9.9996

r Fruits I Fruitt
I veEEtabl€s lVegetables
I FloYrers I Flo{rerr
r hledicinC and r Medicind and

afomilic plflits aromatic alants
r Pliltaion clopj r Pldrttion rropt
Fig. 4 Share of oreo under different horticultural crops Fig.S Share oI area under different horticuttural
(2007-09) crops (2077_72)
Table 5 Jharkhand horticultural crops production scenario 2OL1-t2
Production Production Productivity

Crops Area (m ha)
(m tonnes) (m no) (t/ha)
Fruits 0.084 0.850 LO.t4
Vegetables 0.261 3.903 L4.94
Flowers 0.002 o.o22 L.7L L3.75
Plantation rops
0.01L 0.004 0.38
(cashew nut)
Total 0.3s8 4.779 13.38
Table 6 Production and productivity of different fruits in Jharkhand l20tt-Lzl

Production (million Productivity (t/ha)
Crops Productivity (t/ha)
tonnes) National
Aonla 0.03 4.49 10.09
Banana 0.0s t9.84 35.72
Citrus 0.09 10.40 8.6s

Guava 0.10 12.oo tL.41,
Litchi 0.06 L2.O0 6.69
Mango o.52 10.25 6.81
The major fruit crops grown in the state are mango, guava, citrus, litchi, jackfruit, aonla. The present area
under fruit crops is 0.08 million ha with a total production of 0.85 million tonnes. During the last five years, a
rapid increase in the area as well as production of fruit crops have been witnessed mainly due to the inception
of different state and centrally sponsored schemes like National Horticulture Mission and Wadi programme
of NABARD. An increase in area of 122.7o/o was witnessed during the last five years as compared to 14.4% at
national level. Similarly the increase in production of fruits during the last five years was L22.5% in Jharkhand
was compared to 16.5% at national level.
The productivity of fruit crops of the state, at present is 10.15 t/ha compared to Il.4t/ha at national level
and stagnation in productivity during the last five years is a matter of concern. Among the fruit crops, the
maximum increase in area during the last five years was brought under mango (47!.5o/ol which ranks first in
the state among the fruit crops.
Out of the total area increase under fruit crops in the state during the last five years, 75o/owas from mango
whereas the productivity of other fruit crops like Banana, guava, litchi and citrus was higher than that of
mango under Jharkhand conditions. This warrants for efforts to bring more areas under these fruit crops with
higher productivity.
firea and F.Educrirn cf frrit copc in frr*hend

drrirq :itffi b ElJl and proiectians till t0ill
.+Irc{n*e} --FrodncliEnlra0
mf""$rc:f't*:Jl -lir:r{*roduaion
o-to Lto
r,-0s #
o-0f
tE o-ffi o,3tl
E
E
E
o-60 .g
E o-ol a.
I o-rs :l
{I o-otr o-!o
E
E
a.
o-00 o-otl
dFFfrffi
lhrr
Fig.6 Area ond production of fruit crops in Jhorkhand during 2000 to 2012 and projection till 2022
The present area under vegetables in the state is 0.25 million ha with a total production of 3.90 million tonnes.
The state is renowned for the quality of vegetables produced as well as production of off-season vegetables.
The major vegetables grown in the state are potato, okra, cole crops, tomato, brinjal, peas, beans, onion,
colocasia, elephant foot yam. Vegetables like potato, tomato, brinjal produced during the kharif season, early
cauliflower, capsicum, peas and beans have found a niche in the vegetable market in the neighboring states.
Among the vegetables, potato occupies the maximum area in the state followed by okra. During the last five
years the rate of increase in area under vegetables in the state was 9.39% as comparedto L4.44o/o at national
level. Similarly the increase in vegetable production in the state (L6.52%l during the last five years was lower
than that at national level (21.68%).
The productivity of vegetables in Jharkhand (14.93 t/ha) was also markedly lower than that at national level
(17 .39 t/ha). Among the vegetables, the productivity of beans, okra, onion and peas was higher than that
at national level. Lower productivity of potato, cabbage, tomato which occupies 38o/o of total area under
vegetables in the state contributed significantly towards lower overall vegetable productivity. However,
availability of quality off season produce of the above mentioned vegetables in the state still makes vegetable
cultivation an attractive venture for the smallholders of the state.
Jharkhand Agriculture Development page I t5
rl*er and produstin of rruEEt* crop in Xrrylftmd

duirg ilffi toillllsrd poiectims tll ilEI
.+Ale+Hr:l
-9rd,rc5sr{gtd
iAaariFtflrll !-:s:r Fssdrcdur Csdl
-93t*r -
ss t-E
0# r_6 E
!05 e&E
;03 tB:
:05
;0s
I 0J5
rl 0l!
ffi!
LSE
0-6 LO r-
0s 0.G
#k'bHd-..
Fig.7 Area and production of vegetable crops in Jharkhand during 2000 to 2072 and projection till 2022
dficrs* rrgri$lerlo tfil uEgEbil€

Sharcof
pmdrdu{n |hrr|hd Arltg ldlt U
rEgts
rThFT
rG!l+
I fHJiAE{Ff
r glfl
r tlnb
rFE
r frttr3o
*Tillea
Fig. 8 Share of different vegetables to totol vegetable production Jharkhand during 2071-72
Cashew nut is the major plantation crop grown in the state and remarkable progress has been made in this
sector during 2010 to 2012 particularly under the National Horticulture Mission. The present area under
cashew is 0.01 million ha with a total production of 0.004 million tonnes. The lower productivity at present
is attributed to young age of most of the plantations and it is hoped that the productivity will increase
significantly after the plants attain suitable maturity.
Floriculture is at its infancy in Jharkhand and flowers are being cultivated in about 1600 ha area with a
production of 22.02 thousand tonnes of loose flowers and 1.71 million numbers of cut flowers. The main
flowers produced in the state are marigold, gladiolus, rose, gerbera, carnation. Few entrepreneurs have even
started production of cut flowers under protected conditions.
Roadmap
Considering a present population (32 m), the state has a deficit of O.67 million tonnes of fruits to meet the
minimum dietary requirement. With a projected population of approximately 34 and 36 million by 2017 and
2O22, the deficit of fruits will be 0.69 million tonnes and 0.55 million tonnes, respectively with the present
rate of growth. In order to reduce the deficit of fruits, there will be a requirement for significant increase in
the area as well as productivity of fruit crops in the state. For bringing more area under fruit crops, it will be
imperative to offer fruit orcharding as an alluring enterprise to the rural youth, with enhanced productivity
and profitability.
For achieving productivity level of 15 t/ha by 2022, it will be essential to adopt a two pronged strategy:
. lmproving fertility of soil
r Harnessing high orchard productivity with appropriate crop mix
Keeping in view the large area in the state under edaphic constraints, sufficient resources have to be allocated
for amelioration of soil fertility addressing soil acidity, organic carbon, phosphorus and micronutrients.
To harness optimum productivity from land, a large area under fruit crops has to be brought under improved
practices like high density orcharding and fruit based multitier cropping systems. Again, efforts have to be
made to increase the productivity of existing old and senile orchards through rejuvenation. Technologies have
already been standardized for Jharkhand conditions, which need large scale up scaling.
It will also be essential to bring another 0.02 million ha area under fruit orchards in the state by 2022.
Under this, newer fruit crops like guava, citrus, papaya which have higher productivity than mango have to
promoted. For this, about 11 million number of quality planting material will be required. At present, 9O% of
planting material requirement of the state is being fulfilled by nurseries in West Bengal and Odisha. Creation
of adequate infrastructure for fulfilling at least 50% of planting material requirement in Jharkhand with
appropriate nursery certification programme is needed to ensure genuine and quality of planting material at
reasonable price.
At present, the state is sufficient in vegetable requirement for domestic consumption. The availability of out-
of-season quality produce opens up opportunity to cater to the requirement of other states of the country.
Presently, the state produces 0.40 million tonnes of surplus vegetables (assuming per capita availability of
300 g per day). HoweveL more than 1.0 million tonnes of vegetables per annum are sent outside the state
due to low domestic consumption. Keeping in view the present rate of growth, there will be surplus of 2.08
mif lion tonnes or even more of vegetables per year by 2022. Hence, Jharkhand can play a major role to fulfill
the vegetable requirement of other states.
Promotion of vegetable cultivation as an income generating activity among the rural youth will go a long way
in large scale area expansion under vegetables in the state. For this, large scale investment has to be made for
creation of facilities like improved packaging and quick transport system, cold chain, pack house, cold storage,
refrigerated vans etc. for post-harvest handling of vegetables. Organizational set up for lT enabled marketing
of vegetables within and outside the state has to be strengthened preferably in PPP mode.
Table 7 Requirement and availability of horticultural crops in Jharkhand
Production at existing
Requirement (mt) Deficient or surplus (mt)
Year rate of growth (mt)
Fruits Vegetables Fruits Vegetables Fruits Vegetables
2013 1.52 3.50 0.8s 3.90 -o.67 0.40
2017 1.61 4.LO 0.93 5.57 -0.69 1.47
2022 L.77 4.73 1_.15 6.8L -0.55 2.08
According to the National Family Health Survey (2005-06) in Jharkhand, about 54.5 percent children under
three years are under-weight and about 12 percent are acutely malnourished. lt is mainly attributed to non-
accessibility of fruits and vegetables at household level in rural areas of the state. Hence, there is an urgent
need for development of mechanism for easy access of rural poor to fruits and vegetables. A dedicated
programme on community supported home gardening will go a long way in increasing the consumption of
vegetables among the rural population.
Keeping in view the climatic conditions, the state can emerge as a significant player in the floriculture sector
in the country. present, the demand for flowers in the state are mainly fulfilled through supplies from
{t
West Bengal and Odisha. Few entrepreneurs have already established hi-tech floriculture units by availing the
incentives offered through various centrally and state sponsored schemes. Looking at the demand of loose
as well as cut flowers in the state,it can be targeted to increase the area under loose flower cultivation to
5000 ha by 2022 and at least l-00 units for protected cultivation of flowers can be established by incentivizing
the entrepreneurs from the state. The establishment of sale windows for marketing of flowers produced in
Jharkhand in PPP mode is a welcome step taken bythe Govt. of Jharkhand which need to be scaled up in a
large scale.
Tuber crops like sweet potato, colocasia, Dioscorea, Allocasia, elephant foot yam, tapioca, yam bean also
grown in the state which supplement the food security of the tribal population of the state to a large extent.
Apart from these, flowers (marigold, rose, gerbera), spices (ginger and turmeric), medicinal and aromatic
plants (Aloe vera, Safed Musli, Aswagandha, Kalmegh, Lemon grass, Patcholi, vetiver) and oyster mushroom
are also grown by the farmers in the state. The tribal population also depend upon the forest for collection
of tamarind, Harra, Bahera, Chironji, edible bamboo, wild edible mushrooms, mahua, kend, honey etc which
offer bright prospects for secondary agriculture.
FISHERIES
Current status
The vast inland fisheries resources in the State of Jharkhand are in the form of ponds (perennial and seasonal
both), reservoirs, check dam and aohars (Table 8).
Table 8 The freshwater resources of Jharkhand
Nature Number Area (ha)/Length (km)
Govt. Tanks L5496 t4,973

Private Tanks 85849 40,56L
Reservoirs 258 125,000
Check dams & Aahars LT84 4,57O
Total area 185,104
Rivers L800 km
Source: State AH&F Dept.
Annual per capita fish availability is 2.44 Kg only due to poor productivity of freshwater area (0.489 t/ha). In
context of fish seed demand and production (m fry), there is 80.99% shortage of fish seed.
Production, productivity and targets

The Jharkhand state lags behind the national level of fish production in spite of quite suitable agro-climatic
conditions. The main reason for this poor performance is that most of the tanks are very old and unsuitable for
18 I Page Jharkhand Agriculture Development
fish culture due to heavy siltation and weed infestation. Quality fish seeds are the most important ingredients
of pisci-culture. Jharkhand needs around 1000 million fish seeds for covering the entire water area available
in the state in different forms.
The estimated internal requirement of fish production, as perthe WHO recommendations of fish consumption
is @lLkg/person/annum, is 0.47 million tonnes by 2OL7 and 0.52 by 2O22.This implies that that doubling the
production is need to achieve self-sufficiency in the State by 2022.
The average annual productivity of fish is nearly t6OO ke/ha/Vr against the national average of 2150 kg/ha/
year; the annual target of 4500 kg/ha is proposed by 2030. Thus it is necessary to triple the productivity to
bridge the gap between demand and supply
Table 9 Freshwater area, fish productivity and per capita availability
Totalfresh water Totalfreshwater Totalfish demand Per capita fish

State / region
area (m ha) production (m tonnes) availability (kglyr)
(m tonnes)
Jharkhand 0.155 0.075 0.40 2.44
Eastern Region 2.922 2.440 4.64 6.72
lndia 45.50 4.67 13.31 6.31
Handbook of Fisheries ond Aquoculture (2077)
Table 10 Fish seed availability and requirement
Total fish seed production Totalfish seed demand

State / region
(m fry) (m fry)
Deficit %
Jharkhand 227.O LL94.O 80.99
Eastern Region 6710.0 11881.0 43.52
lndia 21000.0 39930.0 47.40
Handbook of Fisheries ond Aquaculture (2077)
Road map
Aquaculture and culture based fisheries are the options for enhancing the productivity of more amenable
waters such as ponds and the reservoirs for immediate results. Overall the proposed road map aims at
implementing the following main activities:
r Intensive and semi intensive fish culture in reservoirs through cages and pens.
o Increasing quality fish seed production for fulfilling the local farmers demand.
. Diversfication of aquaculture species with introduction of indigenous fish species like Clarius batrachus,
Labeo calbasu, Puntius sarana, L. gonius etc
. Development of aquaculture in coal/iron pits for efficient resource utilization.

. Supply of fingerlings as fish seed for stocking in reservoirs.
. Developing nutritionally balance feed from local available ingredients.
. Production of and promotion of integrated fish-livestock farming systems.
. Clear definition of ownership arrangements for community water bodies for pisciculture.
o Assessment and database development of seasonality of water bodies at district-level and customised
production of fry-fingerlings-yearlings of appropriate species in co-operative and private nurseries and
hatcheries
. Popularization of Fish-Duck and Poultry farming to make fish farming more beneficial.
. Rejuvenation of water bodies for fish culture in a big way.
r Increase production of quality seeds by establishing fish brood banks in state; quality fish feed from
locally available feed ingredients
. Development and promotion of integrated fish-livestock farming systems.
. Capacity building of state fisheries officials, farm technicians and farmers.
. Development of linkages with state water resources department
Apart from these, other supporting schemes such as post marketing harvesting, training of farmers,
para extension workers scheme, extension schemes, model fisheries village, fisheries research scheme,
demonstration of integrated fish farming, under RKW, strengthing FFDAs, Crop insurance scheme, Fishermen
insurance scheme, scheme for construction and renovation of village ponds and private fish farms, scheme
for SC/ST fish farmers should be given adequate emphasis.
There had been very positive growth of this sector in the State in recent years. the current fish production
is around 0.09 m tonnes, against estimated demand of about 0.12 m tonnes, which is as a result of growth
in this sector during the last decade, from around i+ thousand tonnes in 2000-01. According to State Govt.
report, the fish seed production in the State during 2OLL-L2 had been 970 million.
uvEsTocK
Jharkhand state has a total livestock and poultry population of 1.8.10 and 11.23 million, respectively; cattle
(8.78 m) and goat (6.59 m) contribute maximum to the livestock population. The productivity of existing
livestock and poultry in Jharkhand is very poor and there is also a wide gap in production and requirement
of livestock produce like milk, meat and egg. Annual per capita availability of milk, meat, poultry and eggs is
47.45 Kg, t.42 Kgand 13 eggs, respectively.
In Jharkhand, milk productivity of cow is L.59 kg (0.5 3.0 kg) per day against the national average of 3.0 kg
-
per day. Annual per capita availability of milk, meat and eggs is 47.45 Kg,1.42 Kgand 13 eggs, respectively in
Jharkhand against the national average of 96.0 kg, 3.32 kg and 51 eggs, respectively.
Table 11 Livestock population in Jharkhand
Species Jharkhand (m) Eastern region (m)
TotalCattle 8.78 80.39
Buffalo 1.51 2L.86
Goat 6.59 51.o2
Sheep 0.48 5.29
Pig 0.73 6.11
Total Livestock 18.1 L64.95
Total Poultry LL.23 L76.23

Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, 2070
20 | Page Jharkhand Aoriculture Develooment
Table 12 Total production and per capita availability of milk, egg and meat
Totalproduction Per capita availability
State / Region
Milk Meat Eggs Milk Meat Eggs
(m tonnes) (m tonnes) (m nos.) (kslvr) lkelvrl (nos./yr)
Jharkhand L.463 o.447 392.s0 47.45 L.42 13.00
Eastern Region 23.49 0.996 8960.s 57.94 2.46 22.10
All lndia L!2.54 4.OL7 59843.6 96.00 3.32 51
Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics (2010)
Table 13 Demand and supply to feed, fodder and concentrate
Jharkhand Eastern Region
Requirement Availability (Deficit %) Requirement Availability (Deficit %)
Dry fodder (mt) 14.53 3.84 (73.6) 150.8 84.03 (44.3)
Green fodder (mt) L7.O 3.7 (78.21 2L3.L9 s1.77 (7s.7)
Concentrate (mt) 3.83 0.21(e4.s) 39.44 6.t4 (84.41
Calculoted bosed on Livestock Census (2003)
Availability (per capita) of milk, egg and meat etc. in Jharkhand is lower as compared to the eastern region.
The state is able to produce 45.80 m t of organic manure since livestock availability is higher than in the
eastern region (Table 12).
Table 14 Availability of wastes (m tonnes- DM basis), and livestock: human ratio
Waste Waste available of net

States Livestock: human ratio
(mt-DM basis) sown area (t/ha)
Jharkhand 4.68 2.205 0.55
Eastern region 88.5s 2.64 0.46
Calculoted on the basis of Population Census, (2011) and Livestock Census (2007)
Table 15 Growth in Livestock population in Jharkhand (Figs in Thousands)
17th Census 18s census Per cent of All India

Species Growth (%)
(2003) (2oo7l Population
Cattle 7659 8781 7.41 14.6s (3.66)
Buffaloes 1343 1506 1.43 12.14 (3.03)
Sheep 580 483 0.67 - 28.97 (-7.24)
Goat 5031 6592 4.69 31.03 (7.76)
Pig 1108 732 6.57 - 33.s3 (-8.48)
Poultry L4429 LL237 L.73 - 22.t6 (-s.s4)
Values in parentheses are annual growth rate.
Sheep, Goat, Pig and Poultry are integral components of the tribal agriculture. The tribal population depends
on these livestock for their livelihood and nutrition, esp. during the non-cropping seasons. lt is seen that
there was negative growth during 2003 to 2007 of these species (Table 15), which needs to be addressed.
Table 16 Target for Livestock Produce
Target**
Livestock produce Present status *
By2Ol2 By 2O22
Milk (million tonnes) L.463 1.90 2.23
Meat (million tonnes) o.o47 0.08 o.t2
Egg (million nos.) 392.50 510.25 633.325
* Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics (2010)
** Target estimated ot 70% annual growth for milk and eggs; 20% onnual growth for meot.
Table 17 Veterinary infrastructure in Jharkhand
Items / Heads Present status (No.)

No. of class - | veterinary hospital 424
No. of mobile veterinary hospital o4
No. of provincial veterinary hospital 23
No. of cattle breeding farms 03
No. of State run Poultry Farms 02
No. of State run Pig Farms 06
No. of State run Goat Farms 01_
No. of Gokul Gram Vikas Centre 64

No. of A.l. Centres managed by the Department 405
No. of Dairy Cattle Development Centre managed by BAIF 4to
No. of Milk Chilling Centres / dairies 15
No. of Biological production unit 01
The reasons for present scenario in this sector are as follows: poor genetic potential; huge shortage of dry
F7A%l and green (>78%l fodder; huge shortage of concentrate feed (>90%) and lack of institutional support
for improvement, health control and feeds and fodder status. Thus initiatives are required in several fronts
to develop this area in the State.
Road Map
. Establishment of nucleus herds / flocks of improved breeds to ensure availability of quality germplasm
for livestock and poultry improvement
. Green fodder production with improvement of its nutrient status to boost dairy sector
. Formulation of low cost concentrate by incorporating locally available materials to make livestock sector
more profitable as feed alone cost 65-70% of cost of rearing of livestock and poultry
. Disease surveillance and monitoring; establishment of Advanced Disease Diagnostic Centres, in each
district.
. Establishment and proper operation of milk and meat processing units under PPP mode
. Establishment of livestock, poultry and fish feed processing units under PPP mode
. Strengthening of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry Institutes in Jharkhand
. Number of Veterinary Hospitals should be raised from 424 to 700 by the end of 12th Plan, and to 1000
by 2O22.
. Mobile Veterinary Hospitals presently 4 (four) in numbers should be 24 (one in each district) by the end
of 12th Plan and 48 (two in each district) bV 2022
. Similarly Provincial Veterinary Hospitals 23 in numbers should be enhanced to 30 by the end of 12th
Plan and to 48by 2022.
. Artificial Insemination Centre should also be increased from existing 815 to 1500 by the end of 12th
Plan and to 2500 bV 2022.
. Establishment of 5 big Hatcheries to boost up poultry production in the state.

. Skill development particularly of youths is must to run Animal Husbandry programmes effectively and
make it more remunerative.
. Existing State Livestock Farms should be re-organized on the pattern of Nucleus Livestock Farms with
elite animals to produce animals of high genetic merit for utilization in breed improvement programme.
Beneficial insects
Jharkhand is the leading producer of lac and tasar in the country. The State also offers scope for mulberry
sericulture development. Technology support is available for lac, tasar and mulberry culture through research
institutes in the State. The State also offers scope for honey production, making ideal setting for commercial
and environmental benefit of beneficial insects.
Lac
Lac provides excellent source of income to farmers, unmatched by any other agricultural crop. There is ample
scope for secondary agriculture based on lac to provide income to the growers, esp. women. The production
inJharkhandisfromculturingoftwostrainsoflndianlacinsect, rangeeniandkusmi,whichdifferfortheir
quality.
Jharkhand is the leading producer of lac in the country with current production of about 11,OOO tonnes.
Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and West Singhbhum districts together contributes around 89% of production.
Palamau, Garhwa and Latehar produce mainly rangeenilac while Simdega, Gumla and West Singbhum are
kusmi lac producing districts. ln Ranchi district (including khunti), kusmilac contributes around 65% of the
totaf fac produced and rest by rangeeni.
During Xl plan, the state witnessed increasing trend in lac production (around 23 % per annum).
lYest Bengrl
7oh
Mahrrastre
Fig. 9 Contribution of Jharkhand to nationol loc production
There is scope to easily increase the State production by 30%by 2OL7 and by 50% by 2O22through appropriate
programmes, as indicated below.
Key measures for lac development:
' Devefopmentof distinctclustersof productionof rangeeniand kusmilac,foreasysegregationofthe

two types of lac and processing.
' Enhancement areas for rongeenf lac specially in Palamu, Latehar and Garhwa which were one time,
major rongeenilac producing districts in the state. Other districts having large number of polos trees
but need to exploit for rangeeni lac production are Dumka, Jamtara, Giridih, and Deogha r, the santhol
porganos besides Dhanbad, a coalmine area.
' For enhancing more kusmilac production in the state, kusum, ber and semiolata plantations need to be
introduced in Khunti, Gumla, Simdega and West Singbhum districts.
. Revival of broodlac farm owned by forest department under pp mode.
' Promotion of mixed lac host (ber, kusum and semioloto) plantation and IFS models. promotion of
planting of ber trees on bunds of paddy field and its Ltilization for lac cultivation.
' Establishment of primary processing units in high lac producing areas and value-addition at village for
employment and livelihood enhancement.
.AssuredprocurementatMSPbytheStateGovt.agencyJhasco|ampfandmain
for storage of bumper production.
. Development and subsidizing lac crop insurance for all major crops.
Tasar
India the second largest producer of tasar silk after China. Out of the 1590 tonnes of tasar raw silk production
is
in the country Jharkhand itself contributed 1200 tonnes during 2Ot2-L3 out of 1700 tonne production of the
country. Tasar culture provides better opportunity and enables the rearers/stake holders to earn income per
activity cycle in the range of Rs. 18 to Rs. 24,000/- in a short time span of two to four months. This sector also
like lac, offers scope for post-production value-addition providing local employment in rural sector.
Jharkhand has become the single largest producer of tasar silk in the country. At the end of 11th plan
Jharkhand has established the whole value chain of Tasar silk.
3500
*National
3000
rt- Jharkhand
2500
2000
1500
1000'
500
0
2CI07-08 2008-09 2009-1G 2010-11 2011-12 :01I-13
Fig. 70 Growth in tasar production in Jharkhond during past six yeors
The State Govt has developed a vision document for the Xll Plan for development of tasar production and
value-addition in the State which envisages the following:
. To create livelihood opportunities for more than 1.0 million families in sericulture and allied activities
during Xll plan period.
. To achieve production target of 11,000 MT raw silk per annum.
r To encourage women empowerment on large scale.
. To make Jharkhand single largest producer of silk in the country.
The above programme includes development of both tasar and mulberry silk production. lt is envisaged that
this would serve as a leaping point for the state sericulture.
Strategic framework- Gene ra I
Enhancing technology adoption: lhe interface between technology-,institutions and the farmers is rather
weak in Jharkhand at present, which needs to be strengthened; tist of appropriate technologies/varieties
should be regularly updated at State level. The low level of technology adoption and the farmers not being
fully equipped for technology adoption are considered as outcome of this. The State government should
develop and strengthen institutional mechanism for quick transfer of appropriate and new technologies to
the farmers. Major interventions needed, sector-wise, are listed in Annexure ll.
Soil management: The soils of state mainly suffers from extreme to high acidity (50% of TGA), low to medium
organic carbon (47% of TGA), low available N (20% of TGA), low available P (66%l,low available potassium
(L8% of TGA), low availabi6 sulphur-(38% of TGAI, zinc deficienCy (7%of fct), and boron deficiency (45%
of TGA). The problem of toxicity of iron and aluminium pose serious problem in moisture deficient regime.
Multipronged strategy combining short-term and long-term approaches is fundamental for agricultural
development of the State.
Tata Steel Industries, Jamshedpur generates about 0.3 million tonnes of basic slag annually. The quantity is
sufficient for amelioration in 1.0-1.5 million ha, which precisely matches the annual requirement of the State.
It has expressed its interest to supply at a very nominal cost. Approval of Central and State governments and
requisite tie ups with distribution and marketing networks is needed to ensure availability of liming material
at site. Bokaro Steel Plant also generates basic slag, which can be utilized in the surrounding areas.
Water resources: Presently, the availability of water resource is only 28781, million cu.m., out of which 23799
million cu. m is from surface water and rest is ground water. But utilization level is about t6% only in both
cases.
lmplementation of soil and water conservation measures in plateau and hill region is inadequate. Integrated
watershed management for efficient water harvesting and restoration of degraded lands are needed to
enhance productivity.
Some of the recommended systems for different situations are: i) Micro level water resource development
through tank cum well system which works on drainage line in a watershed is recommended for plateau areas
having slope of 2 to 5%; ii) Check-dams built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers and streams
for the purpose of water harvesting; iii) The farm ponds constructed at the lower side of the fields and the
runoff from the higher side of the fields are channelized into the pond.
As per the assessment of 2nd Bihar lrrigation Commission, 1.28 million ha irrigation potential can be created
in Jharkhand through major and r'bdiu* irrigafion ,.hb.", and balance 1.70 million ha, thrbugh minor
irrigation schemes. The irrigation potential of 0.23 million ha and 0.51 million ha has been created till March
20L0, respectively through major/medium irrigation schemes and minor irrigation schemes, which is only
24.88% of cuftivable area. The potential created in the state is far less than national average, i.e., aboveTOo/o.
Ambitious programmes needs to be undertaken to minimize the run off losses through appropriate water
harvesting structures and increasing the coverage through major, medium, minor and ground-water
programmes. Increasing the irrigated area by about 20% during next five years should be considered. Various
measures have been described ffi; relevant sections of this document.
Seed supply: Quality seed is the most critical input for enhancing agricultural production. Jharkhand primarily
is dependent on outsideagencies for procurement of seeds as there is no organized system of seed production.
In the last 3 years same measures have been taken for breeder seed production by the State Govt. The role
z6 | page Jharkhand Agriculture Development
of KVKs and seed villages is envisaged to increase the productivity of existing cropped area and increased
sown area in years to come. The State government envisages achieving production of about 90 thousand qt.
of seed, to fulfil the major requirement in the sector.
The following measures are proposed in the area of quality seed supply:
. Doubling the present seed replacement rate estimated at LO% in field crops and 2oo/o in vegetables
during next five years.
. Formulation of seed villages, supervision, certification and marketing of the produced seed.
r KVK and Seed villages should be assisted by the State Govt. in term of infrastructure, Foundation Seed
and other processing facilities to increase their own seed production programme
o Steps should be taken up to streamline the seed distribution, through LAMPS and PACS.
. Bringing the entire state under the ambit of seed testing as well as soil and water testing facility.
Storage infrastructure should be created in each district as per requirement. The State government has
planned 1"000 MT godowns provided in each district.
Increasing water and fertilizer use efficiency: Further facilitation of microirrigation through promotional
schemes, setting up of demonstration-cum-training centres at district level is needed to bring in improved
practice for water use efficiency. Similarly, promotion of integrated nutrient management and use of slow-
release fertilizers and micronutrients are needed for improving fertilizer use efficiency. Balanced use of major
nirtrients (NPK), prcivisibn of micronutridnts'like sulphur, zinc'and boron can help to increase yield by over
5O% in dryland farming areas.
Rehabilitating degraded lands through biodiversity conservation: Collection and conservation of select
germplasm especially of forages (Dinanath grass, Styloxanthus, etc) has an important and yet unrealized role
in rehabilitating the degraded rangelands. The overgrazed grassland/rangelands may be improved by reintro-
ducing the such indigenous species in the system.
..?.'s,;.
Organic farming: Initially needed to improve soil fertility and organic carbon pool; Should be restricted to
vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants. Traditional millets, different aromatic rice, egg can also be taken up under
organic farming.
. Popularizing conservatton agricultural practices like zero-tillage, mulch farming etc.

. Naturally fixation of nitrogen needs to be encouraged with the use of micro-organisms. Similarly,
blue green algae (BG.A) and Azolla have been found effective in certain rice growing areas. The use
'of multi microbial b?opesticides-(e.g.'Tiichoderma, Bassilus Bevaria, Bt. etc.), botanical extracts and
combinations (e.9. neem, karanj etc.) should be encouraged.
. The microbial fertilizer production in BAU should strengthened and through encouragement of private
participation in production.
Fortunately, Govt. of Jharkhand is venturing into Organic and Bio-Dynamic agriculture. Jharkhand is also de-
veloping ecotourism and organlC fqrming destinations, where quite a few villages are turning as eco-tourism
destinations, and farms being converted to organic farming. lt is therefore proposed to brought about 1000
ry=fffi'h-ffiffitr'@trriffi5fming'per annum with emphasis on non-perishable commodities like Rajmas, Black
gram, Pigeon pea, Green gram.
Agroforestry: Agroforestry has great potential in Jharkhand. Tree-based farming systems need to be promoted
not only for economic but also environment benefit through minimizing soil erosion, improving soil fertility
and carbon sequestration. Tree species for fruits, lac, tasar, natural resins/gums production need to be given
emphasis in view local relevance. State-funded schemes are needed in this direction for implementation of
agroforestry initiatives customized for local conditions and requirements, including mined areas.
Minimizing adverse impact of agricultural practices should receive adequate attention in view of emerging
scenario. Jharkhand is a leading lac producing State. A slow-release formulation, lac-coated urea, which could
be produced easily through cottage industry, can significantly minimize release of harmful gases like nitrogen
oxides in to the atmosphere.
The state also has 0.68 million ha area under non-forest wastelands, which could be rehabilitated through
agroforestry interventions. About 50 thousand ha area could be targeted on annual basis for reclamation
through pfantation of multipurpose species like Kusum, Neem, Aonla, Jackfruit, Terminalio spp., Sahtoot,
Karanj, Dedrocalamus and Bombuse spp., Sahjan, Shisham, Baer, Palas and the shrub species like Tephrosia,
I ndigofera, F le m i ng io.
Integrated Farming System (lFS): Integrated farming systems is greater relevance to Jharkhand. IFS need
to be advocated according to resource availability and demand. The following components are envisaged
in such systems: Trees on bunds (lac host species); wind-breakers; silvi-pastoral system; agri-horticulture
system; economic shrubs; live fences, crops, and green manure species; animal-based system such as dairy,
fisheries, piggery, small ruminants, poultry; lac culture, silk culture, apiculture, mushroom culture, etc. with
soil conservation measures, water harvesting and conservation practices.
Tribal agriculture: The Statb is tribal dominated and a number of unique crops and practices which can
appropriately tuned to be more profitable to the farmers.
Cultivation of potential wild edibles including tuber crops and leafy vegetables in the existing farming practices
of tribal folk of the state.
Promotion of cultivation and value-addition of sub-tropical fruits abundantly available and consumed by the
tribals in Jharkhand like Jack fruit, Mahua, Custard apple, Ber, Bel, Jamun, etc.
Ensuring adequate emphasis on appropriate crops to ensure nutritional security of farmers.
About 100 ha area in each district need to be brought under integrated farming system relevant to tribal
farming practices.
Secondary agriculture: At present the secondary agriculture is virtually unexplored. Only a few rice and
spice mills are in operation. Present meagre electricity availability in rural areas is a major constraint in this
direction. However, harnessing solar energy is a viable option to support secondary agriculture development.
Solar dryers can be easily used for preparation dried products of vegetable crops. Lac and tasar also provide
ample opportunities for value-addition at village level. NHM has recently taken up supporting grading and
packaging at farmers' level.
Climate resilient agriculture: ICAR (CRIDA) has developed contingent plan for different States of the coun-
try, to overcome the adverse impact of climate change, which should be implemented. District-wise plans
a re ava la b le at http ://www.crida. i n/C P -2oL2/index. htm l.
i
Some general measures for climate resilient agriculture for the State are:
. Varietal selection and development for drought and heat tolerance with earliness.
. Popularization of climate resilient crops like barley, millet, sorghum, castor etc.
. Popularization of climate resilient crop varieties like Swarna Sub - 1, Sahbhagi, lR 64- drt 1 etc.
. Diversification in crop and cropping system to combat effect of climate change.

. Surveillance and monitoring of important diseases and pests with effective IPM and lNM.
. Integrated Weed management.
A large area in the state is under mine over burden and poses environmental threat. These areas can be
rehabilitated through interventions on agroforestry. Primary reclamation of the mine overburden area has
already been achieved in some areas by planting of grasses and fast growing trees. Such measures will
minimize tillage and reduce GHG emissions. Such areas can be selected for production of high value non-
food products like host trees of lac, tasar, trees for production of natural resins gums, biodiesel, community
biomass production for use in agriculture.
Establishment of agro-ecologically suitable silvi-pastoral systems: The livestock population graze freely after
paddy harvest in Jharkhand and thus creating problems for area expansion during Robi crops. In the absence
of adequate grazing land, nearly a third of the fodder requirement is met from forests in the form of grazing
and cut fodder for stall-feeding. Overgrazing and over extraction of green fodder, both lead to forest and land
degradation through a loss of vegetation and physical deterioration in the form of compaction and reduced
infiltration, and increase in soil erodibility. Forest area is currently under Joint Forest Management (JFM)
programmes in the state and be managed by the communities, after the government notification in 1990.
Currently, a dry grass production of I-2 t/ha is estimated in these areas. Assuming the trend in expansion
of area under JFM continues, the area could be expected to increase in the future. With participatory
management and better technical support, a dry grass production of 4t/ha can be achieved. Establishment of
agro-ecologically suitable silvi-pastoral systems in these forest areas will be beneficial both environmentally
and economically.
Post-harvest technology and management: In the eastern region, minimizing the post-harvest losses by t5%,
there will be a surplus of about 28.35 mt of vegetables in the region by 2030. This will warrant intensive
post-harvest management activities for maintaining the profit level of vegetable growers in the region. The
anticipated benefits accrued from the said scheme are (i) reduction in on-farm production losses (ii) on-farm
primary processing (iii) on-farm value addition of produce (iv) ensuring fair price for the produce and mopping
up surpluses at farm level (v) higher employment and income for rural population due to diversification of
activities in the production catchments and (vi) proper residue management.
Intellectual Propefi Rights in Agriculture: With new emerging scenario, the regional biodiversity of
Jharkhand needs to be protected. The state is bound to benefit from an organized IPR system due to their
inherently rich biodiversity, and therefore, should capitalize on such opportunities. In Jharkhand, fortunately
rich biodiversity exists, particularly in terms of high value commercial crops, animal breeds, medicinal and
aromatic plants. This rich diversity of the region should be protected, by community through biodiversity
register. PPV&FRA has a regional centre at BAU, which can be utilized for registering farmers' variety and
unique germplasm; this centre should adopt a proactive role in view of farmers' psychological make-up.
Integration of technology in development programme: Efforts should be made for bringing out compendium
of proven and promising technologies at district-level with collaborative efforts of ICAR, SAU, State govt.,
KVKs, ATMA and other agencies. This is should updated in khorif and robi workshops. Innovative technologies
from farmers should also be sourced in such initiative.
Agricultural Education: The Birsa Agricultural University is centralto all agricultural development in the State
and should be fully supported for all its relevant development proposals. Adaptive research to utilize these
technologies requires considerable investment for modern equipment and facilities. Adequate emphasis
should be laid on capacity building, knowledge upgradation and linkages for research and education.
Information and communication technologies (lCTs) : The State is participating in NeGPA and the pace of
implementation needs to be sustained. Quick digitization of relevant materials in regional language needs
to be undertaken in large scale to support this programme. The access of existing weather-based forecasting
and advisory system offered by BAU may be expanded for wider audience through ATICs and through mobile
telephony (regional language SMS).
Tapping of solar energy in agriculture: Only 45% of the villages of Jharkhand are electrified. Ambitious
programmes have been drawn for rural electrification under RGGVY. There is ample to harness solar energy
for meeting the energy requirements of agriculture as well as household. Adequate emphasis and investment
is needed in this sector to support the production/productivity targets envisaged in the document.
Epilogue
Report of the Commission on Agricultural Reforms, Research and Development forJharkhand State submitted
by Dr Raman in 2008 isa detailed reportand provides in-depth analysisofthe scenario, reformsand development
needed in the agricultural sector of the State. The State Government should prepare a strategic action plan
including short-term and long-term, which needs to be implemented faithfully irrespective of the changes
in the political scenario. The two major departments directly related to agriculture, Dept. of Agriculture
and Sugarcang Development and Dept. Animal Husbandry and Fisheries need to be consolidated, including
rationalization of the name of the former, a legacy of undivided Bihar. There is also need to strengthen the
linkages between different departments of the State including water resources, welfare, rural development,
forests, cooperatives and other schemes linked to agriculture. A nodal person may be designated to ensure
coordinated planning and implementation of agricultural development of the State by integrated efforts of all
these departments/units in liaison with the two agriculture departments.
In Jharkhand, over 25 million (76%)of the population live in rural areas. For a large section of the farmers, the
agriculture is principally for food security and is largely restricted to monsoon period. A number of measures/
means of providing off-season income and employment to farmers have been outlined in this document,
under different sectors, which when implemented would provide occupation and income, preventing their
migration during off-season, besides providing employment to women. This would also lead enhanced food
and national security to the rural population. A major thrust needs to be given to promote appropriate mix
of agriculture and agriculture-based activities to provide employment and income to the rural population.
Present day youth is also shying away from agriculture, which needs to be reversed through sensitization and
provided attractive agricultural options to them.
References
Anon (20L3) Development plan for agriculture sector (20L2-2OL7\, Dept of Agriculture and Sugarcane
Development, Jharkhand Govt., Ranchi.
Bhatt BB Sikka AK, Mukherjee J, lslam A and Dey A (2OL2l In Status of Agricultural Development in Eastern
lndia. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna. 520pp.
Mishra R K and Choudhary J(2013) In Agricultural Resource Data base of Jharkhand lOLI-L2. SAMETI
Jharkhand, Ranchi. 209pp.
Pandey MP. 2013. Vision 2013. Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi 834 006.96pp
go I page Jharkhand Agriculture Development
Raman KV(2008) Report of the Commission on Agricultural Reforms, Research and Development, Jharkhand,
Department of Agriculture, Government of Jharkhand. 545pp.
Ramani R, Ghosal S and Baboo B (2009) Integrated Farming System Models for Eistern Region of India. lINRG,
Ranchi.98pp.
Singh AK, Bhatt BP and Minahas PS (Eds) 201L. Strategies for agricultural transformation of eastern region.
Brainstorming Session on Second Green Revolution. ICAR-RCER, Patna. LI2pp.
Compiled by
Ramani R, Kumar S, Bhatt BB Variar M and Arunachalam A.
Acknowledgements
It would not have been possible to prepare this document without the inputs provided by
. Mr Nitin M Kulkarni, Sec., Dept. of Agric. and Sugarcane Dev., Jharkhand Govt., Ranchi
. Mr Dhirendra Kumar, Spl Sec., Dept. of Industries, Jharkhand Govt., Ranchi
. Dr D. K. Singh'Dron,'Additional Director Research, BAU, Kanke
. Dr AK Singh, TPDTone ll, Kolkata
. .Dr MK Sinha, Scientist-D, CTR&TI, Ranchi

. Dr. Sudhakara'Babu, Regional Sericultural Research Station, CSR&TI, Ranchi
. Mr Rajiv Kumar, Director (Fisheries), Dept. of AH&F, Jharkhand Govt. , Ranchi

. Dr A Hassan, ClFRl, Barrackpore,
This is gratefully acknowledged.

Jharkhand Agriculture Development Pase | 31
Annexure I
Suitability of crops for under different regions in Jharkhand

Area coverage Ranchi, part of Hazaribagh, Ramharh, Lohardaga, Gumla and Simdega
Region-l (districts)
Agro-climate Moderate temperature during summer; rainfall 1300-1500 mm, no

gaseous pollution
Suitable crops
Cereals Aromatic rice,paddy, wheat, maize, ragi
Pulses Chickpea, Lentil, horse gram, black gram, Green gram
Oilseeds Rape seed, mustard,
Fruits Litchi, mango, guava, strawberry, sapota, custard apple, jackfruit,

papaya, bael
Vegetables Kharif potato and onion, brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, chilli,
tomato, peas & beans, root crop, leafy vegetable and cucurbits
Traditional Sweet potato, cassava, elephant foot yam, colocasia; Dioscorea
tubers
Flowers Carnation, gerbera, rose, chrysenthmum, marigold
Mushroom Oyster, paddy straq milky and button mushroom

Spices Ginge6 turmeric, fenugreek
Region 2 Area coverage West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum and Saraikela

(districts)
Agro-climate Relatively warmer & humid climate, rainfall high and climate affected by
sea changes
Suitable crops
Cereals Paddy, maize, ragi
Fruits Mango, guava, cashew nut, banana, jackfruit, custard apple, tamarind
Vegetables Brinjal, cabbage,capsicum, cauliflower, chilli, tomato, peas & beans,root

crop, leafy vegetable and cucurbits

tubers
Flowers Tube rose, chrysanthemum, marigold
Mushroom Oyster, paddy straw and milky mushroom
Spices Tu rmeric, ginger, fenugreek

Region 3 Area coverage Garhwa, Palamau, Chatra and Latehar

(districtsl
Agro-climate Dry climate with less rainy months
Suitable crops
Cereals Aromatic rice, Paddy, maize, traditional millets
Fruits Aonla, citrus, guava, bael, karonda, mango
Vegetables Kharif potato and onion, brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, chilli,
tomato, peas &beans, root crop, leafy vegetable and cucurbits

tubers
Flowers Marigold
Spices Turmeric, ginger, fen ugreek
Region 4 Area coverage Koderma, Giridih,,Dhanbad, Bokaro and part of Hazaribagh

(districts)
Agro-climate Warmer climate, medium rainfall and high concentration of injurious

gases
Suitable crops
Cereals Aromatic rice, Paddy, maize, traditional millets
Oilseeds Ground nut, Rape seed, mustard,
Fruits Aonla, guava, karonda, bael, jamun, custard apple, tamarind
Vegetables Brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, chilli, tomato, peas & beans, root

tubers
Flowers Marigold, rose, chrysanthemum
Medicinal Solanum khasianum, Coriso ougustalia, Plantogo ovote, Vinca roseo

plants
Spices Ginger, turmeric, coriander

Region 5 Area coverage Deoghar, Jamtara, Dumka, Godda, Sahebganj and Pakur
(districts)
Agro-climate Warmer climate with high rainfall
Suitable crops
Cereals Paddy, wheat maize, ragi, other millets
Pulses Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Lentil, black gram, Green gram
Fruits Mango, jackfruit, tamarind, custard apple and chiraunji
Vegetable Brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, chilli, tomato, peas & beans, root

tubers
Flowers Rose, tube rose, marigold

Medicinaland Asofoetido, Costus, Dioscoreo, vanilla, mentha, pelargonium, patcholi,

aromatic plants aniseed
Region 6 Area coverage Pat area of Gumla and Lohardaga hills

(disricts)
Agro-climate Cooler region on altitude above 2000 ft
Suitable crops
Cereals Paddy, wheat maize, ragi, other millets
Pulses Pigeon pea, Chickpea, Lentil, black gram, Green gram
Oilseeds Ground nut, Rape seed, mustard,
Fruits Pear, peach, low chilling apple, loquat
Vegetable Kharif potato, brinjal, cabbage, capsicum, cauliflower, chilli, tomato, peas
& beans, root crop, leafy vegetable and cucurbits
tubers
Flowers Terrestrial orchids, bulbous flower and chrysanthemum
Ago forestry Terminalia tomentoso, Acacio cotechu, Buchhanonio lonzon,

and Medicinal Dendrocalamus strictus ,Dioscorea floribundo and tulsi
plants
Vegetable seed Brinjal, cucurbitaceous crops, okra, cowpea and French bean
Annexure ll
Sector-wise action plan for Jharkhand

Land dnd Water Monagement Crops Livestock ond Fisheries
o Soil acidity management and Selection and propagation of o Propagation of quality

a mel ioration strategies elite planting material suitable germplasm of pig (Large
r for different soil types. Black X and Ghunghroo) to
Integrated watershed
ensure the animal protein
management for livelihood Integrated nutrient and water
requirement, particularly of
security management for organic farming.
tribal folk.
r Integrated farming systems M icro-irrigation a nd fertigation
for food and nutritional technology for vegetable
o Popularization of backyard
poultry (Divyayan, red
security at household level production.
Giriraja, Vanaraja and
o Harnessing solar power lnventorization of useful genes Grampriya)
for various agricultural for biotech manipu lations
operations for biotic and abiotic stress
o Conservation and
improvement of local
o management and enhanced shelf
Agro-forestry interventions, breeds of animals.
life.
particularly for lac
cultivation. Inducing dwarfing for high
o Diagnostic kits for different
diseases for improvement of
density orcharding.
animal health.
Increased mechanization in
horticulture crop production and
o Value addition in livestock
products.
post-ha rvest ha ndling.
Integrated pest, disease and

o lmprovement of nutrient
status of common fodders.
disorder manage-ment with use
of bio-pesticides, PGR bio-agents e Cultural techniques for
and micronutrient indigenous fi sh species.
Developing realtime disease and o Rejuvenation / conservation

pest maps for management and of breeding grounds of cat
internal quarantine. fishes.
Weather based forecasting for o Formulation of low-cost

disease and pest surveillance. feed for fish.
Collection, characterization and o Value addition in fish

evaluation of lesser known wild products.
crops.
Agroclimatic zones of Jhorkhord

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Draft

State Agricultural Scenario

Table 1a Jharkhand basic information

Total Population 32,966,239

Rural Population 25,055,073

Population Rank l.3th

Sex Ratio (f:m) 0.947 (urban); 0.961 (rural)

Population Density 4I4 per sq.km.

Per capita Income Rs 4161 per month

National Highways L844 km

State Highways 6880 km

Table 1b Jharkhand State agricultural profile

Parameter Area in million ha Percentage

Total Geographical Area 7.97

Total Cultivable Land 3.8 47.67

Net Sown Area (Against TGA) 2.56 32

Current Fallow 0.89 LL.L2

Other Fallow 0.48 5.59

Forest 2.32 29.2

Barren Lands o.57 7.2

Non - Agricultural Use 0.59 8.6

Pasture and Other Grazing Lands 0.20 2.48

Cultivable Waste Land o.27 3.44

lrrigated land (Against NSA) 0.300 13

Cropping Intensity 1.t6

Fig. 7 Agroclimotic zones of tharkhind

Key characteristics of the three subzones ofJharkhand:

4. Drying of tanks and wells by February results in no rabi crop production.

L. Late arrival and early cessation of monsoon

2. Erratic /uneven distribution of rainfall.

3. Low water retentive capacity of soils.

4. Lack of soil and water conservation practices

L. Uneven distribution of rainfall.

2. Low water holding capacity.

4. Poor soil fertility.

Londscope and rainfall

sgd- REACTIoN lpHf

Fig. 2 Soil pH mop of Jharkhond

The Agriculture Sector

Table 2 Jharkhand agricultural production scenario 20tz-tg

Other cereal crops o.32

Source: Stote Agric, Dept.2073

Table 3 Major crops: Area and Productivity, Jharkhand vs National average

Productivity (t/ha) Productivity (t/ha)

Rice 1.63 2.27 2.20

Wheat 0.09 1.62 2.79

Oilseeds o.t2 0.s8 1.09

Pulses 0.39 0.80 0.54

Maize o.24 L.52 2,34

Role of agriculture in Stote economy

Stote investment in the sector

Fig. j lnvestment in agriculture sector of Jharkhand

. Agriculture Engineering College at BAU, Ranchi

Central Government organizations related to agriculture

. Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribag

r NBPGR Base Centre, Ranchi

. KVKs funded by ICAR in 23 districts

Krishi Vigyon Kendras (lC/Ks)

100 MT godowns: 323 nos. at LAMPS/PACS level

100 nos. of godowns construction is proposed under 14th Finance Commission.

Constraints, Opportunities and Challenges

Key sectors: Strategic framework (Short and Long-term)

Table 4 Rice, production and productivity of rice in Jharkhand during 2O08-L2

Year Area (million ha) Production (million tons) Productivity (T/ha)*

rler and produstin of rruEEt crop in Xrrylftmd