SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

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Georgian Folklore

4(XX)

2008

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qarTuli foklori

4 (XX)

2008

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 redaqtori Editor
rusudan ColoyaSvili Rusudan Cholokashvili

saredaqcio kolegia Editorial Board

irma ratiani Irma Ratiani

nino balanCivaZe Nino Balanchivadze
qeTevan elaSvili Ketevan Elashvili
nestan ratiani Nestan Ratiani
irma yvelaSvili Irma Kvelashvili
eka CxeiZe Eka Chkheidze
lia wereTeli Lia Tsereteli

saredaqcio sabWo Editorial Council

zaza abzianiZe
ZaZa Abzianidze
zurab kiknaZe
Zurab Kiknadze
Teomuraz qurdovaniZe
Teimutaz Kurdovanidze
rostom CxeiZe
Rostom Chkheidze
Temur jagodniSvili
Temur Jagodnishvili

saredaqcio kolegiis sapatio wevri Honorary member of editorial boord

qeTvin TuiTi (kanada) Kevin Tuite (Canada)

pasuxismgebeli mdivani Responsible Editor

soso tabucaZe Sosdo Tabutsadze

qarTuli folklori, 2008 Georgian Folklor, 2008

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, Address: 0108, Tbilisi
merab kostavas q. 5. M. Kostava str. 5
telefoni: 99-18-81 Tel.: 99-18-81
faqsi: 99-53-00 Fax: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

ISSN

4
 miTi, rituali, simbolo

qeTevan elaSvili

xeTametyveleba

xe erT-erTi uZvelesi da universaluri simboloa, romelic TiTqmis yvela

eTnokulturasa Tu religiur sistemaTa umetesobaSi `zeswraful dinamikas~, anu
vertikalur xazSi bunebrivad gacxadebul `SemoqmedebiT energiaze~ migvaniSnebs.
albaT amitomac, marto bibliaSi xis rvaasamde saxeobaa moxseniebuli, xolo Tavad
samyaro warmodgenilia erTian xed, romlis CrdilSic dasaxlda xalxi. `es simbolo
samyaros, cxovrebis kanonebsa da adamians amTlianebs da kosmoss cocxal organizmad
warmogvisaxavs (`astraluri msoflio xe~). plinius ufrosi Tavis `bunebis istoriaSi~
amtkicebda, rom swored xeebi iyvnen is pirveli RvTaebani, romelTac adamiani
eTayvaneboda. bibliaSi es astraluri xe ori formiTaa warmodgenili; rogorc `xe
cxovrebisa~ da `xe cnobadisa~ (oRond miTiTebuli araa maTi jiSi) (abzianiZe,
elaSvili 2007: 152).
rac Seexeba qarTul, rogorc winare, aseve qristianul cnobierebas, aq xe
mamrobiTi sawyisis _ `mamakacuri znisa da Zalis~ erTpirovnuli gamoxatulebaa.
yvelaze zedmiwevniT ki es gacxadebulia muxis simbolikaSi _ warmarTuli periodis
`sicocxlis xeSi~.
warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebuli xis kultis, rogorc mamrobiTi sawyisis
gadmonaSTs, qristianul saqarTveloSic vxvdebiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela wminda xe an
tye wminda giorgis saxeliTaa monaTluli. wminda giorgis saxelwodeba ki enobrivi
TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli aqvs niko mars, romlis azriT, svanuri `jgrag~ da megruli
`jgege~ misi mravalsaxeobiT warmoadgens warmarTi kultis termins, saxeldobr,
muxas~ (lomaia (bardaveliZe) 1926: 177).
sakralur xeTa fenomeni erTob gavrcelebuli yofila qarTul sinamdvileSi;
TumcaRa, saxismetyvelebiTi aspeqtiT, xis kultTan, upirveles yovlisa, isev da isev
vaJkacuri nebeloba iyo gacxadebuli, ris gamoc sakraluri xeebi wminda giorgis
saxelTan iyo wilnayari. amis sailustraciod gamodgeba Tundac rkonis
RvTismSoblis eklesiis wminda cacxvis xe, romelic savsebiT logikurad
RvTismSoblis saxelTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. arada, swored
xeTametyvelebis arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, am RvTaebrivi xis marcxniv ikiTxeba Semdegi
warwera _ `cacxvis wminda giorgis xe~. amasTanave gaTvaliswinebulia is garemoebac,
romelsac `TviT sityva `rkoni~ amtkicebs — aqac Tavdapirvelad muxa unda yofiliyo
SemoWrili~ (javaxiSvili 1979: 134).
`muxa sxva xeebs Soris gamoimrCeva gansakuTrebuli simboluri diapazoniT. misi
merqnis simtkicis gamo muxa Tavidanve iTvleboda Seudrekelobis da ukvdavebis
simbolod. Cvens dromde moaRwia rwmenam, rom muxa elvas izidavs. ar aris gasakviri,
rom miTologiur panTeonSi muxa mexTamtyorcneli zevsis (iupiteris) sakulto xe
iyo. swored sakralur muxaTa foTlebis SrialSi unda amoecno dodonas salocavis
qurums zevsis RvTaebrivi neba. muxis totebisagan dawnuli gvirgvini iyo romael
mmarTvelTa erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani (muxis foToli dRemde gamoiyeneba
samxedro emblematikaSi). arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom swored stilizirebuli rkoa
gamosaxuli daviT aRmaSeneblis samosze (gelaTis monastris moxatuloba, XVI s.).
muxa, rogorc `tyis mefe~ gamorCeul adgils ikavebda dasavleT da aRmosavleT
evropis warmarTul warmosaxvaSi... sxva gamorCeul xeTa msgavsad, muxac `msoflio
RerZs~ ganasaxierebda~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: 155).
muxa Tavisi Zlieri da saukunovani varjiT zedmiwevniT migvaniSnebda
xeTametyvelebis universalur koncefciaze. `xe-miwaSi Rrmad gadgmuli fesvebiT da
cisken zeaRmarTuli totebiT swored zeswrafvas da `samyaros~ aerTianebda
(qveskneli; Suaskneli anu miwis zedapiri da zeskneli, anu ca). amitomac, bibliurad is
`zeciur kibed~ iyo miCneuli. garda amisa qristianul ikonografiaSi xe xSirad
esityveba jvars, romelic `cxovrebis xes~ emsgavseba~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 152).

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 xis saxismetyvelebis amgvari interpretaciebi bunebrivia, rom unda
ikveTebodes uZveles hagiografiul ZeglebSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, sadac mere Tavad aseTi xeebisagan Seiqmneba jvari, wminda ninos
salocavi. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom sajvared mokveTili xe ar xmeba, ubralod is
icvlis Tavis sasicocxlo formas da jvrad iqceva~ (elaSvili 1993: 347).
am uZvelesi Zeglis mixedviT qristianuli cnobierebis upirvelesi niSan-sveti —
sveticxovelic swored Zelisagan (xisgan) iqmneba, cxadia RvTis nebiT. oRond
garkveuli cTomaa am TvalsazrisiT sasuliero mwerlobasa da folklorul
wyaroebSi.
`jer kidev 1878 wels gaz. `kavkazSi~ (№ 223) gamouqveynebiaT xalxuri gadmocema,
rom sveticxovlis adgilas wminda muxa idga, igi mirianis gaqristianebis Semdeg
mouWriaT, xolo mis adgilas taZari daudgamT. Tavdapirvelad xisa, albaT, muxis,
radgan muxa sakraluri saSeni masala unda yofiliyo... amitom, vfiqrobT, rom
mirianis pirveli jvrebi da sveticxoveli muxisagan iyo nakeTebi~ (siraZe 1987: 111).
`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad ki is RvTaebrivi xe, romlisaganac Seiqmna
sveti naZvia.
`da meyseulad moiRes Zeli da iwyes Seneda. da mokueTes naZÂ igi da Semzades
suetad~ (Zeglebi 1963: 138).
`saqarveloSi naZvi odiTganve muxasTan erTad yofila gaRmerTebuli,
gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi. wminda naZvnaris RvTiurobis darRvevisas — RvTis risxvad
setyvis movlineba mogvagonebs muxis kults~ (qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi, gv. 348).
`svanis rwmeniT, wminda naZvnaridan nafotis gamotanac ki RvTis risxvis gamomwvevia
da moavlens uCveulod msxvil setyvas~ (lomaia (bardaveliZe) 1926: 171).
sagulisxmoa is garemoebac, rom mTaSi xe Tavisi mravlismomcveli aspeqtiT,
qristianuli sarwmunoebis miuxedavad, sakmaod myaradaa SermorCenili _ oRond,
raRa Tqma unda, sakulto da sawesCveulebo ritualebis saxiT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,
rom mTis uZveles salocavebSi xis dargva da misi movla-gaxareba ufro mniSvnelovan
sakulto ritualad iyo miCneuli, vidre cxovelis Sewirva. `aseT wminda xeebs
`xemxvivanebi~ ewodeboda. xemxvivani anu nayofierebis xe sicocxlis momniWebeli
miTologiuri xis simboloa da amitomac rgavdnen xatis karze~ (surgulaZe 1986: 13).
sakulto ritualebis garda, xis Tayvaniscemis gadmonaSTs vxvdebiT yofiT
cxovrebaSic; iqneba es avadmyofis tablaze aRmarTuli `batonebis xe~ Tu
micvalebulis saxelze Camoqnili _ `megruli kelaptari~. micvalebulisa da xis
maradiuli wrebrunvis anu sulis `moCvenebiTi ukvdavebis~ erTgvari gamoxatulebaa
_ afxazeTSi micvalebulis xeze gadgma, oRond, raRa Tqma umda, mamakacisa
(konstantine gamsaxurdias `mTvaris motacebis~ pirvel gamocemaSi asaxulia es
tradicia kac zvambaia dakrZalvisas). xis kultis sxvadasxva interpretaciebs
vawydebiT met-naklebad saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi: amgvaria `kezi~ _
xevsurebis saxlis Tavze an Wuris Tavze mdgomi wminda rcxila _ `angelozebis
erTgvari sabrZanebeli~, anda Tundac `dedaboZi~ da bolos, `CiCilaki~ _ msoflio
xis erT-erTi uZvelesi gamosaxuleba.
qarTuli xis `warmarTuli biografia~, kidev erTxel, Cagvafiqrebs, Tu ramdenad
saintereso da mravlismTqmeli SeiZleba iyos mcenareTa simbolika, romelic
saocrad STambeWdavi da metyveli nimuSia Tavad sicocxlisa Tu adamianis (swored
amitomac, sasuliero ZeglebSi wmindani an `viTarca xea danergili~, anda Tundac xis
msgavsad aRorZinebuli~). amitomac xeTametyvelebis koncefciebi iseTive uZvelesia,
rogorc Tavad miTologia; radgan swored eideturi saxismetyvelebis (anu
vizualuri xedvisa da azrovnebis) wyalobiT Seqmna Cvenma Soreulma winaparma xis
masStaburi saxe-simbolo, romlis ukeT SecnobisaTvis xdeboda saxeobrivi
dakonkretebac. aseT SemTxvevaSi, raRa Tqma unda, upiratesoba eniWeboda
mravalsaukunovan da maradmwvane xe-mcenareebs _ egreT wodebul keTilSobilsa da
sxvaTagan gamorCeulebs. swored amgvar privilegirebul da STambeWdav xeebad
miiCnevdnen CvenSi muxasa Tu naZvs.
`es maradmwvane xe Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT Zlier uaxlovdeba muxas...
naZvi _ simboloa mamacobis, siZlieris, zeaweuli sulieri mdgomareobis,
erTgulebisa da ukvdavebis... saRvTo werilis mixedviT, naZvi da kedari pirvelqmnili
xeebia, romelTa gaCanagebasac RvTis risxva mosdevda. imavdroulad naZvi (kedari) —
RvTiuri Zalis gamoxatulebacaa~... naZvisa da muxis aseTi Canacvleba maT situaciur

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simbolur identurobaze migvaniSnebs~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 5). simboluri muxisa
da naZvis Tanxvedra savsebiT cxadia, TumcaRa naZvi Tavisi maradmwvaneobiT
gacilebiT aRmatebul saxismetyvelebas iZens, rac gamoixateba TvalnaTliv im
upiratesobaSi, rom swored naZvi migvaniSnebs `zeaweul sulier mdgomareobaze~ da
ara muxa. Tavisi bibliuri arsiT naZvi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania vidre muxa. is xom
`jvari patiosnis~ sam xeTagan erT-erTia.
amitomac savsebiT bunebrivad unda miviCnioT sveticxovlis Seqmnis xalxuri
versia, romlis mixedviTac mefe mirianis baRSi, uflis kvarTze, amozrdili
RvTaebrivi xe muxa unda yofiliyo da ara `naZvi libanisa~. am sakraluri xisganve
Semzadda Svidi sveti da Seiqmna sveticxoveli, romelic Tavisi arsiTa Tu
saswaulebrivi agebiT `iyo da yovelTvis iqneba yvelaze mniSvnelovani qristianuli
taZari saqarTveloSi. sveticxoveli iyo da iqneba pirvelnimuSi, pirvelsaxe qarTuli
eklesiebisa da deda _ adgili Cveni qristianobisa~ (siraZe 1998: 13). sveticxovlis,
rogorc qristianobis umTavresi simbolos, SecnobisaTvis aucilebelia Tavad svetis
saxismetyvelebis siRrmiseuli gaazrebac.
`adamianis maradiulma swrafvam, simaRlis Secnobis Tu sivrcis dauflebis
dauokebelma ltolvam Sva svetis simbolikac. risi safuZvelic vertikaluri xazis
orazrovani bunebaa. sazogadod svetSi, pirvel yovlisa `msoflio xisa~ da `zeciuri
kibis~ analogi unda vigulisxmoT. cotaa sxva iseTi vizualuri simbolo, romelic
esoden metyvelad gamoxatavdes `cis sayrdens~, bWes, kosmiuri da miwieri energiis
kavSirs, zeaRsvlis, mdgradobis, uryevobis cnebebs. svets, rogorc sakralur
simbolos, praqtikulad yvela kulturaSi gaaCnda Tavisi `ezoTeruli ena~: daviwyoT
qarTuli dedaboZidan (zed gamosaxuli borjRaloTi), romelic aseve msoflio xis
analogia... svetis saxismetyvelebaSi umTavresi iyo ara marto misi forma, aramed
ricxobriobac... Svidi sveti (`Svidis~ bibliuri simbolikidan gamomdinare) iqca
qarTuli qristianobis umTavres simbolod, radgan swored `RvTaebrivi xidan~
gamoikveTa Svidi boZi `sveticxovlis~ Sesaqmnelad. eqvsi adamianTa xeliT advilad
aRimarTa, xolo meSvide _ uflis angelozis mier naTlis svetad fericvalebuli,
zecidan `Camoisveta~ (abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. 2007: 49).
zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze, isic savsebiT savaraudoa, rom `wminda ninos
cxovrebis~ Tavdapirvel, uZveles nimuSSi swored muxa unda yofiliyo
dafiqsirebuli (rogorc sicocxlis xis uZvelesi gamoxatuleba) da mxolod
mogvianebiT, ukve redaqtirebisas, sakulto xe-muxa gadafara pirvelqmnilma,
bibliurma _ `libanis naZvma~.
xeTametyvelebis es universaluri magaliTi mafiqrebinebs, rom qarTuli
warmarTuli kulturis arqetipebis bunebrivi da umtkivneulo Canacvleba moxda
qristianul cnobierebaSi, rac amgvari saxismetyvelebiTi aspeqtiT gamoisaxa
uZveles sasuliero ZeglebSi.

damowmebani:

abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. I,

gamomc. `bakmi~, 2006.
abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. II,
gamomc. `bakmi~, 2007.
elaSvili 1993: elaSvili q. xeTa (mcenareTa) simbolika qarTul agiografiaSi. wignSi: qarTuli
mwerlobis sakiTxebi. eZRvneba al. baramiZis dabadebis 90-e wlisTavs, `mecniereba~, Tb.:
1993.
lomaia (bardaveliZe) 1926: lomaia (bardaveliZe) v. xis kultisaTvis saqarTveloSi. `saq. muzeumis
moambe~, I, Tb.: 1926.
siraZe 1987: siraZe r. qarTuli agiografia. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1987.
siraZe 1998: siraZe r. `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ saxismetyveleba~. Tb.: Tb., gamomc., `codnis wyaro~,
1998.
surgulaZe 1986: surgulaZe i. xalxuri ornamentikis simbolika. Tb.: gamomc. `mecniereba~, 1986.
Zeglebi 1963: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I(V-X s.s.). i. abulaZis
xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1963.
javaxiSvili 1979: javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. I, Tb.:
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1979.

Ketevan Elashvili

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 Tree Language
Summary

Tree is one of the ancient and universal symbols, pointing to “ascending dynamics”, “creative energy”
naturally represented in the vertical line, characteristic to the most ethnic cultures or religious systems. We can
consider that for this very reason almost eight hundred tree species are mentioned in the Bible. The universe
itself is presented as the tree with people living under its shade.
As for the Georgian culture, both in pre and post Christian perception, tree is the universal symbol of male
origin, mostly in the form of oak-tree – “tree of life” in the pagan period, originally substituting “Lebanon Fir-
tree” (in Christian literature – “Life of Saint Nino”).
On the basis of the above-mentioned, it will be natural to conclude, that in the folk version of creating
“life pillar,” it was the oak-tree sprouting in King Myrian’s garden and not “Lebanon Fir-tree” and all the seven
pillars were made of this very sacral tree. In our opinion, in the initial version of “Life of Saint Nino” it was the
oak-tree symbolizing the religious plant and only in the later editions it was changed by the biblical tree -
“Lebanon Fir-tree”, representing one of the three trees of “Holy Cross.”

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xaTuna TavdgiriZe

`sawyisTan dabrunebis~ qarTuli kosmogoniuri

miTo-ritualuri modelebi

miTi yvelaze idumali da amave dros yvelaze gamWvirvale msoflmxedvelobrivi

deklamaciaa, risi gamoTqmac kacobriobam SeZlo Tavisi transcedenturi warsulis
Sesaxeb. miTi iwyebs samyaros da samyaro miTSive gasruldeba, masSia ganfenili
kosmosis da winarekosmiuri yvela realisturi Tu mistiuri realia. Tumca aq
SeuZlebelia saganTa da movlenaTa Sefaseba namdvilobis niSniT, raki Cveneuli
`realobebi~ ar emTxveva miTosur `realobebs~. RvTiur sibrZnegamotarebuli miTi
Tavad gadaalagebs sagnebs da movlenebs, miuCens mxolod maTTvis gankuTvnil
adgils da statuss, migvaniSnebs miTiur samyaroze, rogorc yofierebis erTaderT
realur da universalur formaze, yvelaferi danarCeni mxolod misi `,aCrdilebia~.
sinamdvilis specifiuri aRqma da gageba miTs gamoarCevs azrovnebis yvela danarCeni
sistemisagan. arqauli adamiani, romlis azrovnebis erTaderT formas miTosuri
azrovneba warmoadgenda, misTvis samyaro mxolod miTiuri SeiZleboda yofiliyo, anu
imgvari, rogoradac misi yofiereba yoveli aRqma-gagebis jerze miTis
miToSemoqmedebiTi uwyveti tendenciiT gadamuSavdeboda da ukan brundeboda
yofierebis axali formiT. es Tvisobrivad axal samyaros, axal yofierebas niSnavda,
da marTlac, rogorc wers o. freidenbergi: `samyaro, danaxuli pirvelyofili
adamianis mier, misi subieqturi cnobierebiT xelaxla iqmneba, rogorc meore
damoukidebeli, obieqturi yofiereba, romelic amieridan, realuri
cnobierebisaTvis SeumCneveli sinamdvilis gverdiT iwyebs sawinaaRmdego cxovrebas~
(freidenbergi 1978: 21). magram es ar niSnavs adamianis sinamdvilisagan mowyvetas,
piriqiT, es ufro did, ufro namdvil realobaSi gadasvlas gulisxmobs, raki mxolod
aq, miTSi SeiZleba sasicocxlo universaluri modelebis povna, mxolod miTi iZleva
im maradiul `realobebs~, romlebic arseboben maradisobaSi, arseboben samyaroSi
droisa da sivrcis miRma, anu `aradrosa~ da `arasivrceSi~.
miTiuri `aradro~ da `arasivrcec~, isev imaves, _ miTiur drosa da miTiur
sivrces niSnavs, raki swored usazRvroebaa misi sazRvari, raki araarsebobaa misi
maradiuli arseboba: miTi yvelganaa da aris yovelTvis, raki is yvelaferia. miTosuri
yofiereba SigniT, SuagulSia moqceuli da Tavis irgvliv atrialebs dro-sivrces,
dro-sivrciT modusebs Tavad yofiereba gansazRvravs, am SemTxvevaSi _ miTosuri.
amitom, `aradro~ da `arasivrce~, an drois `gaCereba an mdinareba ar Slis yofierebas,
aramed, ukve Tavadve SemosazRvravs mas maradiuli wrebrunviT Tavad mis irgvliv~
(losevi 1991: 87). levi-strosi miTis ormag struqturaSi mesamis _ `raRac
absolutur~ doneze miuTiTebs: miTs gaaCnia ormagi struqtura, istoriuli da
araistoriuli, magram gaaCnia kidev mesame done, romelic SegviZlia ganvixiloT,
rogorc raRac absoluturi. miTi iyenebs mesame droiT sistemas, romelic TavisTavSi
orive dasaxelebul droiT sistemas iTanxmebs. miTi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia
warsulis movlenebTan: `samyaros Sesaqmemde~ an `sawyis drosTan~ _ yovel
SemTxvevaSi ZvelisZvelTan”. magram miTis mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom drois
gansazRvrul momentSi adgilis mqone movlenebi arseboben aradroSi. miTi Tanabrad
xsnis rogorc warsuls, aseve axlandelsa da momavals. miTis safuZvelSi
mravalplanianoba Zevs. amitom miTiuri dro erTsa da imave dros Seuqcevadi da
Seqcevadia (levi-strosi 2001: 217-220).
amdenad, miTiuri `aradro~ da `arasivrce~ isev miTiuri dro da sivrcea, mxolod
_ `absoluturi~ miTiuri dro da sivrce. igi yofierebis imgvari formaa, romlis
garRvevac SeuZlebelia, Tundac imis gamo, rom mas ara aqvs sazRvrebi, farglebi,
CarCoebi; raki igi arsebul yvela ujreds msWvalavs Tavisi mkvrivi sakraluri,
kanonmdebeli substanciiT, ar tovebs gaunivTebels arc erT samyaroseul
`WuWrutanas~. es `ganivTeba~ da `gamkvriveba~ gadamwyveti aRmoCndeba miTosuri
samyaros gansazRvrisas. miTSi yovelive ganivTebuli da gasagnobrivebulia.
miTologiisaTvis `yvelaferi sxeulebrivia, xolo yvelaferi sxeulebrivi amasTanave
droa~ (losevi 1991: 87). pirvelyofili azrovneba yovelgvar zRvars Slis sivrcesa
da dros Soris da maT fizikur, sxeulebriv formas aniWebs. dro, iseve rogorc
sivrce, upirvelesad fizikuri, mkvrivi, sagnobrivi sxeulia, `dro vlindeba fizikur

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sxeulSi, rogorc moZraoba an simSvide~ (losevi 1991: 87). dro aris `monakveTebis
mqone sivrce~, sivrce ki _ `sagnebi~ (freidenbergi 1978: 20). amitom dro da sivrce
arqauli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis aris saerTo substanciis mqone raRac erTiani
sagnobrioba. es `sagnobrioba~, anu `miTosuri sxeuli~, anu `dro~ aris miTologiuri
fesvebidan amozrdili platoniseuli `ideis maradisoba~, `romelic erTdroulad
yvelganaa da arsadaa, romelSic Sedegi mizezs uswrebs, anu romelic aris
absoluturi miznebis samefo, da romlis idealuroba fizikurad gaiazreba mxolod
rogorc sxeuli~ (losevi 1991: 87).
miTis `ara-droisa~ da `arasivrcis~ `absolutizmSi~ dakarguli dro da sivrce
yofierebis Suagulisaken, `sawyisisaken~ miemarTeba, iq kvlav sxeulebriv formas
iZens, kvlav aRdgeba miTisave `damabrunebeli~ meqanizmiT, rom samyaroSi
wonasworoba, kosmiuri wesrigi SeinarCunos. misi kreaciuli `warsuli~, iWreba ra
`axlandelSi~, Tanabrad gadaswvdeba `momavals~, rom isev ,,warsulSi” dabrundes da
adamianic, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva samyaroseuli gamovlineba, am mojadoebul
wreze ataros. swored am `wreze~ gacxaddeba Taviseburi miTosuri ontologia,
romelSic `warsuli~ kargavs pirdapir mniSvnelobas, gamoavlens ra
`mudmivarsebulis~ Tvisebas, romlis ganmeorebadobac, rogorc `mudmivarsebulis~
SeuZlebelia, swored imis gamo, rom mudmivarsebulia. es ontologia yofierobs
miTSi da miTis gareTac, magram miTi mas xilvad, sagnobriv formas sZens da miTisagan
gancalkevebisas kvlav vualirdeba, TumcaRa ganagrZobs Tavis `arasxeulebriv~
arsebobas. miTosuri ontologia aris `sawyisi~, romelsac `Riaobas~ mxolod miTi
sZens, misi gancda da misiT ganmsWvalva mxolod miTSi da miTiT aris SesaZlebeli. am
azriT, miTi kosmosis da winarekosmiuris istoriaa, romelic `sawyisis~ movlenebiT
iwyeba da mudmivad `Riaobs~ magiur-ritualur TanaqmedebaSi. miTiur droSi
ganxorcielebuli yvela qmedeba sagangebo miTo-ritualuri da magiuri meqanizmiT
aris amuSavebuli. aq arsebiTad gansazRvrulia miTis, ritualisa da magiis
kosmogoniuri xasiaTi, rac mudmivad, uwyvetad gasdevs mTels eqsplicitur da
implicitur miTologiur tradicias.
miTiuri warsuli _ `winare~, gvevlineba pirvelmizezTa ubnad, yovelives
wyarod rac iyo `Semdeg~. aq arsebiTad mocemulia drois mizezobriobis
interpretaciis Canasaxi (meletinski 1976: 173). miTiuri drois mizezobrioba am
droSi Seqmnil nebismier pirvelgamovlinebaTa genezisis dadgenas gulisxmobs da
ramdenadac, `miTis, gansakuTrebiT pirvelyofiluris, kardinalur niSans saganTa
arsis maT genezisamde dayvana warmoadgens~ (meletinski 1976: 172), imdenad, miTis
umTavres funqciad, saganTa da movlenaTa genezisis dasadgenad, maTi Sesaqmis
`sawyis~ droSi dabruneba da Taviseburi miTosuri etiologizmis ganxorcieleba
gvevlineba. amitom miTi, romelic `Tavisi warmoSobiT etiologiuria~ (tokarevi
1962: 348), `sawyisTan dabrunebasTan~_ rogorc miTis kidev erT umniSvnelovanes
funqciasTan mimarTebas saWiroebs. cxadi xdeba, rom `mizezTan~ Sexeba `sawyisTan~
gvaaxloebs. `sawyisSi~ gacxadebuli `mizezi~ aris swored Taviseburi miTosuri
etiologizmi (TiToeuli terminis ukan konkretuli miTosuri epoqa da aspeqti dgas).
igi upirvelesad, kosmosisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis aRweras emsaxureba.
rogorc e. meletinski miuTiTebs, pirvelyofil miTologiebSi samyaros modeli
aRiwereba misi calkeuli elementebis warmoSobaze Txrobis gziT. am azriT
etiologiuri miTebi arsia miTebisa _ par excellence (zeupiratesi), Tumca ar
daiyvaneba axsnebamde. miTiuri drois movlenebi gvevlineba Tavisebur metaforul
kodebad, romlis saSualebiTac modelirdeba samyaros bunebismieri da socialuri
wyoba (meletinski 1976:172). amdenad, miTosuri etiologizmi aris `sawyisSi~
gacxadebuli `mizezi~; `mizezi~, romelic emsaxureba upirvelesad genezisis
gadmocemas, sadac `axsna~ funqciuri metonimiis niadagze warmoSobili meoreuli
movlenaa.
`miTosuri etiologizmi~ mxolod mizezs (sawyiss) ar moicavs. pirvelyofili
azrovnebisaTvis pirobiTia mizezobrivi kavSiri. Cveni kauzaloba (mizezidan
miRebuli Sedegis formalur-logikuri mizezobrioba) misTvis ucnobi iyo. `erTi
gamovlinebis mizezi misTvis momijnave gamovlinebaSi ido. agvarad warmoiqmneboda
mizezebisa da Sedegebis jaWvi, Caketili wris saxiT, sadac wyobis TiToeuli wevri iyo
mizezic da Sedegic~ (freidenbergi 1978: 20). warmodgeniT azrovnebamde
mizezobrioba ar gacnobierebula. `mizezis~ nacvlad iyo `danaSauli~ an `sawyisi~.

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antikur enebsac ki jer ar gaaCniaT terminebi `mizezi~ da `Sedegi~ ganyenebuli
mniSvnelobiT (iqve). amitom `miTosuri etiologizmi~ aris `mizezic~ da `Sedegic~,
anu `sawyisic~ da `sasrulic~. igi mTel samyaros moicavs, moicavs kosmoss rogorc
mTels da miTosuri realiebis sazRvrebSi (ufro zustad-usazRvroebaSi,
dausabamobaSi) pasuxs scems yvela zementalur da transcedentur kiTxvas. amdenad,
`sawyisTan dabruneba~ (anu `miTiur droSi~ dabruneba), miTis erT-erTi
funqciaTagania, romelic etiologizms, rogorc miTis arsebiT maxasiaTebel niSans
eqstensiurad gafarToebul farglebSi gaiazrebs. `sawyisis miTi~ sawyisSi, SesaqmeSi,
`miTiur droSi~ gvabrunebs da dasabamiseul movlenebTan participaciis gziT,
sakralur-vitaluri ZalebiT aRgvWurvavs, romlis mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedebiT
samyaros sxvadasxva sferos daqvemdebareba da konkretuli miznebis miRweva xdeba
SesaZlebeli.
sawyisis miTebi mudmivad aqcentireben im drosa da sivrceze, romelSic
`sawyisis”, `Sesaqmis~ movlenebi xorcieldeba. kosmogonizmSi dro-sivrciTi
aspeqtebi erTian modusSi ganicdeba. es aris dro-sivrciTi erTiani modeli, sadac
swored maTi konteqstualuri sinkretizmi da urTierTgadakveTa gansazRvravs
kosmogonias, rogorc faqts da aqts. igi cxadyofs, rom dro, romelSic aRniSnuli
kosmogonizmi (Sesaqmis aqti) xorcieldeba, `sawyisis~ droa, xolo adgil-sivrce _
samyaros Suaguli, centri. m. eliades dakvirvebiT, wes-CveulebebSi nebismieri
ganwmendili sivrce samyaros centrs emTxveva, iseve rogorc nebismieri ritualis
dro emTxveva, `sawyisis~ miTiur dros (eliade 1998:9). miTi Tavs uyris am or,
kosmosisaTvis umniSvnelovanes _ miTiuri droisa da miTiuri sivrcis poluss da
gvTavazobs maTi gadakveTis wertilSi warmoqmnil movlenebs, arsebebs, sagnebs,
obieqtebs, romlebic swored am gadakveTis _ `miTosuri pirveljvaredinis~
meoxebiT rCebian ara Tu obieqturi, aramed TviT miTiuri droisa da sivrcis miRma da
arqetipebad, saxe-simboloebad iqcevian. rogorc levi-strosi aRniSnavs, ,,es
movlenebi, romelTac drois gansazRvrul momentSi aqvT adgili, arseboben
aradroSi. (levi-strosi 2001: 217). arqetipebis, modelebis warmoqmna da mdgradoba
mxolod da mxolod miTiuri droisa da sivrcis gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi aris
ganxorcielebadi. nebismieri maTganis gamoricxva imTaviTve gamoricxavs maT
Sesaqmes. miTiuri droisa da miTiuri sivrcis gadakveTa aseve uzrunvelyofs mis
wiaRSi warmoqmnili movlenebis mudmivobasa da ganmeorebadobas, rac
pirvelgadakveTis Sedegad `aradroisa~ da `arasivrcis~ miRebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
amdenad, kosmosSi movlenaTa ganmeorebadoba Seuqcevadi procesia, imisgan
damoukideblad, adamiani ritualis saSualebiT gamoixmobs Tu ara maT kvlavdakvlav.
maS ra daniSnuleba aqvs adamians miTTan da ritualTan mimarTebaSi, Tuki kosmosSi
imTaviTve gadawyvetilia movlenaTa amgvari wyoba? ufro metic, `adamiani ar aris
Tanadrouli imisa, rac mas aiZulebs arsebobas an imisa, ris safuZvelzec igi
arsebobs; aramed igi upyria Zalas, romelic mas ganabnevs, ganaridebs Sors sakuTar
pirvelsawyiss da Tan adamians am ukanasknels hpirdeba. es Zala ucxo ar aris
adamianisaTvis, igi masSi mkvidrobs da ara mis miRma im maradiul sawyisTa simSvideSi,
romlebic gamudmebiT ganaxldebian~ (fuko 2004: 401). adamiani intuitiurad ganicdis,
magram ar aRiarebs, sawyisTan daSorebas, masTan miaxloebis mcdelobis yovel jerze.
magiur ritualebSi adamiani ver imeorebs sawyisis movlenebs, mxolod maT imitirebas
axdens. Tumca `simulaciuri~ Sesaqme mas namdvil Sesaqmes ganacdevinebs. adamiani
motyuebulia da igi SecdomaSi upirvelesad sakuTari azrovnebisa da Tvalsawieris
iluzur masStabebs Sehyavs, roca mas surs iazrovnos da nawilobriv imoqmedos
(amisTvis sWirdeba magia) umaRlesi gonis darad. `adamianisaTvis samyaros Semoqmedi
umaRlesi gonebis arseboba gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac adamiani
Tvlis, rom igi, iseve rogorc umaRlesi goneba(samyaros Sinagani naTesaobis mizeziT)
aRWurvilia warmoebis, azrovnebis, Seqmnis unariT, Sesabamisad, adamianisaTvis
Zalzed mniSvnelovania RmerTis mdgomareoba Seqmnil kosmosSi~ (platonova 1989: 25).
RmerTis mdgomareobas kosmosSi adamiani miTis saSulebiT gansazRvravs. amitom miTi
adamians yovelive arsebulisa Tu SesaZlo arsebulis damadasturebel `sabuTad~
sWirdeba. amdenad, miTi adamians Wirdeba da ara kosmoss. kosmosi isedac miTSi
Tanamyofobs. garkveuli azriT, miTi da kosmosi gaigivebulia, maTi xilvadi Tu
uxilavi konturebi mudmiv TanxvedraSi modis. maTi gancalkevebis SemTxvevaSi maTi
funqciuri gamosaxva vualirdeba, magram ar anulirdeba. miTSi adamianma RmerTTan

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erTad Tavisi Tavic aRmoaCina, aRmoaCina anTroposopi, raki misi embrionuli xati
masSi imTaviTve iyo mocemuli. maSasadame, adamianma miTis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavi
kosmosis movlenebSi ganicada. amitom swored miTis saSualebiT ikmayofilebs
adamiani Tavis Tandayolil ambicias, erTis mxriv, Tavi movlenaTa centrSi daayenos,
xolo meores mxriv, kosmosis umniSvnelovanes movlenebs eziaros da maTi monawile
gaxdes. kosmosis movlenebTan participacia ki miTis, ritualisa da magiis
TanaqmedebaSi aris SesaZlebeli. m. eliade aRniSnavs, rom `kosmogoniuri movlenebis
perioduli ganmeorebadobis saWiroeba, kosmogoniur momentebTan adamianuri
gamocdilebis gaigivebiT, gvevlineba uZvelesi pirvelyofili azrovnebis
damaxasiaTebel niSnad~ (eliade 2002:95). kosmogoniis gancdiT, rac magiuri
ritualebis gziT miiRweva, adamiani sawyis droSi `gadaityorcneba~, Tundac es
sawyisis imitacia iyos, rac adamians, erTis mxriv, axali vitaluri ZalebiT
aRWurvavs, xolo meores mxriv, RmerTTan miaxloebis ambicias daukmayofilebs. iqneb
es sulac `RmerTis nostalgiaa~ da ara ambicia, bibliuri samoTxis datovebis Semdeg
rom gauCnda kacobriobas. rogorc ar unda iyos, admianis cnobiereba erTsa da imave
dros sami ganzomilebisaken aris mimarTuli: igi cxovrobs da uSualod aRiqvams
awmyos, magram misi yvela mizani da idea momavalSi aris ganxorcielebadi, romlis
asagebad, arqiteqtonikis gadmosaRebad is mimarTavs warsuls. adamiani `ver eteva
SemosazRvrul droSi. momavali misTvis principulad Riaa, amitom `siviwrovis~
gancdis gamo drois sazRvris gadalaxvis intencia masSi warsulisken miimarTeba~
(dalaqiSvili 2001: 51). amdenad, adamians warsuli momavlisTvis Wirdeba, magram sad
aris aq awmyos adgili? am sameulSi awmyo dominantobs, raki igi mudam aris,
warsuliviT arc `gamoxmoba~ Wirdeba da arc momavaliviT `gadatyorcna~. swored
amitom, adamianis yofierebis am gzaze erTaderT dabrkolebad awmyo gvevlineba. igi
adamians mudmivad TiSavs, erTis mxriv, momavlisagan, da, warsulisganac _ meores
mxriv. magram swored awmyos akisria `centris~ funqcia, mxolod mas SeuZlia
gaawonasworos da moawesrigos Tavis irgvliv yofierebis is forma romelSic
adamiani mkvidrobs. amitom, maSin rodesac warsuli agebs momavals, awmyo erTsa da
imave dros warsulad da momavlad gvevlineba, xolo am konteqstSi adamianuri
arseboba aris `maradiuli ganmeorebadoba~, romelic ,,miTis maradiuli
kvlavdabrunebis”(m.eliade) pirdapirproporciulia. haidegeris sityviT,
`munyofiereba `aris~ misi warsuli Tavisi yofierebis saxiT, rac, uxeSad rom vTqvaT,
mudam misi momavlidan `xdeba” (haidegeri 1989: 41).
amdenad, adamiani, romelic cxovrobs awmyoSi, mimarTavs warsuls, rom
gadaswvdes momavals. am gzaze miTis, ritualisa da magiis roli unikaluria. maTi
saSualebiT, pirvelmovlenebi, pirvelarsebebi, pirvelsagnebi kvlavdakvlav
cocxldebian awmyoSi da momavalSi, rasac eliadem `miTis maradiuli kvlavdabruneba~
uwoda. levi-strosi saubrobs `aracnobier struqturaze~, romelic Zevs TiToeuli
tradiciis, wes-Cveulebisa Tu socialuri wyobis safuZvelSi (levi-strosi 2001:31).
`aracnobieri struqturidan~ momdinare saxe-simboloebi, romlebic iungisaTvis
`arqetipebi~ an `pirvelyofili saxeebia~, gvevlinebian tendenciebad `motivebis
aseTi warmosaxvebis warmosaqmnelad. warmosaxvebi, romlebic SesaZloa, meryeobdnen
detalebSi, magram amasTanave, ar kargavdnen TavianT bazisur sqemas~ (iungi 1991:65 ).
miTiuri warsuli gvevlineba aramxolod `paradigmul~ moTxrobad, aramed, igi aris
rogorc pirvelsaxeTa saRmrTo sacavi, aseve sacavi magiuri da sulieri Zalebisa,
romlebic ritualebisa da miTiuri epoqis movlevaTa inscenirebis daxmarebiT, sadac
Sesaqmis miTebis recitaciebia CarTuli, ganagrZoben wesrigis mxardaWeras’’
(meletinski 1976: 174).
miTosuri teqsti sawyisTan dabrunebis teqstobrivi deklamaciaa, magram igi
Tavad, damoukideblad moklebulia ,,damabrunebel ’’ meqanizms. dabrunebis meqanizmSi
miTi aucilebeli, magram erT-erTi (da ara erTaderTi) komponentia. miTiur sawyisSi
movlenebis `asamuSaveblad~ arsebobs urTierTdamokidebulebaTa samwevriani
formula:
miTi/rituali/magia.
anTropologTa amerikuli skolis mkvlevarTa (harneri, kastaneda, eliade,
malinovski, elkini, evanspriCardi) TvalsazrisiT, `miTi, rituali da magia[Zala]
erTmaneTisagan ganuyofelia...~ `magiuri ritualis dabadebas aucileblad axlavs
ambebis rkali, romelic xsnis yvelafers.swored es ambebia miTebi. am azriT, miTi

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warsul saukuneTa mkvdari memkvidreoba ki ar aris, aramed cocxali Zala, romelic
mudmivad iwvevs axal movlenebs~ (canava 2001: 115).
miTi _ teqsti, rituali _ qmedeba da magia _ Zala, is sami komponentia,
romelTa mTlianobaSi amuSavebas droisa da sivrcis ganzomilebaTa garRveva da
warsulSi, sawyisSi moxvedriT, maTi kvlavgamoxmoba, kvlavdabruneba SeuZlia. arqaul
sazogadoebaSi `sawyisTan dabruneba~ miTis ZiriTadi funqcia iyo, romlis
ganxorcielebac _ xeldasxmulTa (qurumebi, Samanebi, tomis beladebi, mefeebi)
prerogativa. tradiciuli sazogadoebis daSlis Semdeg miTis pirveladi funqciac
Sesustda da danarCen komponentebsac _ ritualsa da magias gaeTiSa.
pirvelyofil tradiciul sazogadoebaSi `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ tendencia
aucilebel saxes atarebs, sadac Taobebi gandobis wes-CveulebebiT ecnobian tomis
saidumlo doqtrinasa da samyaroseul mistiur istorias, risi miRebac
neofitisaTvis mxolod `sizmris droSi~ gadasvliT da uSualod miTiuri
winaprebisagan gadmocemiT aris SesaZlebeli. avstraliaSi miTiur winaparTa
Tavgadasavlebi daiyvaneba xangrZliv gaseirnebaze, romlis drosac `sizmris drois~
arsebebi sCadian sxvadasxva qmedebebs, xolo axalbedebma gandobisas unda gaimeoron
es mistiuri marSrutebi. am gziT isini aRadgenen im Zveli drois movlenebs,
romlebic avstralielebisaTvis Seicaven Tavisebur kosmogonias. Tumca saubaria
`nawarmoebis~ dasrulebasa da srulyofaze da ara mis Seqmnaze. miTiurma winaprebma
gadaitanes sawyisi drama, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna samyaro da adamiani amJamindeli
formiT, _ da Sesabamisad, swored isini floben am codnas da SeuZliaT maTi
gadacema. Tanamedrove terminologiaSi es ase JRers _ saRmrTo codna, naklebad
dakavSirebuli ontologiasTan, magram dakavSirebuli, mxolod mistikur
istoriasTan (eliade 2002: 101-102).
`sawyisTan dabrunebis~ tendencia, dRevandel folklorul sinamdvileSi,
yvelaze TvalSisacemad magiur poeziaSi _ SelocvebSi aris gamJRavnebuli. marTlac,
Selocva dReme inarCunebs Tavdapirvel, arqaul bunebas, sadac dRemde logikur
TanamyofobaSia kulturul-tradiciuli yofis sami sfero: teqsti (ambavi,
miTi),rituali da magia. e.meletinskis dakvirvebiT, ubralo SelocvebSic ki,
Cveulebriv, mocemulia mokle Sesavali miTiuri pirvelwinapris, RmerTis Sesabamis
paradigmul moRvaweobaze (meletinski 1976: 173). maSinac, roca `sawyisTan
dabrunebis~ tendencia sxva Janris (samonadireo, Sromis, saakvno-saZeobo da a.S.)
teqstebSi cxaddeba, igi ar kargavs Tandayolil magiur substanciasa da
mizanmimarTulebas. `sawyisovani droebi aRiqmeboda, rogorc kosmogoniuri droebi.
amitom yovelgvar ritualur iniciaciebs, maT Soris koronaciebsa da saaxalwlo
ceremoniebs, SeiZleba acilebdes kosmogoniuri miTebis recitaciebi, an
kosmogoniuri aqtis simboluri CarTva~ (meletinski 1976: 218). amitom aris, rom
xSirad, Sromis, samonadireo, saakvno-saZeobo da sxva JanrebSi, erTi SexedviT
gaugebari mizezebis gamo, Sinaarsobrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli _ kosmogoniuri
motivebi iCens Tavs. swored es kosmogoniuri motivebi gvevlineba im arqaul
reliqtebad, romlebic teqstis ritualur da magiur bunebas (da funqcias)
aqtualizireben. Sromis processa Tu nadirobis win Sesrulebuli sasimRero-
saferxulo teqsti, romlis Sinaarsobrivi birTvi kosmogoniuria, sawyisis miTs
gaacxadebs da erTaderT mizans _ konkretul sferoSi (Sroma-nayofiereba, nadiroba
da a. S. ) magiuri zemoqmedebis gziT warmatebis miRwevas emsaxureba. aseve, imTaviTve
gansazRvrulia SelocvebSi Sesaqmisa Tu samyaros wyobis modelebis, esqatologiuri
da sxva kosmogoniuri siuJeturi rkalis SeWra. TiToeul teqstSi `sawyisis miTia~
kodirebuli, romlis saSualebiT Semlocveli sneuls `sawyis~ miTiur drosa da
sivrceSi abrunebs, rom samyaros xelaxali Sesaqme ganaxorcielos. xelaxal SesaqmeSi
sneuli Tavadac xelaxla ibadeba, mxolod janmrTeli da uvnebeli. sneulis sawyis
droSi mibruneba imitom aris aucilebeli, rom, rogorc m.eliade aRniSnavs,
`cxovrebis gamosworeba SeuZlebelia~, SesaZlebelia mxolod misi xelaxla Seqmna,
kosmogoniis xelaxali ganmeorebis saSualebiT. marTlac, mraval pirvelyofil
xalxebSi gankurnebis ZiriTad elementad gvevlineba kosmogoniuri miTis
artikulireba~ (eliade 1998: 30 ) .
sneulis sawyis movlenebSi gadayvanas mkurnali-magi, Samani axorcielebs.
mniSvnelovania, rom igi yoveli axali magiuri `samedicino proceduris~ win,
Tavdapirvelad, Tavad unda gadaityorcnos miTiur, sawyis droSi, xelaxla unda

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aRiWurvos magisa Tu Samanis unariT (ZaliT),risTvisac Tavisi Tavdapirveli
xeldasxmis (Samanad qcevis) sawyis movlenebs unda daubrundes. am mizniT Samani
sneulis winaSe `imeorebs im pirvel `mowodebas~, e.i. `pirvel dacemas~ romlis
drosac mas gaucxadda Tavisi mowodeba~. es movlenaTa imitireba ar aris. am dros
Samani xelmeored, mTeli sicxadiT ganicdis xeldasxmis, `Samanad qcevis~
mdgomareobas (levi-strosi 2001: 187 ).
`sawyisis miTi~ sawyisi drois movlenebze mogviTxrobs, magram mxolod samyaros
Sesaqmes ar gulisxmobs. igi yovelgvari pirvelmovlenis, pirvelarsebis,
pirvelsagnis `Sesaqmeebs~ moicavs, Tumca amgvar Tematur mravalferovnebaTa
miuxedavad, struqturulad yovelTvis kosmogoniur models imeorebs, raki
`kosmogoniuri miTi gvevlineba yovelgvari `Sesaqmis~ arqetipul modelad~ da
gvabrunebs ra ,,sawyisSi~, arsebiT rols asrulebs saqorwino, sanayofiero, dabadebis,
savele samuSaoebisa da sxva ritualebSi (eliade 1998: 10). qarTuli Selocvebis, aseve
Sromis, nadirobis, saakvno-saZeobo da a.S. poeziis is nawili, romelTac jer kidev ar
daukargavT genetikuri sawyisi _ ritualur-magiuri buneba, struqturulad isev
inarCuneben `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ tendenciebs da sxvadasxva kosmogoniur miTo-
ritualur modelebs ayalibeben; amasTanave, miTis, ritualisa da magiis erT
konteqstSi, ufro zustad, erTobliobaSi gaazrebis saSualebas iZlevian, rac
ZiriTadi Tezaa miTis definiciisaTvis (soc. anTropologTa amerikuli skolis
mixedviT).
qarTul miTosur sivrceSi ganxorcielebulia `sawyisTan dabrunebis~
sxvadasxva kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modelebi. Cven ganvixilavT wminda
Sesaqmiseul modelebs:
ƒ qaosisa da kosmosis brZolis arqetipi;
ƒ `momakvdavi qalRmerTisa~ da dualuri tyupi dis arqetipi;
ƒ samyaros centrSi kosmosis RmerTis _ mefe-demiurgis dabadebis arqetipi.
es kosmogoniuri modelebi sxvadasxva folklorul JanrebSi arian mimobneulni,
Tumca romel JanrSic ar unda iyvnen gacxadebulni, yovelTvis inarCuneben
`sawyisovnobis~ funqcias.

ƒ qaosisa da kosmosis brZolis arqetipi

qaosisa da kosmosis brZolis ramodenime models icnobs qarTuli miTologia:

Teriomorfuls, Terio-anTropomorfuls da anTropomorfuls.
Teriomorfuli modeli gulisxmobs mTel saqarTveloSi mravalvariantebad
gavrcelebuli gveleSapisa da xaris (wylis kurosa da xmeleTis kuros) brZolis
siuJets.zogjer aRniSnuli siuJeti gavrcobilia anTropomorfuli elementebiT,
roca gveleSapTan brZolis epizodSi xaris patroni (romelic zogjer wm. giorgia)
Semodis, romelic faqtobrivad xaris anTropomorfuli ipostasia.
gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis siuJeti kosmogoniuria,sadac gveleSapi _ qaoss,
xari ki kosmoss gamoxatavs. siuJets sxvadasxvagvari dasasruli aqvs.TqmulebaTa
erTi nawili Sesaqmiseulia, kosmosi imarjvebs qaosze da wylisagan gaTavisuflebul
teritoriaze sicocxle iRviZebs (kaxuri Tqmuleba); TqmulebaTa meore nawili
esqatologiuria, mas meorenairad `mcire warRvnis~ ciklsac uwodeben da sruliad
sapirispiros mogviTxrobs: gamarjvebuli aqac xmeleTis xaria, magram momakvdavi
gveleSapis ukanaskneli ZalisxmeviT tba skdeba, gadmoivlis da mTel sofels
(mikrokosmosi) wyliT faravs (aWaruli Tqmulebebi vernebze); dasturdeba mesame
siuJeturi rkalic: xaris mier gveleSapis damarcxeba xalxs ixsnis mosalodneli
warRvnisagan (erwo-TianeTis, duSeTisa da Silduri variantebi) (Tandilava 1996: 85).
erTi da imave miTosuri siuJetis sxvadasxvagvari transformacia kosmiuri
movlenebis dinamiurobaze metyvelebs. samive siuJeturi ciklis erToblioba qaosisa
da kosmosis maradiul orTabrZolas, mudmiv kosmogoniur cvlilebebs gamoxatavs.
odesRac damyarebuli kosmosi qaoturi Semotevis (warRvnis) mudmivmolodinSia:
qaoss kosmosi cvlis, kosmoss warRvna emuqreba, romlis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis
ar aris SesaZlebeli da samyaro garkveuli periodiT dasabamiseul qaoss ubrundeba.
Semdeg isev kosmosi imarjvebs da ase dausruleblad. samyaro mudmiv cvalebadobaSia.

14
 gveleSapisa da xaris maradiuli orTabrZolas miTosi samyaros wyobis
samwevriani, zoomorfuli implicituri modelidan momdinareobs. igi Sesaqmis miTis
statikur variacias warmoadgens. `samyaros statikuri struqtura warmoiSva
kosmogoniur miTSi, rogorc demiurgis moRvaweobis dinamiuri procesis produqti~
(nekludovi:183).Sesaqmis miTis statikuri suraTi ase gamoiyureba:

`qveyana xarze dgaso,

xari Tevze dgaso,
Tevzi wyalze dgaso ~ (bskifa, №175, 1972: 32).

am samstriqoniani kosmogoniuri miTosis prozauli varianti arsebiTs arafers

cvlis,garda imisa, rom xaris erTaderT rqaze ganaTavsebs samyaros: ,,dedamiwa xaris
rqaze dgaso, ityodnen Zvelebi, mere is xaric dgas Tevzzeo, Tevzic dgas wyalzeo~
(bskifa, № 176,1972: 4), riTic wylebian qvesknelSi damkvidrebul calrqa xars
mogvagonebs: `suleTs xari xnavs calarqa,baraqa mestumreTia....~ calrqa xari Tumca
miTosisagan mowyvetiT, ukonteqstod figurirebs, misi genezisis dakavSireba
kosmogoniur movlenebTan logikurad gamoiyureba: cali rqa gveleSapTan (qaosTan)
brZolaSi Cans dakarguli, Tavad xari ki _ Sesaqmes, kosmogonias
msxverpladSewiruli (msxverplSewirva Sesaqmis aucilebeli elementia) da
qvesknelSi, suleTSi damkvidrebuli, sadac kvlav Tavis demiurgul moRvaweobaSia:
darCenili cali rqiT qaosur zRvas erkineba _ xnavs,rac erTxel, sawyis droSi,
kosmogoniisas ganuxorcielebia. qaoturi zRvis xvna-Tesvis miTologema uwyvetad
meordeba qarTul SelocvebSi.
samyaros wyobis samwevrian zoomorful modelSi xari xmeleTis, kosmosis saxea;
Tevzi _ gveleSapis (didi Tevzi); xolo wyali _ qaosisa. am kosmogoniuri modeliT
naCvenebia samyaros wyobis sami ZiriTadi elementis harmoniuli erToblioba, sadac
TiToeul elements Tavisi adgili aqvs miCenili, rac gansazRvravs kosmiur wyobas,
wesrigs. am sami elementis daSla-aRreva iwvevs im kosmogoniur procesebs, romelic
siuJeturad gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis miTosuri cikliT aris dadasturebuli.
zRva, gveleSapi, xari da xaris patroni, romelic Tavis pirutyvs spilenZis
(almasis, rkinis) rqebs gamouWedavs, Sesaqmis, kosmogoniuri miTosis ucvleli
personaJebi arian. xaris patroni zogjer ubralo mokvdavia,zogjer ki RvTaebrivi
arseba (kaxur TqmulebaSi _ boWormis wm. giorgi).qaotur zRvasTan brZolis
kosmogoniur suraTs gvixatavs qarTuli Selocvebis erTi cikli. magiuri poeziis
amgvar nimuSebSi qarTuli Sesaqmis, kosmogoniis miTo-ritualuri modelia
gadmocemuli. qaotur zRvas aqac xari da misi RvTaebrivi patroni upirispirdeba:

eli elavda, qviSa Relavda, zRva fofinebda.

wiTel xucess xari gaeba,
zRvas xnavda, qviSas sTesavda.
vis gagonia, vis moswria:
zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli?! (SioSvili 1994: 105)

Selocvis aWarul variantSi `wiTel xucess~ `wiTel xoja~enacvleba(asmxf.,

№674,1977:21), riTic teqstSi arsebiTad araferi icvleba. sasuliero-religiur
wodebaTa miTosur-semantikuri aspeqti xaris patronis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis
mauwyebelia.
RvTaebrivi xucesis, `papis~ pirvelarsebuli oqros guTniT zRvis xvna-Tesvis
miTologema desakralizebul xalxur leqsSic gaiJRerebs:

papis oqros guTano,

zRvaSi naxnav-naTeso (qarTuli 1972: 132).

`papa~, `wiTeli xucesi~ (`wiTeli xoja~) miTiuri drois pirvelkacia. igi

Suasknelis, xmeleTis, kosmosis saxea, razec misi Seferiloba _ wiTeli feri
migvaniSnebs. pirvelkaci-xucesis moRvaweoba miTiur droSi mimarTulia qaosis
kosmosad gardasaqmnelad: kosmiuri xariT (cal-rqa) da oqros guTniT qaoturi wylis
daxvna-daTesva wylis xmeleTad gadaqcevas moaswavebs. `wiTeli xucesi~ kosmosis

15
pirveli warmomadgenelia, marduqiviT (babilonuri kosmogonia) kuros epoqis
naSieria da Tavadac qaosTan, gveleSapTan mebrZol kosmiur xars ganasaxierebs..
`eli elavda, qviSa Relavda, zRva fofinebda~ _ am striqonebiT samyaros
Tavdapirveli qaoturi mdgomareobis kosmogoniuri suraTia gadmocemuli: roca
`eli~ elavs da bunebis sxvadasxva stiqiebs (qariSxals, zRvas) amZvinvarebs,
aboboqrebs. amgvari kosmogoniuri warmodgena, romlis mniSvnelobac dRes ukve
daviwyebulia da `damwvris~ Selocvis Tavformulad aris qceuli, TiTqmis mTel
saqarTveloSia dadasturebuli:
• `eli elavda, zRva pipinebda~ (aWara). (asmxf №543,1966: 3);
• `eli elavda, zRva bibinebda~ (xevi). (SioSvili 1994: 103-106);
• `eli elavda, meli melavda, zRva SiSinobda, zRva fofinobda~ (raWa). (iqve);
• `eli elavda, meli melobda, zRva SiSinebda,zRva fofinebda~ (svaneTi). (iqve);
• `eli elavda, meli melobda~ (imereTi). (iqve).
ra an vin aris ,,eli’’, romelic Selocvis mraval variantSi qaosis mZvinvarebis
gamomxatveli kosmogoniuri miTosis mudmivi monawilea? zogierT kavkasiur tomebSi
(mag.CeCen-inguSebSi) miwisqveSeTs ,,eli’’ ewodeba, xolo Tavad RvTaebas _ `el-da~
(miTebi 1998: 430 ). es saxeli, rogorc Cans, xTonur sawyiss ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli
kosmogoniuri magiuri teqstebis Tav-striqonSi Cven nacnobi qarTuli RvTaebis
ucnob, ufro zustad, miviwyebul funqcias vxedavT. elis arqauli xati dakarguli
Cans qarTul miTologiaSi, raki igi uZvelesi droidanve tarosis RvTaeba eliad unda
gardaqmniliyo, xolo qaosis RmerTis Tvisebebi _ bunebis stiqiebis marTva, rogorc
tarosis RmerTisTvisac Tvisobrivi, mis centralur funqciad darCeniliyo. tarosis
_ stiqiaTa marTvis funqcia elisaTvis sawyisi funqciis (stiqiaTa qaoturi
mZvinvareba) gafarToebaa da arsebiTad axali, magram genetikurad uaxloesi _
kosmogoniuri, momawesrigebeli funqciis SeZenas niSnavs (raki qaosi da kosmosi
mxolod urTierTmimarTebaSi avlenen TavianT miTosur substanciebs). funqciurma
metonimiam, saxelis aseve metonimiuri cvlileba gamoiwvia. faqtobrivad, elis
miTosur semantikaSi is Sesaqme ganxorcielda, rac cota mogvianebiT amave RvTaebis
monawileobiT ganxorcielda miTosSi. `elis~ qaosuri buneba tarosis _ `elias~
kosmosur bunebad transformirdeba, rasac `qaosuri mZvinvarebis~ (uwesrigobis)
kosmosur (mowesrigebul) CarCoSi moqceva mohyveba Sedegad. es ukve warmatebulad
ganxorcielebuli Sesaqmis aqtia. msoflio miTosuri tradicia icnobs tarosis
RvTaebis gveleSapTan (qaosi) brZolis cikls (magaliTisaTvis cnobili xeTuri
miTebic sakmarisia), romlis kosmogoniur interpretacias am ori personaJis
genetikur naTesaobasTan advilad mivyavarT. qaosur da kosmosur gamovlinebaTa
genetikur kavSirze, Tavis droze samarTlianad miuTiTa v.propma, gveleSapis mzesTan
da gmirTan brZolis magaliTze (propi 1946: 197-259). analogiurad, tarosis qarTuli
RvTaeba elia, rogorc kosmosis pirveli RmerTi, kosmogoniuri aqtis
gansaxorcieleblad ebrZvis qaosis RmerTs els _ Tavisive genetikur winamorbeds.
swored am RmerTs `els~ umRerodnen mTeli qarTuli SavizRvispireTis (aWara, guria,
lazeTi, samegrelo) mosaxleoba `elesa~//`helesas~ (Tumca mkvlevrebi sxvagvar
etimologiur mosazrebebs gvTavazoben am simRerasTan dakavSirebiT),romelic
mebadur-mezRvaurTa simRerad iTvleba. z.Tandilavas miaCnia,rom `elesa~ anu
`helesa~ genezisis mixedviT lazuri simReraa da misi sawyisebi
meTevzeoba_zRvaosnobas ukavSirdeba. lazeTidan unda gavrcelebuliyo `helesa~
dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi da agreTve, SavizRvispireTis sxva qveynebis
musikalur folklorSi (Tandilava 1996: 143). `elesa~ cnobilia berZnul, Turqul,
ruminul da moldavur musikalur folklorSic (m.Ciqovani). stiqiis gamZvinvarebisas
swored qaosis RmerTisadmi elisadmi aris mimarTuli zRvasTan axlos mkvidri
xalxebis ritualuri simRera `helesa~ `qaosis mobrunebis~ aRsakveTad. igive
tendencia grZeldeba sawesCveulebo magiur poeziaSi, sadac ukve qaosis RmerTs
elesa//helesas tarosis RvTaebebi (elia, lazare da sxva) enacvlebian da ukve maT
mimarT aRasruleben magiur ritualebs qaosis sxvadasxva gamovlinebis _ gvalva,
wvima, qariSxali, nisli, _ aRsakveTad.
SelocvebSi, sadac, `elis~ qaoturi mZvinvarebis kosmogoniur siuJets xaris
demiurguli, Sesaqmiseuli aqti upirispirdeba, samyaros Sesaqmes xSirad msoflio xis
aRmocenebac gvamcnobs. jerSeuqmneli, `afofinebuli~, `aSiSinebuli~ qaoturi

16
samyaros SuagulSi, centrSi _ `zRvis karze~ sicocxlis xea aRmocenebuli da
sakralurobis niSnad RvTaebrivi mironi swveTs, iseve rogorc xevsurul xmalas
alvis xes gamudmebiT swveTda mironi xevsurul andrezul xanaSi:

eli elavda, zRva fofinobda,

zRvis karze nedli xe idga,
zeTi sWvioda (gagulaSvili 1998: 143).

Selocvis sxva variantSic sicocxlis xe mironmdinaria:

eli elavda, zRva fofinobda

libanis xesa zeTi hdioda (gagulaSvili 1998:123).

mironmdinari sicocxlis xe `zRvis karzea~ aRmocenebuli. `zRvis kari~ samyaros

Suaguli, anu `zRvis Wipia~. samyaros Sesaqmemde aq qaosis RmerTi _ eli aris
damkvidrebuli . es adgili jergaucxadebeli `RvTis karic~ aris, raki sabolood
yvela RmerTi swored aq moiyris Tavs. aq mogvianebiT, kosmosis pirveli RmerTi, xari-
demiurgi daibadeba, rom samyaros pirveli Sesaqme ganaxorcielos. kidev ufro
mogvianebiT, ki aqve daibadeba mefe-demiurgic, igi samyaros kosmiuri da amasTanave,
socialuri centric unda gaxdes.
qaosisa da kosmosis brZolis, xaris, pirvelkacisa da zRvis moxvna-moTesvis,
mironmdinari sicocxlis xis epizodebiT qarTul SelocvebSi uZvelesi
kosmogoniuri miTosia gadmocemuli. qarTul SelocvebSi `Sesaqmis~ sxva ciklic
dasturdeba, magram misi wyaro ufro bibliuri gadmocemebia vidre arqauli
miTologemebi, amitom maTze aRar SevCerdebiT.

ƒ `momakvdavi qalRmerTisa~ da dualuri tyupi dis arqetipi

aboboqrebuli,aSiSinebuli qaoturi zRvis kosmogonias sxvagvari gagrZelebac

aqvs. Sesaqmis Teriomorfuli(zRvis urCxulTan brZola) modelidan
anTropomorful-matrialuri _ zRvis piras `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ modeli
viTardeba, sadac brZolis motivs msxverplSewirvis motivi enacvleba: zRvis piras
mSobiare qaosis ganmasaxierebeli qalRmerTi kosmosis pirveli RmerTis genitaliebs
ewireba ( msxverplSewirva, rogorc Sesaqmis aucilebeli elementi, kosmogoniis
Teriomorfuli modelis srul versiebSi gveleSapTan brZolaSi gamarjvebuli da
kosmosis Semoqmedi xaris msxverlSewirviT dasturdeba). momakvdavi qalRmerTi
qaosis mamri RmerTis _ elis RvTaebrivi mdedri, mewyvile SeiZleba iyos, romelic
iseve iRupeba, rogorc RmerTebis axal Taobas, sakuTar naSierebTan dapirispirebuli
da kosmosis, wesrigis dasamyareblad ganwvaluli yvela didi deda qalRmerTi
msoflio kosmogoniur sistemebSi (magaliTad, TiamaTi Suamdinarul kosmogoniaSi).
`aboboqrebuli zRvisa~ da `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ izomorfuli siuJeti
mravalvariantebad dasturdeba, erTis mxriv Selocvebis, xolo meores mxriv, Sromis
sasimRero repertuarSi Sesuli miTosur-poeturi Zeglebis saxiT. SedarebiT
srulyofilia Selocvis raWuli teqsti:

elo elenTa, melo melenTa

zRva SiSinobda, zRva fofinobda.
zRvisa pirasa karavi idga.
karavSi qali, zara exura.
zaras avwie, sami vakoce,
samma kocnama feri ucvala,
ferma nacvalma wigni daswera.
_ vis gavugzavnoT?
_ daviT nefesa.
daviT nefem gamogzavna Tavxa atlasi.
_ riTi gavrecxoT?
vercxlis wyliTa.
_ riTi gavaSroT?
_ niav-qariTa. (SioSvili 1994:105).

17
 Selocvis teqsts imeorebs miTologiuri leqsi ,,nestan-darejan’’, sadac
mSvenier qalRmerTs cnobili literaturuli personaJis saxeli Caenacvla, ambavi ki
miTosuri darCa: bunebis wiaRSi CaZinebuls, pir-saxeze daburuls, pir-saburavi
axades da sami kocniT `feri ucvales~ _

nestan-darejan
sad ras geZina?
_ mindvris bolosa.
_ zed ra gexura?
_ zari zarbabi.
movel, agxade,
sami gakoce,
samma kocnama
feri gicvala
ferma nacvalma
wigni daswera,
_ Sig ra Caswera?
_ qamxa atlasi.
_ vis gaugzavna?
_ daviT mefesa (kotetiSvili 1934: 202).

am bundovani teqstebis yvelaze arqauli kosmogoniuri siuJeti aWaraSi farTod

gavrcelebul `vai, Tu ieli ielobdaos~ leqsSia dadasturebuli, sadac RvTaebriv
qals tyupis cali dac moepoveba:

vai, Tu ieli ielobdao,

kidev zRvai xelobdao.
aba, gaRma-gamoRmiTa,
kidev karvebi idgao.
SiT mekarve qali iwva,
kidev pirze eburao.
aba, TeTri dolbandio,
kidev pirze avxadeo.
aba, erTi vakoceo,
vai, Tu erTi kocniTao,
kidev feri vuqcieo.
aba, orjer vakoceo,
kidev orjer kocniTao,
vai, Tu pirze avaZreo.
aba, samjer kocniTao,
vai, Tu sisxli vadineo.
aba, oTxjer vakoceo,
kidev oTxjer kocniTao,
vai, Tu suli avxadeo.
kidev misa nawolzeo,
aba, ia davTeseo,
ia vardad movidao.
dama dai dahpatiJa
margalitis sakrefelSi,
sakrefelad wvitia,
saqonelad didia (TavdgiriZe 2004:187).

rogorc leqsis Sinaarsidan vgebulobT, zRvis piras gaSlil karvebSi, `gaRmiT

da gamoRmiT~, cxovrobs ori RvTaebrivi da, romelTagan erT-erTi `kocniT~, anu
intimuri aqtiT iRupeba. saboloo kosmogoniuri suraTis aRsadgenad, anu qarTuli
kosmogoniuri miTosis invariantuli siuJetis misaRebad, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis
sxva nimuSebsac unda mivmarTod, romlebic calke, damoukideblad, gaugebar,
ukonteqsto poetur fragmentebs warmoadgenen da mxolod `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~
ciklSi SemotaniT, pouloben ra TavianT konkretul adgilmdebareobas, iZenen
logikur konteqsts. Sesabamisad, maTi semantikuri velic saerTo kosmogoniur
sistemaSi Tavsdeba. am TiTqosda `periferiuli~ teqstebidan irkveva, rom `kocnas~
anu intimur aqts RvTaebrivi qalis dafexmZimeba da vaJis dabadeba mohyveba. (amis

18
Semdeg leqsSi miTiur rZalTan _ TamarTan dakavSirebuli siuJeti iwyeba, romelic
Cven `avTandil gadinadiras~ leqsis transformirebul fragmentad migvaCnia
(TavdgiriZe 2004:157-158).
rogorc Cans, qalis `ferwasvla~ da `sulis axda~ genitaliuri procesebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. leqsis erT-erTi varianti sikvdilis obieqtis SecvliT (am
SemTxvevaSi axalSobilia da ara qalRmerTi) sxva _ kosmogoniuri intronizaciis
siuJetur xazss aviTarebs, romlis paradigmul mniSvnelobaze Cven cota mogvianebiT
visaubrebT:

eo,meo, maisuraZeo,
maisuraZis karebze Cavikakaneo.
sami patarZali vnaxe, erTsa vakoceo.
iman ro feri icvala,
ferma nacvalma wigni daswera,
vis gaugzavna? _ daviT mefesa.
daviT mefe Sin ar daxvda,
saydars ukan flamso,
zed ori xe amosula,
soWiviTa dgaso.
vardi damikrefiao, WurSi Camiteniao,
Wuri aduRebulao, qali akivlebulao.
qalsa vaJi gasCenia, mamas gaxarebia,
mama gareT gamosula, biWi gaTavebula. (virsalaZe 1969:123).

tyupi da aqac dominirebs `sami patarZlis~ saxiT, romelTagan mxolod erTia

movlenaTa epicentrSi, danarCenebi siuJetis pasiur monawileebad rCebian.
`momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklSi Semodis kidev erTi unikaluri aWaruli
teqsti _ `dedoflis leqsi~, sadac araerTi kosmogoniuri motivi aris
deklamirebuli: RvTaebrivi qali _ `dedofali~, naxevrad zoomorfuli da naxevrad
vegetaciuria _ igi sicocxlis xesa da masze dabudebul kosmiur frinvels (qors)
ganasaxovnebs. qali fexmZimea da vaJis dabadebas ewireba. genitaliebisas daRupul
qal-RvTaebas sami tyupi da _ `dedoflebi~ dastirian:

guSin kvira dReso,

qori mejda xeso,
xesa, xesa raso?
libanozis qalso.
qalsa Svili Sobia,
Sobda vaJiSvilia,
ada, dedobilisa!
ada, mamobilisa!
ijda sasTumalsa:
sami dai dedoflebi
geiSliden Tmebsa:
_ dao, dao sisano,
TeTryirmizo, msuqano,
saiT Segatrialeben?
_ sianeTis karso.
sianeTi Sin rom ara,
vin gagiRebs karso,
saiT miwas gagiTxrian? (asmxf, №518,1962)

samwuxarod es leqsic fragmentulia, Tumca leqsis saerTo kosmogoniuri

xasiaTi da mizanmimarTuleba am nawilidanac Cans (teqstis detaluri ganxilva ix.:
TavdgiriZe 2004:47-53 ). `dedoflis leqsis~ momakvdavi qali `libanozis~ _
sicocxlis xis anTropomorfuli ipostasia. mironmdinari sicocxlis xe _ libanozi,
rogorc vnaxeT, Selocvebis `aboboqrebul-aSiSinebuli zRvis~ kosmogoniur
siuJetSic monawileobs. qalis vegetaciur sawyiss win zoomorfuli sawyisi uswrebs.
misi metamorfozuli transformacia zoomorfulidan vegetaciuramde
TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeba: igi Tavdapirvelad xis wverze Semomjdari qoria,
Semdeg Tavad xe gardaisaxeba da `libanozis qalad~ mogvevlineba. es is RvTaebrivi

19
qali unda iyos, romelsac cnobili samonadireo-saferxulo leqsi `qalsa vismes~ _
`SroSans~ uwodebs. romlis beWedze lebanozis xis msgavsi sicocxlis xis
ganmasaxierebeli naZvi aRmocendeba; xolo xis kenweroze qori budes gaikeTebs da
margalitis kvercxebs gamoCeks. qoris `dayrili~ margalit-kvercxebi kidev erT
miTologiur leqsSi gaielvebs:

qorma frTebi gaSala,

dayara margalitebi,
erTi me avitaceo,
erTi ki _ Cemma dobilma. (virsalaZe 1964: 71).

miTosuri metafora cxadyofs, rom qoris `dayrili margalitebi~ kosmiur

SuagulSi pirvelwinapari qalisagan (didi deda qalRmerTisagan) araCveulebrivi
vaJis _ kosmosis pirveli RmerTis, pirveli demiurgis dabadebas moaswavebs. Tavad
mSobeli ki iRupeba, romelsac tyupiscali debi dastirian, tiriliT asxamen xotbas
da `sisans~ uwodeben. ras niSnavs `sisani~? momakvdavi qalis romeli RvTaebrivi
aspeqti aris gamoxatuli amgvari sakraluri metsaxeliT? _ `sisani~ sosan-yvavils
unda niSnavdes (sosani yanebSi aRmocenebuli mowiTalo-iisferi yvavilia). yvavil-
qali sosani miTosuri tyupiscalia qali-SroSanisa. isini zoomorfuli sawyisiTac
enaTesavebian erTurTs, roca qoradqceulni margalitis kvercxebs `yrian~.
Cvens mier warmodgenili kosmogoniuri miTosis fragmentebi, romlebic
Selocvebis, Sromis, samonadireo, sagazafxulo-saferxulo da sxva JanrebSi aris
mimobneulni, qarTuli miTosuri Sesaqmis anTropomorfuli modelis invariantul
saxes aRadgenen. misi sruli suraTi amgvarad gamoiyureba:
gamZvinvarebuli zRvis SuagulSi (`zRvis karze~) sicocxlis xea
aRmocenebuli,romelsac RvTaebrivi mironi Camosdis. xis kenweroze samsknelovani
kosmiuri frinvelia dabudebuli, romelic kosmosis `nawilebs~ (samyaros kvercxebs)
afrqvevs qaotur dausabamobaSi. qaoturi zRvis Suagulis sxvadasxva mxares tyupi
debi (ori an sami) damkvidrebulan, romelTagan mxolod erT-erTs Seswevs
mSobiarobis _ samyaros Sesaqmis unari. RvTaebrivi qali qaotur zRvasTan
mSobiarobs _ igi sakuTari wiaRidan badebs kosmosis pirvel RmerTs _ pirvel
demiurgs, Tavad ki msxverplad ewireba am Sesaqmes: misi ganwvaluli sxeulis nawilebi
qoris dayrili `margalitis kvercxebiviT~, wylidan aRmocenebuli xmeleTis,
kosmosis nawilebad gadaiqceva.
amgvaria `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTosi, romelic
Sesaqmis Teriomorfuli modelis paralelurad, an cota mogvianebiT SeiZleba
warmoSobiliyo. qarTuli matrialuri kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modeli
mxolod nawilobriv uaxlovdeba ganviTarebul miTologiebSi dadasturebul
kosmogoniur sistemebs. igi ufro arqaul, dualur kosmogoniur struqturasTan
amJRavnebs genetikur siaxloves. amitom dominirebs siuJetSi tyupi debis motivi
mudmivad. `momakvdavi qalis~ `qalRmerTad~ gamocxadeba pirobiTia: igi arc
klasikuri tipis qalRmerTia da arc pirvelwinapari qali. misi miTosuri statusi
raRac `gardamavali~ struqturuli safexuris (`RmerTqali~) daSvebas moiTxovs.
aqeTken teqstebSi fiqsirebul terminologiur erTeulTa miTosuri semantikac
gvibiZgebs: marTalia, `momakvdavi qali~ arqaul-dualuri msofxedvelobrivi
datvirTvis mqone tyupi debis TanxlebiT aris warmodgenili, igi, Tavis tyup debTan
erTad ganviTarebul miTologiebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qalRmerTis statusis
(Sesabamisad funqciis) matarebeli cnebebiT _ `patarZlebi~, `dedoflebi~ _ aris
aRniSnuli.
tyupi dis siuJeti uZvelesia da pirvelyofili sazogadoebis dualuri
msofxedvelobidan iRebs saTaves. dualuri miTebi TiTqmis yovelTvis
dakavSirebulia arqauli sazogadoebis uZvelesi formis _ dualuri fratrialuri
organizaciebis warmoSobasTan, miTebic Sesabamisad, sociogoniuria. a. zolotarevis
dakvirvebiT, Tuki dualuri miTebi tyupi Zmebis motivzea agebuli, maSin dualur-
fratrialur Tematikas SeiZleba win uswrebdes kosmogoniuri motivebi, an am
ukanasknelma saerTodgandevnos sociogonia (zolotarevi 1964:176). s. tolstovis
azriT, dualuri tyupebis miTosi Caenacvla matriarqatul-genealogiur miTs or
pirvelwinapar qalze, romlebic Tavis mxriv amoizarda ori totemis warmodgenebidan
(tolstovi 1948:288). qarTuli `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklSi saqme gvaqvs arqauli

20
dualuri kosmogoniidan ganviTarebul kosmogoniur sistemaze gadasvlis
gardamaval safexurTan. amitom tyupi debi mTlianad kosmogoniuri, da ara
`matriarqatul-genealogiuri ori pirvelwinapari qalis~ funqiiT gamodian. aseT
`gardamaval~ safexurze arc zolotarevis mier pirvelyofilur miTebze gakeTebuli
SeniSvna gavrceldeba,rom kosmogoniuri motivebi mxolod tyup Zmebs SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes. Tavad kosmogoniuri motivebi ki (Tu ki maT wavawydebiT
pirvelyofil miTebSi), mTeli Tavisi kosmogoniuri struqturiTa da Sinaarsobrivi
birTviT, yovelgvar zRvars Slis arqaul da ganviTarebul miTologiebs Soris.
kosmogoniuri eskizis Tanaxmad, romel miTologiur sistemasac ar uda ekuTvnodes
(arqauls Tu ganviTarebuls), demiurgis, kosmosis pirveli RmerTis dabadebis aqtSi,
misi mSobeli dedis msxverplSewirva fataluri miTosuri realobaa. CrdiloeT
amerikuli irokezuli tomebis kosmogoniuri miTi cnobilia ormuzdisa da arimanis
(iranuli kosmogonia) miTTan msgavsebiT. irokezul miTSic tyupebis mSobeli deda
iRupeba(zolotarevi 1964:124). zogierT arqaul miTSi Tavad tyupi Zmebi gamodian
mSobeli dedis mkvlelebad(iqve). dedis mokvlis motivi marduqis mier TiamaTis
gangmirvis babilonur kosmogoniaSi meordeba. igive motivs vxvdebiT amiranis
eposSic. z.kiknaZis interpretaciiT, `Tqmulebas aRar axsovs, rom gveleSapi amiranis
dedaa, _ am stadiaze igi, urCxulad qceuli, kacobriobis mteria, romelsac
gamudmebiT ebrZvian epiuri gmirebi~ (kiknaZe 1979: 105). amiranis eposis Sesavali
epizodi _ dalis mSobiaroba kldis wverze da qalRmerTis sikvdili, imeorebs
Sesaqmes. Sesaqme meordeba Semdgomac _ Sav gveleSad qceuli qalRmerTis
gangmirvisas. eposis osuri varianti yvelaze axlos dgas kosmogoniur miTosTan. aq
movlenebi alpuri zonis nacvlad zRvis, wylis SemogarenSi viTardeba. amiranis deda
wylis qalia, romelsac klavs boroti suli. fexmZime qalis muclidan ki tyupi Zmebi
amohyavT, romelTagan erT-erTi amirania da zRvaSi, dedis wiaRSi izrdeba
(meletinski 1963:66).
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli folkloris sxvadasxva JanrSi
fragmentulad warmodgenili tyupi disa da zRvis piras mSobiare `momakvdavi qalis~
siuJeti, romelic dualuri msoflmxedvelobidan aRmocenda da axali, ufro
ganviTarebuli kosmogoniuri sistemebisaken gaikvlia gza, odesRac erT mTlian
kosmogoniur miToss warmoadgenda. iqneb swored `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ miTosi
udevs safuZvlad uZveles lazur dResaswauls, romelsac `momakvdavi dResaswauli~
ewodeba da romlis ritualsac saRamo xans mzis Casvlisas mosaxleobis zRvaSi
masiuri Casvla-ganbanva warmoadgens. `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ miTi `momakvdavis
dResaswaulTan~ erTad uZveles qarTul kosmogoniur miTo-ritualur models qmnis,
romelic mudmivad aRadgens im `sawyis~ miTiur dros, romelSic momakvdavi
qalRmerTis wiaRidan kosmosis pirveli gmiris _ demiurgis, dabadeba da kosmosis
Sesaqme ganxorcielda. `momakvdavis~ cikli Tavisi demiurgis (yvela cikls Tavisi
demiurgi hyavs. gveleSapisa da xaris uZveles ciklSi demiurgis funqciiT xaris
anTropomorfuli ipostasi wm.giorgi gamodis) saxelsac gvamcnobs SefarviT. igi
poetur teqstebSi mudmivad moxseniebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis
simbolo _ daviT mefea, istoriul realiebs mowyvetili, mefe-demiurgis ukve
ganyenebuli miTosuri saxe. mefe-demiurgis samyaros centrSi dabadebisa da misi
sakraluri intronizaciis kosmogonia kidev erT kosmogoniur miTo-ritualur
models ayalibebs qarTul miTosur sivrceSi.

samyaros centrSi kosmosis RmerTis _ mefe-demiurgis dabadebis arqetipi

`miTiuri dro~ da `miTiuri sivrce~ droisa da sivrcis is monakveTia, sadac

qaoturi wyvdiadidan samyaros, kosmosis Sesaqme xorcieldeba. amitom es is dro da
adgilia, sadac urCxulebrivi dedis ganwvaluli wiaRidan kosmosis pirveli gmiri _
demiurgi ibadeba. es is dro da sivrce, sadac momavalSi qveynis uzenaesni, mefeni
daibadebian, rom kosmiur da socialur centrad moevlinon samyaros da miTiuri dro
da sivrce Tavisi samefos farglebSi SemosazRvron; TavianT mikrokosmoss uxilavi
galavani Semoavlon, riTic gamijnaven danarCeni samyarosagan, rogorc ucxo da
qaoturi `garesagan~ (istoria realur, xilvad kedelsac adasturebs Cinuri kedlis
saxiT, romelic maTi samefos samyaros Suagulad warmodgenis miTosur gancdas

21
ukavSirdeba.).mefe Tavisi samefoTi kosmosis RmerTis pirdapiri memkvidrea. man,
rogorc miTiuri droidan mosulma gmirma, `sawyisis drois~ yvela kosmogoniuri
movlena, sakraluri tituli da atributi imemkvidra: samefo gvirgvinis
brwyinvaleba, elvareba _ `melami~ xdis mas RvTaebaTa Tanasworad `meufebis melami
(aqad. `melam SarruTi~) rqadasxmuli gvirgvinis Tu tiaras sinonimia; masSia moqceuli
RvTaebis mTeli Zala da avtoriteti. es niSania, romliTac RmerTi RmerTobs~ (kiknaZe
1979: 90). gvirgvinis wriuloba mefis Zalauflebas qveynierebis oTxiv mxares
ganavrcobs, rasac emateba gvirgvinis qimebi _ rqebi, rac mefes, erTis Tavis
winamorbed gveleSapTan mebrZol xar-demiurgTan aigivebs, da meores mxriv, samyaros
RerZis _ im calrqa xaris erTaderTi rqis funqciasac aniWebs, romelzec samyaroa
dafuZnebuli (Suamdinaruli kosmogonia mefes mudmivad aigivebs `gareul xarTan~
(kiknaZe 1979: 190). samyaros RerZis funqcias mefes kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi
atributi _ kverTxi aniWebs: `kverTxi _ cis RerZi; kverTxi _ RerZi ciuri saxlisa.
fesvi misi wyvdiadi, wveri misi ciuri tabla~ (beriaSvili... 2001: 35) _ vkiTxulobT
erT sumerul himnSi. samyaros RerZis ganmasaxierebeli kverTxis pyrobiT mefe Tavad
eqceva samyaros vertikaluri da horizontaluri wyobis centrSi, misi samefo ki,
makrokosmosis amqveyniur xats _ mikrokosmoss SemosazRvravs. `samefo-kosmosis~
mkveTrad SemosazRvrul, Caketil `Sina-sivrces~ esazRvreba da mudmivad
upirispirdeba am sivrcis miRma darCenili mTeli `gare-sivrce~ — qaotis bunebis
matarebeli, romelic `Sina-sivrceSi~ SemoRwevis mudmivmolodinSia. `qaosis
mobrunebis~ yovelT mcdeloba mefe-demiurgis mieraa aRkveTili, rogorc xari-
demiurgis mier Sesaqmis mravaljeradi ganmeorebadoba.
mefe-demiurgis `demiurguli~ sawyisi da RvTaebrivi meufeba, romelic Sesaqmis
mudmiv ganmeorebadobas uzrunvelyofs, samefo `melamisa~ da kosmiuri atributebis
garda, intronizaciisas ganxorcielebul `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ miTo-ritualur-
magiuri qmedebebiT aris gamyarebuli. `xelmwifis taxtze ayvanis dros kosmogonia
meordeboda. bolodroindeli interpretaciis mixedviT, indoeli mefis kurTxeva
samyaros aRdgenas Seicavda. marTlac, ritualis sxvadasxva faza TanamimdevrobiT
asrulebda momavali mefis dapataravebas Canasaxovan mdgomareobamde, erT wels mis
muclad yofnas da kosmokratorad mis mistiur axladSobas. mas erTdroulad
aigivebdnen prajapatisTan (yovlis Semoqmedi) da kosmosTan~ (eliade 2000; eliade
1993). fidjisa da viti-levus aborigenebSi intronizacias samyaros Seqmna ewodeba,
amasTanave Sesaqmis aqti aRiniSneba sagangebo terminiT _ mhuli vanua an tuli
vanua, rac iSifreba, rogorc `miwis damuSaveba~ an `miwis mowyoba~ (eliade 1998: 29).
intronizaciis ritualSi Soba, dabadeba uSualo kavSirSia sikvdilis miTosur
gancdasTan. mefis dapataravebis rituali mas kidev ufro ukan _ embrionamdel
mdgomareobaSi _ sikvdilis fazaSi gadaiyvans. `sikvdilis faza~ _ `sawyis~, `miTiur
dros~ Seesabameba da xelaxali dabadeba-Sesaqme mxolod am gansacdelis, iniciaciis,
sikvdilis miTosur-ritualuri imitirebis gavlis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.
`gandobis~ ritualebSi neofitis `sikvdili~ niSnavs mis dabrunebas embrionul
ndgomareobaSi. es dabruneba ar aris wminda fiziologiuri wyobis, aramed, Tavisi
arsiT kosmogoniuria. igi gulisxmobs droebiT dabrunebas Ramisa da sibnelis
virtualur, kosmiur wyobaSi, rasac mosdevs ganmeorebiT dabadeba _ samyaros
dabadeba sazeimod(eliade 2002: 95).
amitom kosmiuri wyobis SenarCunebis miTo-ritualuri meqanizmi yvela
SemTxvevaSi `sawyisTan dabrunebis~gziT sikvdilze `gadis~. amgvari struqturuli
wyoba garkveul miTosur qronologias efuZneba: kosmosis RmerTis dabadebas win
uswrebs misi mSobeli qalRmerTis momakvdinebeli genitaliebi (`momakvdavi
qalRmerTis~ miTosi), ris logikur gagrZelebasac ukve axalSobili demiurgis
sikvdili warmoadgens. mefe-demiurgi dabadebisTanave ar kvdeba. sikvdili mas
intronizaciis ritualisas eufleba, romlis drosac igi `dapataravebul~,
`axalSobilad qceul~ da kidev ukan: embrionulsa da embrionamdel _ sikvdilis
fazaSi yofnis mdgomareobas iWers, rom samyaros centrSi sicocxlis xesTan kvlavac
ganaxorcielos Sesaqme.
amgvarad Tematizirebuli mefe-demiurgis miTosuri saxe, samyaroSi iseve iWers
uzenaesi RmerTis adgils, rogorc uzenaesi RmerTi gvevlineba mefis socialuri
statusis matareblad. mefisa da RvTaebis miTosuri substancia Tvisobrivad
izomorfulia. `mefis~ miTosuri semantika yovelTvis gulisxmobs mis Sesatyvisobas

22
RmerTTan, romelic SeiZleba iyos mkvdari da aRmdgari. es semantika yvelaze ukeT
warmoCenilia egviptur kulturaSi, sadac yoveli faraoni gvevlineba mzis RvTaebad,
romelmac droebiT miiRo RmerTkacis saxe (freidenbergi 1997: 70).faraoni aris
zecac da sikvdilic. diodores sityviT, egviptis pirveli mefe iyo mze. mkvdari
faraoni iWers mziuri RmerTis zeciur taxts (iqve). amitom `mefis~ miTosuri
semantika moicavs metaforul warmodgenas zecaze, mzesa da sikvdilze(iqve). amitom
aris mudmivad astralizebuli (mzisa da mTvaris monawileobiT) momavali mefis _
`batoniSvilis~ dabadeba (da sikvdilic) qarTul miTologiur poeziaSic; dabadebas
ki mudmivad axlavs axalSobilis sikvdilis molodini. qarTuli miTo-ritualuri
mzis sagalobeli `mze Sina~, mnaTobis sulieri ipostasis _ mzis RmerTisa da mziuri
mefe-demiurgis dabadebas unda gvauwyebdes, romelic uciloblad vaJia, rogorc
taxtis memkvidre. sagalobeli RvTaebrivi gmiris dabadebas mziuri sawyisis
emanaciiT gvamcnobs, romelic samyaros `Sina~_ kosmiur sivrceSi unda
ganxorcieldes da mTeli danarCeni `gare~ samyarosagan gaimijnos, Sesabamisad
teqstSic ori mze: mze-Sinasi da mze-garesi aris warmosaxuli: `mze Sina da mze gareTa,
mze Sin Semodio~. msgavsi SeZaxili mohyva kosmosis pirveli RmerTis marduqis
dabadebas Suamdinarul kosmogoniaSi, sadac anTropomorfuli elementebi imTaviTve
aris deklamirebuli. qarTul sagalobelSi ki, `mzis Ze~ kosmogoniuri gancdis sruli
astralizaciis Semdeg gamoCndeba. `mar SamSi, SamSu Sa Same~ / `Zeo mzisav, mzeo cisav!~
_ mimarTaven marduqs. z. kiknaze am striqonTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom ase unda
dawyebuliyo himni pirvelamobrwyinebuli mzisadmi (kiknaZe 1979: 85). miTosSi `mzis
TanxlebiTa~ da mziuri niSniT ibadeba yvela araCveulebrivi gmiri, romelmac
samyaroSi demiurguli aqtebi unda ganaxorcielos.
qarTul mzis sagalobelSi mefe-demiurgis dabadebas movlenaTa msvlelobis
adgilis _ miTosuri sivrcis gansazRvra uswrebs _ Soba samyaros centrSi,
sicocxlis xesTan xorcieldeba:

mze Sinao, mze Sinao, mze Sin Semodio,

mzisasa da mTvarisasa, mze Sin Semodio,
iagundis maranSia
mina dgas da lali Wvirso.
Sig alvis xe amosula,
iadoni mxarsa Sliso,
mze dawva da mTvare Soba,
Cvenc vaJi dagvbadebia,
duSmansa qali hgonia... (qarTuli 1972: 172).

`duSmani~ _ qaoturi Zalaa, qalis dabadeba mis aqtualizacias gamoiwvevs, raki

Tavad qali aris xTonuri substanciis matarebeli. vaJis dabadeba ki, yovelgvar
qaotur gamovlinebaTa alagmvis sawindaria. Sesaqmis ganxorcielebac am miTosur-
msofmxedvelobriv etapze mxolod mamri-demiurgis, rogorc koronaciasTan
(//kosmogoniasTan ) dakavSirebuli mefe-demiurgis prerogativaa.
`Zis Sobis~ ciklis qarTuli Selocvebis teqstebi ufro arqaulia da
`momakvdavis~ ciklis msgavsad, dualur msofmxedvelobriv struqturas efuZneba,
romelSic axalSobils tyupiscalebic moepoveba:

nislo, nislo, eiyare,

cxra mTas iqiT, cxra gorasa.
Seni qali avaT ari,
tyupi Svili yolia.
erTi kai da erTi gonji.
Rele-Rele Seiare,
kopi wyali uutane.
male exval, mogirCeba
gvian exval, mogikvdeba. (SioSvili 1994: 225).

RvTaebrivi tyupebi aqac samyaros SuagulSi ibadebian. mxolod samyaros

vertikaluri modelis centrs (sicocxlis xe) teqstSi horizontaluri modelis
centri enacvleba (`cxra mTas iqiTa~ mxare).

23
 Selocvis sxva teqsti, romelic `yvavil-batonebisadmia~ gankuTvnili, aseve
warmoaCens axalSobilis RvTaebriv, astralur warmomavlobas; igi `batoniSvilia~,
ufliswulia, anu `dapataravebuli~ mefe:

am batonebis dedasa, iav naninao!

udgia oqros akvani, vardo naninao!
Sig uwevT batoniSvili, iav naninao!
usxiaT oqros qoCori, vardo naninao!
atlasis sabani hxuravs, iav naninao!
sar-babTisa artaxebiT, vardo naninao!
movis perangi ucviaT, iav naninao!
mTvare grexilad uvliaT, vardo naninao!
varskvlavi RilaT ubiaT, iav naninao!
lalis CanCuxa ubiaT, vardo naninao! (SioSvili 1994: 201).

`batoniSvili~, rom samyaros SuagulSi wevs, amas teqstSi moulodnelad

gamoCenili sicocxlis xis kosmiuri xati gvamcnobs:

`iagundis maranSia, iav naninao!

Rvino sdgas da lali sWviso, vardo naninao!
Sig alvis xe amosula, iav naninao!
totebi aqvs nargiziso, vardo naninao!
zed bulbuli Semomjdara, iav naninao!
Sevardeni frTasa Sliso, vardo naninao~! (SioSvili 1994: 202).

akvanSi mwolare `batoniSvili~ rom sneulebaTa gamomwvevi yvavil-batoni ar

aris, misi aRwerilobidan, sakraluri atributikidan Cans, sadac oqros akvnisa da
oqros qoCris paralelurad (mziuri RmerTis niSnebi), mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs
astralur aspeqts (`grexili mTvare~, `varskvlavis Rili~). Selocvebis batoniSvili
ufro im batoniSvils enaTesaveba, romelic aseve sicocxlis xesTan yofierobs fSav-
xevsurTa andrezul samyaroSi:

Cvenis batonis karzeda

xe alvad amosulao,
wverad mausxam yurZeni
saWmelad Camasulao (qarTuli 1972: 115 ).

oqros akvanSi mwolare batoniSvili samyaros centrSi, sicocxlis xesTan

daibada, raki aqve dgas misi oqros akvani, romelsac iseve unda arwevdnen kosmiuri
frinvelebi (am konkretul SemTxvevaSi bulbuli da Sevardeni), rogorc beTlemis
wminda gamoqvabulSi arwevdnen mtredebi RvTaebrivi yrmis oqros akvans (esec fSav-
xevsurTa andrezul yofaSi). masSi TiTqos `dapataravebuli~, `axalSobilad qceuli~
RvTiSvili wevs. rogorc z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs: `is TiTqos unda warmosaxavdes
RvTiSvilis Sobis maradiul xats da arasodes gasula beTlemis qvabidan~ (kiknaZe
1985: 59). sicocxlis xesTan batoniSvilis oqros akvanic samyaros centrSi mefe-
demiurgis Sobis kosmogoniis maradiuli xatia, romelic arasodes wamomdgara oqros
akvnidan, raki, oqros akvani _ Suagulis kidev erTi gansaxovneba, misTvis Sobis
adgilic aris da sikvdilisac. amitom dgas oqros akvani RvTaebrivi yrmiTurT
bazaleTis tbis Ziras xalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT. es ukve tbis Ziras damarxuli
RvTaebis xatia, rom isev tbidan daibados (iseve rogorc RvTiSvili iaxsari Caimarxa
abudelauris tbaSi da Semdeg mtrediviT amoRuRunda iqedan ). tba im qaotur wylebs
gamoxatavs, romelic miTosSi xSirad zRvis stiiqiiT aris warmosaxuli da sadac
samyaros Suaguli amoiburcveba sicocxlis xesTan erTad. Selocvis teqstebSi mas
`zRvis kari~ ewodeba. aseT sakralur tbebs `zRvis narCenebs~ uwodeben aWaraSi da
mravalgan miuTiTeben. isini yovelTvis maRal mwvervalebze _ TavianTi
arsebobisaTvis yvelaze antipodur adgilas yofieroben. am tbebs aWaraSi `wmindanTa
saflavebs~ uwodeben (TavdgiriZe,2005: 189). `wmindanis saflavi tbaSi~ an `zRvis
narCenSi~ sikvdilis gzis gavliT sawyisidan kvlavdasabadeblad gamzadebuli
RvTaebis xatia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom aWaraSi micvalebulis kubos `akvans~ eZaxian,
xolo axalSobils Tavdapirvelad `xoCiCSi~ awvenen, romelsac navis forma aqvs,

24
rogorc simbolo RvTaebrivi yrmis dausabamo wylebidan kosmiuri `wylis xomaldiT~
moyvanisa. amgvari miTosuri tradiciebi TavisTavad atarebs sikvdilis gziT
sicocxlisaken kvlavSemobrunebis ideas. amgvar kubo-akvnebSi unda iwvnen tbis Ziras
`wmindanebi~, RvTaebebi.
amgvari sikvdilis molodinSia sicocxlis xesTan Sobili batoniSvili
Selocvebis teqstebSi. axalSobilis mosalodnel sikvdils `mamis aryofna~
gansazRvravs. `mamis aryofna~ dasturdeba `mze Sinas~ sagalobelSic (`vaJis mama Sin
ar aris, mzev Sin Semodio...~). `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklSic axalSobili `mamis
aryofnis~ gamo iRupeba: `qalsa vaJi gasCenia, mamas gaxarebia, / mama gareT gamosula,
biWi gaTavebula~ (virsalaZe 1969: 123). `mamis aryofna~ gansakuTrebuli kosmiuri
mdgomareobaa, romelic umniSvnelovanes kosmogoniur movlenebs gansazRvravs.
amitom igi SelocvaTa magiuri zemoqmedebiT sagangebod idevneba. gamodis, rom
axalSobilis gardacvaleba windawin aris provocirebuli, rogorc xelaxali
dabadebis maprovocirebeli kosmogoniuri aqti.
vin aris axalSobilis mama, romlis `aryofnac~ umniSvnelovanes kosmogoniur
movlenebs aRZravs samyaroSi? davakvirdeT Selocvis teqsts:

nislo, nislo, eiyare,

cxra mTas iqiT, cxra gorasa
Seni qali avaT ari... (SioSvili 1994:225).

amgvari magiuri teqstiT xSirad nislis garda qarsac mimarTaven:

qaro adeqi, Cadeqi,

Sensa mzesa miadeqi !
Sensa colsa mariamsa
hyolebia sami Svil
erTi _ koWli, erTi _ bruciani,
erTi yvelaze kargi,
romelic kargi yofila,
is ki avad yolia,
adre Caxval, mogirCeba,
gvian Caxval, mogikvdeba (SioSvili 1994: 229).

an kidev:

avardi qaro, Cavardi,

Sen budeSi Cavardi.
Seni coli osulia (SioSvili 1994: 230).

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom nisli, qari, an bunebis romelime sxva stiqia

(romelsac mogvianebiT astraluri aspeqti Caenacvla) mSobiare qalis zeciuri
meuRle da axalSobilis mamaa. igi bunebis stiqiebis gamomwvevi qaosisa da tarosis
RvTaeba eli / elia unda iyos. swored is monawileobs kosmogoniaSi Tavisi qaoturi
aspeqtiT Tavis momakvdav meuRlesTan erTad. amitom elis kidev erTxel gamoCena
kosmogoniur siuJetSi moulodneli ar unda iyos. `qariSxlis Zed~ (marudu(q) _ `Ze
qariSxlisa~) iwodeba marduqic _ qaosTan mebrZolo kosmosis pirveli RmerTi
(Suamdinaruli kosmogonia), mas Semdeg rac brZolis win anu (cis RmerTi) Caabarebs mas
misTvis Seqmnil Svid qars (kiknaZe 1978:85). rogorc Cans, qaosTan sabrZolvelad
gmirisaTvis aucilebelia imave qaoturi, `qariSxliani~ substanciiT aRWurva.
Selocvis teqstis kosmogoniuri siuJeti tarosis RmerTs samyaros Soreul
nawilSi ganamwesebs. misi adgili samyaros zeciur centrSia _ `cxra mTasa da cxra
goras iqiT~ (samyaros horizontaluri wyobis SuagulSi), iqiT midenian mas magiuri
ritualebiT, raki misi zeciuri wylebi kosmosisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgens;
safrTxes warmoadgens misi kvlav-SerTva xTonuri wylebis qal-RvTaebasTan,
axalSobilis dedasTan. ca-mamrisa da miwa-mdedris SeerTeba samyaroSi `qaosis
mobrunebas~ moaswavebs, risi aRkveTac bunebis sxvadasxva stiqiebis ritualur-
magiuri gandevniT aris SesaZlebeli. amitom aris, rom miTs, ritualsa da magias
samyaroSi kosmosis SesanarCuneblad umniSvnelovanesi roli akisriaT.
zogadmiTosuri realiebis amgvari kosmologizmi gansazRvravs magiuri teqstebis,

25
Selocvebis ZiriTad birTvSi kosmogoniuri miTosuri motivebis mudmivobasa da
mdgradobas.
`zeciuri mama~ brundeba, magram _ sxva gziT. Selocvis teqstebi `mamis
dabrunebis~ mudmivmolodinSia. es ukve aRar iqneba `qaosis mobruneba~, aramed
piruku: _ es kosmosis RmerTis dabadebis, kvlavSesaqmis molodinia. mariuri
ritualebi uzrunvelyofen zeciuri mamis `dapataravebas~, es erTaderTi gzaa mis
dasabruneblad. zeciuri mama, mefe-demiurgi, sxva aravinaa Tu ara isev akvanSi
mwolare axalSobili yrma. igi sikvdilis gavliT mobrunebuli da `dapataravebulia~,
oqros akvanSi wevs da intronizaciisaTvis emzadeba, rom aq, alvis xesTan, samyaros
centrSi kvlavdakvlav ganaxorcielos Sesaqme. am `miTiur drosa~ da `miTiur
sivrceSi~ Tavis irgvliv Semoiyaros mTeli samyaro, Tavis intronizaciasTan erTad
ganaxlebuli kosmosi da Tavad iqces centrad, Suagulad, raki igi erTis mxriv,
rogorc kosmogoniis monawile, qveynis kosmiuri centria, xolo meores mxriv,
rogorc istoriuli drois Svili, Tavisi sociumis socialuri centric aris (amitom
ixsenieba axalSobili socialuri statusis gamomxatveli terminiT _ `batoniSvili~).
axla ki cxadia, `momakvdavi qalRmerTis~ ciklis erT nawilSi ratom gamoCndeba
sruliad moulodnelad daviT mefis saxeli. igi `dapataravebuli~, `mkvdari~
(`saydars ukan flamso~) mefe-demiurgia, ris utyuar niSans mis sakralur saflavze,
rogorc samyaros Suagul adgilze, sicocxlis xis aRmoceneba gvamcnobs:

daviT mefe Sin ar daxvda,

saydars ukan flamso,
zed ori xe amosula,
soWiviTa dgaso (virsalaZe 1969: 123).

misi ritualuri `sikvdili~ momakvdavi qalRmerTis wiaRidan mis

kvlavdabadebas, kvlavganaxlebas moaswavebs. daviTi, rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis
universaluri mefe, erTaderTi _ aRmaSeneblad, anu `Sesaqmis momqmedad~ wodebuli,
qarTul miTosur cnobierebaSi sicocxlis xesTan Sobil kosmosis pirvel RmerTs
Seesabameba da rogorc mefe-demiurgis miTosuri saxe, samyaros kosmogoniur-
socialuri centris adgils iWers.

***

amdenad, qarTul miTosSi warmodgenilia `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ sxvadasxva

kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modeli. siuJetis fragmentulobisa da bundovanebis
miuxedavad, xerxdeba zogadqarTuli, invariantuli kosmogoniuri sistemis aRdgena,
romelsac swored es miTo-ritualuri modelebi da kosmogoniuri arqetipebi
ayalibeben.
TiToeuli arqetipi teqstebSi farTovdeba an ikumSeba sxvadasxva doneebze,
Tumca yovelTvis `sawyisis arqetipebad~ da `sawyisis teqstebad~ rCeba. romel
JanrSic ar unda iCendnen Tavs, isini yovelTvis `magiurni~, yovelTvis `miTosurni~ da
yovelTvis `ritualurni~, erT saerTo kosmogoniur models axorcieleben.
funqciurad ki, `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ gziT, lokalurad, TavianT avtonomiur
sferoebs emsaxurebian: Selocvis SemTxvevaSi _ avadmyofis gankurnebas,
samonadireo-saferxulo simRerisas _ nadiris gamoxveWas, Sromis simRerisas _
mosavlianobis, nayofierebis moxveWas, saZeobo simRerisas _ `wulierebis momatebas~.
swored am calkeul sferoTa erTianoba qmnis kosmoss, rogorc mTels.

damowmebani:

beriaSvili... 2001: beriaSvili m., TorTlaZe z. saRvTo da samefo Zalauflebis simboloebi miTologiaSi.
kreb. `ena da kultura~, № 2, Tb.: 2001.
gagulaSvili 1998: gagulaSvili i. qarTuli xalxuri medicina. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1998.
dalaqiSvili 2001: dalaqiSvili l. istoriuloba da miTis maradiuli kvlavdabruneba. kreb. `ena da
kultura~. 2, Tb.: .2001.
eliade 1993: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. `iveria~. qarTul evropuli institutis Jurnali, № 2, Tbilisi-
briuseli: 1993.
eliade 1998: Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. Архетипи и повторяемость. М.:1998.
eliade 2000: Элиаде М Аспекты мыфа. М.: 2000.

26
eliade 2002: Элиаде М. Тайные общества.Обряды инициации и посвящения.. М.: 2002.
virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e. qarTuli samonadiro eposi. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1964.
virsalaZe 1969: virsalaZe e. qarTuli sagazafxulo-saferxulo poezia. kreb. qarTuli folklori, III, Tb.:
`mecniereba~, 1969.
zolotarevi 1964: Золотарев А. М. Родовой строй и первобытная мифология. М.: 1964.
TavdgiriZe 2004: TavdgiriZe x. aWaruli samonadireo miTosi. baTumi: `aWara~, 2004.
TavdgiriZe 2005: TavdgiriZe x. RvTiSvilTa andrezuli xanis arqetipi aWarul folklorSi. kriteriumi,
№13, Tb.: 2005.
Tandilava 1996: Tandilava z. wylis kulti da qarTuli folklori. baTumi: `aWara~,1996.
iungi 1991: Юнг К.Г. Архетип и символ. М.: 1991
kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe z. Suamdinaruli miTologia. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1979.
kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe z. qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema. Tb.: T su gamomcemloba, 1985.
kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. quTaisi: `saxelgami~, 1934.
levi-strosi 2001: Леви-Строс К. .М. Структурная антропология. М.: 2001.
miTebi 1998: Мифы Наровов Мира. Энциклопедия, т.1. М.: "Советская энциклопедия, 1998.
meletinski 1976: Мелетинский Е.М. Поэтика мифа. М.: 1976.
meletinski 1963: Мелетинский Е.М. Происхождение героического эпоса. М.: 1963.
nekludovi 1975: Неклюдов С.Ю. Статическте и динамические начала в пространственно-временной организации
повествователного фолъклора. Сб: Типологические исследования по фолклору М.: 1975.
propi 1946: Пропп В. Я. Исторические корни волшебной скаски. М.: 1946.
tokarevi 1962: Токарев С.А. Что такое мифология? Сб: Вопроси истории религии и атеизма. Т 10, М.:1962
tolstovi 1948: Толстов С.П. Древний Хорезм. М.: 1948.
freidenbergi 1978: Фрейдерберг О.М. Миф и литература древности. М.: 1978.
freidenbergi 1997: Фрейдерберг О.М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра. М.: 1997.
fuko 2004: fuko m. sityvebi da sagnebi. frangulidan Targmna d. labuCiZe-xoferiam. Tb.: `diogene~, 2004.
qarTuli... 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. 1, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1972.
SioSvili 1994: SioSvili T. (Semdgeneli). qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi. krebuli Seadgina da SeniSvnebi
daurTo T.SioSvilma. baTumi.: aWaris Jurnal-gazeTebis gamomcermloba, 1994.
canava 2001: canava r. miTis, ritualisa da magiis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis. kreb. ena da kultura. № 2,
Tb.: `logosi~, 2001.
haidegeri 1989: haidegeri m. yofiereba da dro. Tb.: 1989.

Semoklebani :

bskifa _ baTumis samecniero kvleviTi institutis folkloruli arqivi;

asmxf _ aWaris saxelmwifo muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi.

Khatuna Tavdgiridze

,,Mythical Age”, ,,Mythical Space” and ,,Returing To The Origin Of The Universe”

Sumamary

,,Returing To The Origin” is one of The fuctions of the myth, which in fact is homolojous with etiology,
whilst the etiology, as the main characteristic mark of myth is made sense of rather extensively.
,,The Myth of the Origin” makes us return tu the origin of the universe, tu the ,,mythical age” and it gives
us sacral-magic, vital power by participation in original events. Due tu its purposeful infiuence it is possible tu
achieve aims and rule over various spheres of the universe. ,,The Myth of the Origin” always repeat cosmology
models structurally, in spite of the variety of theme, as ,,cosmology myth is archetypal model of all kinds of the
Universe Origin”(M.Eliade).
,,The Myth of the Origin” is mainly declaimed by magic poetry in Georgian mythical space. It does not
lose its magic substance and purpose ness even then when it occurs in the texts of other genres(hanting,labour,
child-birth).
The cosmolojy rudiment of Georgian magic poetry (charm) which forms myth ritual models of ,,returning
tu the origin”, besides it makes it possible tu comprehend myth, ritual and magic in one context in the whole
which is main theme for definition of myth (According tu Social Antropologists of American Scools).
In Georgian Mithical space various cosmolology mythical-ritual models are carriedout.
In texts each cosmology archetype is expanded or reduced on different levels, although they always
remain archetypes of the universe origin and texts of universe origin.
They are always ,,magic”, always ,,mythical” and always ,,ritual” and they carry out common cosmology
archetype mythical-ritual model, but by their functions they serve their autonomous spheres by means of
,,returning to the universe origin”: in case of charm _ curing of the sick; in case of hunt singing _ summon the

27
wild animal; in case of labour singing – harvest and fertility gaining; in case of birth-giving songs they serve
reproduction of mankind; just the unity of these spheres create the Cosmos, as the whole.

28
 qeTevan sixaruliZe

evropa da kavkasia _ miTologiuri Studiebi

evropasa da kavkasias Soris kulturaTa gacvlis procesi Soreul warsulSi

iwyeba, magram qronologiuri CarCoebiT mas ver SemovsazRvravT, radgan es iyo
xangrZlivi da mravalmxrivi procesi, romelic aTaswleulebs moicavda.
geografiuli mdebareobisa da mdidari bunebrivi resursebis gamo Savi zRvis
regionis aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT nawils istoriam gansakuTrebuli
roli daakisra. am mxareSi Camoyalibda erTiani kulturuli garemo, romlis
dawinaurebas imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom aq aRmocenda miwaTmoqmedebisa da
metalurgiis erT-erTi uZvelesi kerebi. es aris sameurneo saqmianobis is ori sfero,
romlebic kacobriobis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebs warmoadgendnen. am
periodSi sameurneo saqmianoba da msoflmxedvelobrivi warmodgenebi sinkretul
mTlianobas Seadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, sameurneo saqmianobis maRali done, Tavis
mxriv, xels uwyobda ganviTarebuli miTologiur-religiuri sistemis
Camoyalibebas, rac aseve kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia.
aRniSnul regionSi arqeologiurad dafiqsirebulia sxvadasxva marcvleulis
jiSebi da xorblis saxeobebi, uZvelesi saxvnelebi da sxva samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRi,
marcvleulis Sesanaxi ormoebi, xorblis sasresi qvis iaraRi. aseve kulturul
mcenareTa saxelebis lingvisturi analizi mowmobs, rom kavkasielebi iyvnen erT-
erTi pirvelebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares miwaTmoqmedebas (bregaZe 2004: 100-
102), rasac adasturebs kavkasiis berZnuli saxeli _ georgia _ miwaTmoqmedTa
qveyana.
mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom evropaSi pirveli metalurgebi garedan
movidnen, romelTa Soris iyvnen kavkasielebi. amas mowmobs rogorc arqeologiuri
masala, ise liTonTa aRmniSvneli terminebi. xaTuri da qarTveluri enebidanaa
nasesxebi rkinisa da spilenZis saxelwodebebi, romlebic maTi mwarmoebeli tomebis
saxelebidan unda momdinareobdes (khalkos>khalubs = xalibebi; ha-walkina>kinos =
kianebis anu Wanebis tomi) (miqelaZe 1974: 117).
III aTaswleulidan moyolebuli centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis mTel rig
Zeglebze SeiniSneba mWidro urTierToba kavkasiis kulturebTan. evropis velebsa da
cirkumpontiumis evropul zonaSi vrceldeba amierkavkasiuri metalurgiuli
importi. amasTan, zogierTi brinjaos nivTis speqtrulma analizma aCvena, rom
liToni adgilobrivi warmoSobisaa, xolo forma da ieri amierkavkasiuri
(avaliSvili... 1999: 5). es imis maniSnebelia, rom adgili hqonda mosaxleobis, maT
Soris meliToneebis migracias kavkasiidan evropaSi, romlebsac profesiul
codnasTan erTad gahqondaT miTologiur-religiuri warmodgenebic.
kavkasiidan evropaSi kulturis difuzia sxvadasxva arxiT xdeboda, magram
maTSi mTavari gza, rogorc Cans, xmelTaSua zRvis auzsa da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze gadioda, romelmac garkveulwilad Sualeduri rgolis funqcia
Seasrula evropisa da Savi zRvis regionis sameurneo-kulturuli daaxloebis
TvalsazrisiT. mogvianebiT, Zveli welTaRricxvis VIII-VI saukuneebidan moyolebuli,
roca Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze berZnuli dasaxlebebi gaCnda, evropulma
kulturam intensiurad gaikvlia gza kavkasiisaken.
amjerad SevexebiT im miTologiuri saxeebs, romelTa SedarebiTi kvleva
TvalsaCinos xdis kavkasiasa da evropaSi mosaxle xalxTa urTierTobebs jer kidev
miTologiur-religiuri sistemebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, rodesac maT garkveul
tradiciebsac Cauyares safuZveli. erT-erTi aseTi saxea gveleSapi. igi gvelis
miTologiuri saxis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda, amitom zogierTi niSniTa da
funqciiT gvelis identuria. sayovelTaod cnobilia gmiris gveleSapTan brZolis
siuJeti, romlis mixedviT, gveleSapi boroti arsebaa da wylis stiqias ganagebs.
gveleSaps klavs gmiri, xSir SemTxvevaSi Weqa-quxilis RmerTi da kacobriobas ixsnis
daRupvisagan. es aris gvelTmebrZolobis miTis klasikuri modeli, romelic
SedarebiT gvian gaformda indoevropuli kulturis wiaRSi. mas win uZRoda ufro
Zveli, gansxvavebuli arqetipuli siuJeti, romlis fragmentebi Semoinaxa
kavkasiurma folklorma da mcireaziulma (xaTur-xeTurma) ritualebma. maTSi
gveleSapi mniSvnelovan miTosur saxes warmoadgenda, romelic baraqianobas

29
ganasaxierebda da samyaros SemakavSirebel funqcias asrulebda. Tavisi biografiis
pirvel nawilSi gveleSapi, rogorc wylis stiqiis gansaxiereba, sicocxlis
momniWeblad iTvleboda. igi demiurgis niSnebs atarebda da Tayvaniscemis obieqtic
iyo, risi rudimentebic SemorCa amindis marTvisa da nayofierebis gamoTxovis
ritualebSi. rogorc CrdiloeTkavkasiuri, ise qarTveluri eTnografiul-
folkloruli masala adasturebs kavkasiaSi wylis kultis arsebobas. wyals
ulocavdnen axal wels, mihqondaT ZRveni, warmoTqvamdnen locvas (oCiauri 1975,
makalaTia 1987). aseve adgili hqonda mTebTan masobriv msvlelobas da
msxverplSewirvas, iq arsebul megaliTur ZeglebTan locvas, raTa gamoeTxovaT
wvima da, Sesabamisad, mieRoT nayofiereba. TavisTavad wylis Tayvaniscema, iseve
rogorc mTisa, logikas moklebulia. cxadia, rom am ritualebis adresati iyo wylisa
da amindis gamgebeli, is, visi samflobeloc iyo mTa da vinc ganagebda wylis stiqias,
anu gveleSapi.
gveleSapi sinkretul arsebadaa daxatuli, romelsac veSapis (didi Tevzis)
sxeuli aqvs gvelis kudiTa da frTebiT. am atributebis semantika avlens gveleSapis
kavSirs miwasTan, wyalsa da casTan, rac miTosis enaze yvela am sferosTan
dakavSirebuli codnis flobas niSnavs. amgvar mniSvnelobas xazs usvams kavkasiur
folklorSi miTiTebuli gveleSapis mdgomareoba: igi wevs mTis mwvervalze
napralTan da gaiazreba, rogorc sami samyaros xiluli sazRvari da SemakavSirebeli.
amave dros gveleSapi xTonuri arsebaa, miwis Svili da pirvelyofil Zalebs
naziarebi. igi gansakuTrebul codnas flobs da amitom mWidrod ukavSirdeba
mantikis (mkiTxaobisa da winaswarmetyvelebis) sferos. es Tvisebebi mas
memkvidreobiT ergo gvelis miTosuri saxisgan. Tavis sibrZnesa da Zalas gveleSapi
gadascemda mis mier gamozrdil gmirs. qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi gveleSapis mier
dasaCuqrebulni arian gmirebi _ meqobauri da qalundauri, magram arqetipuli
siuJetis epizodebi ukeT aris Semonaxuli TorRvas ambavSi. TorRva Zaganis Ze
nadirobisas Cavarda mTis napralSi. igi daRupvas gveleSapma gadaarCina, romelmac
gamokveba da magiuri damcavi jaWvis perangi aCuqa, ramac TorRva uZleveli gaxada.
yabardoeli maSuka da yaraCaeli Sauai bavSvobidan moxvdnen yinulovani
mwvervalis napralSi, sadac gveleSapi alokinebda qvas (an natvris Tvals), Tavisi
rZiT gamozarda da araCveulebrivi Zala mianiWa aRzrdils. es motivi Semdgom
gaxmianda gvelismWamelis Tqmulebebsa da evropis xalxTa jadosnur zRaprebSi
(gvelis xorcis mWamel personaJebs esmiT yvela suldgmulis ena). gveleSapi Tavis
aRzrdils saCuqrad aZlevda jaWvis perangs _ saomar aRWurvilobas, romlis
wyalobiT is uvnebeli xdeboda. garda amisa, gmirs beWebze gamoesaxeboda sakraluri
niSnebi: mze, mTvare da jvari. rogorc Cans, es Seesabameboda misterialuri ziarebis
ierarqiul safexurebs. xalxuri leqsi ase gvamcnobs TorRvas davlaTianobas:

didebuleba dauTqves, beWebs unaxes jvario,

marjvniv mze werebuliyva, marcxniske mTvaris nalio.
(SaniZe 1931: 16)

amgvari sibrZnisa da misgan gamomdinare niSnebis misaRebad gmiri gveleSapis

wiaRSi (an mis samflobeloSi) unda Casuliyo. aqedan momdinareobs
gvelTmebrZolobis siuJetis erT-erTi myari detali _ gveleSapi ylapavs gmirs,
romelic misi muclidan gardasaxuli gamodis, rac zogjer garegnuladac
gamoixateba gveleSapis msgavs niSnebSi.
gveleSapis mier gmiris gadaylapva Zalian Zveli universaluri motivia. igi
ukavSirdeba gveleSapis saxis semantikas, ramac ganapiroba iniciaciis ritualis
miTologiuri gaazreba. (sixaruliZe 2006: 180-183). meomris, beladis an mefis
statusis misaRebad gmirs unda hqonoda gamorCeuli Zala, yovlismcodneoba da
ganWvretis unari. am Tvisebebis miReba mas SeeZlo gveleSapisgan, risTvisac mis
wiaRSi (mucelSi) unda Casuliyo. kavkasieli gmirebis yofna yinulovan napralSi,
gveleSapis samflobeloSi, mis wiaRSi yofnis tolfasia. gveleSapis muclidan gmiri
gardasaxuli gamodioda. es procesi gaazrebul iqna sikvdilis gziT
RvTaebriobasTan ziarebad, romelic xelaxali Sobis semantikiT daitvirTa.
mcireodeni saxecvlilebiT es epizodi amiranis Tqmulebamac Semoinaxa.

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 mogvianebiT iniciaciis ritualis are gafarTovda. masSi monawileobda simwifis
asaks miRweuli yvela Wabuki, romelic mamakacTa sazogadoebis wevri unda
gamxdariyo. ritualebi tardeboda dasaxlebidan moSorebiT agebul gveleSapis
formis qoxebSi (propi 1946: 206).
amave konteqstSi ikiTxeba xeTebis samefo ritualSi CarTuli dialogi mefesa
da gveleSaps Soris, romlidanac irkveva, rom zRvis gvels anu veSaps, did Tevzs
moaqvs mefisTvis taxti da Zalaufleba (arZinba 1982: 87).
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom kavkasiaSi iyo gveleSapis
Zlieri kulti, rasac adasturebs am teritoriaze aRmoCenili veSapoidebis _
megaliTuri figurebis simravle. zogierTi veSapoidis zurgze gamoxatulia sawmisi
(cxvris tyavi), romelsac kavkasiuri da xaTur-xeTuri miTologiiT, qveynisa da
samefo xelisuflebis mfarvelis funqcia ekisreboda da amis gamo xeze gamofenil
sawmiss, rogorc RvTaebis simbolos, sagangebod icavdnen.
argonavtebis TqmulebaSi mecnierTa gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans sawmisis
simboluri datvirTva warmoadgens, razec mravalgvari mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli.
sawmisis sakiTxs, rogorc wesi, kolxeTTan mimarTebaSi ganixilaven. iasonisa da misi
megobrebis Tavgadasavlis mTavari epizodebi aietis samefoSi viTardeba.
argonavtebis Tqmulebis analogiuri siuJeti kavkasielTa folklorSi ar moipoveba,
radgan es Zegli Zveli berZnuli kulturis nawilia, berZnuli miTosidan amozrdili
da berZenTa interesebis gamomxatveli. igi elinel naosanTa gmirobas ganadidebs,
magram radganac eposi da miTosi garkveulwilad istoriul sinamdvilesac Seicavs,
maTSi kavkasielTa miTo-religiuri warmodgenebis fragmentebic aRibeWda.
kavkasiis xalxTa rogorc folklorSi, ise wes-Cveulebebis nawilSi
SemorCenilia cxvris/Txisa da misi tyavis Tayvaniscemis fragmentebi. igi iyo
siuxvisa da nayofierebis gansaxiereba. es kargad Cans zRaprebSi, romlebSic cxvari
da siRaribe upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. cxvari saxlis yvela kuTxeSi anawilebs
Tavis produqts da siRaribes arc erT gojs ar uTmobs. berikaoba-yeenobis
dResaswaulSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa msgavs wes-CveulebebSi, romlebic
bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebis uZvelesi misteriis danaSrevebs Seicaven, monawileebis
mTavari atributebia cxvris/Txis niRbebi da tyavi, rogorc nayofierebis funqciis
matarebeli (ruxaZe 1999: 24).
kavkasiaSi xvna-TesvasTan dakavSirebul wes-CveulebebSi centraluri adgili
uWiravs cxvris tyapuWiT Semosil kacs, romelic cxvars an Txas ganasaxierebs. misi
Cacmuloba da qmedeba aSkarad miuTiTebs nayofierebasTan kavSirze. lakebSi amgvar
Cveulebas erqva `Txis saxiT siaruli~. TxisniRbiani kaci amalis TanxlebiT dadioda
ezodan ezoSi. yabardoelebSi msgavsi ritualis mTavari monawile iyo aJi xafa —
mocekvave Txa (xalilovi 1984: 65; miJaevi 1973: 29).
cxvris kultis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs arqeologiuri monapovari, kedlis
mxatvroba da cxvris an Txis gamosaxulebani materialuri kulturis Zeglebze.
amitom ar aris gasakviri, rom qarTuli sityvebis _ `cxovreba~ da `macxovari~ _
Ziri cxvaria. isini im periodSi Seiqmna, roca cxvari mesaqonleobis ZiriTad saxeobas
warmoadgenda da Tavisi produqtiulobis gamo mniSvnelovani adgili daikava miTo-
religiur warmodgenebSi.
es monacemebi uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia, roca vsaubrobT argonavtebis
TqmulebaSi moxseniebuli sawmisis simboloze. kavkasielTa zepirsityvieri da
eTnografiuli masala dafiqsirebulia XIX-XX saukuneebSi, rodesac Zveli
religiuri sistema, romelSic cxvari/Txa RvTaebas ganasaxierebda, didi xnis
gamqralia, xolo misi fragmentebi groteskul formas iReben, magram swored am
rudimentebis safuZvelze sarwmunod unda miviCnioT berZnuli Tqmulebis cnoba,
rom aietis wminda WalaSi xeze ekida sawmisi, romelsac sagangebod icavdnen. misi
gansakuTrebuli (damcavi) mniSvnelobis gamo TqmulebaSi Sevida modaraje
gveleSapis saxe, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, kavkasielTa uZveles religiur sistemaSi
seriozuli funqcia ekisreboda. imis gamo, rom cxvris tyavi RvTaebas ganasaxierebda
da baraqianobis momtani iyo, berZnebma igi oqros sagnad aRiqves (miTosSi oqro
RvTaebriobisa da simdidris simboloa), amitom argonavtebis TqmulebaSi mas oqros
sawmisi ewoda.
sawmisis simbolos ukeT gagebisaTvis SeiZleba moviSvelioT tipologiuri
paraleli xeTebis religiidan, kerZod, samefo ritualebidan, romlebSic

31
figurirebs sawmisi. teqstebidan cnobili xdeba, rom xeTebis dedaqalaqSi
gamofenili iyo sawmisi _ cxvris tyavi, romelic ganasaxierebda RvTaeba inaras (an
misi simbolo iyo). mis umTavres funqcias qalaqis dacva warmoadgenda da amave dros
ukavSirdeboda nayofierebas, kerZod, marcvleulis mosavals anu miwaTmoqmedebas.
dResaswaulis dReebSi sawmiss gamoitandnen xaTusadan da sxvadasxva qalqSi
gadahqondaT, rac albaT sakraluri sivrcis SemosazRvras ganasaxierebda. Semdeg
abrunebdnen xaTusaSi da sami dRis ganmavlobaSi atarebdnen rituals marcvleulis
RvTaebisaTvis.∗ garda amisa, kilamis ritualSi erT Wabuks moaxurebdnen cxvris
tyavs. igi win miuZRoda rva Wabuks da mgeliviT ymuoda (arZinba 1982: 42). es iyo
nayofierebis magia (msgavsi elementebi aris kavkasielTa ritualur praqtikasa da
berikaobaSi).
Tu davuSvebT, rom kolxeTis samefoSi cxvris tyavs msgavsi datvirTva hqonda,
maSin gasagebi gaxdeba aietis mier iasonisTvis micemuli davalebis azri da mizani.
man xom berZen ufliswuls miwis moxvna daavala, Tanac ara ubralo nakveTisa, aramed
omis RvTaebis, aresis velisa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom iasons, erTi mxriv, unda
gamoevlina gawafuloba miwaTmoqmedebaSi (anu Tavisi xalxisTvis saarsebo
saSualebis mopovebaSi), meore mxriv, unda SeZleboda konfliqturi situaciis
mSvidobiani gadawyveta da amiT sakuTari xalxis dacva. rogorc Cans, es aucilebeli
piroba iyo xelmwifobis mosapoveblad. am konteqstSi sayuradRebo paraleli Cans
xeTur sagazafxulo ritualSi, romelsac xasumasi erqva da ufliswulis iniciacias
warmoadgenda. am ritualSi CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa is, rom mis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda xarebis uRelSi Sebma da miwis ritualuri moxvna. SesaZloa,
kolxeTSic ufliswulis iniciacia msgavs elementebs Seicavda, amitom aietis
gamocda albaT xeldasxmas utoldeboda. iasonis kolxeTSi mosvlis saboloo mizani
xom samefo xelisuflebis mopoveba iyo.
xeTebis samefo ritualebSi Cveni yuradReba miipyro mefis mier taxtis
dakavebis ritualma, romelic periodulad imarTeboda moqmedi mefis mier.
safiqrebelia, rom mis mizans warmoadgenda Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da
gaxangrZliveba. am dros imarTeboda ritualuri saubari mefesa da mis taxts Soris,
romlidanac naTeli xdeba, rom taxti mefis mokavSirea da Zalaufleba zRvidan
moutana. amave dros aSkaraa maT Soris dapirispirebac, radgan mefe gandevnis mas
Tavisi qveynidan da ase mimarTavs: `wadi mTebis iqiT, Sens saxlSi, mTis Signidan
daicavi ... Sen nu moxval Cems saxlSi, me ar moval Sens saxlSi~. am saritualo
dialogSi aris dapirispireba qveda da Sua samyaroebs Soris (samganzomilebian
sistemaSi), romlebsac mefe da misi taxti Seesabamebian. mecnierTa azriT, es
dapirispireba msgavsebas amJRavnebs quxilis RmerTisa da gvelis brZolis siuJetur
sqemasTan. am teqstSi ar aris miTiTebuli, ras ganasaxierebda taxti, magram radganac
igi zRvidanaa da am SemTxvevaSi qveda samyaros warmoadgens, SesaZloa, gvelTan an
gveleSapTan iyos dakavSirebuli, e. i. mefis mmarTveloba masTanaa mimarTebaSi.
varaudoben, rom elamuri tradiciis msgavsad, xeTebis samefo taxts spiralurad
Caxveuli gvelis forma hqonda an masze gvelebi iyo gamosaxuli. SeiZleba aq
saidumlo misteriasTanac gvqondes saqme. mefe naziarebia gvelis /gveleSapis Zalas.
amitom uwodebs mas `mekavSires~, misgan aqvs mefoba miRebuli da misganve elis
mfarvelobas.∗∗ es codna xaTebisgan momdinareobda, magram xeTebma an ver gaiges misi
sakraluri arsi an droTa ganmavlobaSi xaTur misterias Seeria indoevropuli
tomebis religiuri elementebi (xeTebi xom saukeTeso kompilatorebi iyvnen), ramac
saxe ucvala Zvel siuJets da miviReT gvelTmebrZolobis klasikuri modeli.
arqetipuli siuJeti daifara, Tumca misi rudimentebi Cans xeTebis religiasa da
kavkasiur folklorSi.

∗
kavkasiaSic icodnen cxvris an Txis tyavis joxze damagreba da garkveul teritorias Semoatarebdnen. am azriT
tyavi winamorbedia RvTaebis ganmasaxierebeli droSisa, romliTac xevisberi dReobaze RvTisSvilis kuTvnil
teritorias Semouvlida xolme.
∗∗
vfiqrob, cxvris tyavis anu RvTaebis simbolos meSveobiT SemoisazRvreboda is sivrce, romelic am RvTaebas
ekuTvnoda da igi ganagebda iq mcxovrebTa keTildReobas. mTavari qurumi da RvTaebis nebis aRmsrulebeli iyo
mefe, romelsac ekisreboda Tavis xalxze zrunva. nayofierebis RvTaebis simbolo imavdroulad mefis
xelisuflebis simtkicesac ganapirobebda, amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sawmisis Camotareba qalaqebSi
samefo ritualis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. rogorc Cans, tyavis amgvari funqciidan gamomdinare gaCnda
zRaprebSi erTi epizodi: mefe asaCuqrebs gmirs miwis im farTobiT, romelsac Semoswvdeba xaris an sxva cxovelis
tyavi. moxerxebuli vaJi wvril Tasmebad Wris tyavs da ase afarToebs miRebul nakveTs.

32
 xeTuri miTo-ritualuri warmodgenebis analogiis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda
vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTSi cxvris tyavi _ sawmisi ara marto qveynis, aramed mefis
Zalauflebis damcavi simboloc iyo da gveleSapis mier misi darajobac ar aris
SemTxveviTi. am TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevia is faqti, rom kavkasiis teritoriaze
aRmoCenil megaliTur Zeglebze _ veSapoidebze amotvifrulia sawmisis
gamosaxuleba, rac uZvelesi miTo_religiuri siuJetis gamoZaxils unda Seicavdes
(mefisTvis Zalauflebis mimcemi gveleSapi icavs mefisa da qveynis mfarveli
RvTaebis niSans _ sawmiss). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qarTvelur tomTa
miTo_religiuri sistemis zogierTi elementi Camoyalibda xaTur_xeTur
samyarosTan urTierTobis Sedegad, rac aisaxa argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. xeTebis
samefo ritualebis aRweraSi naTqvamia, rom sawmisi qalaqidan gahqondaT WiSkris
gavliT, romelic mefis samsjavros adgilsac warmoadgenda, e. i. sazogadoebisTvis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi wydeboda karibWesTan, radgan , rogorc sazRvarsa da
zRurbls (Sesasvlels), mas sakralur-magiuri datvirTva hqonda.am TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa qarTuli sityvebi`bWe~ (romelsac ori mniSvneloba aqvs _ msajuli da
kari, aqedan, bWis kari) da `bWoba~. rogorc Cans, enam Semogvinaxa arqauli Cveulebis
kvali, romelic yofidan ukve gamqralia. mogvianebiT `kari~ Rrma simbolo-niSnis
saxiT aRorZinda qristianobaSi. Sesabamisad, argonavtebis TqmulebaSi sawmisis
modaraje gveleSapis arseboba berZnebis gamonagoni ki ar aris, aramed es motivi
kavkasiur da mcire aziur tradicias efuZneba. garda amisa, gveleSapis mier
gadaylapul gmirTa Soris SesaZloa iasonic iyos. amas gvafiqrebinebs vatikanis
muzeumSi daculi wiTelfiguruli kiliqsis mxatvroba. masze gamosaxulia gveleSapi,
romelic amoanTxevs gadaylapul iasons. es epizodi ar dasturdeba werilobiT
wyaroebSi, magram unda vivaraudoT, rom igi avtoris gamonagoni ki ar aris, aramed
man gamosaxa Tqmulebis misTvis cnobili epizodi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi TviTneburad ar ereodnen miTis siuJetSi. Cveulebriv,
isini gamosaxavdnen ama Tu im miTiuri ambis mniSvnelovan momentebs. amisTvis ki
iyenebdnen rogorc werilobiT, ise folklorul wyaroebs, romelTagan yvela ver
aisaxeboda werilobiT ZeglebSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi daviwyebas eZleoda. amitom
saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebze xSirad vxvdebiT iseT epizodebs, romlebic ar
dasturdeba CvenTvis cnobil miTo-epikur tradiciaSi. am SemTxvevaSic msgavs
movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme.
Cvenamde moRweuli argonavtebis Tavgadasavali literaturulad
damuSavebuli versiaa. mas safuZvlad daedo folkloruli siuJeti, romelsac
zepirsityvierebaSi uTuod eqneboda variantebi. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom
antikuri xanis avtorebi zogjer gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdian Tqmulebis
calkeuli epizodebisa da gmirebis Sesaxeb. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT arqetipuli
siuJetis universalurobasa da kavkasiur tradicias, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
iasonic gveleSapis mier gadaylapul gmirTa ricxvSi aRmoCndes. is xom kolxeTSi im
mizniT movida, rom sakuTar qveyanaSi mefis statusiT dabrunebuliyo. savaraudoa,
rom miTis CvenTvis ucnob versiaSi (mimaCnia, rom igi erT-erTi uZvelesia) iasoni ki
ar itacebda sawmiss, aramed iniciaciis gziTa da aietis gamocdiT moipovebda mas,
rogorc samefo xelisuflebis simbolos.
rogorc Cans, arqetipul siuJetSive Caisaxa gveleSapis mkvlelobis motivi. amis
gakeTeba mxolod mis Zalas naziareb gmirs SeeZlo. kavkasiur folklorSi maSuka da
Sauai klaven aRmzrdel gveleSaps. TorRvas Tqmulebis Cvenamde moRweul
variantebSi gveleSapis mokvlis epizodi aRar Cans, magram zogierTi detali
miuTiTebs, rom TorRvam umadurobiT upasuxa Tavis mfarvels (`Zmobilis
moRalatesa RmerTm giyva samarTalia~, _ mimarTavs mTqmeli TorRvas Tu mis miTiur
prototips). rogorc Cans, arqaul siuJetSi gveleSapis mkvleli RalatisTvis
isjeboda. es motivi _ gamzrdelis, moZRvris Ralati _ farTod gavrcelda rogorc
zepirsityvierebaSi, ise literaturaSi, magram gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT gamoixata
iuda iskariotelis mier qristes gacemaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi miTologiur-
religiuri warmodgenebis Secvlam gamoiwvia rolebis inversia da Camoyalibda
gvelTmebrZolobis klasikuri modeli. imis gamo, rom gveleSaps samyarosa da
kacobriobis mtris statusi mieniWa, misi mkvleli gmiris SaravandediT Seimosa.
arqetipul siuJetTan garkveul siaxloves avlens berZnul miTologiaSi
apolonis mier delfos samisnos dauflebis ambavi. delfo Tavdapirvelad miwis —

33
geas warmoSobil piTons ekuTvnoda, zogierT wyaroSi is moxseniebulia, rogorc
delfin-veSapi, romlis saxelic miiRo delfom. `piToni~ berZnulad fskers, miwis
Zirs niSnavs, rac aseve miwidan momdinare pirvelyofil codnas ukavSirdeba.
apolonma mokla piToni da samisnos dasakuTreba scada, magram ganrisxebuli
dedamiwa gonebas urevda misnebs da maT ar SeeZloT winaswarmetyveleba, sanam
apolonma ar gamoisyida codva. igi gansawmendad cxra weli imyofeboda qvesknelSi da
mxolod amis Semdeg gaxda delfos sruli baton-patroni. qvesknelSi yofniT
apoloni aseve eziara piTonur bunebas, faqtobrivad, igi Caenacvla piTons, rac
zogjer mis garegnobaSic aisaxeboda. homerosis erT-erT himnSi moTxrobilia, rom
kretelebi pilosSi micuravdnen da zRvaSi maT apoloni gamoecxadaT delfin-veSapis
saxiT: `asxlta maliad mcurav xomaldze, sxeuliT delfins mimsgavsebuli gawva
veeba, sazar urCxulad~ (homerosi 1982: 41)
apolonis saxeliT winaswarmetyvelebda piTia, romlis saxelic piTonidan
momdinareobs. oxSivriT gabruebuli igi samfexa skamidan miwaze ecemoda da
napralTan garTxmuli misnobda, rac Zalian gvagonebs mTis mwvervalze napralTan
gawolili kavkasieli gveleSapis mdgomareobas.
SesaZloa, es siuJeti an misi calkeuli motivebi saberZneTidan gavrcelda
dasavleT evropis teritoriaze. arqetipuli siuJeti iq ar Cans, magram urCxulTan
mebrZoli gmiris atributebsa da garegnobas SemorCa misi rudimentebi. magaliTad,
germanul eposSi zigfrids tani qvewarmavalTa rqovani garsiT aqvs dafaruli da es
sZens mas uZlevelobas. gveleSapTan mebrZoli gmiri simbolurad gveleSapisave
tyaviT imoseba, rac am arsebis wiaRSi namyofobaze mianiSnebs. semantikurad es
aRWurviloba kavkasieli gmirisTvis gveleSapis mier naCuqar jaWvis perangs
utoldeba.
wminda giorgic veSapTan mebrZolia da qristianul ikonografiaSi igi xSirad
Tevzis (gveleSapis) qercliseburi javSniT aris warmodgenili. masze liTonis
firfitebi Tevzis an gvelis qercliseburadaa ganlagebuli. am tipis ornamenti
kavkasiur brinjaos nivTebze gvxvdeba da mas “Tevzifxuri” ewodeba. amgvari javSani
romaelTa aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda da SeiZleba aqedanve gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi,
magram am droisaTvis misi miTologiuri Sinaarsi didi xnis daviwyebuli iyo.
kidev erTi magaliTi, romelzec yuradRebas SevaCerebT, exeba evropaSi
damkvidrebul Zvel wes-Cveulebas, kerZod, raindad kurTxevis wess, romelic
semantikurad uaxlovdeba erT kavkasiur tradicias. saubaria kolxur-yobanuri
culebis saritualo funqciaze. saritualo culebs sameurneo daniSnulebiT ar
xmarobdnen da gansxvavebuli SenadnobiT akeTebdnen. maTi umravlesoba Semkulia
dekoriT. culebze gamosaxul figurebSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba ZaRli, iremi, gveli,
cxeni da Tevzi (fancxava 1988: 48). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kavkasiur miTologiaSi am
arsebaTa simbolur datvirTvas, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini gamoxatavdnen
RvTaebaTa gardasaxvebs da konkretuli RvTaebis msaxurTa kuTvnilebas Seadgendnen
am RvTaebaTa ritualebSi gamosayeneblad. Zvel kulturebSi culebi saomar
iaraRadac gamoiyeneboda da Zalauflebisa da RvTaebasTan ziarebis insigniebsac
warmoadgenda (magaliTad, wina aziaSi, aRmosavleT evropaSi, indoeTSi. kreteli
zevsis kultmsaxurebaSi ormagi culi figurirebs). Cvenamde moRweul
gamosaxulebebze kargad Cans maTi, rogorc insigniebis, ganlagebis adgili. qurums
(an mefes) isini mxrebTan axlos mkerdze aqvs midebuli an gadajvaredinebuli.
kavkasiaSi zogierT samarxSi dafiqsirda culis mdebareoba: igi ido micvalebulis
marjvena mxris gaswvriv mWreli piriT da tariT qvemoT (krupnovi 1960: 97). culis
aseTi mdebareoba, rogorc Cans, Seesabameboda ritualSi mis moxmarebas. vfiqrob, am
semantikis Semcvelia kavkasiaSi SemorCenili sakulto termini `xel-mxaris
ganaTvla~. am terminiT aRiniSneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mTavari
kultmsaxuris _ xevisbris kurTxeva, Tumca masSi culi aRar gamoiyeneba da Sublze,
mxarsa da xelze samsxverplo cxovelis sisxls usvamen (amave religiur sistemaSi
iyvnen mkadreebi, `xelkacebi~, adamianebi, romlebsac RvTaeba mxarze an xelze
ajdeboda da ase mogzaurobda miwaze). am terminis warmomavloba bevrad ufro
Zvelia, vidre is religiuri sistema, romlidanac is CvenTvis aris cnobili. misi
saxelwodeba RvTaebrivi naTlis xilul gamovlenas ukavSirdeba. savaraudod,
qurumi (an adepti) saxiT aRmosavleTisaken dgeboda. mis mxarze midebul culze
irekleboda amomavali mzis sxivi da adeptis xel-mxars naTeli adgeboda. saritualo

34
culebi Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli Senadnobisagan keTdeboda, romelic kargad
ireklavda sinaTles. kolxur-yobanur culs iseTi forma hqonda, rom mis daRarul
yuaze (tarze) moxvedrili sxivi sinaTlis moZravi nakadis STabeWdilebas qmnida. es
RvTaebis cocxali naTlis gardamosvlis xatad aRiqmeboda, rac SeiZleba orfikul
sagaloblebSi naxsenebi saRvTo mcvrevis analogiad miviCnioT.
ritualis mistiuri Sinaarsi adeptis cnobierebis gabrZnobas gulisxmobda.
culis mxarze dadeba pirovnulis mokveTas, sakuTari interesebis daTmobas niSnavda.
aqedan moyolebuli, xeldasxmuli RvTaebas ekuTvnoda da mis samsaxurSi dgeboda.
ara marto formiT, aramed semantikuradac amave Sinaarsis Semcvelia Zveli
evropuli wesi raindad kurTxevisa. mefe xmliT exeboda mis win daCoqili raindis _
meomris mxars, rac xel-mxaris ganaTvlis ritualis tolfasia. am dRidan raindad
dasaxelebuli pirovneba Tmobda sakuTar interesebs da rogorc xel-mxari anu
meomruli ostatoba, ise mTeli Tavisi SesaZlebloba mefisadmi erTguli
samsaxurisTvis, misi Zalauflebis dacvisTvis unda moexmarebina da radganac mefe da
saerTod, mefoba RvTis mieraa nakurTxi, es RmerTis samsaxursac niSnavda.
aq ganxiluli magaliTebi kidev erTi dasturia Soreul warsulSi evropisa da
kavkasiis kulturaTa Sexebisa. es miTologiuri personaJebi da wes-Cveulebebi
imdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndnen, rom saukuneebs gauZles da universalur
saxeebad Camoyalibdnen.

D damowmebani:

avaliSvili... 1999: avaliSvili g., ZaZua j. qarTvel tomTa urTierToba gare samyarosTan brinjaos
xanaSi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999.
arZinba 1982: Ардзинба В. Ритуалы и мифы древней Анатолии. М.: Издательство «Наука», 1982.
bregaZe 2004: bregaZe n. saqarTvelo — miwaTmoqmedebis damoukidebeli kera. Tb.: gamomcemloba
“samSoblo”, 2004.
krupnovi 1960: Крупнов Е. Древняя история Северного Кавказа. М.: Изд-во «Наука», 1960.
makalaTia 1975: makalaTia m. wylis kultis gadmonaSTebi Sida qarTlSi. kreb. “Sida qarTli”
(eTnografiuli gamokvleva). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1975.
miqelaZe 1974: miqelaZe T. Ziebani kavkasiisa da samxreT-dasavleT Savi zRvispireTis uZvelesi
mosaxleobis istoriidan. Tb.: 1974.
miJaevi 1973: Мижаев М. Мифологическая и обрядовая поэзия адыгов. Черкесск: 1973.
oCiauri 1975: oCiauri T. wylis kultis elementebi saqorwino ritualSi. mse, XVIII, Tb.: 1975.
propi 1946: Пропп В. Исторические корни волшебной сказки. Л.: изд. ЛГУ, 1946.
ruxaZe 1999: ruxaZe j. bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTveloSi. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1999.
sixaruliZe 2006: sixaruliZe q. kavkasiuri miTologia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `kavkasiuri saxli”, 2006.
fancxava 1988: fancxava l. kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba
“mecniereba”, 1988.
SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. xalxuri poezia. xevsuruli. I, Tb.: 1941.
xalilovi 1984: Халилов Х. Отражение языческих представлений в обрядах и фольклоре лакцев. в кн.
«Мифология народов Дагестана». Махачкала: 1984.
homerosi 1982: homerosis himnebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1982.

Ketevan Sikharulidze

Europe and Caucasus – Mythological Studies

The article focuses a mythological images and rituals, which were originated as a result of cultural
relations between European and Caucasian region and established some traditions. The process of cultural
changes between these regions started in distant past in the period of the formation of mythological-religious
systems and covered millenniums.
In the article we consider mythological image of dragon, details of initiation rituals and archetypical
version of the plot of snake fighting, semantic of Golden Fleece, ritual function of kolkhean axes and ritual of
consecrating of knights.
Promotion of cultivation and metallurgy in Caucasus encouraged the development of mythological-
religious imagination. Probably, some mythological images spread over Europe as a result migration (among
them were metallurgists). The main way was passing through Mediterranean Sea basin and Balkan Peninsula,
which has played meditative role in economical-culture relations between Europe and Caucasus.

35
 Later, especially from VIII-VI centuries b.C., when Greece settlements appeared in east shore of Black
Sea, European culture paved the way in Caucasus and contributed the development of culture in this region.

36
 lia wereTeli
Sios marani

Sios marani RvTiuri sazrdos, zeciuri madlis gansaxovnebaa. svimon

sakvirvelmoqmedi halabielis `cxovrebaSi~ mouklebeli, ulevi sazrdo, locviT
aRmocenebuli wyaro, barZimidan gadmosuli zeTi, wyali da Rvino... `TaviT TvisiT~
aris aRmomskdari RvTiuri sazrdo, romelic TvaliT saxilveli da cxadi saswaulia.
misi mopoveba adamianis unars, mis xelsa da Zalas aRemateba; RvTisgan moniWebul
sazrdos adamianebi akleben, magram is isev TavisiT matulobs: `ospni gardaecemoda
WurWlisa misgan, romelsa Sina idga... miscemdes ospnisa misgansa evlogiad kacTa, da
mas araÁ daakldeboda~ (gariti 1957: 26).
`aRivso barZimi igi wyliTa TaviT TÂisiT da gardaeca queyanasa yovliT kerZo da
miiRes yovelTa kacTa wylisa misgan~.
`sagzali igi ars romelisa aRviReT queyaniT CueniT raJams gamovidodeT
mosvlad aqa da guaqus Cuen aTormeti Tue gzasa zeda vinaÁTgan vWamT amisgan da ese
esreTve hgies~ (gariti 1957: 34).
`moiRes yovelTa mun mdgomareTa WurWlebi da aRavses da mas ara daaklda,
aramed savse gardaecemoda~ (gariti 1957: 17).
RvTiTmoniWebuli sazrdo, mouklebeli da sisavsemoWarbebulia,
saxismetyvelurad acocxlebs macxovris mier kanas qorwilSi aRsrulebul saswauls,
Tevzisa da puris gamravlebas. aseve wmidanis locviT aRsruldeba saswauli,
moukleblad sazrdo eniWeba adamians. es uZvelesi motivia, romelic
cxovelmyofelia zRaprul TxrobaSi _ jadosnuri ZaliT _ mouklebeli sufra,
TavisiT gaCenili sursaT-sanovage, ulevi Rvino da tkbileuloba... zRapris gmiri
dajildoebulia am aramiwieri sazrdoTi da sxvebsac uxvad unawilebs.
arsi `jadosnuri sufrisa~ universaluria. mas SevxvdebiT `aTaserT Ramesa~ Tu
`kalevalaSi~, grimebis zRaprebsa Tu qarTul zRaprebSi. gavrcelebuli motivia
jadosnuri nivTebis arseboba _ qoTani, kovzi, jami... magaliTad: qoTani xarSavs
fafas da ivseba saxli, quCebi da mTeli qalaqi...
Sio mRvimelis `cxovreba~ xalxuri Txrobis sagnad iqca swored RvTiuri
sazrdos cxovelmyofelobiT da xatovani gamoTqma `Sios marani~ xalxuri
warmodgeniT _ mouklebeli maragis, RvTiuri madlis da siuxvis gamomxatvelia. T.
saxokia ase ganmartavs: `Sios marani _ simdidre uleveli, didi qoneba, uxveba,
savseba.
VI s-Si saqarTveloSi qristianobis gasavrceleblad asureTidan ioane
zedaznelis meTaurobiT Camosulan aTcameti wmida mamani. erT aTcametTagans wm.
Sios mcxeTis zemore, awindel Zegvis pirdapir, mtkvris marcxena mxares, mRvimeSi
monasteri gauSenebia, SemdegSi Sio mRvimelis saxelwodebiT. monasterSi Sios
maranica hqonia, misul mlocavebs RviniT umaspinZldeboda. qvevrebi,Tanaxmad
legendisa, isev pirTamde ivseboda. aqedan Tqma `Sios marani~ gamxdara ulevelis,
ukleb risame qonebis, uxvebis sinonimi~. (saxokia 1979: 763)
`Sios marani~ dalocvis teqstebSi, axalwlisa da Sobis sadideblebSi
damkvidrebuli saxismetyvelebaa:

`RmerTma ise agaSenoT,

rogorc _ Sios maranio.
puri-Rvino bevri mogceT,
sxva wyalobac mravalio~...
(poezia 59)

`Sios marani~ _ naTeli magaliTia imisa, Tu rogor gansaxovndeba qarTul

yofasa da xalxur metyvelebaSi, rwmena-warmodgenebSi qristianuli xatmetyveleba
da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi cxovelmyofelobas rogor inarCunebs.
sagulisxmoa, rom qarTulad sityva `marani~ _ saRvine saxli (s.s. orbeliani),
ufro ganzogadebulad, pur-Rvinis Sesanaxi adgilia, romelic qarTveli xalxisTvis
siwmindes, RvTiurobas aRniSnavs. marani wmida alagad iTvleba, rasac cxadyofs
eTnografiuli sinamdvile, tradiciuli yofa. Tu eklesia Sors iyo, an uamindoba
uSlidaT xels, qorwinebas maranSi aRasrulebdnen. unda vigulisxmoT, rom marani _

37
qristes sisxlisa da xorcis _ pur-Rvinis wmidaTawmida Sesanaxi adgilia qarTvelTa
rwmena-warmodgeniT. amdenad mas Rrmadsimboluri sazrisi aqvs da saxismetyvelurad
mravalsaxovania:

`iagundis maranSia Rvino sdgas da lali sWvirso,

Sig alvis xe amosula, totebi aqvs nargiziso,
zed bulbuli Semomjdara, Savardeni frTasa Sliso~.
ia vkrife...~ (1979: 61).

xalxur dalocva _ sadRegrZeloebSi siuxvis, dovlaTianobis, uleveli

simdidris simbolod xSirad ixsenieba `Sios marani~:

`RmerTma ise gadRegrZelos,

rogorc _ Sios maranio~.

`saxlo, RmerTma agaSenos,

rogorc _ Sios marania~.

dalocva _ sadRegrZeloebSi `Sios marani~-s xseneba maspinZluri guluxvobis

sanacvlod uflisgan madlis miRebis surviliT aris ganpirobebuli. erT kaxur
smurSi swored Rvinis ulevelobas usurveben xelgaSlil maspinZels:

`mSvidobiT mogiWamnia jer kalo, mere rTvelia,

wiTeli RviniT egemsos sami sapalne qvevria,
somde da somde Zalze, isev xeluxlebelia~.

Sio mRvimelis xsenebis dRea yvelieris marxvis xuTSabaTi. xalxur yofaSi am

dRes `Siobis uqmi~ hqvia. `am dRes Sios saxelze sufras dalocaven _ wers g. cocaniZe
_ diasaxlisi maWkatebs daacxobda, xaviws gaakeTebda, xaviwidan amoRebul erbos
cecxlSi daaSiSxinebda, Tan locvas warmoTqvamda:
`Sio, muSao, Sio, maSvralo, Zvalnimc gepoxebian cecxliT damwvarni, jvarsamc
dagviwer, baraqasam dagvidevneb nawvel-nadRvebsac, naxnav-naTessaco~.
ojaxebi im dilas maWkatiT dapurdeboda. sufraze Sios Sesandobars ityodnen.
Sio Zalian mSromeli kaci yofila, cecxlSi damwvara. xalxSi rwmenaa, rom Sios suli
sadRac qoxSi binadrobs, am dRes gamodis da mzeze wveba. damwvari Zvlebi stkiva. mis
saxelze gamomcxvari maWkatis erbo Zvlebze gadasdis, upoxavs, uamebso~ (mziani...
2003: 102).
sergi makalaTia narkvevSi `raWvelTa rwmena~ Sios xsenebas dovlaTianobiT
aRniSnavs:
`ojaxis dovlaTianobas mTis raWvelebi evedrebian wm. Sios da uxdian mas
`Sioobas~, yveliers xuTSabaTs ojaxis uxucesi aiRebs or kvercxs da or ganatexs
(kvers) da wm. giorgis SesTxovs mis ojaxSi baraqa daatrialos. locvis Semdeg am
kvercxebs da kvers armanSi Sesdebs. varclze RviniT savse Wiqas sdgams, rom rodesac
Sio gamoivlis, misi maTraxis kudi RvinoSi Caewoba, ojaxSi dovlaTi datrialdebao.
Tu Wiqa carieli daxvda, Sio ojaxs daswyevliso~ (mziani... 2003: 404)

moxeveTa rwmeniT, `Sioobas~ yvelierSi muSaoba aucilebelia _ Sios muSaoba

uyvardao. rac unda moxuci iyos, Sioobas muSaobiT ofls moidens. ucxoben kvers,
anTeben sanTels, Sios ojaxis baraqaobas SesTxoven~ (mziani... 2003: 187)
SesaZloa iTqvas, rom Siooba _ wmida SiomRvimelis xsenebis dRis aRniSvnaa
yofaSi. Zvlebis gapoxva dakavSirebuli unda iyos xalxur rwmenasTan, romelsac mose
janaSvili mogviTxrobs _ SiomRvimelis Zvlebi saswaulTmoqmedi Zalis iyo.
yvelieris xuTSabaTs miwidan amodiodnen Tavad da ganmkurnebeli Zala hqondaT,
Semdgom sparselebs wauRiaT es Zvlebi, iq iseTi mousavlianoba, SimSili da ubedureba
dastexiaT, rom wmidanis ZvlebisTvis daubralebiaT da kvlav daubrunebiaT
saqarTveloSi. am warmodgenebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli Zvlebis _ poxva
romelSic warmarTuli ritualis kvalic Tavisuflad moCans. cnobilia, rom Zvals
aRdgomi Zalis funqcia aqvs: SeWmuli nadiris Zvlebs daawyobdnen da is cocxali
wamoxteboda. adamianis, wmindanis Zvlebis gapoxva madlis mimniWebelia da misi
RvTiuri Zalis momfeni. es sazrisi qristianuli wmidanis Zvlebsac daukavSirda.

38
 maranic qristianobamdeli saxelwodebaa qarTlSi. igi arameuli
warmomavlobisaa, `mar~ _ saxvnel iaraRs aRniSnavs da yvela enaSia damkvidrebuli,
anu igi miwaTmoqmedebis, nayofierebis kultmsaxurebebis droindelia.
`marani~ rom qristianobamdelia, amas adasturebs uZvelesi keramikis nimuSi
`qarTuli marani~ _ sasmisis saxeoba...
ase siRrmiseulia asurul-antioqiuri saRvTismetyvelo saxismetyvelebis kvali
asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebsa~ da xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebSi, yofiT realobaSi.
`Sios marani~ amis naTeli dadasturebaa.

damowmebani:

mziani... 2005: mziani rwmebis sauflo. Tb.: `merani~, 2005.

saxokia 1975: saxokia T. xatovani sityva-Tqmani. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1975.
poezia 1979: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. VIII, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1979.
gariti 1957: gariti J. cxorebaÁ da gangebaÁ wmidisa sÂmon mesuetisaÁ da sakvirvelmoqmedisaÁ,
romeli iyo damkvidrebuli mTasa zeda halabisasa, cxorebaÁ efrem asurisa (sinuri
xelnaweri). gamocemuli Garitte G. Vies géorgíennes de s. Syméon Stylite I'Ancien at de s. Ephrem.
CSCO, 171, Louvain: 1957.

Lia Tsereteli

"Shios marani" (shio's cellar)

Summary

Figurative expression "shios marani" considered in the article, in Georgian life means abundance, plenty
and inexhaustuble supply. "Shios marani" is coming out St. Shio Mgvimeli's life and lodged in folk custom.

39
eka CxeiZe

iremi, nadiroba da sivrcis aTviseba

cxovelTa simbolika kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani da arqauli simbolika. igi jer kidev Zveli qvis xanidan,
paleoliTidan, iRebs saTaves. sainteresoa statistikuri monacemebi evropis
paleoliTur mxatvrobaSi cxovelTa gamosaxulebebis Sesaxeb: 996 gamosaxulebidan
iremsa da mis Camnacvleblebs (gareuli rqosani cxoveli: bizoni, Sveli, jixvisebrebi
da a.S.) TiTqmis naxevari uWiravs. irmis, nadirobisa da monadire qalRmerTis kavSiri
berZnul miTosSic kargadaa SemorCenili. aq iremi da Sveli artemides wminda
cxovelebi arian. `nadirobis qalRmerTis _ artemidesa da oqteonis ZvelberZnul
miTSi, daundobeli qalRmerTi irmad gadaaqcevs monadires, romelmac mas banaobis
dros Tvali Seavlo. qarTvelma mkvlevrebma marTebulad SeniSnes artemides
msgavseba nadirobis qalRmerT dalisTan, romelic iremTa mfarvelad iTvleba da
Tavadac drodadro irmis saxes iRebs~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: 94).
marTlac, yvelaze organulad iremi qarTul samonadireo eposTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli. saqarTveloSi damowmebuli warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, cxovelebs
Tavisi mfarveli hyavdaT. Tavdapirvelad is zoomorfuli arseba iyo da irmis an
jixvis saxiT warmogvidgeboda. danarCen nadirTagan mas ganasxvavebda mxolod raime
niSani (TeTri feri, oqros rqebi, niSani Sublze da sxv.). Tu monadire ver gamoarCevda
mas danarCen cxovelTagan da moklavda, misi daRupva gardauvali iyo (virselaZe 1964:
53). irmis uSualo kavSirze monadireobasTan metyvelebs saqarTvelos mTianeTSi
damowmebuli rituali: monadiris mier mokluli irmis rqebi saxlis TvalsaCino
adgilas iyo gamodebuli. nadirobis win, an nadirobis Semdeg monadire aq sanTels
anTebda, karg nanadirevsa da Sin mSvidobiT dabrunebas SesTxovda nadirT patrons, an
madlobas swiravda mas baraqiani nadirobisaTvis. garda amisa, mTaSi moqmedebda
irmisa da jixvis rqebis salocavebSi Sewirvis wesic (xidaSeli 2005: 238).
aqtiurad gvxvdeba iremi qarTul xalxur ornamentSic, romelic xasiaTdeba
arqauli da tradiciuli xatovani sistemiT. i. surgulaZis SeniSvniT, ornamentSi
asaxuli semantikuri sistema mudmivi iyo saqarTveloSi mTeli istoriuli epoqebis
ganmavlobaSi da uSualod ukavSirdeboda winaistoriul xanas (surgulaZe 1993: 21).
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul kosmogoniur gadmocemebSi iremi xSirad RvTaebis
an RvTisSvilis simbolos warmoadgenda da axlad Seqmnili, ukve sakralizebuli
kosmosis dafuZnebas auwyebda xalxs. es gadmocemebi yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda
romelime konkretuli sazogadoebis geneziss, saymos miwa-wyals, mis dasabamur xanas
(kiknaZe 1985: 10-12).
saerTod, rogorc jer kidev m. eliadem aRniSna, irmis simbolika Zalian rTuli
gasaazrebelia imis gamo, rom mas rqebis gamocvla axasiaTebs. evraziis uzarmazar
teritoriaze, dasavleT evropidan CineTamde, iremi Seqmnisa da ganaxlebis simbolod
aRiqmeboda. iremi iTvleboda germanelTa da keltTa, agreTve zogi skviTuri tomis,
winaprad. cxenis msgavsad isic erTdroulad miiCneoda solarul, mziur
simbolikasTan da xTonur samyarosTan dakavSirebul arsebad. tipologiuri
siaxlovis, agreTve rigi sxva faqtorebis moxmobiT, mkvlevarTa nawili imasac ki
amtkicebda, cxenis moTvinierebamde Cveni Soreuli winaprebi gaxednil irmebs
daaWenebdneno.
irmebze nadirobisas yvelaze tragikulad vlindeba nebismieri nadirobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli _ msxverplis gaRebis arqetipi. irems xom mtacebeli cxoveliviT
Tavis dacva ar SeuZlia.
sxvadasxva xalxis miTebsa Tu gadmocemebSi naxevradirmebis arseboba im faqtze
mianiSnebs, rom maqciobis motivi sxva arsebebTan erTad irmebzec vrceldeba. gmiris
nadiroba _ oqrosrqebiani iremi _ devna _ gamoqvabulSi SeRweva _ ganZis
(mzeTunaxavis, saganZuris da a. S.) mopoveba mravali xalxis gadmocemebSia
gavrcelebuli. qarTul folklorSi es motivi Semonaxulia amiranis fSavur
versiaSi:
`erTxel amirani da misi Zmebi sanadirod iyvnen. cxra mTa gadaiares, veraferi
mokles, suliers ar Sexvedrian. gadavidnen meaTe mTaze da gainadires. uceb

40
uzarmazari tanisa da uzarmazarrqiani xariremi gamoecxadaT. daiwyo iremma rqebi
zurgze da heri! esrola amiranma da daWra:

sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni,

gadiares cxrani mTani, meaTeni algeTisni,
mindors kvali maukvlies, danaWlikni eSmakisni,
mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni,
ucxos mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolis qvisi,
mauares garemurgvalT, ver ipoves kari misi,
sadac rom mzem piri mohkra, amiranma _ muxli mglisi,
koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seeba kari misi.
(xalxuri sibrZne 1964: 11)

koSkSi moipoveba yvelanairi ganZi: oqro-vercxli, saswaulebrivi iaraRi, raSi

da, rac mTavaria, momxiblavi qali, romelic Semdgom teqstebSi saerTod aRar Cans,
imisda miuxedavad, rom Zmebi mas Tan waiyoleben. personaJis aseTi moulodneli
gaqroba amtkicebs, rom moyvanili striqonebi CanarTia, rac `amiranianis~ romeliRac
sxva gadmocemidan daukavSirda am teqsts. msgavs gadmocemebs narTebis eposSic
vxvdebiT.
erTxel narTebis gmiri soslani sanadirod iyo da mSvenieri fur-iremi dainaxa.
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, is iyo mSvildi daumizna, rom fur-iremi mSvenier
asulad iqca da soslans colad SerTva sTxova, razec gmirma sakmaod uxeSad upasuxa:
`ramdeni gzaabneuli qaliSvilic Semxvdes, yvela colad rom SevirTo, narTebis
sofelSi maTi tevac ar iqneba~. qaliSvili daemuqra, razec soslani gacecxlda da
asuls nezvi uwoda. am Seuracxyofis Semdeg asuli frinvelad iqca da gafrinda.
Turme nu ityvi da, xsenebuli turfa balsagis (rogorc Cans, mzis gansaxierebaa)
asuli yofila. man mamas SesCivla, soslanma Seuracxyofa momayenao. ganrisxebulma
balsagma Tavis borbals uxmo da soslanis mokvla ubrZana (narTebi 1988: 166).
nebismieri nadiroba gulisxmobs garkveuli sazRvris gadalaxvas. sazRvris,
romelic erTmaneTisagan yofs adamianis mier aTvisebul sivrcesa da uRran, usier
tyes, romelic awmyoSi pirvelqmnili qaosis gavlenas warmoadgens.
`farnavazis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `xolo mas dResa Sina ganvida farnavaz da
nadirobda marto da devna uyo iremTa velTa diRmisasa. da iltvodnen iremni
RirRadTa Sina tfilisisaTa. mosdevda farnavaz, styorcna isari da hkra iremsa. da
mcired ganvlo iremman da daeca Zirsa kldisasa. mivida farnavaz iremsa zeda, da dRe
igi, mwuxri, gardaxda, da dajda iremsa mas Tana da dayo mun Rame da dilemca warvida.
xolo kldis mis Zirsa quabi iyo, romelsa kari aRmoqmnul iyo quiTa Zuelad, da
siZueliTa Sehqmnoda darRueva Senebulsa mas. maSin daasva wvima mZafri, xolo
farnavaz amoiRo Cuglugi da gamoarRvia kari quabsa mas~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 21-
22). am ganZiT farnavazi mefobas miaRwevs da iberiis saxelmwifos daaarsebs. amrigad,
iremze nadiroba aq pirdapir kavSirSia saxelmwifos daarsebasTan.
aseTi ram mxolod qarTuli arqauli folklorisaTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli.
SegviZlia gavixsenoT Tqmuleba moldovis samTavros daarsebaze. es legenda
polonur-moldovur, transilvaniur da ruminul qronikebSia Semonaxuli.
gTavazobT mis Sejerebul versias.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, RvTis nebiT, voevoda dragoSi nadirobda. nadirobisas
TanamgzavrebTan erTad zubris kvals gadaawyda. misdia kvals, mTebi gadaiara da
mSvenier vake adgils miaRwia, saxelad maramureSs, amave saxelis mqone mdinaris
siaxloves, sadac mokla kidec zubri. dragoSma gadawyvita dasaxlebuliyo am adgilas
da Tavis suzerens _ ungreTis mefes sTxova mTavris qveSevrdomebisTvis
gadasaxlebis neba daerTo. mefe uxalisod, magram mainc daTanxmda (ar undoda kargi
vasalis dakargva). dragoSma axali sacxovrisis teritoriaze samTavro Seqmna.
qveSevrdomebma is mTavrad airCies. xsenebuli iRbliani nadirobis aRsaniSnavad
axladdaarsebul samTavros Rerbze zubris Tavi iqna gamosaxuli. ramdenadac ZaRls,
romlic zubrs pirveli daewia, molda erqva, axal mxares moldova daarqves.
amrigad, sakralurad gaazrebuli socialur-politikuri da kulturuli
sivrce xSirad nadirobisas iqmneba (gansakuTrebiT iremTan da mis CamnacvleblebTan
_ jixvTan, zubrsa Tu bizonTan _ dakavSirebiT). amitomac aris, rom nadiroba ara
mxolod `bunebrivi~, aramed socialuri kosmosis Seqmnasac niSnavs.

41
 damowmebani:

abzianiZe, elaSvili 2006: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilustrirebuli enciklopedia. I,

gamomc. `bakmi~, 2006.
eliade 1999: Элиаде М. Таиные общества. Обряды, инициаций и посвящения. М.: Университетская книга, 1999.
virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e. qarTuli samonadireo eposi. Tb.: gamomc. `mecniereba~, 1964.
kiknaZe 1985: kiknaZe z. qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa sistema. Tsu gamomcemloba, 1985.
surgulaZe 1993: surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika. Tb.: gamomc. `samSoblo~,
1993.
qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba. I, Tb.: gamomc. `saxelgami~, 1955.
xalxuri sibrZne 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. qarTuli eposi. III, Tb.: gamomc. `nakaduli~, 1964.
xidaSeli 2005: xidaSeli m. rituali da simbolo arqaul kulturaSi. Tb. gamomc. `mematiane~, 2005.

Eka Chkheidze
Deer, Hunting and Space Creation

Summary

Animal symbolism is one of the most important and ancient motives in the history of mankind. It takes the
roots in the Paleolithic age. In this view, special attention can be drawn to the animals in Paleolithic paintings of
Europe. From the total 996 paintings the half presents deer illustrations. In the Greek mythology it is easy to
trace the connection of deer hunting with the Goddess of hunting. In these myths deer represents a sacred animal.
Moreover, deer symbol transformation illustrates the changes in human life. The Georgian scientists have
noticed the similarity between Arthemide and Hunting Goddess – Dali, considered to be the protector of deer
and sometimes turns into a deer herself.
Generally, deer symbolism is rather complex. Ox and deer are the symbols of the sun. Their horns in some
myths (Indian mythology) symbolize the “tree of life,” while in others – the sun rays, revival (because of horn
change), in China deer is the symbol of wealth and success. Deer is considered to be the ancestor of some
German and Celtic tribes and together with horse is associated with the solar symbolism. Judging from the
typological similarity with the horse and some other factors made the researchers think that in old times our
ancestors used to ride deer before horses were tamed.
That is why deer and its protectors end up so tragically in fairy tales, as unlike wild animals, deer is nod
capable to defend itself.
In the myths and legends of different peoples we come across to the phenomenon of semi-deer what
points to the fact that werewolf motives spread on deer either. Hunting episodes, deer with golden horns,
chasing, treasure gaining are common to many ethnic mythology and fairy tales. In the Georgian folklore this
motive is prevalent only in Pshavian version of “Amiranyani,” “Life of Parnavaz,” etc.

42
nino balanCivaZe

RvTiSvilis samosis feri da misi simboluri mniSvneloba

yvela xalxis miTosur wyaroSi figurireben mxsneli gmirebi, RvTiuri madliTa

da ZaliT morWmulni, romelnic ibrZvian naTeli, qveli idealebis damkvidrebisaTvis
da sikeTisa da WeSmaritebis gamarjvebisaTvis, risTvisac maT uzenaesisagan
miniWebuli aqvT RvTaebrivi Zalmosilebis aRmniSvneli simboloebi.
adreul epoqebSi metyveleba konkretuli, gasagnebuli da ganpirovnebuli iyo,
rac simbolikis mniSvnelobas zrdida da cnebas sul sxva iers aniWebda. alegoriuli
gamosaxulebani cxovrebis sibrZniT nakarnaxevi da poeturi warmosaxviT nakvebi
upiratesad xelovnebasTan da miTebTan dakavSirebuli simbolikaa, erTi TvalsaCino
sagniT meoris an ganyenebuli cnebis gamoxatvis formaa, rac xsnis miTs an movlenas
(gelovani 1988: 451).
miTologiur poeziaSi RvTisSvilTa garegnobis mauwyebel ama Tu im epiTetisa
da RvTaebrivi Zalmosilebis gamomxatveli atributis arseboba mkveTrad
gansazRvruli funqciiTaa warmodgenili, rameTu aq SemTxveviToba gamoricxulia da
mxolod garkveuli aucilebloba ganapirobebs masSi ama Tu im simbolos arsebobas. es
simbolo Seicavs azrs, romlis mniSvnelobac ucvlelia (es iqneba sabrZolo iaraRi,
ama Tu im feris samosi, qudi, cxeni Tu mravali sxva).
amjerad yuradReba gavamaxvileT RvTisSvilis samosis ferze: `imasac misca
Casacomi CemsaviT kaba sisvisai~-ambobs Tergvauli (poezia 1972: 127).
ras unda niSnavdes sisvi?
sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT `sisvi~ _ TeTr-Sav, areulibalania~, iqve
miTiTebulia: `naxeT-ruxa~ _ yomral-Wreli, Sav-wiTeli, mareSi _ wiTelsisvi, libri
_ lurji-moiisfro, yviJili _ Savmoisfro, sisvi _ Sav-TeTrnarevi, veJana _ lomis
feri (orbeliani 1993).
kilo-kavebis mixedviT, sisvs (qiziy.) ori mniSvneloba aqvs: 1) daTvis kanafia; 2)
balaxia, kaWaWiviT izrdeba, misgan yviTel saRebavs akeTeben; (xevsurulad) sisvi-
mwvanea. amboben: sisvi Tiva, mwvane Tiva; aqvs meore mniSvnelobac: zogjer xmalsac
niSnavs; (imer. gur. raWul.): sisvi _ lurja cxenis aRmniSvneli terminia, lega ruxi
feris cxenia.
akaki SaniZe ase ganmartavs: sisvi _ (xevs.) erTi mniSvnelobiT xmalia, meore
mniSvnelobiT _ mwvane (zogis TqmiT lurji), imerul-gurulSi _ lurja cxenia, iqve
miTiTebuli aqvs: `naxeT sisona~ _ mwvane Citi _ SaSvis odena, gazafxulze modiso.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi sisvi-lega, ruxi feria, fSaurSi sisvi _
yviTelia. sisvi TuSurSi yviTelis aRmniSvneli feria. dasavlurSi _ lurji,
kavkasiurSi _ wiTeli.
Tavad leqsis “RvTiSvilT dabadebis” mTqmelis TqmiT, sisvi mwvane feria (poezia
1972: 127)
v. nozaZe ixilavs ra Zvel evropel xalxebSi arsebul rwmena-warmodgenebs feris
Sesaxeb, vrclad exeba qristianobaSi ferTa simbolikis sakmaod rTul problemas:
`qristianul msoflioSi tanisamosis feriT mxolod VI saukunis Semdeg daSorda
sasuliero kaci saero kacs. eklesiaSi gamomuSavda liturRiis anu wirvis dros
saxmari samoseli ferebi. axasiaTebs ra mkvlevari TeTr, Sav, wiTel da iisfer ferebs,
aRniSnavs, rom `mwvane feri imedis niSaniao~.
r. barbaqaZe Tvlis, rom mwvane feri aRdgomis, gazafxulis ukvdavebisa da
rwmenis simboloa.
mwvane rwmenisa da ukvdavebis paralelurad aramxiarul feradac SegviZlia
CavTvaloT. yvelasaTvis kargad cnobil `vefxistyaosanSi~ mwvane lurj ferTan
erTad iTvleboda aramxiarul ferad. avTandilis anderZis wakiTxvis Semdeg,
rostevan mefem brZana:

`...mxiarulsa nu Caicmen Cemni spani,

vamlocvelneT davrdomilni, obolni da qvrivni sxvani,
SevewivneT, mSvidobisa nuTu miscnes RmerTman gzani~.
(rusTaveli 1990: 269).

43
xolo Tavis ZmadnaficebTan erTad arabeTs Semobrunebul avTandils xalxi daxvdeba
lurji da mwvane feris samosiT Semosili:

`mun Sigan myofsa emosa tansa lurji da mwvanebi,,

avTandilisTvis yvelai cremliTa ars nabanebi~ (rusTaveli 1990: 472).

rogorc vxedavT, ,,sisvi” sxvadasxva ferad aRiqmeboda (mwvane, yviTeli, wiTeli,

ruxi, lomis feri, Sav-moiisfro, lurj-moiisfro):
lurji _zogan sinaTlis Semcvelia, zogan ki cremlis aRmniSvnelia da
ubedurebis mauwyebeli;
wiTeli _ yvelaze metad xasiaTdeba polifunqciurobiT. igi zogan silamazis
gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba, sxva SemTxvevaSi sikvdilis maCvenebelia,
sisxlis feria;
wiTel-yviTeli _ xan sixarulisa da bednierebis momaswavebeli feria, xan ki _
ubedurebis. mas urTierTsawinaaRmdego mniSvneloba aqvs.
maSasadame, daskvnis saxiT, mxolod is SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom `RvTiSvilT
dabadebaSi~ TeTri feris paralelurad dominirebs sisvi, romelic imedis, aRgomis,
ukvdavebisa da rwmenis simbolod SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
Cveni azriT, `sisvi~ cisartyelis metafizikur gamoxatulebad unda CaiTvalos.
cisartyela ki kacTa samefos spetaki simaRlidan gadascqeris. germanuli
miTologiis mixedviT cisartyelaze aqvs aRmarTuli saxli odinis Zes, romelic
icavs kacTa modgmas bumberazTa SemoWrisagan. misi wyalobiT mSvidad sZinavT
danarCen RvTaebebs:
`mSvidi cxovrebis mauwyebeli iyo is cisartyelac, romelic RmerTma uCvena
noes warRvnis Semdeg: ...arRara SevsZino ukve mospolvad merme yovlisa xorcisa,
viTarca, vyav~ (wigni... 1989: 82).
ase rom, Tu RvTisSvilTa samosis fers (sisvisai) cisartyelis metafizikur
gamoxatulebad miviCnevT, sikeTesTan erTad Tamamad SegviZlia mSvidobis mTesvelis
funqciac mivaweroT.

damowmebani:

gelovani1988: gelovani a. miTologiuri leqsikoni. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1988.

nozaZe 1954: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis ferTa metyveleba. buenos-airesi: 1954.
orbeliani 1986: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. II, Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1993.
rusTaveli 1990: rusTaveli S. vefxistyaosani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1990.
leqsikoni 1986: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. erTtomeuli. Tb.: gamomcemloba `qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopedia~,1986.
poezia 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1972.
Rlonti 1984: Rlonti al. qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis kona. Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1984 w.
SaniZe 1984: SaniZe a. Txzulebani 12 tomad. t. I, Tb.: 1984.
wigni 1989: wigni Zuelisa aRTqumisani. Sesaqmisa, gamoslvaTai. nakveTi I, 1989.

Nino Balanchivadze

Color of God Children Clothes and its Symbolic Meaning

Summary

According to Sulkhan Saba’s definition “Sisvi”- denotes black-white feather. In Georgian dialects “sisvi”
has two different meanings: 1. bear hemp; 2. grass used fro making yellow paint; in Khevsurian dialect – “sisvi”
is of green color. When saying “sisvi” hay, mean “green hey.” The word has another meaning as well and
sometimes denotes “sword” (in Imeretian, Megrelian and Adjarian dialects); occasionally it also denotes “grey
horse.”
Akaki Shanidze defines the word “sisvi”: In Khevsurian dialect the word means either sword, or green
(sometimes meaning blue); in Imeretian-Megrelian dialect – grey horse. And adds”see sisona” – green bird of
thrush size, coming to us in spring.
In Georgian-Georgian dictionary “sisvi” is defined as “grey,” in Pshavian dialect it means – yellow, in
Tushetian dialect – word “sisvin” means yellow, in West Georgian dialects it means – blue, while in Caucasian –
red.

44
 V. Nozadze while investigating color beliefs of ancient European peoples, concluded that “green” denoted
“hope.”
According to Robakidze “green” is the symbol of revival, eternity, spring and faith. Apart from the above
mentioned, “green” is also considered to be as a gloomy, “unhappy” color in XII century Georgia. In the poem,
“The Knight in the Panther’s Skin,” Avtandil together with his companions are met by the people dressed in
green and blue.
We can conclude from all we have above said, that “sisvi” denoted various colors, like green, yellow, red,
grey, lion’s color, dark violet, bluish violet.
To our mind “sisvi” can be considered to be the metaphysical symbol of the rainbow. The rainbow
overlooks the humans from the heavenly sky. According to the German mythology Haimdali of Odin has built
its house on the rainbow, which protects the humankind from the Giants’ invasion and enables other Gods to
sleep peacefully. The Rainbow shown to Noah after the Flood was also the symbol of peaceful life.
Thus, if we consider the cloth color (“sisvi”) of God children to be the metaphysical symbol of the
rainbow and consider the necessity of bringing God children to life together with the kindness, we can also give
it the function of peace making.

45
 zRaparTmcodneoba

xvTiso mamisimediSvili

naqadagrebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sakulto teqstebi formisa da Sinaarsis

mixedviT mravalferovania. sakulto teqsti, rogorc sityvieri urTierTobis saxe
saymosa da jvars Soris, kultmsaxuris piriT warmoiTqmis. z. kiknaZis azriT, jvarsa
da saymosTan damokidebulebaSi Tavisi funqciiTa da daniSnulebiT kultmsaxuri ori
saxisaa: xucesi _ saymos sityvisa da azris mimtani jvarTan da qadagi _ jvris nebis
ganmcxadebeli saymos winaSe. xucesis mier jvarSi aRvlenili sityva, romelsac
xucobani hqvia, mimarTulia jvrisken. am teqstiT xucesi warmoCindeba rogorc saymos
Suamavali jvris winaSe, xolo qadagis sakralur sityvaSi gaismis jvris brZaneba
saymosadmi.
qadagebi garkveul siaxloves amJRavneben Zveli aRqmis sulier moRvaweebTan,
winaswarmetyvelebTan, romlebic uflis nebas ganucxadebdnen israels.
qadagis mier warmoTqmuli sakulto teqstebi anu naqadagrebi cotaa. sul, risi
dafiqsirebac werilobiT moxerxda, ociode, ZiriTadad xevsureTis saymoebSi
mopovebuli teqsti gvaqvs, romlebic Tavis droze vaJa-fSavelas, aleqsi da TinaTin
oCiaurebs CauweriaT. naqadagrebi pirvelad T. oCiaurma gamoaqveyna (oCiauri 1954).
masalis simciris miuxedavad, radgan naqadagrebi sxvadasxva saymoebis jvris karzea
gamovlenili, SegviZlia zogadad vimsjeloT maT formasa da struqturaze.
xuces-xevisbris mier jvris mimarT aRvlenili sadideblebi ZiriTadad ucvleli
Sinaarsisa da myari struqturis mqone teqstebia. sakulto ritualebze TiTqmis erTi
da igive teqstebi meordeba, naqadagari ki mxolod erTxel sruldeba konkretuli
qadagis mier da igive teqsti jvris karze aRarasodes meordeba.
naqadagari warmoiTqmis mniSvnelovani ambis win, roca dafaruli unda
gancxaddes. uzenaesis survilis gancxadebis unari qadags sakralur adgilze, jvris
karTan konkretul situaciaSi RvTisSvilisgan eZleva da mis naTqvams mxolod zepiri
xsovna inaxavs.
radgan yovel naqadagars Tavisi konkretuli avtor-warmomTqmeli hyavs, unda
gvefiqra, rom es teqstebi erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iqneboda. magram
qadagi pirovnulad teqstis warmoTqmaSi Tavisufali ar aris. is naqadagars jvris
STagonebiT ambobs, jvris Tavgadasavals an saymos Sesaxeb jvris azrs gadmogvcems. es
teqstebi RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa da saymosTvis sakraluri Rirebuleba gaaCnia.
naqadagrebSi gamoyenebuli msgavsi sintagmebi, tropuli gamoTqmebi da jvarT enis
leqsika am teqstebis saerTo warmomavlobas adasturebs. naqadagrebs erTnairi
forma da struqturuli aRnagoba aqvT.
naqadagrebSi gadmocemulia saymoze ganawyenebuli jvris sayveduri,
gafrTxileba, rCeva-darigeba, brZaneba, muqara an dapireba. qadagi gadmoscems ara
Tavis azrs, aramed jvris sityvas, mis nebas. jvari laparakobs pirvel pirSi, qadagis
eniT. amitom qadags hqvia meene: `me miTqvams Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamicxadebavis!~ _
brZanebs mowmaos mTavarangelozi. qadagis sityvaSi gadmocemulia saidumlo,
romelic saymom ar icis, magram aucileblad unda icodes, rom gadarCes.
qadagis eniT gadmocemuli teqsti saymosTvis sandoa da sarwmuno. naqadagari
maTTvis eWvSeutaneli simarTlea, radgan is jvris sityvaa da namdvili. saymo endoba
naqadagars. misi WeSmariteba jvris rwmeniTaa ganmtkicebuli. jvari qadagis
saSualebiT saymosTan sasaubrod iyenebs Tavis leqsikas e. w. `jvarT enis~ leqsikur
marags. mas aqvs sakraluri Rirebuleba, yoveldRiur saubarSi ar gvxvdeba da mxolod
sakulto teqstebSi gamoiyeneba. am leqsikis gamoyenebiT jvari ucxadebs saymos
saidumlos an jvars SeiZleba esaubrebodes kultmsaxuri. amdenad jvris
frazeologia ucxosTvis TiTqmis saidumlo da gaugebaria: `mzeqal Sagvijd
maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem xodaburni, Cem ymaT qer-
oqronic~. _ acxadebs iaxsris jvari (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, 1998: 180). jvaris
naTqvami qadagis eniT, marTalia, simboloebiT aris gadmocemuli, magram is teqsti

46
gasagebia saymosTvis, radgan igi Seesabameba im sazogadoebis warmodgenebsa da
msoflxedvas. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi iaxsari saymos eubneba: _ gvalvam
dagvazarala, moayola setyva, gaanadgura Cemi mamulebi, Cemi ymebis qeris yanebic.
naqadagari saymosTvis sandoa imitomac, rom jvari morige RmerTis neba-
survilsac ucxadebT. morige RmerTma aametyvela jvaric. morige RmerTis am
konteqstSi xseneba kidev ufro amaRlebs naqadagaris avtoritets. `merigem RmerTm
damiZrn bageni~. _acxadebs qadagis piriT iaxsari RulSi (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi
1998: 180), iseve rogorc uflis nebiT `daiZra~ bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis ieremias
bageni: `gamomiwoda xeli ufalma da Seexo Cems bages. miTxra ufalma: `aha, Camidvia
Cemi sityvebi Sens bageebSi~ (ier. 1. 9.).
naqadagaris warmoTqmis dros qadagi sakuTar Tavs aRar ekuTvnis, mas mTlianad
jvari eufleba da Tavis saTqmels alaparakebs.
naqadagari teqstebi Sinaarsoblivad did msgavsebas amJRavneben erTmaneTTan.
naqadagaris dasawyisSi jvari Tavis Zalasa da didebas Seaxsenebs saymos: `_me maqv
Zali, SaZleba malocvili marigis xTisagan~._ ucxadebs pirquSis jvari
bacaligoelebs. iaxsris jvari ki Rulelebs odesRac gadaxdil sagmiro Tu sxva saxis
Tavgadasavalze esaubreba, roca man, morige RmerTisgan Zalmicemulma, dev-kerpebi
Semusra, devebisgan mitacebuli teritoriebi ki saymos daubruna: `maSin mqond Zali-
d’ SaZleba, rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars
vaxeviebdi~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 180).
arxotionTa erT-erTi mfarveli RvTisSvili jaWveli xmelisgorisa, siamayiT
acxadebs, rom mas morige RmerTisgan hqonda miniWebuli pirmzorian devTa
ganadgurebis unari:

me jaWveli or jaWvianio,
me xTisagan maqv malocvilio
didi Zala da SaZlebaio,
brZolai pirmzorianTanao. (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 182).

RvTaebriv ZalmosilebasTan erTad jvari ixsenebs Tavis urTierTobas

saymosTan, Tu rogori erTgulebiT, siwmindiTa da morCilebiT emsaxurebodnen mas
ymebi. erT-erT naqadagarSi pirquSis jvari acxadebs: `me maSin mqondav Zali-d’
SaZlebaiv, rosac ymaniv jarj-girkvliann damidiodesav~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi
1998: 180). am naqadagridan irkveva, rom bacaligoSi pirquSis ymebi morCilebisa da
sinanulis niSnad kiserze Sebmuli wnelis apeurebiT midiodnen jvarSi salocavad.
msgavs rituals vxvdebiT leCxumSi, sadac dexviris sazogadoeba morCilebis niSnad
sinanulis gamosaxatavad kiserze mobmuli `RvleWebiT~, igive wnelis apeurebiT
midioda murSi wminda maqsimes Tayvanissacemlad da misTvis gamodarebis
saTxovnelad.
jvari Tavis ymebs yvelaze metad qedmaRlobas, ampartavnobasa da gabudayebas
sayvedurobs. jvaris sayvedurs naqadagrebis umravlesoba erTi da imave sintagmiT
gadmogvcems: `CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior, mÃari mÃars gamisworesa-d’ kiseri _
kisers~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 179). zogierT naqadagarSi ismis jvris
guliswyroma dastur-xelosanTa mimarT: `Cem dastur-msaxurn daZveldes, gaTamamdes.
aRarcraad me mivaCnior~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 179). jvaris mier mopovebul
teritoriaze cxovreba saymos gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. miwa, sadac
saymo cxovrobs, wmindaa. amitomac jvari saymosgan yvelaze metad siwmindis dacvas
moiTxovs. jvris karze `dasturTyeneba dRes~ saymos saqcieliT ganawyenebuli
mowmaos mTavarangelozi acxadebs: `maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi~ (jvar-xatTa
sadideblebi 1998: 179).
`simuri~ da `rioSi~ jvarT enis leqsikas ganekuTvneba. Tumca samuri hqvia
agreTve erT-erT mdinares daRestanSi. termini `simuri~ gvxvdeba agreTve iaxsris
sadidebelSi. iaxsari sakulto teqstSi moxseniebulia rogorc `abudelauris
simurSi natyvevari~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 40). abudelauris tbaSi moklulma
ukanaskneli devis sisxlma laR iaxsars wylidan amosvlis saSualeba aRar misca.
abudelauris simuri aRniSnavs devis sisxliT gauwmindurebul wyals. rioSiani jvarT
enaze hqvia qalurobis periodSi myof dedakacs, romelic uwmindurad iTvleba
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis saymoebSi. mowmaos mTavarangelozis naqadagarSi

47
simuri gauwmindurebul wyals, xolo rioSi gauwmindurebul miwas aRniSnavs.
`maTreven simurSi-d’ rioSianSi!~ _acxadebs mTavarangelozi da saymos jvris mier
mopovebuli teritoriis Seryvnasa da gauwmindurebaSi adanaSaulebs. naqadagaris
mixedviT, ymebi jvars, jvris sakralur gamoxatulebas, jvris droSas
gauwmindurebul miwa-wyalze daatareben.
saymom, `utma da umecarma~ xorcielma unda icodes, rom igi ususuria uzenaesis
winaSe, amitomac naqadagrebSi jvari ymebs Tavs xSirad amgvari sityvebiT axsenebs: `me
aisiv mTavarangelozi or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv~, an `me aisiv pirquS ki orav!~
(jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 179) da sxv.
jvari saymosgan rwmenis simtkicesa da morCilebas moiTxovs, urCebs ki
cxrafesviani maTraxiT miwasTan gasworebiT, dawviTa da dalpobiT emuqreba: `_Cems
urCsa, uwamebels Cemi cxrafesviani maTraxiT miwasTan gavasworeb!~_acxadebs
pirquSis jvari (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 180). saymos unda axsovdes, rom jvari
sastiki da daundobelia urCebis mimarT. andrezebis mixedviT, cxrafesviani maTraxi
pirquSis sabrZolo iaraRia, risi saSualebiTac jvari Tavis `urCsa da uwamebels~
uswordeboda: zogs cecxlSi wvavda, zogsac sneulebas Sehyrida da alpobda. mowmaos
mTavarangelozic kidev erTxel urCevs, afrTxilebs, Seaxsenebs da mouwodebs
ugunurebs mfarveli jvris rwmenisa da samsaxurisken: `_Cem ymaT urCev, ro WkviT
iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan, Cems wess me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv
malocvili~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 179).
jvar-xatebi, naqadagrebis mixedviT, RvTis karze ikribebian. iq, zecaSi, bWoben
RvTisSvilebi qveynierebis Sesaxeb, TavianTi saymoebis gasaWirze esaubrebian morige
RmerTs, eTaTbirebian samarTlis gansjaSi da misgan iReben davalebebs. RvTis karze
wydeba saymos bedi. saymom ar icis, ra xdeba RvTis karze. RvTis karze `maxiluli~
mxolod jvrisgan SeiZleba Seityon: _`SaviyareniTav xTis karzedav. eWirav xTis
kariv qaj-mandilosanTav~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 181). _ uyveba zeisteCos
jvari qadagis piriT Tavis ymebs. qaj-mandilosnebSi xaxmatis jvris dobilni
moiazrebian.
iaxsris jvari Tavisi ymebis dasaxmareblad da Sesaxveweblad dadis RvTis karze:
`eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxoiSnod iqav xTis karze davdior~ (jvar-xatTa
sadideblebi, 1998: 180). karatis jvari ki mosalodneli sasiSroebis Sesaxeb
afrTxilebs saymos: `gamimTxildiTav, ymano, cud saqmei maqvav xTis karzedav
maxiluli~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 179).
qadagi jvris saidumlos ucxadebs saymos, romelic winaswarmetyvelebas
Seicavs. SeiZleba winaswarmetyveleba saymosTvis ubedurebis macne iyos, magram
qadagi valdebulia auwyos dafaruli. naqadagari xom saymos xsnasa da gadarCenas
emsaxureba.
setyva ganadgurebas uqadis liqokelebs, saymos `sen-samsalani~ da epidemia
emuqreba. aseTia RvTis mkacri ganaCeni urCebis mimarT. mosalodneli ubedurebiT
gulSeZruli qadagi karatis jvris `xTis karze maxilul~ saidumlos ucxadebs
liqokelebs: `cis xorxoS-korkotn garmamsxnav RmerTmav, RorRian godorniv, sen-
samsalaniav garmasulniv, gamimTxildiTav, meSinisav~. jvris sakralur enaze `cis
xorxoS-korkotni~ da `RorRian godorni~ setyvas aRniSnavs, xolo `sen-samsalani~ _
avadmyofobas. xSirad qadagi jvris piriT saymos `sisxlis Samanisa da jiÃvis Tav-rqan
sam pirad gadmoyolebas~ uwinaswarmetyvelebs, rac sikvdilianobasa da mtrebis
gardauval Semosevas moaswavlebs.
qadagis sityvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs jvaris garSemo Semokrebili
sazogadoebisTvis. naqadagaris mosmenis Semdeg ymebSi sinanuli isadgurebs. saymo
cdilobs amaRldes, moiqces, gulwrfelad moinanios codvebi, keTilad ganawyos
jvari, gafrTxildes da ganwmendili warsdges mfarveli RvTisSvilis winaSe.
momavali saymosTvis mudam dafarulia da is SeiZleba mxolod jvris karnaxiT
qadagis piridan gancxaddes. naqadagari mxolod ubedurebis macne ar aris. iaxsris
naqadagridan ismis jvris sityva, jvris azri codvil saymoze, Tu rogor ebraleba da
ar emeteba RvTisSvils Tavisi ymebi satanjvelad. naqadagrebis mixedviT, jvari aris
mowyale da mimtevebeli, is RvTis karze midis, raTa Tavis ymebs ubedureba aacilos,
moimxros kvirae, Seexvewos xaxmatis wminda giorgis da mis mode yelRilianebs, saymos
mier gaRebuli ZRven-samsaxuri RvTis karze miitanos. rac mTavaria, jvarma unda
moawesrigos mis mier Seqmnili saymos cxovreba.

48
 erT-erT naqadagarSi ki arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelozi sxva RvTisSvils
Tavisi codvili ymis patiebas mxurvaled evedreba:

gexvewebio miqielio
apativeo, autieo,
uti asa da umecario,
Sen gexvewebis ÃÃorcielio,
Sen apative umecarsao...
nu CauÃureb sagebelTao. (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 181).

z. kiknaZis azriT, `es naqadagari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvris meoxebis

saukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi _ arxotis jvari am naqadagarSi emudareba
romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas mis ymas, apatios Secodeba, rogorc `utsa da
umecars~, mzad aris RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, Suamdgomloba gauwios mas
morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavs yvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad Tvlis~ (kiknaZe
2006: 85).
naqadagrebis mTavari personaJi aris RvTisSvili, romlis ZiriTad sazrunavs
saymo warmoadgens. saymo jvris yuradRebis SuagulSia moqceuli da aseTive
yuradRebas moiTxovs jvari saymosgan. jvari, romelic teqstebSi RvTaebrivi
ZalmosilebiT aris Semkuli, iRvwis xorcielTaTvis, raTa aacilos mosalodneli
ubedurebani: avadmyofoba _ `loginCi CaÃureba~, `sen-samsalani~, gvalva anu
`mzeqalis maRalzed Sajdoma~, setyva _ `cis xorxoS-korkotni~ da `RorRian
godorni~, mtris Semoseva da sikvdilianoba anu `jiÃvis Tav-rqan gadmoyoleba sam
pirad~ da `sisxlis Samani~. jvari Tvalyurs adevnebs saymos cxovrebas da Tavisi
ymebisganac erTgul samsaxurs moiTxovs. jvrisa da saymos urTierToba ormxriv
samsaxurzea agebuli.
naqadagrebis mixedviT, RvTis karze misuli jvari cdilobs, miimxros kvirae da
danarCeni RvTisSvilebi, saymoze `daRirebuli~ maTi risxva wyalobiT Secvalos. erT-
erT naqadagarSi iaxsari Tavis ymebs sixaruliT acnobebs, rom ganrisxebulma xaxmatis
jvarma mis ymebs ganawyeneba apatia, codvebi Seundo da `gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni~
(jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 181). naqadagaric optimizmiT mTavrdeba, iaxsari
qadagis piriT saymos aimedebs da nugeSiT aRavsebs: _`nuRar geSinisT, imedianad
iyveniT!~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 181).
naqadagrebs Soris calke unda gamovyoT teqstebi xel-yelRilian samZimarze,
romlebic imave principiT aris Seqmnili, rogorc danarCeni naqadagrebi, anu aqac
RvTisSvili saymos pirvel pirSi esaubreba da teqstSi maTi ormxrivi urTierTobaa
asaxuli. sxva naqadagrebisgan gansxvavebiT, masSi ar ismis jvris brZaneba,
gafrTxileba an muqara. samZimris teqstebi mTlianad agebulia im motivze, rac sxva
naqadagrebSi mxolod dasawyisSi gvxvdeba, anu RvTisSvili saubrobs Tavis
Tavgadasavalze. naqadagari liroepikur stilSi gadmogvcems qali RvTisSvilis
pirad intimur urTierTobebs saymos gamorCeul mamakacebTan. naqadagari yuradRebas
ipyrobs kontrastebiT, sadac samZimari warmoCindeba RvTaebrivi ZalmosilebiTa da
adamianuri, qaluri sinaziT, mimzidveli garegnobiTa da lamazi CacmulobiT. teqstSi
samZimris RvTaebrivi da adamianuri Tvisebebis garda gvxvdeba misi qajaveTidan
gamoyolili unarebi: maqcioba, koWukuRmarToba, `xeloba~ da sxv. samZimris
naqadagrisTvis arc erotikuli scenebia ucxo. yelRiliani samZimari daufaravad
acxadebs, rom abuleTaurT saRiras loginSi `Cavexvividi, Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds
gamavixvividio~ (jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 182).
formis TvalsazrisiT garkveuli msgavseba SeiniSneba naqadagrebsa da xmiT
natirlebs Soris. naqadagrebis nawili, maT Soris naqadagrebi samZimarze, mTibluri
sazomiT aris gawyobili. rogorc xmiT natirlebi, aseve naqadagrebic
improvizaciulia. msmeneli auditoria, jvris karze misuli saymoc da micvalebulis
samZimarze misuli sazogadoebac, orive, Zlier gavlenas axdens SemoqmedebiT
procesze da garkveuli azriT Tanamonawilea.
yvela naqadagars erTnairi struqtura aqvs, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
konkretuli qadagis piriT warmoiTqmis sxvadasxva jvris karze da TiToeuli teqsti
konkretuli RvTisSvilisgan momdinareobs.
naqadagrebis umravlesobas aqvs myari dasawyisi formula, romelSic qadagis
piriT jvari Tavis vinaobas gaacxadebs. es aris erTgvari `daZaxna~: `hai, hai, me or

49
mTavarangelozi~, an `hau, hau, hau, me or pirquSi~, an `me jaWveli or jaWvianio~. amas
uSualod mosdevs saymos mimarT RvTisSvilis mier sakuTari RvTaebrivi Zalisa da
unaris Sexseneba: `me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai~, an `me maSin mqondav Zali-d’ SaZlebaiv...~
pirquSis naqadagarSi jvari saymos ucxadebs, Tu visgan aqvs miniWebuli Zliereba da
Zalaufleba: `_me maqvs Zali, SaZleba malocvili marigis RvTisagan~. samZimris
naqadagrebic `yelRiliani~ RvTisSvilis mier sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
daxasiaTebiT iwyeba: `amaSi mqonda SaZlebaio, qajaveT viarebodidio,~ an `maSi mZliv
mqonda SaZlebaio, qaliviT viarebodidio~.
am erTgvar eqspozicias mosdevs ufro dinamiuri nawili, romelic
gadmocemulia miTologemebis saSualebiT. masSi jvari ixsenebs warsuls:
sociogonias, borot ZalebTan brZolasa da saymosTan Tavis urTierTobebs.
naqadagrebSi xSirad erTmaneTs enacvleba jvris awmyo da winare warsuli.
naqadagrebis ZiriTadi nawili `xTis karis maxilvaa~. jvari uziarebs saymos
imas, rac misTvis dafarulia, rac RvTis karze xdeba. teqstebSi RvTisSvilis mier
RvTis karze momxdari saidumlos gancxadebas win uswrebs an mosdevs saymos mimarT
jvris sayveduri, gafrTxileba, rCeva-darigeba, brZaneba, muqara an dapireba. am
nawils samZimris naqadagrebi ar icnobs da masSi mxolod qali RvTisSvilis saymosTan
urTierTobis amsaxveli scenebia warmodgenili.
garda struqturisa, sxvadasxva jvris naqadagrebs msgavsi leqsika,
frazeologia, sintagmebi da tropuli gamoTqmebi aerTianebT.
qarTul zepirsityvier fondSi naqadagrebi formisa da Sinaarsis mixedviT
sruliad TviTmyofadi, originaluri da unikaluri teqstebia. naqadagrebi, risi
dafiqsirebac werilobiT moxerxda, mkafiod warmoaCenen saymoebis maRal religiur
kulturas, RvTisadmi Zlier rwmenasa da siyvaruls. naqadagrebi sakraluri
leqsikiT, myari sintagmebiT, ritmiTa da tropuli gamoTqmebiT mniSvnelovani
sakulto teqstebia. masSi saymo danaxulia jvris poziciidan. naqadagari erTaderTia
sakulto teqstebs Soris, romelSic jvari Tavis unarebsa da Tvisebebze saubrobs,
winaswar acxadebs RvTisSvili Tavisi moqmedebisa da saymosTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb.
naqadagars, rogorc misteriis nawils, Tavisi RvTiuri warmomavlobiT, eniTa
da mravalferovani miTologemebiT SevyavarT saymos saidumlo, dafaruli codnis
sferoSi, romelTanac ziarebulni iyvnen uaRresad brZeni adamianebi, `xelwminda
mamebi~ da kultmsaxurni.

damowmebani:

kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. qarTuli folklori. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2006 .

oCiauri 1954: oCiauri T. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1954 .
jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi. teqstebi Sekribes, Sesavali,
leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes z. kiknaZem, x. mamisimediSvilma da t. maxaurma.
Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 1998.

Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili

Religious texts delivered by a sermonizer

(preachings)

Summary

Religious texts delivered by a sermonizer, or preachings are few in number in the Georgian folklore and
were mainly delivered to the traditional societies of Pshavi and Khevsureti, or so called ‘Serfdoms’.
The preachings tell about the reprimand of the patron saint (sacred image) of the community, its warning,
advice, order, threat or promise. A sermonizer shares not his opinion, but tells the words and communicates the
will of the saint (sacred image) to the society. It is the sacred image talking from the lips of the sermonizer.
It’s not the sermonizer preaching, but he is wholly occupied by the patron saint (sacred image) and is
made to tell its words. A sermonizer declares the secret of the saint, the sacred image.
A religious text preached by a sermonizer sees the traditional society from the point of the patron saint
(sacred image). A preaching is the only one among the religious texts where the sacred image talks about its
abilities and features and declares about its action and relationship with the society (‘Serfdom’) ahead of time.

50
 ∗
v. i. propi

jadosnuri zRapris istoriuli fesvebi

Tavi I

w a n a m Z R v r e b i

1. ZiriTadi sakiTxi. revoluciamde folklori Cagrul klasTa _ uwignuri

glexebis, jariskacebis, naxevrad wignieri muSebis, xelosnebis _ Semoqmedeba iyo.
Cvens droSi folklori, am sityvis WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, xalxuri Semoqmedebaa.
revoluciamde folkloristika warmoadgenda mecnierebas zemodan qvemoT. igi
xSirad miawerda folklors raRac abstraqtul filosofias, brma iyo misi
revoluciuri dinamikis mimarT da folklors ganixilavda rogorc
literaturaTmcodneobis mxolod da mxolod nawils. Cvens droSi folkloristika
damoukidebel mecnierebad yalibdeba. revoluciamdeli folkloristikis meTodebi
uZluri iyo folkloris rTuli problematikis winaSe: Teoriebi erTmaneTs
enacvleboda, magram verc erTi ver uZlebda ramdenadme seriozul kritikas. Cvens
droSi marqsistul-leninuri meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs mivatovoT abstraqtuli
Teoriebi da konkretuli gamokvlevebis gzas davadgeT.
magram ras niSnavs zRapris konkretuli kvleva, saidan daviwyoT? Tu Cven
zRaparTa SepirispirebiT SemovifarglebiT, maSin komparativizmis CarCoebSi
davrCebiT. Cven gvsurs Seswavlis CarCoebi gavafarTovoT da is istoriuli baza
vipovoT, romelmac jadosnuri zRapari warmoSva. aseTia jadosnuri zRapris
istoriuli fesvebis Seswavlis amocana, romelic jerjerobiT metad zogadadaa
formulirebuli.
erTi SexedviT am amocanis dasmaSi TiTqos araferia axali. folkloris
istoriuli Seswavlis cdebi adrec iyo. rusuli folkloristika icnobda mTel
istoriul skolas, romelsac saTaveSi vsevolod mileri edga. ase magaliTad,
speranski Tavisi rusuli zepirsityvierebis kursSi ambobs: `bilinis Seswavlisas Cven
vcdilobT, mivagnoT im istoriul faqts, romelic mas safuZvlad uZevs da, am
varaudidan gamomdinare, vamtkicebT bilinis siuJetis igiveobas romelime CvenTvis
cnobil ambavTan an ambavTa wresTan~ (speranski 1917: 222). Cven arc istoriul faqtTa
mignebas da arc folklorTan maTi igiveobis mtkicebas ar SevudgebiT. CvenTvis
sakiTxi principulad sxvagvarad dgas. Cven gvinda gamovikvlioT istoriuli
warsulis ra movlenebs (da ara ambebs) Seesabameba rusuli zRapari da sinamdvileSi ra
xarisxiT gansazRvravs an edeba safuZvlad igi zRapars. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
Cveni mizania, gamovikvlioT jadosnuri zRapris wyaroebi istoriul sinamdvileSi.
movlenis genezisis Seswavla jer kidev ar niSnavs Tavad movlenis istoriis
Seswavlas. istoriis Seswavla sruliad SeuZlebelia _ es saqme mraval wels
moiTxovs, is ara erTi adamianis, aramed TaobaTa saqmea _ es CvenSi Casaxuli
marqsistuli folkloris saqmea. genezisis Seswavla am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli
pirveli nabijia.
aseTia is ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelic am naSromSia dayenebuli.

2. wanamZRvarTa mniSvneloba. yoveli mkvlevari iwyebs raRac wanamZRvrebiT,

romlebic mas ufro adre uCndeba, vidre muSaobas Seudgebodes.
veselovski jer kidev 1873 wels miuTiTebda, rom aucilebelia mkvlevarma,
upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari poziciebi gaarkvios da kritikulad Sexedos Tavis
meTods (veselovski 1938: 83-128). gubernatisis wignis `Zoological mythology~-s

∗
mTargmnelisagan: Targmnilia gamocemidan В. Я. Пропп: Исторические корни волшебной сказки, Ленинград, 1946. es
monografia vrceli samecniero literaturis safuZvelzea dawerili. Sesabamisi gverdebi sqolioSia
dasaxelebuli. radgan bevri maTgani meordeba, mizanSewonilad CavTvale literaturis miTiTebis Zveli wesi,
amJamad moqmedi, evropul standartTa Sesabamisi, literaturis institutSi mirebuli wesiT, Semecvala, e. i.
damowmebani teqstSi Semetana, literaturis nusxa ki teqstSi damerTo. TargmanSi am teqsnikuri xasiaTis
cvlilebis Setana imanac gamabedvina, rom Tavad В. Я. Пропп-is nimuSad moxmobil zRaprebs naSromis teqstSi
msgavsi wesiT vuTiTeb.

51
magaliTze veselovskim cxadyo, rom TviTkontrolis uqonlobas mcdari daskvnebi
mosdevs, miuxedavad avtoris erudiciisa da masalis kombinirebis unarisa.
aq, albaT, saWiroa zRapris Seswavlis istoriis kritikuli mimoxilva, magram
Cven amas ar gavakeTebT. zRapris Seswavlis istoria araerTxelaa gadmocemuli, da
naSromTa CamoTvla CvenTvis aucilebeli araa. magram Tu SevekiTxebiT sakuTar Tavs,
ratom ar gvaqvs dRemde savsebiT myari da yvelas mier aRiarebuli Sedegebi, vnaxavT,
rom xSirad es swored imitom xdeba, rom avtorebs mcdari wanamZRvrebi aqvT.
egreT wodebuli miTologiuri skola im wanamZRvridan amodioda, rom ori
movlenis garegnuli msgavseba, garegnuli analogia maTi istoriuli kavSiris niSania.
magaliTad, Tu gmiri dRiT ki ara, saaTobiT izrdeba, maSin misi swrafi zrda TiTqos
horizontze amosuli mzis swrafi zrdis asaxvaa (frobeniusi 1898: 242). jer erTi, mze,
rodesac vuyurebT, ki ar diddeba, aramed, piriqiT, pataravdeba, meorec _ analogia
igive ar aris, rac istoriuli kavSiri.
egreTwodebuli finuri skolis erT-erTi wanamZRvari iyo varaudi, rom is
formebi, romlebic sxvebze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, amasTanave siuJetiis uZvelesi
formis kuTvnilebacaa. Tu arafers vityviT imaze, rom siuJetis arqetipTa Teoria
Tavad moiTxovs dasabuTebs, Cven araerTxel gveqneba SemTxveva davrwmundeT, rom
yvelaze arqauli formebi swored yvelaze iSviaTia da rom isini xSirad idevneba
axali formebis mier, romelTa sayovelTao gavrceleba hpoves (ufro dawvrilebiT
ix.: nikiforovi 1926: 353-361).
aseTi magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba, amasTan umeteswilad wanamZRvarTa
mcdarobis garkveva sulac araa Zneli. sakiTxavia, ratom Tavad avtorebi ver
xedavdnen am Tavis Secdomebs, romlebic CvenTvis aSkaraa? es Secdomebi udides
mecnierebs mosdiodaT. saqme imaSia, rom maT xSirad ar SeeZloT sxvagvarad
azrovneba, rom maTi azrovneba ganpirobebuli iyo im epoqiT, romelSic cxovrobdnen,
da klasiT, romelsac ekuTvnodnen. sakiTxi wanamZRvarTa Sesaxeb metwilad arc
dasmula da genialuri veselovskis xma, romelic TviTon araerTxel gadasinjavda
xolme Tavis wanamZRvrebs da xelaxla swavlobda, darCa xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa
Sina.
CvenTvis ki aqedan is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom gamokvlevis dawyebamde
sakuTar wanamZRvarTa gulmodgined Semowmebaa saWiro.

3. jadosnur zRaparTa gamoyofa. Cven gvinda vipovoT da gamovikvlioT

jadosnuri zRapris istoriuli fesvebi. Tu ra igulisxmeba istoriul fesvebSi,
qvemoT iqneba naTqvami. vidre amas gavakeTebdeT, aucilebelia ganvmartoT termini
`jadosnuri zRapari~. zRapari ise mdidari da mravalferovania, rom zRapris yvela
movlenaTa sruli moculobiTa da yvela xalxTan Seswavla SeuZlebelia. amitom
masala unda SeizRudos, da me mas Semovfarglav jadosnuri zRaprebiT. es niSnavs,
rom me maqvs wanamZRvari, rom arseboben raRac gansakuTrebuli zRaprebi, romlebsac
SeiZleba ewodos jadosnuri. me marTlac maqvs aseTi wanamZRvari. jadosnur
zRaprebad me vTvli im zRaprebs, romelTa aRnagobac me Seswavlili maqvs wignSi
`zRapris morfologia~ (propi 1928). am wignSi jadosnuri zRapris Janri sakmaod
zustadaa gamoyofili. aq Seswavlili iqneba zRaparTa is Janri, romelic iwyeba raime
zianis an vnebis miyenebiT (motaceba, gaZeveba da sxva) an raimes qonebis surviliT
(mefe agzavnis vaJiSvils ucxo frinvelisTvis), rasac mosdevs gmiris saxlidan
wasvla, mCuqebelTan Sexvedra, romelic asaCuqrebs jadosnuri saSualebiT an SemwiT,
romlis daxmarebiTac xdeba saZebneli sagnis mopoveba. Semdgom zRaparSi mocemulia
orTabrZola mowinaaRmdegesTan (umniSvnelovanesi forma gvelTan brZolaa),
dabruneba da dadevneba. es kompozicia xSirad rTuldeba xolme: ukve saxlSi
dabrunebul gmirs Zmebi ufskrulSi adgeben. Semdeg gmiri kvlav brundeba, gamocdian
Zneli davalebebis meSveobiT da cols irTavs da mefdeba an Tavisave samefoSi anda
simamris samefoSi. es mokle sqematuri gadmocemaa kompoziciuri RerZisa, romelic
safuZvlad uZevs Zalian bevrsa da sxvadasxvagvar zRapars. im zRaprebs, romlebic am
sqemas asaxaven, Cven jadosnurs vuwodebT da swored isini warmoadgenen Cveni
gamokvlevis sagans.
amrigad, pirveli wanamZRvaria: zRaparTa Soris aris zRaparTa gansakuTrebuli
kategoria, romelsac Cveulebriv jadosnurs uwodeben. es zRaprebi SeiZleba
gamoiyos sxvebisgan da damoukideblad iqnas Seswavlili. TviT gamoyofis faqtma

52
SeiZleba daeWveba gamoiwvios. xom ar irRveva kavSiris principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
unda SeviswavloT movlenebi? magram saboloo jamSi samyaros yvela movlena
erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, mecniereba ki Tavis Sesaswavl movlenebs yovelTvis
gamohyofs sxva movlenebisgan. saqme imaSia, sad da rogor xdeba gamijvna.
Tumca jadosnuri zRaprebi folkloris nawils warmoadgens, isini iseT nawils
ar Seadgens, romelic ganuyofeli iqneboda am mTelisgan. jadosnuri zRaprebi is
araa, rac xeli sxeulisaTvis, anda foToli xisaTvis. isini Tumc nawils Seadgenen,
amasTanave Tavad warmoadgenen raRac mTlianobas da aq aRebulia rogorc mTeli.
jadosnur zRaparTa struqturis Seswavla cxadyofs am zRaparTa mWidro
naTesaobas erTmaneTTan. es naTesaoba imdenad mWidroa, rom erTi siuJetis zustad
gamoyofa meorisgan SeuZlebelia. amas mivyavarT Semdeg or mniSvnelovan
wanamZRvarTan. jer erTi: jadosnuri zRapris arc erTi siuJetis Seswavla ar
SeiZleba meoris gareSe, da meore: jadosnuri zRapris arc erTi motivis Seswavla ar
SeiZleba mTelTan misi kavSiris gareSe. amiT muSaoba principulad axal gzaze dgeba.
aqamde muSaoba ase warmoebda: aiReboda erTi romelime motivi, an erTi romelime
siuJeti, Seikribeboda SeZlebisdagvarad yvela Cawerili varianti, Semdeg ki
SepirispirebiTa da SedarebiT keTdeboda daskvnebi. magaliTad, polivka swavlobda
formulas `rusuli suni mcems~, radermaxeri _ veSapis mier gadaylapulTa da
amogdebulTa motivs, baumgarteni _ eSmakisTvis miyidulTa motivs (`momeci is, rac
saxlSi gaqvs da ar ici~) da a. S. (polivka 1915: 240-249) avtorebi araviTar daskvnebamde
ar midian da daskvnebze uars amboben.
swored aseve xdeba calkeul siuJetTa Seswavlac. magaliTad, makenzeni
swavlobda momRerali Zvlebis zRaprebs, liliebladi _ madlieri micvalebulebis
zRaprebs da a. S. (makenzeni 1923: lilebladi 1927). aseTi gamokvlevebi sakmaod bvria,
maT Zalian waswies win Cveni codna calkeul siuJetTa gavrcelebisa da arsebobis
Sesaxeb, magram warmoSobis sakiTxebi am naSromebSi gadawyvetili ar aris. amitom Cven
jerjerobiT savsebiT uars vambobT zRapris calkeul siuJetTa mixedviT Seswavlaze.
jadosnuri zRapari CvenTvis aris erTgvari mTlianoba, misi yvela siuJeti
urTierTdakavSirebuli da ganpirobebulia. amiTvea gamowveuli motivis
izolirebulad Seswavlis SeuZlebloba. polivkas rom aramxolod yvela saxeoba
Seekriba formulisa `rusuli suli mcems~, aramed aRZvroda kiTxva _ vin gamoscems
am wamoZaxils, ra pirobebSi, vis xvdebian am wamoZaxiliT da a. S., e. i. es motivi
mTlianTan kavSirSi rom Seeswavla, maSin, advili SesaZlebelia, rom swor daskvnamde
misuliyo. motivis Seswavla mxolod siuJetis sistemaSia SesaZlebeli, siuJetebis
Seswavla mxolod maT urTierTkavSirSi SeiZleba.

4. zRapari, rogorc zednaSenuri movlena. aseTia wanamZRvrebi, romlebic

miviReT jadosnuri zRapris struqturis winaswari SeswavliT. magram saqme amiT ar
Tavdeba.
zemoT miTiTebuli iyo, rom wanamZRvrebi, romlebic amosavalia avtorebisTvis,
xSirad im epoqis produqts warmoadgenen, romlebSic es mkvlevarni cxovrobdnen.
Cven socializmis epoqaSi vcxovrobT. Cvenma epoqamac gamoimuSava Tavisi
wanamZRvrebi, romelTa safuZvelzec unda xdebodes sulieri kulturis movlenaTa
Seswavla. magram sxva epoqaTa wanamZRvrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac
humanitaruli mecnierebani CixSi moamwyvdies, Cvenma epoqam Seqmna wanamZRvrebi,
romelsac humanitaruli dargebi gahyavs erTaderT swor gzaze.
wanamZRvari, romelzec aqaa laparaki, zogad wanamZRvars warmoadgens istoriul
movlenaTa Sesaswavlad: `materialuri cxovrebis warmoebis wesi ganapirobebs
saerTod cxovrebis socialur, politikur da sulier procesebs~ (marqsi, t. 13: 7).
aqedan sruli sicxadiT gamomdinareobs, rom Cven warsulSi unda mivagnoT warmoebis
im wess, romelmac ganapiroba zRapari.
rogori iyo es warmoebis wesi? zRapris zerele codnac ki sakmarisia imis
saTqmelad, rom, magaliTad, kapitalizmi jadosnur zRapars ar ganapirobebs. es, ra
Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom warmoebis kapitalisturi wesi zRaparSi ar iyos
asaxuli. piriqiT, zRaprebSi Cven SevxvdebiT qarxnis sastik mepatronesac, xarb
xucessac, oficersac, mCagvrel batonsac, gaqceul saldaTsac, Ratak, loT da
gapartaxebul glexobasac. aq xazi unda gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom saqme exeba
swored jadosnur da ara novelistur zRaprebs. WeSmariti jadosnuri zRapari ki,

53
Tavisi mfrinavi cxenebiT, cecxlismfrqveveli gvelebiT, fantastikuri mefeebiT,
mefeTa asulebiT da a. S. namdvilad ar aris kapitalizmiT ganpirobebuli, namdvilad
masze Zvelia. zedmeti sityvebi rom Tavidan aviciloT, vityviT, rom jadosnuri
zRapari feodalizmzec adrindelia _ es cxadi gaxdeba gamokvlevis mTeli
msvlelobisas.
magram ra gamodis? gamodis, rom zRapari ar Seesabameba warmoebis im formas,
romlis drosac farTod da myarad arsebobs. am SeuTavseblobis mizezs Cven kvlav
marqsTan vipoviT: `ekonomiuri bazisis SecvlasTan erTad met-naklebad swrafad
xdeba gadatrialeba mTel uzarmazar zednaSenSic~ (marqsi, t. 13: 7). sityvebi
`metnaklebad swrafad~ Zalian mniSvnelovania. ideologiaSi cvlileba yovelTvis
ekonomikuri safuZvlis SecvlisTanave ar xdeba. gamodis `SeuTavsebloba~,
mkvlevrisTvis gansakuTrebiT saintereso da Zvirfasi. es niSnavs, rom zRapari
Seiqmna kapitalizmamdeli warmoebis formebisa da socialuri cxovrebis
safuZvelze, xolo saxeldobr rogorze — swored es unda gamovikvlioT.
gavixsenoT, rom swored aseTma SeuTavseblobam misca SesaZlebloba engelss
Suqi moefina ojaxis warmoSobisTvis. morganis citaciiT da marqsze dayrdnobiT
engelsi `ojaxis warmoSobaSi~ wers: `ojaxi _ ambobs morgani _ aqtiur elements
warmoadgens; is erT adgilze ki ar dgas, aramed ufro dabali formidan gadadis ufro
maRalze, iseve rogorc sazogadoeba viTardeba dabali safexuridan ufro
maRlisaken. piriqiT, naTesaobis sistemebi pasiuria, mxolod didi drois Semdeg
aRniSnaven isini progress, ojaxis mier gaweuls, da radikalur cvlilebebs mxolod
maSin ganicdian, rodesac radikalurad icvleba ojaxi: `da zustad aseve _ umatebs
marqsi, _ aris saqme politikur, iuridiul, religiur, filosofiur sistemebSic
saerTod~ (marqsi, t. 21: 36). Cvenis mxriv davumatebT, rom asevea saqme zRaparSic.
amgvarad, zRapris warmoSoba ar ukavSirdeba im sawarmoo baziss, rodesac daiwyo
misi Cawera XIX saukunis dasawyisidan. amas mivyavarT Semdgom wanamZRvarTan, romelic
jerjerobiT Zalian zogadadaa formulirebuli: zRapari unda Seudardes warsulis
istoriul sinamdviles da iq moiZebnos misi fesvebi.
aseTi wanamZRvari Seicavs ar ganmartebul cnebas “istoriuli warsuli”. Tu
istoriul warsuls ise gavigebT, rogorc igi vsevolod milers esmoda, maSin advili
SesaZlebelia im azramde mivideT, sadamdec is mivida, rodesac, magaliTad,
amtkicebda, rom dobrinia nikitiCis gvelTan brZola Seiqmna novgorodis moqcevis
istoriuli faqtis safuZvelze.
maSasadame, CvenTvis aucilebelia gavSifroT istoriuli warsulis cneba da
ganvsazRvroT, am warsulidan saxeldobr ra aris aucilebeli, rom ganvmartoT
zRapari.

5. zRapari da warsulis socialuri institutebi. Tu zRapari ganixileba

rogorc produqti, romelic garkveul sawarmoo bazisze aRmocenda, maSin cxadia,
saWiroa ganvixiloT, warmoebis ra formebi aisaxa masSi.
uSualod zRaparSi Zalian cotas da Zalian iSviaTad awarmoeben. miwaTmoqmedeba
minimalur rols TamaSobs, nadiroba ufro farTodaa asaxuli. Cveulebriv mxolod
zRapris dasawyisSi xnaven da Tesaven. dasawyisi yvelaze advilad ganicdis
cvlilebebs. Semdgom TxrobaSi ki did rols asruleben msrolelni, mefis an
Tavisufali monadireebi; did rols TamaSoben sxvadasxvagvari tyis cxovelni.
magram zRaparSi warmoebis wesebis gamokvleva mxolod misi obieqtisa da
teqnikis mxriv ver dagvexmareba zRapris wyaroebis SeswavlaSi. mTavaria ara
warmoebis teqnika, aramed misi Sesabamisi socialuri wyobileba. amgvarad viRebT
istoriuli warsulis cnebis pirvel dazustebas zRapris mimarT. mTeli gamokvleva
iqiTaa mimarTuli, rom ganvsazRvroT, ra socialur wyobilebaSi Seiqmna calkeuli
motivebi da mTeli zRapari.
magram “wyobileba” Zalian farTo cnebaa. Cven am wyobilebis konkretuli
gamovlinebani unda aviRoT. wyobilebis erT-erT aseT gamovlenas warmoadgenen am
wyobilebis institutebi. magaliTad, ar SeiZleba SevudaroT zRapari gvarovnul
wyobilebas, magram zRapris zogierTi motivi SeiZleba SevudaroT gvarovnuli
wyobilebis institutebs, ramdenadac isini zRaparSi aisaxa an ganpirobebulia maT
mier. aqedan gamomdinareobs wanamZRvari, rom zRapari unda Seudardes warsulis
socialur institutebs da masSi moiZebnos misi fesvebi. amiT Segvaqvs Semdgomi

54
dazusteba istoriuli warsulis cnebaSi, romelSic unda veZioT zRapris warmoSoba.
magaliTad, Cven vxedavT, rom zRapari Seicavs qorwinebis ufro sxvagvar formebs,
vidre axlaa. gmiri sacoles Sors eZebs, TavisTan ki ara. SesaZlebelia, rom aq
egzogamiis movlenebi iyos asaxuli: etyoba, raRac mizezis gamo Tavisi garemodan
sacolis arCeva ar SeiZleba. amitom qorwinebis formebi zRaparSi unda ganvixiloT da
unda mikvleul iqnas is wyobileba, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis is etapi, faza Tu
stadia, rodesac es formebi sinamdvileSi iyo. Semdeg Cven, magaliTad, vxedavT, rom
Zalian xSirad gmiri gamefdeba xolme. vis taxtze adis gmiri? irkveva, rom gmiri
Tavisi mamis taxtze ki ar adis, aramed _ Tavisi simamris taxtze, romelsac amasTanave
Zalian xSirad klavs kidec. aq ismis kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu xelisuflebis miRebis ra
formebia asaxuli zRaparSi. erTi sityviT, Cven im wanamZRvridan amovdivarT, rom
zRaparma Semoinaxa socialuri cxovrebis gamqrali formebis kvali, rom es nakvalevi
unda SeviswavloT da rom amgvari Seswavla gaxsnis zRapris bevri motivs wyaros.
magram, ra Tqma unda, es yvelaferi ar aris. zRapris bevri motivi, marTalia, imiT
aixsneba, rom isini asaxaven odesRac arsebul institutebs, magram aris motivebi,
romlebic uSualod arc erT instituts ar ukavSirdeba. maSasadame, mocemuli sfero,
rogorc Sesadarebeli masala, sakmarisi ar aris. yvelaferi ama Tu im institutis
arsebobiT ver aixsneba.

6. zRapari da wes-Cveuleba. ukve didi xania SemCneulia, rom zRapars raRac

kavSiri aqvs kultis sferosTan, religiasTan. zustad Tu vityviT, kults, religias
aseve SeiZleba ewodos instituti. magram, imgvaradve, rogorc wyobileba
gacxadebulia institutebSi, religiuri institutebi gacxadeba xdeba garkveul
sakulto moqmedebebSi: yovel aseT moqmedebas ukve aRar SeiZleba ewodos instituti
da zRapris religiasTan kavSiri SeiZleba gamoiyos gansakuTrebul sakiTxad,
romelic gamomdinareobs zRapris socialur institutebTan kavSiridan. engelsma
“anti-diuringSi” sruliad zusti formulireba misca religiis arss: “yoveli
religia sxva arferia, Tu ara adamianTa TavebSi im gareSe ZalTa fantastikuri
ukufena, romelnic maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi maTze mbrZanebloben, _ ukufena,
sadac miwieri Zalebi aramiwier formebs iReben. istoriis dasabams am ukufenaTa
obieqtebs, pirvel yovlisa, bunebis Zalebi warmoadgnen... magtam male bunebis
ZalebTan erTad moqmedebas iwyeben sazogadoebrivi Zalebic _ Zalebi, romlebSic
winaaRmdegobas uweven adamians iseTive... aixsneli xasiaTiT, rogorc bunebis Zalebi...
fantastikuri saxeebi, romlebSic Tavdapirvelad mxolod bunebis idumali Zalebi
aisaxeboda, axla sazogadoebriv atributebs iZenen da istoriul ZalTa
warmomadgenlebad iqcevian“(marqsi, t. 20: 328-329).
magram iseve, rogorc ar SeiZleba zRapris Sedareba romelime socialur
wyobilebasTan saerTod, aseve ar SeiZleba misi Sedarebac saerTod religiasTan — igi
unda Seudardes am religiis konkretul gamovlenas. engelsma daadgina, rom religia
bunebis Zalebisa da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis asaxvaa. es asaxva SeiZleba orgvari iyos:
igi SeiZleba SemecnebiTi iyos da aisaxos dogmatebSi an moZRvrebebSi, an
manifestirebul iqnas samyaros axsnis saSualebebSi; anda igi SeiZleba nebelobiTi
iyos da gamoCndes saqcielsa da moqmedebebSi, romlis mizania bunebaze zemoqmedeba
da misi damorCileba. aseT moqmedebas Cven wes-Cevulebebs da adaTebs vuwodebT.
wes-Cveuleba da adaTi erTidaigive ar aris. magaliTad, Tu damarxva koconze
dawvis meSveobiT xdeba, es adaTia, da ara wes-Cveuleba. magram adaTs axlavs wes-
Cveulebebi, da maTi gayofa meTodologiurad arasworia.
zRaparma mravali wes-Cveulebisa da adaTis kvali Semoinaxa: bevri motivi
mxolod wes-CveulebebTan Sepirispirebisas iRebs Tavis genetikur axsnas. magaliTad
zRaparSi naTqvamia, rom qaliSvili Zroxis Zvlebs baRSi Caflavs da wyliT rwyavs ( af.
56). aseTi wes-Cveuleba Tu adaTi marTlac arsebobda. cxovelTa Zvlebs ratomRac ki
ar Wamdnen an spobdnen, aramed marxavdnen (propi 1934: 128-151). Tu Cven SevZlebdiT
gveCvenebina, romeli motivebi iReben saTaves aseTi Sexedulebebidan, maSin amgvar
motivTa warmoSoba garkveuli wiliT ukve ganmartebuli iqneboda. saWiroa wes-
CveulebasTan zRapris am kavSiris sistematuri Seswavla.
aseTi Sepirispireba SeiZleba ufro Zneli aRmoCndes, vidre pirveli SexedviT
Cans. zRapari qronika ar aris. zRaparsa da wes-Cveulebebs Soris urTierTobisa da

55
kavSiris sxvadasxva formebi arsebobs, da es formebi mokled mainc unda iqnas
ganxiluli.

7. zRaprisa da wes-Cveulebis uSualo Sesabamisoba. umartivesi SemTxveva wes-

Cveulebisa da adaTis zRaparTan sruli damTxvevaa. es SemTxveva iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
magaliTad, zRaparSi Zvlebs miwaSi flaven, da istoriul sinamdvileSic aseve
xdeboda. anda: zRaparSi moTxrobilia, rom mefis Svilebs xaroSi amwyvdeven, bnelSi
hyavT, saWmels ise awodeben, rom aravin dainaxos, istoriul sinamdvileSic swored
aseve xdeboda. amgvari paralelebis povna folkloristikisTvis metismetad
mniSvnelovania. es Sesabamisobebi unda damuSavdes, da maSin xSirad aRmoCndeba, rom
mocemuli motivi saTaves iRebs ama Tu im wes-Cveulebisa da adaTisgan, da misi
genezisic aixsneba.

8. zRapris mier wes-Cveulebis gadaazreba. magram, rogorc ukve iTqva, zRaparsa

da wes-Cveulebas Soris aseTi uSualo Sesabamisoba arc Tu ise xSiria. ufro xSiria
sxva Sefardeba, sxva movlena, movlena, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos wes-Cveulebis
gadaazreba. gadaazrebaSi aq igulisxmeba zRapris mier wes-Cveulebis erTi romelime
elementis (an ramdenime elementis) Secvla _ romelic istoriul cvlilebaTa gamo
zedmeti an gaugebari gaxda _ sxva, ufro gasagebi elementiT. amrigad, gadaazreba
Cveulebriv deformaciasTan, formis SecvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. yvelaze xSirad
wes-Cveulebis motivireba icvleba, magram SesaZlebelia misi sxva Semadgeneli
nawilebic Seicvalos. magaliTad, zRaparSi naTqvamia, rom gmiri gaexveva Zroxis an
cxenis tyavSi, rom ormodan amoZvres an cxra mTas iqiT moxvdes. Semdeg mas frinveli
aitacebs da tyavs gmirianad gadaitans im mTaze an im zRvis iqiT, sadac gmiri
sxvagvarad ver moxvdeboda. rogor avxsnaT am motivis warmoSoba? cnobilia
micvalebulTa cxovelis tyavSi gaxvevis adaTi. mocemuli motivi am adaTidan
momdinareobs Tu ara? mocemuli adaTis da zRapruli motivis sistematuri Seswavla
gviCvenebs maT ueWvel kavSirs: sruli damTxveva gamodis ara mxolod garegnuli
formiT, aramed Sinaarsobrivadac _ moqmedebis msvlelobisTvis am motivis azris
mixedviT da istoriul warsulSi am adaTis azris mixedviT (ix. qvemoT, Tavi VI, $3),
oRond erTi gamonaklisiT: zRaparSi tyavSi exveva cocxali, wes-Cveulebis mixedviT
ki tyavSi micvalebuls axveven. aseTi Seusabamoba gadaazrebis metad martiv
SemTxvevas warmoadgens. adaTiT tyavSi Sexveva micvalebulisTvis uzrunvelyofda
micvalebulTa samefoSi moxvedras, zRaparSi ki gmirisTvis uzrunvelyofs cxra mTas
iqiTa samefoSi moxvedras. termini “gadaazreba” imiTaa xelsayreli, rom igi
miuTiTebs momxdari cvlilebis process. gadaazrebis faqti adasturebs, rom xalxis
cxovrebaSi moxda raRac cvlilebebi, da es cvlilebebi iwvevs motivis Secvlasac. es
cvlilebebi yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi unda naCveneb iqnas da aixsnas.
Cven gadaazrebis Zalian martivi da cxadi SemTxveva moviyvaneT. bevr SemTxvevaSi
pirveladi safuZveli imdenad gabundovanebulia, rom misi migneba yovelTvis ver
xerxdeba.

9. wes-Cveulebis gadakeTeba. gadaazrebis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad unda

CavTvaloT wes-Cveulebis yvela formis SenarCuneba, rodesac zRaparSi mas
sawinaaRmdego azri an mniSvneloba, sapirispiro ganmarteba eZleva. aseT SemTxvevebs
Cven gadakeTebas vuwodebT. Cveni dakvirveba magaliTebiT avxsnaT. arsebobda
moxucebis daxocvis adaTi. magram zRaparSi naambobia, rogor unda mokla beberi,
magram ar klaven. mas, vinc Seibrala moxuci, am adaTis arsebobis dros albaT masxrad
aigdebdnen, anda sulac gakicxavdnen an dasjidnen kidec. zRaparSi ki vinc moxucs
Seibralebs _ gmiria, romelic brZnulad moiqca. arsebobda adaTi qalwuli SeewiraT
msxverplad im mdinarisTvis, romelzec mosavlis siuxve iyo damokidebuli. es Tesvis
dawyebis win xdeboda da xeli unda Seewyo mcenareTa zrda-aRmocenebisaTvis. magram
zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme gmiri da qalwuls ixsnis im urCxulisgan, romelsac
CasanTqmelad mihgvares. sinamdvileSi amgvari adaTis arsebobis dros aseT “mxsnels”
Suaze gaglejdnen rogorc udides urjulos, romelic xifaTs uqmnida mosavals. es
faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom siuJeti zogjer odesRac arsebuli istoriuli
sinamdvilisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebidan warmoiSveba. aseTi siuJeti (an
motivi) ver Seiqmneboda, rogorc zRapruli, im droSi, rodesac qalwulTa

56
msxverplad Sewirvis wesi jer kidev arsebobda. magram am wesis gaqrobasTan erTad
odesRac wminda adaTi, romlis drosac gmiri Tavad msxverpli _ qalwuli _ iyo da
zogjer Tavisi nebiTac ki ewireboda msxverplad, TandaTanobiT zedmeti da sazareli
gaxda da zRapris gmirs ukve is “urjulo” warmoadgenda, romelmac xeli SeuSala aseT
msxverplSewirvas. es principulad uaRresad mniSvnelovani debulebaa. igi gviCvenebs,
rom siuJeti sinamdvilis uSualod asaxvis evoluciuri gziT ki ar warmoiSoba, aramed
am sinamdvilis uaryofis meSveobiT. siuJeti sinamdviles Seesabameba
dapirispirebulobiT. amiT dasturdeba v. i. leninis sityvebi, romelmac evoluciuri
ganviTarebis koncefcias ganviTarebis, rogorc dapirispirebulTa erTianobis,
koncefcia daupirispira: “mxolod es meore iZleva yovelive arsebuls
“TviTmoZraobis” gasaRebs; mxolod is iZleva “naxtomebis”, “TandaTanobis wyvetis”,
“sapirispirod gadaqcevis” “Zvelis mospobis da axlis warmoSobis” gasaRebs (lenini,
t. XII: 324).
yvela es mosazreba da winaswari dakvirveba gvaiZulebs wamovayenoT kidev erTi
wanamZRvari: zRapari unda Seudardes wes-Cveulebebs da adaTebs im mizniT, rom
gavarkvioT, ra motivebi iReben dasabams ama Tu im wes-Cveulebidan da ra
damokidebuleba aqvT masTan.
aq erTi siZnele Cndeba. saqme imaSia, rom wes-Cveuleba, romelic warmoiSva,
rogorc bunebasTan brZolis saSualeba, SemdgomSi _ rodesac bunebasTan brZolis
da masze zemoqmedebis racionalur xerxebs poulobs _ ki ar qreba, aramed masac
xelaxla gadaiazrebs xolme. amgvarad, SeiZleba moxdes, rom folkloristi motivs
daukavSirebs wes-Cveulebas, magram naxavs, rom motivi saTaves iRebs sxvagvarad
gadaazrebuli wes-Cveulebidan da iZulebuli gaxdeba TviT wes-Cveulebac ganmartos.
aq SesaZlebelia iseTi SemTxvevebic iyos, roca wes-Cveulebis pirvandeli safuZveli
isea gabundovanebuli, rom TviT mas sWirdeba specialuri Seswavla. magram es ukve
folkloristis ki ara, eTnografis saqmea. folklorists ufleba aqvs zRaparsa da
wes-Cevulebas Soris kavSiris dadgenis Semdeg zogjer uaric Tqvas wes-Cveulebis
Seswavlaze _ es mas Zalze Sors waiyvanda.
sxva siZneleebic aris. rogorc sawesCveulebo cxovreba, aseve folkloric
marTlac rom aTasi sxvadasxva detalisgan Sedgeba. nuTu saWiroa yovel detals
ekonomikuri mizezebi moeZebnos? engelsi amis gamo ambobs: `winaT istoriuli
periodis dabal ekonomikur ganviTarebas damatebis saxiT, zogjer pirobis saxiT da
mizezis saxiTac ki bunebaze mcdari warmodgena uZevs. da Tumca ekonomikuri
moTxovnilebebi iyo da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro da ufro xdeboda da bunebis
SemecnebaSi progresis zambarad, mainc pedantizmi iqneboda, vinmes rom ecada yvela am
pirvelyofili uazrobisaTvis ekonomikuri mizezebi moeZebna~ (werili k. Smidts, 1890
w. 27 oqtomberi) (marqsi 1934: 376). es sityvebi sakmaod naTelia. amas unda davumatoT
Semdegi: Tu erTidaigive motivi mogvyavs ramdenime sxvadasxva _ sagvareulo
wyobilebis safexurze, Zveli egviptis monaTmflobeluri tipis wyobilebis,
antikurobis da a. S. da motivis evolucias vadgenT, maSin Cven saWirod ar vTvliT
yovelTvis sagangebod gavusvaT xazi, rom motivi Seicvala ara Sinagani evoluciis,
aramed imis ZaliT, rom igi axal istoriul garemoSi moeqca. Cven SevecdebiT Tavidan
aviciloT ara mxolod pedantizmis, aramed sqematizmis saSiSroebac.
magram isev wes-Cveulebas mivubrundeT. rogorc wesi, Tu dadgenilia kavSiri
wes-Cveulebasa da zRapars Soris, maSin wes-Cveuleba ganmartavs zRapris Sesabamis
motivs. viwro sqematuri midgomiT yovelTvis ase unda yofiliyo. faqtobrivad ki
zogjer swored piriqiT xdeba. xdeba isec, rom zRapari ki momdinareobs wes-
Cveulebidan, magram wes-Cveuleba srulebiT gaugebaria, zRaparma ki warsuli ise
srulad, zustad da kargad Semoinaxa, rom TviT wes-Cveuleba an warsulis sxva ram
movlena mxolod zRapris meSveobiT iRebs WeSmarit gaSuqebas. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, SeiZleba iyos SemTxvevebi, rodesac zRapari asaxsneli movlenidan Tavad
iqceva amxsnelad, TviT igi xdeba wes-Cveulebis Seswavlis wyaro.
“sxvadasxvagvarovani cimbiruli mosaxleobis folkloruli gadmocemebi TiTqmis
umTavresi wyaro gaxda CvenTvis uZvelesi totemuli rwmenebis sarekonstruqciod”
(zelenini 1936: 232) — ambobs d. k. zelenini. eTnografebi xSirad imowmeben zRapars,
magram yovelTvis ar ician igi. es gansakuTrebiT frezers exeba. misi “oqros rtos”
grandiozuli nageboba dafuZnebulia wanamZRvrebze, romlebic aRebulia zRapridan,
magram arasworad gagebuli da arasakmaod Seswavlili. zRapris zusti Seswavla

57
SesaZlebels gaxdis am naSromSi rig CasworebaTa Setanas da misi safuZvlebis
Seryevasac ki.

10. zRapari da miTi. magram Tu Cven wes-Cveulebas ganvixilavT, rogorc religiis

erT-erT gamovlenas, maSin gverds ver avuvliT mis meore gamovlenasac, saxeldobr,
miTs. miTisadmi zRapris mimarTebaze didZali literatura arsebobs. Cveni miznebi
uSualod polemikuri ar aris. umetes wilad gamijvna wminda formaluria. rodesac
kvlevas viwyebT, Cven jer kidev ar viciT, rogoria zRapris miTisadmi
damokidebuleba _ aq mxolod wamoyenebulia moTxovna gamokvleul iqnas es sakiTxi,
gamoviyenoT miTi rogorc zRapris erT-erTi SesaZlebeli wyaro.
miTis cnebis arsebul ganmartebaTa da gagebaTa mravalgvaroba gvaiZulebs
zustad ganvsazRvroT es cneba. miTi gvesmis rogorc moTxroba RvTaebaTa Tu
RvTaebriv arsebaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa arsebobac xalxs swams. aq saqme exeba rwmenas ara
rogorc fsiqologiur faqtors, aramed rogorc istoriuls. herakles moTxrobebi
Zalze uaxlovdeba Cvens zRaprebs, magram, herakle RmerTi iyo, romlis kultsac
Tayvans scemdnen. Cveni gmiri ki, romelic heraklesaviT oqros vaSlebis
mosapoveblad midis, mxatvruli nawarmoebis gmiria. miTi da zRapari erTmaneTisagan
formiT ki ar ganirCevian, aramed Tavisi socialuri funqciiT (tronski 1913-1932).
miTis socialuri funqciac yovelTvis erTnairi ar aris da xalxis kulturis donezea
damokidebuli. im xalxTa miTebi, romlebmac Tavis ganviTarebaSi
saxelmwifoebriobamde ver miaRwies, erTi saxis movlenaa, uZveles kulturul
saxelmwifoTa miTebi ki, romlebic CvenTvis am xalxTa literaturis meSveobiTaa
cnobili, ukve sul sxva saxis movlenaa. miTis formalurad garCeva zRaprisagan
SeuZlebelia. zRapari da miTi (gansakuTrebiT winaklasobriv xalxTa miTebi) zogjer
ise srulad SeiZleba emTxveodes erTmaneTs, rom eTnografiasa da folkloristikaSi
aseT miTebs xSirad zRaprebs uwodeben. “pirvelyofilTa zRaprebze” erTgvari modac
ki arsebobda, da aseTi krebulebi _ mecnierulic da popularulic _ Zalian bevria.
amasobaSi ki Tu teqsts ki ara, am teqstTa socialur funqcias gamovikvlevT, maTi
umetesoba ara zRaprebad, aramed miTebad unda CaiTvalos. Tanamedove burJuaziul
folkloristikaSi sruliad ar eweva angariSi im udides mniSvnelobas, romlebic am
miTebs aqvs. xdeba maTi Sekreba, magram ar xdeba maTi Seswavla folkloristTa mier.
magaliTad, bolte-polivkas maCvenebelSi “pirvelyofilTa zRaprebs” metad
mokrZalebuli adgili ukavia. aseTi miTebi “variantebi” ki ar aris, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis SedarebiT adrindeli stadiebis warmonaqmnebia, romelTac jer ar
daukargavT kavSiri Tavis sawarmoo bazasTan. is, rac Tanamedrove evropul zRaparSi
gadaazrebulia, aq xSirad Tavisi pirvandeli saxiTaa mocemuli. amrigad, es miTebi
xSirad iZleva gasaRebs zRapris gasagebad.
marTalia, arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic grZnoben am mniSvnelobas da laparakoben
kidec mis Sesaxeb, magram deklaraciebis iqiT saqme ar wasula. am miTebis principuli
mniSvneloba gagebuli ar aris da swored imitom ar aris gagebuli, rom mkvlevarni
adganan ara istoriul, aramed formalur Tvalsazriss.
mocemuli miTebi _ rogorc istoriuli movlena _ ignorirebulia, samagierod
Sebrunebuli damokidebulebis calkeuli SemTxvevebi _ “velur” xalxTa folkloris
damokidebuleba “kulturuli” xalxebisgan _ SemCneuli da gamovlenilia.
burJuaziul mecnierebaSi mxolod bolo xanebSi gamoiTqva azri miTis socialuri
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb; xdeba mWidro kavSiris dadgena erTis mxriv sityvis _ tomis
miTebisa da sakraluri moTxrobebis, xolo, meore mxriv, tomis ritualur da
moralur qcevebs, socialur organizacias, da bolos _ praqtikuli moqmedebas _
Soris. magram is, rom es mdgomareoba ganivrcos evropul zRaprebzec, araferi
Tqmula, es azri metad Tamamia.
magram, samwuxarod, aseT miTTa Canawerebi umeteswilad aradamakmayofilebelia.
mocemulia teqstebi da meti araferi. gamomcemeli xSirad imasac ki ar gvatyobinebs,
icoda Tu ara man ena, uSualod TviTon Caiwera Tu Tarjimnis meSveobiT. iseTi
seriozuli mecnieris CanawerebSic ki, rogoric boasia, gvxvdeba teqstebi, romlebic
uTuod gardaTqmas warmoadgens, magram amaze araferia naTqvami. CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania TviT umciresi detalebic, wvrilmani, elferi, xSirad Txrobis tonic
ki... saqme uaresad aris, rodesac romelime qveynis mkvidri mosaxleoba Tavis miTebs
inglisurad yveba. kreberi zogjer ase iwers. mis krebulSi “Gnos Ventre Myths and Tales”

58
50 teqstia, romelTagan 48 inglisuradaa moTxrobili, rasac Sua wignSi vityobT
striqonqveSa SeniSvnidan, rogorc friad meorexarisxovan da umniSvnelo ambavs
(kreberi 1907).
zemoT Cven vambobdiT, rom miTs socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs, magram es
mniSvneloba yvelgan erTnairi ar aris. antikuri miTebis gansxvaveba polineziurisgan
yvelasTvis cxadia. magram klasobriobamdel xalxebSi es mniSvneloba da misi
xarisxic erTnairi ar aris, maTi erT qvabSi moqceva ar SeiZleba. am mxriv SeiZleba
laparaki calkeul qveyanaTa da xalxTa miTebis gansxvavebaze maTi kulturuli donis
mixedviT.
CvenTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi aRmoCnda ara evropuli an aziuri
masala, rogorc SeiZleboda gvefiqra teritoriuli siaxlovis mixedviT, aramed
amerikuli masala, nawilobriv ki _ okeaniisa da afrikuli. azieli xalxebi
mTlianobaSi ukve kulturis ufro maRal safexurze dganan, vidre amerikisa da
okeaniis xalxebi idgnen im momentSi, rodesac iq evropelebi Cavidnen da
eTnografiuli da folkloruli masalis Sekreba daiwyes; meorec, azia uZvelesi
kulturuli kontinentia, qvabi, romelSic xdeboda xalxTa nakadebis gadasaxleba,
aRreva da gamoZeveba. am kontinentis sivrceze Cven gvaqvs kulturis yvela stadia
TiTqmis pirvelyofili ainudan Cinelebamde, romlebmac kulturis umaRles
mwvervalebs miaRwies, axla ki ssrk-s socialisturi kulturac. amitom aziur
masalebSi gvaqvs aRreva, romelic metismetad arTulebs kvlevas. magaliTad,
iakutebi ilia muromecis zRapars yvebian Tavis ueWvelad Zireul _ iakutur
miTebTan erTad. vogulur folklorSi ixsenieba cxenebi, romelTac vogulebi ar
icnoben (Cernecovi 1935: 18). es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, ra advilia aq Secdomis daSveba,
Semosulisa da ucxos Zireulad miCneva. xolo radgan CvenTvis mniSvnelovania
SeviswavloT ara movlena TavisTavad, ara teqsti, aramed miTis kavSiri im niadagTan,
romelzec igi warmoiSva, amitom aq folkloristisTvis udidesi saSiSroeba ifareba.
mas SeiZleba moeCvenos, magaliTad, indoeTidan Semosuli movlena pirvelyofil-
samonadireod, radgan igi am monadireebTan gvxvdeba.
es ufro naklebad exeba afrikas. aq, marTalia, aseve gvxvdeba iseTi xalxebi,
romlebic ganviTarebis uaRresad dabal doneze dganan, rogorc buSmenebi, mejoge
xalxebic, rogorc zulu, miwaTmoqmedi xalxebic, romelnic mWedlobasac icnoben.
magram mainc urTierT kulturuli gavlenebi aq naklebi Zalisaa, vidre aziaSi.
samwuxarod, zogjer afrikuli masalebi amerikulze ukeT ar aris Cawerili.
amerikelebi mainc TviTon cxovroben uSualod indielTa mezoblad. afrikas ki
misuli xalxi swavlobs, kolonizatorebi da misionrebi _ frangebi, ingliselebi,
holandielebi, germanelebi, romlebic kidev ufro naklebad iwuxeben Tavs
Seiswavlon ena, da Tuki swavloben, ara folkloris Caweris mizniT, afrikis erT-
erTma udidesma mkvlevarma, frobeniusma, ar icis afrikuli enebi, rac sulac ar
uSlis xels masobrivad gamosces afrikuli masalebi, Tumc arsad ambobs, Tu rogor
miiRo, rac, ra Tqma unda, gvaiZulebs maT metad kritikulad movepyroT.
marTalia, amerika sulac ar aris Tavisufali ucxo gavlenebisagan, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, swored amerikulma masalebma mogvca is, rasac ar iZleva sxva
kontinentebis masalebi.
aseTia pirvelyofil xalxTa miTebis mniSvneloba zRapris Sesaswavlad da aseTia
is siZneleebi, romlebic maTi Seswavlisas gvxvdeba.
sul sxva movlenas warmoadgens berZnul-romauli antikurobis, babilonis,
egviptis, nawilobriv indoeTisa da CineTis miTebi. am xalxTa miTebs Cven vicnobT ara
uSualod maT SemqmnelTa _ xalxuri fenebis _ meSveobiT, aramed damwerlur
gardatexaSi. Cven maT vicnobT homerosis poemebiT, sofokles tragediebiT,
vergiliusis, ovidiusis wyalobiT da a. S. vilamovici cdilobda uareyo berZnuli
literaturis rame kavSiri xalxurobasTan (vilamovici 1925: 214-242). TiTqos
berZnuli literatura iseve gamousadegaria xalxuri siuJetebis Sesaswavlad,
rogorc gebelis, geibelis an vagneris nibelungebi WeSmariti nibelungebis
Sesaswavlad. amgvari Tvalsazrisi, romelic uaryofs antikuri miTis xalxurobas,
reaqciul Teoriebsa da daskvnebs ukafavs gzas. Cven vaRiarebT am miTebis WeSmarit
xalxurobas, magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom isini wminda saxiT ar gvaqvs da rom ar
SeiZleba maTi gaTanabreba xalxisgan mosmenili folkloruli masalebis
CanawerebTan. daaxloebiT aseTive viTarebaa egviptur miTebSic. maTac

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pirvelwyaroTi ar vicnobT. egviptelTa warmodgenebi CvenTvis cnobilia saflavis
qvebis warwerebidan, mkvdarTa wignebidan da a. S. Cven metwilad mxolod oficialur
religias vicnobT, romlebsac qurumebi politikuri miznebisTvis nergavdnen da
romelsac iwonebdnen samefo kari da didebulebi. magram xalxis dabal fenebs
SeiZleba sxva warmodgenebi hqonoda, sxva, ase vTqvaT, siuJetebi, vidre oficialuri
kultia, da am xalxur warmodgenebze Cven Zalze cota viciT. miuxedavad amisa,
kulturul xalxTa miTebi kvlevis sferoSi unda CairTos. magram im dros, rodesac
winaklasobrivi xalxTa miTebi uSualo wyaros warmoadgenen, aq Cven gaSualebuli
wyaroebi gvaqvs. isini ueWvelad asaxaven xalxur warmodgenebs, magram yovelTvis ar
gvevlinebian am warmodgenebad am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom rusulma zRaparma ufro arqauli masala mogvces, vidre berZnulma
miTma.
amgvarad, Cven varCevT winaklasobriv formaciaTa miTebs, romlebic SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc uSualo wyaro, da miTebs, romlebic gadmogvca uZvelesi
kulturuli saxelmwifoebis gabatonebulma klasebma, romlebic SeiZleba iyos
arapirdapiri mtkiceba Sesabamis xalxSi ama Tu im warmodgenaTa arseboba-ararsebobis
Sesaxeb.
aqedan gamomdinareobs wanamZRvari, rom zRapari unda SevupirispiroT rogorc
pirvelyofili winaklasobrivi xalxebis miTebs, aseve Zveli drois kulturuli
saxelmwifoebis miTebsac.
aseTia ukanaskneli dazusteba, Setanili “istoriuli warsulis” cnebaSi,
romelic movixmeT zRapris Sesapirispireblad da Sesaswavlad. advili SesamCnevia,
rom am warsulSi Cven ar gvainteresebs calke movlenebi, e. i. is, rac saerTod
igulisxmeba “istoriaSi”, da rasac masSi gulisxmobda e. w. “istoriuli skola”.

11. zRapari da pirvelyofili azrovneba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan Cans, rom Cven

zRaprul saxeTa da siuJetTa safuZvlebs warsulis realur sinamdvileSi veZebT.
magram zRaprebSi aris iseTi saxeebi da situaciebi, romlebic aSkarad araviTar
uSualo sinamdviles ar ukavSirdebian. am saxeebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad,
qaTmisfexeba qoxi, kaSCei da a. S.
uxeSi Secdoma iqneba, Tu Cven wminda empirizmis poziciebze davdgebiT da
zRapars ganvixilavT, rogorc raRac qronikas. aseT Secdomas uSveben, rodesac,
magaliTad, istoriamdel sinamdvileSi frTosan gvelebs eZeben da amtkiceben, rom
zRaparma maTi xsovna Semoinaxa. arc frTosani gvelebi, arc qaTmisfexeba qoxebi
arasodes ar yofila. da mainc isini istoriulia, magram istoriulia ara TavisTavad,
aramed istoriulia maTi warmoSoba, da swored is unda ganimartos.
wes-Cveulebisa da miTis ganpirobebuloba sameurneo interesebiT aSkaraa.
magaliTad, Tu cekvaven, rom wvima moiyvanon, cxadia, rom es nakarnaxevia bunebaze
zemoqmedebis surviliT. bundovania sxva ram: ratom cekvaven am mizniT (amasTan
zogjer cocxali gvelebiT; varburgi 1939: 286), sxvas ki arafers akeTeben. CvenTvis
ufro gasagebi iqneboda, im dros wyali rom daeRvaraT (rasac xSirad akeTeben kidec).
es similuri magiis nimuSi iqneboda da sxva araferi. es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
moqmedeba gamowveulia sameurneo interesebiT ara uSualod, aramed garkveuli
azrovnebis gardatexaSi, romelic saboloo jamSi imiTvea ganpirobebuli, riTic
TviT moqmedeba. rogorc miTi, iseve wes-Cveulebac garkveuli azrovnebis produqtia.
azrovnebis am formaTa ganmarteba da gansazRvra zogjer Zalian Znelia. magram
folkloristisTvis aucilebelia ara mxolod misTvis angariSis gaweva, aramed
TavisTvis imis axsnac, Tu ra warmodgenebi uZevs safuZvlad zogierT motivs.
pirvelyofilma azrovnebam ar icis abstraqcia. misi manifestacia xdeba moqmedebaSi,
socialuri organizaciis formebSi, folklorSi, enaSi. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac
zRapruli motivi ver aixsneba vercerTi zemoT moyvanili wanamZRvriT. magaliTad,
zogierT motivs safuZvlad uZevs sivrcis, drois da simravlis ufro sxva gageba,
vidre is, romelsac Cven SeveCvieT. aqedan daskvna, rom pirvelyofili azrovnebis
formebic unda iqnas moxmobili zRapris genezisis gasarkvevad. magram es aq mxolod
miTiTebulia — meti araferi. es Cveni naSromis kidev erTi wanamZRvaria. es sakiTxi
Zalze rTulia. SeiZleba ar SevexoT pirvelyofil azrovnebis Sesaxeb arsebul
SexedulebaTa gansjas. CvenTvis azrovnebac, pirvel yovlisa, istoriulad
gansasazRvri kategoriaa. es gvaTavisuflebs miTebis an wes-Cveulebebis anda

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zRaprebis “ganmartebaTa” aucileblobisgan. saqme ganmartebaSi ki ar aris, aramed
istoriul mizezebamde dayvanaSi. miTs ueWvelad Tavisi semantika aqvs. magram
absoluturi, erTxel da samudamod mocemuli semantika ar arsebobs. semantika
SeiZleba iyos mxolod istoriuli semantika. am viTarebaSi Cvens winaSe didi
saSiSroebaa. advilia miviCnioT azrovnebiTi sinamdvile sayofacxovrebo
sinamdviled da piriqiT. magaliTad, Tu baba-iaga gmirs SeWmiT emuqreba, es sulac ar
niSnavs, rom aq uTuod kanibalizmis gadanaSTi gvaqvs. iaga-kaciWamias saxe
sxvagvaradac SeiZleba warmoSobiliyo, rogorc raRac azrobrivi (amdenad
istoriuli) da ara realuri sayofacxovrebo saxe.

12. genetika da istoria. winamdebare naSromi genetikuri gamokvlevaa.

genetikuri gamokvleva aucileblobiT, Tavisi arsiT mudam istoriulia, magram is
mainc igive ar aris, rac istoriuli gamokvleva. genetika miznad isaxavs movlenaTa
warmoSobis Seswavlas, istoria _ maTi ganviTarebis Seswavlas. genetika win uZRvis
istorias, igi istorias ukafavs gzas. magram mainc Cvenc saqme gvaqvs ara gayinul
movlenebTan, aramed procesTan, e. i. erTgvar moZraobasTan. yovel movlenas,
romelsac ukavSirdeba zRapari, Cven viRebT da ganvixilavT rogorc process.
rodesac, magaliTad, dadgindeba zRapris zogierTi motivis kavSiri sikvdilze
arsebul warmodgenebTan, maSin Cven “sikvdils” viRebT ara rogorc abstraqtul
cnebas, aramed rogorc sikvdilze arsebul warmodgenaTa process, gadmocemuls mis
ganviTarebaSi. amitom mkiTxvels advilad SeiZleba Seeqmnas iseTi warmodgena,
TiTqos aq iwereba calkeul motivTa istoria an winaistoria. zogjer, miuxedavad
procesis met-naklebad detaluri damuSavebisa, is mainc ar aris istoria. isec xdeba,
rom movlena, romelsac ukavSirdeba zRapari, TavisTavad metad cxadia, magram misi
procesSi ganviTareba ver xerxdeba. aseTebia socialuri cxovrebis zogierTi Zalian
adreuli formebi, romlebic zRapars saocrad kargad aqvs Semonaxuli (magaliTad,
iniciaciis wesi). maTi istoria sagangebo istoriul-eTnografiul gamokvlevas
moiTxovs, folkloristi ki yovelTvis ver idebs Tavs aseT gamokvlevas. aq bevri ram
awydeba eTnografiaSi am movlenaTa arasakmao damuSavebas. amitomac istoriuli
damuSaveba yovelTvis erTnairad Rrma da farTo ar aris. xSirad gvixdeba
davkmayofildeT mxolod kavSiris faqtis konstataciiT _ esaa da es. istoriuli
SeswavliTobis erTgvari uTanabroba TviT zRapruli motivebis araerTgvarovani
kuTri woniTac aris gamowveuli. zRapris SedarebiT mniSvnelovani, “klasikuri”
motivebi dawvrilebiTaa damuSavebuli, meoreni, nakleb mniSvnelovanni _ ufro
mokled da sqematurad.

13. meTodi da masala. aq gadmocemuli principebi TiTqos metad martivia.

sinamdvileSi ki maTi ganxorcieleba sakmao siZneleebs warmoadgens. siZnele,
upirveles yovlisa, masalis flobaSi mdgomareobs. mkvlevarTa Secdoma xSirad imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom isini Tavis masalas erTi siuJetiT, erTi kulturiT an raime
xelovnurad Seqmnili sazRvrebiT zRudaven. CvenTvis es sazRvrebi ar arsebobs. aseTi
Secdoma dauSva, magaliTad, uzenerma, rodesac msoflio warRvnis motivis Seswavla
daiwyo mxolod antikuri masalis farglebSi. es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos msgavsi
sakiTxebis kvleva garkveul CarCoebSi an sazRvrebSi ar SeiZlebodes. magram ar
SeiZleba amgvar sakiTxTa kvleva geneturad, mxolod erTi xalxis farglebSi.
folklori internacionaluri movlenaa. magram es Tu asea, maSin folkloristi
metad araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi vardeba specialist indologebTan,
klasikosebTan, egviptologebTan da sxvebTan SedarebiT. isini Tavisi sferos sruli
baton-patronebi arian, folkloristi ki maTTan Seixedavs, rogorc stumari an
mgzavri, rom TavisTvis raRac moiniSnos da kvlav gzas gaudges. arsebiTad mTeli am
masalis codna SeuZlebelia. da mainc, folkloristul gamokvlevaTa CarCoebis
gafarToeba sruliad aucilebelia. aq SeiZleba Tavs ido cdomilebaTa riski,
guldasawyveti gaugebrobani, uzustobani da a. S. yovelive es saxifaToa, magram
nakleb saxifaTo, vidre meTodologiurad araswori safuZvlebi kerZo masalis
Tundac saucxoo flobisas. CarCoebis msgavsi gafarToeba aucilebelia specialur
gamokvlevaTa mizniTac; SedarebiT monacemTa Suqze maTTan dabruneba aucilebelia.
calkeul kulturebze, calkeul xalxebze winaswari naSromebi ise bevria, rom dadga

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dro, marTlac gamoviyeenoT es masala, Tundac am masalis sruli moculobiT aTviseba
SeuZlebeli iyos.
amgvarad, Tavidanve im Tvalsazrisze vdgebi, rom SeiZleba daiwyos kvleva,
Tundac masala mTlianobaSi ar iyos amowuruli _ esec mocemuli naSromis erT-erTi
wanamZRvaria. me am Tvalsazriss vadgebi ara guldasawyveti aucileblobis gamo,
aramed imitom, rom mas principulad SesaZleblad vTvli, da aq me veTiSebi
mkvlevarTa umravlesobas. safuZveli, romelic uflebas maZlevs davadge am
Tvalsazriss, aris dakvirveba folkloruli masalis ganmeorebiTobasa da
kanonzomierebaze. aq Seiswavleba jadosnuri zRapris ganmeorebadi elementebi da
CvenTvis arsebiTi ar aris, aRnusxuli gvaqvs Tu ara yvela elementis 200 Tu 300 Tu
5000 varianti, masalis yvela nawilaki, rac ki Sedis gamokvlevaSi. igive exeba wes-
Cveulebebs, miTebs da a. S. “Tuki Cven movisurvebdiT gvecada, rodis gaTavisufldeba
masala kanonisTvis _ werda engelsi _ maSin Teoriuli gamokvlevebi manamde
gadaideboda, da Tundac amitom veraviTar kanons ver miviRebdiT” (marqsi, t. 20: 555).
mTeli masala iyofa masalad, romelic unda ganimartos _ es CvenTvis upirveles
yovlisa zRaparia — da masalad, romelic mas ganmartavs. yvelaferi sxva sakontrolo
masalaa. kanoni TandaTan dadgindeba da igi ganimarteba aucileblad swored am _ da
ara sxva _ masalaze. swored amitom folklorists SeuZlia ar aRicxos sruli okeane
masalisa da Tu kanoni WeSmaritia, igi WeSmariti iqneba yovelgvari masalis mixedviT
da ara mxolod mocemuli masaliT.
is principi, romelic aq aris warmodgenili, sapirispiroa imisa, rac Cveulebriv
folklorul gamokvlevebs uZevs safuZvlad. aq Cveulebriv eswrafvian masalis
amomwurav sisrules. magram faqtobrivad ki vxedavT, rom iq, sadac masala
misawvdomobis farglebSi marTlac amowurulia, sakiTxebi mainc arasworadaa
gadawyvetili, imitom rom TviT amocanaa arasworad dasmuli. aq ki sxva Tvalsazrisia
wamoweuli: pirvel yovlisa, amocana unda iqnas sworad dasmuli, da maSin swori
meTodi swor gadawyvetilebamde migviyvans.

14. zRapari da zRaprisSemdgomi warmonaqmnebi. yovelive zemoTqmulidan cxadia,

rom wes-Cveulebebs, miTebs, pirvelyofili azrovnebis formebsa da zogierT
socialur instituts me winarezRaprul warmonaqmnebad vTvli da SesaZleblad
mimaCnia maT mixedviT zRapris ganmarteba.
magram folklori zRapriT ar amoiwureba. arsebobs siuJetebiTa da motivebiT
misi monaTesave sagmiro eposi, aris farTo sfero sxvadasxva Tqmulebebisa,
legendebisa da a. S. aris mahabharata, aris “odisea” da “iliada”, eda da bilinebi,
nibelungebi da a. S. yvela am masalas Cveulebriv, uyuradRebod toveben. maTi axsna
SeiZleba zRapriT, isini xSirad momdinareoben zRapridan. xdeba, marTalia,
sxvagvaradac, xdeba xolme, rom eposi Cvenamde moitans iseT detalebsa da Strixebs,
romlebsac ar gvaZlevs zRapari da arc sxva raime masala. magaliTad, nibelungebSi
zigfridi ganibaneba gvelis sisxlSi da uwylvadi xdeba. es detali mniSvnelovania
gvelis Seswavlisas, igi zogierT rames gangvimartavs mis saxeSi, zRaparSi ki igi ar
gvaqvs. amgvar SemTxvevebSi, roca sxva masala ar aris, sagmiro eposi unda movixmoT.

15. perspeqtivebi. is wanamZRvrebi, romlebsac vefuZnebiT, axla cxadia. cxadia

ZiriTadi mizanic. sakiTxavia: ra perspeqtivebs gviSlis aseTi Sepirispireba?
davuSvaT, Cven vnaxeT, rom zRaparSi bavSvebs miwisqveSeTSi svamen, da istoriul
sinamdvileSic ase xdeboda. anda vnaxeT, rom qalwuli inaxavs mokluli Zroxis
Zvlebs, da sinamdvileSic ase iyo. SeiZleba Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom aseT SemTxvevebSi
zRaparSi motivi istoriuli sinamdvilidan aris Sesuli? ueWvelad SeiZleba. magram
maSin araCveulebriv mozaikur suraTs xom ar miviRebT? Cven es ar viciT, swored es
sakiTxi unda gamovikvlioT. aqamde arsebobda azri, rom zRaparma pirvelyofili
socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis zogierTi elementi Seisruta. Cven ki vnaxavT,
rom zRapari maTgan Sedgeba. Sedegad miviRebT zRapris wyaroebis suraTs.
am sakiTxis gadawyveta win wagvwevs zRapris SeswavlaSi , magram igi ar wyvets
meore, aseve jer gadauwyvetel sakiTxs: ratom yvebodnen amis Sesaxeb? rogor
warmoiqmna zRapari, rogorc TxrobiTi Janri? es sakiTxi TavisTavad Cndeba Cveni
amocanis dasmisTanave. amitomac, im sakiTxTan erTad, Tu saidan gaCnda calkeuli

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motivebi rogorc siuJetis Semadgeneli nawilebi, Cven unda vupasuxoT kiTxvasac:
saidan modis Txroba, saidan modis zRapari rogorc aseTi?
am sakiTxze pasuxis gacemas bolo TavSi SevecdebiT, magram es pasuxi erT
siZneles awydeba. aq mxolod jadosnuri zRaprebi Seiswavleba. jadosnur zRaparTa
Txrobis aqti ganuyofelia sxva Janris zRaparTa _ magaliTad, cxovelTa zRaprebis —
Txrobisagan. amitomac, sanam istoriulad ar iqneba Seswavlili sxva Janrebic,
mocemul kiTxvaze metnaklebi sizustisa da damajereblobis mxolod winaswari
hipoTezuri pasuxi SeiZleba iyos gacemuli.
arsebiTad amgvari samuSao arasodes ar CaiTvleba dasrulebulad, da mocemul
naSroms zRapris genezisis kvlevaSi ufro SevyavarT, vidre pretenzia aqvs misi
saboloo gadawyvetisa.
naSromi SeiZleba Seudardes ucnobi adgilebis sakvlev eqspedicias. Cven
aRvricxavT budobebs da vxazavT sqematur rukebs; TiToeuli sabados Zirfesviani
damuSaveba ki momavlis saqmea. Semdgomi etapi SeiZleba iyos calkeul motivTa da
siuJetTa detaluri Seswavla, magram ukve mTelisgan gamoucalkeveblad. Cveni
mecnierebis mocemul etapze ufro mniSvnelovania movlenaTa kavSiris Seswavla,
vidre TiToeuli aseTi movlenis calke detaluri kvleva.
da bolos, kidev erTi piroba, rac masalas exeba. Seswavlis safuZvlad aRebulia
rusuli zRapari, gansakuTrebiT _ Crdilouri zRapari. zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom
zRapari internacionaluria, da misi motivebic mniSvnelovani xarisxiT
internacionaluria. rusuli folklori didi mravalferovnebiT, simdidriT,
gansakuTrebuli mxatvrulobiTa da kargi daculobiT gamoirCeva. amitomac sruliad
bunebrivia, rom sabWoTa folkloristis orientacia aRebuli iyos Cvens mSobliur
folklorze da ara ucxourze. naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia jadosnuri zRapris
yvela ZiriTadi tipi. msoflio repertuarSi es tipebi warmodgenilia rogorc
rusuli, ise ucxouri masaliT. SedarebiTi masalisTvis sulerTia, mocemuli tipis ra
nimuSebs aviRebT. iq, sadac rusuli masala ara kmara, ucxour masalasac viyenebT.
magram Cven gvindoda xazi gagvsva, rom mocemuli naSromi ar warmoadgens rusuli
zRapris Seswavlas (aseTi amocana SeiZleba daisvas rogorc specialuri amocana
genetikis zogadi sakiTxebis gadawyvetis Semdeg da sagangebo gamokvlevas moiTxovs);
winamdebare naSromi aris naSromi SedarebiT-istoriuli folkloris dargSi rusuli
— rogorc amosavali — masalis safuZvelze.

Tavi II
kvanZi
I. bavSvebi xaroSi

1. wasvla. zRapris pirvelive sityvebidan _ `romeliRac samefoSi, romeliRac

saxelmwifoSi~ _ msmenels gansakuTrebuli ganwyobileba eufleba, ganwyobileba
epiuri simSvidisa. magram es ganwyobileba moCvenebiTia. msmenelis winaSe male
udidesi daZabulobisa da vnebaTaRelvis movlenebi gadaiSleba. es simSvide mxolod
mxatvruli garsia, romelic kontrasts qmnis Sinagan vnebian da tragikul, xolo
zogjer ki komikur-realistur dinamikasTan SedarebiT. Semdeg modis: cxovrobda
berikaci sam vaJiSvilTan erTad, an mefe asulTan erTad, anda sami Zma _ erTi
sityviT, zRapars Semohyavs romelime ojaxi. rom iTqvas, swored am zRapruli ojaxis
ganxilviT unda dagvewyo. magram zRapris elementebi ise mWidrod ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs, rom im ojaxis xasiaTi, romliTac zRapari iwyeba, mxolod TandaTanobiT
ixsneba, moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. vityviT mxolod, rom ojaxi wynarad da
bednierad cxovrobs da Zalze patara, SeumCneveli ambavi uceb, sruliad
moulodnelad katastrofulad iqceva. zogjer ambebi imiT iwyeba, rom ufrosTagan
vinme saxlidan midis: “Svilo, Svilo, Cven samuSaod mivdivarT” (af. 64); “Tavadi Sor
gzas unda dasdgomoda, coli sxvebis amara daetovebina” (af. 148); “is (vaWari)
romeliRac ucxo qveynebSi miemgzavreba” (af. 115); vaWari savaWrod midis, Tavadi _
sanadirod, mefe _ saomrad da a. S.; Svilebi an coli, romelic zogjer orsuladaa,
marto rCebian, mfarvelis gareSe. es qmnis ubedurebis moxdenis safuZvels. wasvlis

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gaZlierebul formas mSoblebis sikvdili warmoadgens. mSobelTa wasvliT an
sikvdiliT Zalian bevri zRapari iwyeba. SeiZleba igive situacia Seiqmnas, Tu
ufrosebi ki ar midian, aramed umcrosebi: isini midian tyeSi kenkris sakrefad,
qaliSvili midis mindorSi, ZmebisTvis sauzmis misatanad, mefis asuli midis
saseirnod da a. S.

2. wasvlasTan dakavSirebuli akrZalvebi. ufrosebma saidanRac ician, rom

bavSvebs xifaTi eliT. TviT haeric ki maT garSemo savsea aTasgvari xifaTiT da
ubedurebiT. mama an qmari,, rodesac TviTon miemgzavreba an bavSvebs uSvebs Sinidan,
am wasvlas akrZalvas urTavs. akrZalva, ra Tqma unda, irRveva, da es iwvevs, zogjer
elviseburi moulodnelobiT, raime saSinel ubedurebas: gaugonar mefis asulebs,
romlebic baRSi midian saseirnod, gveli itacebs; gaugonar bavSvebs, romlebic tbaze
wavlen, jadoqari moajadovebs _ da ai, isini ukve TeTr batebad iqcevian da curaven
tbaSi. katastrofa warmoSobs interess, moqmedeba iwyebs ganviTarebas.
am akrZalvaTagan Cvens yuradRebas jerjerobiT erTi miipyrobs: esaa saxlidan
gasvlis akrZalva: “bevrs arwmunebda Tavadi, ukrZalavda koSkidan gasvlas” (af. 48);
anda: “es mewisqvile, sanadirod rom wavidoda, eubneboda: “Sen, qaliSvilo, fexi arsad
gadga” (af. 43); “Svilo, Svilo!.. WkuiT iyavi, ezodan ar gaxvide” (af. 64); zRaparSi
“wvintliani Txa” qaliSvilebi cud sizmars xedaven: “SeeSinda mamas, qaliSvils
ubrZana, diresac ki ar gasuliyo”. am SemTxvevebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, gaugonaroba
ubedurebas iwvevs: “ar gaugona da gavida! Txam grZel rqebze aitaca da cicabo
napirebisken gaaqana~ (af. 156). aq SeiZleboda dagvenaxa mSoblebis Cveulebrivi zrunva
Svilebze. axlac Sinidan wasvlis win mSoblebi Svilebs ukrZalaven quCaSi gasvlas.
magram es mTlad ase ar aris. aq kidev raRac ifareba. rodesac mama arwmunebs Svils
“direzec ki ar gavides”, `ar miatovos maRali koSki” da sxva, aq ubralo SeSfoTeba ki
ar gamosWvivis, aramed raRac ufro Rrma SiSi. es SiSi ise didia, rom mSoblebi zogjer
Svilebs ara mxolod gareT gasvlas ukrZalaven, aramed ketaven kidec. es Caketvac
mTlad Cveulebrivi wesiT ar xdeba. isini maT svamen maRal koSkebSi, “boZze”;
amwyvdeven miwisqveSeTSi, miwisqveSeTs ki gulmodgined tkepnian miwis gaswvriv:
“amoTxares Zalian Rrma ormo, sasaxlesaviT morTes da mokazmes, mizides yvelanairi
sanovage, rom sasmel-saWmeli blomad yofiliyo; Semdeg Casves am ormoSi TavianTi
Svilebi, zemoT Weri gaukeTes, daayares miwa da mitkepn-motkepnes” (af. 117).
zRaparma aq im RonisZiebaTa xsovna Semoinaxa, romlebsac marTlac iyenebdnen
mefis Svilebis mimarT, da amasTan Semoinaxa saocari sisruliTa da sizustiT.

3. frezeri mefeTa izolaciis Sesaxeb. “oqros rtoSi” frezerma uCvena tabus is

rTuli sistema, romliTac odesRac garemoculni iyvnen mefeebi an umaRlesi
qurumebi da maTi Svilebi. maTi yoveli moZraoba reglamentirebuli iyo mTeli
kodeqsiT, romelic Sesasruleblad metad mZime iyo. am kodeqsis erT-erTi wesi
moiTxovda arasodes gasuliyvnen sasaxlidan. es wesi iaponiasa da CineTSi TviT XIX
saukunemde sruldeboda. bevr adgilas mefe idumalebiT moculi, aravisgan arasodes
nanaxi arseba iyo. ratom iyo ase, axlave SevityobT, manamde ki ganvixiloT mefis
garemomcveli zogierTi sxva akrZalva; amasTan Cven amovirCevT yvelaze
damaxasiaTebels, am adaTis yvela nairsaxeobisTvis Cveuls. am akrZalvaTagan
frezeri miuTiTebs Semdegs: mefem ar unda uCvenos pirisaxe mzes, amitom is mudmiv
sibneleSia. Semdeg, is ar unda Seexos miwas. amitom misi samyofeli miwis zemoTaa
aweuli _ is koSkSi cxovrobs. misi pirisaxe ar unda naxos arc erTma kacma, amitom is
srul simartoveSia. xolo msaxurebsa da daaxloebul pirebs fardis iqidan
elaparakeba. tabus umkacresi sistemiTaa moculi saWmlis miRebac. mTeli rigi
produqtebisa saerTod akrZalulia. saWmels sarkmlidan awvdian.
unda iTqvas, rom frezeri sruliad ar cdilobs Tavisi masala istoriulad
daalagos an axsnas. igi Tavis magaliTebs iaponeli mikadoTi iwyebs, Semdg ki afrikasa
da amerikaze gadadis, mere irlandiis mefeebze, aqedan ki _ romze (frezeri 1911: 11-
25). magram misi magaliTebidan Cans, rom es movlena SedarebiT gviandelia. amerikaSi
igi uZveles meqsikaSi arsebobda, afrikaSi — iq, sadac ukve warmoiqmna patara
monarqiebi. erTi sityviT, es adreuli saxelmwifoebriobis movlenaa. belads an
“mefes” bunebaze, zecaze, wvimaze, xalxze, saqonelze magiuri zemoqmedebis Zala
miewereba, da mis keTildReobazea damokidebuli xalxis keTildReobac. amitom, mefis

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gulmodgined dacviT magiurad icavdnen mTeli xalxis keTildReobasac. “mefes _
beningebis fetiSs, romelsac Tavisi qveSevrdomni RvTaebad Tvlian, ar unda
mietovebina sasaxle”. “loangos mefe Tavis sasaxleSia mibmuli, romlis mitovebac
akrZaluli aqvs” (frezeri 1911: 123). “eTiopiis mefeebs RmerTad saxavdnen, magram
sasaxleSi hyavT Caketili” da a. S. Tu aseTi monarqebi wasvlas Seecdebodnen, maT qviT
Caqolavdnen. aucilebeli araa moviyvanoT yvela es magaliTi, romelic frezerTanaa,
da yvela is kerZoobiTi mxare, rac mefeTa izolacias exeba. Cven axla zRapars
mivmarTavT da vnaxavT, Tu ra suraTs gvaZlevs Tanamedrove folklori.

4. mefis Svilebis izolacia zRaparSi. umartivesi SemTxvevebi mxolod erT

izolacias iZleva: “ubrZana aeSenebinaT maRali sveti, zed ivane ufliswuli da
mSvenieri elene Sesva da xuTi wlis sazrdo misca” (af. 118a, msgavsia af. 117); “qali mas
Zalian ufrTxildeboda, oTaxidan ar uSvebda” (X53); sxva magaliTi: “mefe Tvalis
CiniviT ufrTxildeboda, miwisqveSa darbazebi moawyo da iq dasva, rom arc niavi
mihkareboda da arc mzis sxivs daewva” (af. 80). aq ukve mzis Suqis akrZalvaa. aq rom
mzisTvis moridebis Cveulebrivi survili ar aris, am SiSs rom sxva xasiaTi aqvs,
cxadia paralelebidan. mefis Svilebi srul sibneleSi arian: “auSenes qals cixe”
(onuC. 4); “oRond ded-mamam ubrZana (Tavis or vaJs) Svid wels sinaTle ar enaxaT” (J.
st. 367); “da mefem ubrZana miwaSi oTaxebi gaekeTebinaT, rom qals iq ecxovra, dRe da
Ram cecxli nTeboda da arcerT kacs ar enaxa~ (xud. 110). aq mzis akrZalva sruliad
aSkaraa. qarTul da megrul zRaprebSi mefis asuls mzeTunaxavs uwodeben. am termins
SeiZleba hqondes ori mniSvneloba: “mzisgan unaxavi” da “mzis unaxavi” (tixaia 1932:
138). mzis Suqis akrZalva germanul zRaparSic aris, oRond mzis Suqi aq sanTlis Suqad
aris gadaazrebuli. am zRaparSi qalwuli lomis coli xdeba, Tavs bednierad grZnobs,
magram sTxovs, Tavis mSoblebTan wahyves stumrad. “magram lomma uTxra, rom misTvis
es saxifaToa, radgan Tuki sinaTlis sxivi moxvdeba, maSinve mtredad iqceva da Svidi
weli mtredebTan erTad unda ifrinos~. bolos mainc mihyveba, magram qalma `ubrZana
iseTi sqelkedlebiani darbazi aeSenebinaT, rom iq sinaTlis sxivsac ki ver SeeRwia, da
lomi Sig unda mjdariyo” (grimi, 88).
sinaTlis am akrZalvas mWidrod ukavSirdeba vinmes naxvis akrZalvac.
damwyvdeulebma aravin ar unda naxon, da maTi saxec aravin ar unda naxos. metad
saintereso SemTxveva aqvs smirnovs zRaparSi “ rogor xatavda jariskaci dedoflis
portrets”. “erT mefes Zalian lamazi dedofali hyavs, ra iqneboda, misi suraTis
daxatva rom SeiZlebodes, magram sul niRabi ukeTia” (sm. 12). mefe midis damwyvdeul
gmirTan: “rodesac mivida, mefiswulma uTxra: “axlo ar moxvideo; piri miibruna da
ganze amoioxra” (sm. 303). aq igive warmodgenebi Cans, romlebic avi Tvalis SiSs iwvevs.
fofodias miwisqveSeTSi svamen: “vinmem Tvali ara hkraso” (sm. 357). viatkurma
zRaparma Semoinaxa is Sedegebi, rac moxdeba, Tuki damwyvdeulebs vinme Sexedavs.
“qali sardafSi cxovrobda, vinme kacs rom Seexeda, axalgazrdas, xalxi sul
daavaddeboda (z.v.105). viatkurma zRaparma damwyvdeulTa xsenebis akrZalvac
Semoinaxa: “is ki dilegSia. . . masze laparaki ar SeiZleba, Torem Senc wagiyvanen” (z.v.
28).
rusuli zRaprebidan kidev erT naTel magaliTs moviyvanT, sadac akrZalvis
ramdenime saxeobaa erTad mocemuli. gmiri sxva samefoSi moxvdeba, da viRac
SemxvedrTan aseTi baasi imarTeba:
“es rogor aris, batono patrono, aseTi vrceli adgili gaqvT da koSki ki iseTi
agigiaT, erTi fanjarac ar aqvs da arc sinaTle Sedis, ase ratom aris?
_ oh, Cemo megobaro, am koSkSi mefis asuli cxovrobs. amboben, rac ki daibada,
sinaTles ar anaxveben. mzareuli an ZiZa saWmels rom miutans, ise awvdis, SigniTac ar
Sedis. ase cxovrobs iq, arc xalxi ar aris.
_ nuTu, batono patrono, xalxma araferi icis _ lamazia, wmindaa Tu
uwminduri?
_ RmerTma icis, lamazia Tu ara, wmindaa Tu uwminduri. arc xalxma icis,
rogoria, arc iman icis, xalxi rogoria. arasodes gareT ar gamodis, xalxs ar
eCveneba” (sm. 10).
am saintereso SemTxvevas kidev erTi detali aqvs: saWmlis miwodebis wesi: “ise
awvdian, rom SigniTac ar Sedian”. zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom mefis Svilebs xuTi wlis
sazrdos erTad aZleven (af. 118). es, ra Tqmaa unda, fantastiuri deformaciaa,

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zRaparma ufro zusti cnobebic Semogvinaxa, Tu rogor aZlevdnen saWmels: “mamam
ubrZana qvis sveti aego; mxolod sawoli da fanjara rom hqonoda, gisosebi magari
unda yofiliyo, patara sarkmeli unda daetovebinaT, mxolod saWmlis misawodeblad”
(v. p. 18). igive qaliSvilis Sesaxeb `brZanes _ qvis svetze SeesvaT. patara fanjara
datoves, TiTo Wiqa wyali da xmiadis naWeri rom miewodebinaT yovel dRe~ (xud. 21).
afxazurma zRaparma kidev ori akrZalva Semoinaxa Zalian kargad: miwis Sexebisa
da Cveulebrivi saWmlisa. mefis Svilebs iseT saWmels aZleven, romelic maT
jadosnur Tvisebebs uwyobs xels: `Tavisi da maRal koSkSi hyavdaT. ise zrdidnen, rom
arc miwisTvis da arc balaxisTvis fexi ar daukarebia. mxolod cxovelebis tvins
aWmevdnen~ (afxazuri 1935: 49).
rusul zRaprebSi miwis Sexebis akrZalvaze pirdapir araferia naTqvami, magram
Tavad gamomdinarebs koSkSi jdomidan.
amgvarad, vxedavT, rom zRaparma im akrZalvaTa yvela saxeoba Semogvinaxa,
romelic odesRac mefis ojaxs ertya gars: sinaTlis, Sexedvis, saWmlis, miwis Sexebis,
adamianebTan urTierTobis akrZalvani. zRaprisa da istoriuli warsulis damTxveva
aq imdenad srulia, rom ufleba gvaqvs davamtkicoT — zRapari am SemTxvevaSi
istoriul sinamdviles asaxavs.

5. qalwulis damwyvdeva. magram es daskvna mTlianad ver dagvakmayofilebs.

aqamde Cven mxolod damwyvdevis formebi da masTan dakavSirebuli akrZalvani
ganvixileT, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vis amwyvdeven. Tu frezeris Sekrebil masalebsa da
zRaparSi mocemul masalebs SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom frezeri laparakobs mefeebisa
da beladebis Sesaxeb, xolo zRapari — mefis Svilebze. magram unda iTqvas, rom
zRaparSi zogjer mefec Tavis SvilebTan erTad aris xolme miwisqveSeTSi: “mefem
uzarmazari sardafi aiSena, Sig daimala da iq amoqoles” (sad. 11), meorec erTi,
istoriul sinamdvileSic akrZalvebi savaldebulo iyo ara mxolod mefeebisTvis,
aramed maTi memkvidreebisTvisac. frezerTan vnaxulobT: `samxreT amerikis grenadel
indielebs is qalebi da kacebi, romlebic SemdgomSi beladebi unda gamxdariyvnen,
ramdenime weliwads (7 wlamde) damwyvdeulebi hyavdaT. samefo Camomavlobis bavSvebs
mzec ki ar unda enaxaT: mzes Tu dainaxavdnen, Tavis mefur wodebas dakargavdnen~
(frezeri 1931: 127).
magram Cven jer kidev ar mogviyvania yvela SemTxveva. zRaparma kidev erTi saxis
akrZalva Semoinaxa, romelic mocemul SemTxvevasTan ar aris dadasturebuli, magram
dasturdeba sxva kavSirSi. es Tmis moWris akrZalvaa. Tmebi sulisa Tu magiuri Zalis
adgilsamyofelad iTvleboda. Tmis dakargva Zalis dakargvasac niSnavda. amas Cven
kidev araerTxel SevxvdebiT, axla ki samsonisa da dalilas magaliTic sakmarisia.
`koSkidan arsad wasula, sufTa haeri ar usunTqavs mefis asuls. bevri feradi
samoseli da Zvirfasi Tvlebi hqonda, magram mowyenili iyo: koSkSi suli exuTeboda,
Tavsafari emZimeboda. nawnavebi koWebamde swvdeboda da vasilisa-mefis asuls
uwodebdnen oqrosnawnava lamazs~ (af. 74). Tmis oqros fers Cven sxvagan ganvixilavT;
axla ki CvenTvis misi sigrZea mTavari. damwyvdeuli mefis asulis grZeli Tmis motivi
gansakuTrebiT germanul zRaparSia cxadi (grimi 12 _ rapunceli). `rodesac gogonas
12 weli Seusrulda, jadoqarma koSkSi daamwyvdia, romelic tyeSi idga da arc kari
hqonda da arc kibe... gogonas mSvenieri grZeli Tma hqonda, iseTi wminda, rogorc
oqromkedi. jadoqris xmas rom gaigonebda, Tmas gaiSlida, fanjaraze kavs gamosdebda,
Tormeti idayvis sigrZeze Tmas qvemoT uSvebda da jadoqari am TmiT zeviT adioda~.
mefis asulis grZeli Tmebi metad xSiri Strixia. qarTul zRaparSi `bulbuli da
iadoni~ mzeTunaxavi maRal koSkSi cxovrobs, saidanac qvemoT CamouSvebs Tavis oqros
Tmas. mzeTunaxavs rom ajobo, Tma xelze unda daixvio (tristani 1932: 151).
Tmis moWris akrZalva zRaparSi pirdapir arsad aris naTqvami. magram miuxedavad
amisa damwyvdeuli mefis asulis grZeli Tmebi — metad xSiri Strixia. mefis asuls es
Tmebi gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas sZenen.
Tmis moWris akrZalva ar ixsenieba mefeebis, mefiswulebis da qurumebis
aRweraSi, Tumc savsebiT SesaZlebelia. samagierod Tmis moWris akrZalva cnobilia
sul sxva ramesTan dakavSirebiT, saxeldobr menzisiani qalwulebis izolaciis
adaTSi. menzisian qalwulebs rom calke amwyvdevdnen, es sakmaod cnobilia. frezeri
imasac miuTiTebs, rom maT Tmis varcxna da moWrac ekrZalebodaT.

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 mefeTa da mefiswulTa izolaciis adaTsa da qalwulTa izolaciis adaTs Soris
ueWveli kavSiri arsebobs. orive adaTi erTnair warmodgenebze, erTnair SiSzea
dafuZnebuli. zRapari izolaciis rogorc erT, ise meore saxesac asaxavs. qalwulis
saxe, romelsac zRaparSi amwyvdeven, ukve Sepirispirebulia qalwulTa im
izolaciasTan, romelic yovelTviur ganwmendasTan dakavSirebiT xdeboda. am azris
dasadastureblad frezers danaes (frezeri 1931-IV: 134) miTi mohyavs. amave azrs
gamoTqvams fon-der-leieni Tavis wignSi zRapris Sesaxeb, da igivea ganmeorebuli
azadovskis, andreevisa da sokolovis redaqciiT gamocemul afanasieviseul
zRaprebSic. marTlac, rapuncels amwyvdeven, rodesac 12 weli usruldeba, e. i.
sqesobrivi momwifebis dadgomisas; mas tyeSi malaven. qalwulebi swored tyeSi
mihyavdaT. amasTanave maT zogjer CaCqani exuraT da saxes malaven. aq gvagondeba mefis
asuli, romelic niRabs atarebda.
am dapirispirebis sasargeblod kidev erTi mosazrebac metyvelebs: qalwulis
damwyvdevas misi qorwili mosdevs, rogorc zRapridan Cans. xSirad xdeba, rom
RvTaeba an gveli damwyvdeul qalwuls ki ar itacebs, aramed masTan midis dilegSi.
asea danaes miTSi, asevea zogjer rusul zRaparSic. aq qalwuli qarisgan orsuldeba:
“mamas eSinoda, qalma araferi ieSmakoso. amitom maRal koSkSi Casva, karebi amoqoles.
erT adgilas agurebs Soris RriWo darCa, erTi sityviT, naCvreti. erTxelac mefis
asuli am RriWosTan idga da qarma muceli gaubera~ (sev. 42). koSkSi jdoma namdvilad
qorwinebisTvis momzadebaa, amasTan ara Cveulebriv arsebasTan qorwinebisTvis,
aramed RvTaebrivi rigisa, romlisganac kvlav RvTaebrivi vaJiSvili ibadeba, rusul
zRaparSi — ivane qari, berZnul miTSi — persevsi. ufro xSirad ki damwyvdeulia gmiris
ara deda, aramed momavali coli. magram mTlianobaSi analogia zRaparsa da wes-
Cveulebas Soris aq gacilebiT ufro sustia, vidre mefeTa da mefiswulTa
damwyvdevis motivis analogia. zRaparSi savsebiT erTnairad xdeba rogorc
qalwulTa, aseve vaJTa da da-Zmis damwyvdevac.
am faqtTa Sepirispirebisas unda davekiTxoT Tavs, ra urTierTmimarTebaSia
damwyvdevis es ori forma erTmaneTTan da zRaparTan. qalwulTa damwyvdeva ufro
Zvelia, vidre mefeebisa. is ukve aqvT yvelaze primitiul, yvelaze pirvelyofil
xalxebs, magaliTad, avstralielebs. zRaparma orive saxe Semoinaxa. es ori forma
erTimeorisgan gamomdinareobs, erTmaneTzea daSreuli da erTmaneTTan
asimilirebuli, amasTan qalwulTa izolacia ufro mkrTali formiTaa Semonaxuli da
ufro Zlieradaa mimqralebuli; mefis memkvidreTa izolacia ufro gviandeli
warmoSobisaa; aq Semonaxulia istoriulad dadasturebul detalTa mTeli rigi.

6. damwyvdevis motivireba. Cveni mimoxilva sruli ar iqneboda, kidev erT

detalze rom ar SevCerebuliyaviT, saxeldobr, im sakiTxze, Tu riTia gamowveuli es
damwyvdeva da rogoraa motivirebuli. mefeTa damwyvdeva istoriul sinamdvileSi
imiT iyo motivirebuli, rom “mefe an beladi zebunebrivi Tvisebebis mflobeli an
RvTaebis gansaxierebaa; maSasadame, igulisxmeba, rom bunebis sicocxle da misi
procesebi met-naklebad maszea damokidebuli; Tvlian, rom mefe an beladi cud
amindze, cud mosavalze an sxva msgavs ubedurebaze pasuxs agebs” (frezeri 1931-II: 11).
swored amiT iyo gamowveuli gansakuTrebuli mzrunveloba masze, misi dacva
SesaZlebeli ubedurebisgan. frezeri iRebs am faqts, magram ar cdilobs imis axsnas,
Tu ratom aris damRupveli Suqis, Tvalis an miwis Sexebis gavlena.
zRaparma msgavsi xasiaTis motivirebani ar Semogvinaxa. xalxis cxovreba
zRaparSi araa damokidebuli damwyvdeulebze. mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi vxedavT, rom
akrZalvis darRvevisgan “xalxi Zalze asneuldeboda” (z. v. 105). zRaparSi saqme
mxolod mefiswulis an mefis asulis pirad usafrTxoebas exeba. magram mefis dacvaze
zrunva TviT emyareba ufro Zvel, frezeris mier daumuSavebel warmodgenas, rom
haeri gaJRenTilia xifaTiT, ZalebiT, romlebsac yovel wuTs SeuZliaT daatydnen
Tavs adamians. am debulebis damuSavebas aq ar SevudgebiT. masze jer kidev nilsonma
miuTiTa: yvelaferi savsea SeucnobliT, rac SiSis zars scems. tabu im SiSzea
aRmocenebuli, rom Sexebisgan raRac saSineleba SeiZleba moxdes (nilsoni 1911: 7).
“maias tomisTvis — ambobs brintoni — tyeebi, haeri da sibnele idumali ZalebiT aris
savse, romlebic mudam mzad arian umtron an daexmaron mas, magram Cveulebriv —
umtron, radgan misi fantaziis am qmnilebaTa umetesi wili — veragi arsebebi arian”
(brintoni 1883: 251).

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 dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brintonisa da nilsonis msgavsi eTnografebi
mxolod erT rameSi cdebian: adamianis garemomcveli Zalebi da sulebi “Seucnobni”
mxolod eTnografs eCveneba da ara TviT xalxebs — isini mas kargad icnoben, sruliad
konkretulad hyavT warmodgenili da Tavis saxelsac uwodeben. marTalia, zRaparSi
SiSi xSirad gaurkvevelia, magram aseve xSirad is garkveuli da zustia: eSiniaT im
arsebebisa, romlebsac SeuZliaT mefiswulTa motaceba.
es sarwmunoebrivi SiSi zRapris gardatexaSi mefiswulTa mimarT zrunvas qmnis
da ubedurebis mxatvrul motivirebad gardaiqmneba, rac akrZalvis darRvevas
mosdevs. sakmarisia mefis asuli Tavis samalavidan baRSi gamovides sufTa haeris
Casaylapad, rom “sad iyo da sad ara”, gaCndes gveli da moitacos. mokled, bavSvebs
motacebisgan icaven. aseTi motivireba ukve Zalian adre Cndeba: magaliTad, zulusur
zRaparSi vkiTxulobT: “isini ise cxovrobdnen, rom gareT ar gamodiodnen, radgan
dedam aukrZala; uTxra _ Tu gareT gaxvalT, yvavebi wagiyvanen da dagxocaveno”
(zulu 1937: 91). da ufro mogvianebiT zRaparSia: “mefem gamzrdelebs ubrZana, mefis
asuls gafrTxilebodnen, quCaSi ar gaeSvaT, voron voroneviCs rom ar waeyvana”
(sm,323) (vikentievi 1937: 39; struve 1932: 55).
akrZalvaTa yvela saxeobidan, romlebiTac cdilobdnen daecvaT Tavi gvelis,
yvavis, Txis, eSmakis, sulebis, qarborbalas, kaSCeis, iagas formiT warmodgenili
demonebisgan, romlebic qalebs, qalwulebs da bavSvebs itacebdnen — zRaparSi
yvelaze kargad saxlidan gasvlis akrZalvaa asaxuli. katartikis sxva saxeobebi
(marxva, sibnele, Sexedvisa da Sexebis akrZalvani da sxva) ufro mkrTaladaa asaxuli.
magram mainc aq jer kidev yvelaferi cxadi ar aris. magaliTad, zogierTi
arapirdapiri niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miwis qveS an sibneleSi anda koSkSi
yofna magiuri Zalis dagrovebas uwyobs xels, ara akrZalvis gamo, aramed TavisTavad.
magaliTad, zunias tomis (CrdiloeT amerika) TqmulebaSi “mamam, romelic umaRlesi
qurumi iyo, Tavisi qaliSvili wminda RvTismsaxurebas (to sacred things) Seswira da
amitom mudam saxlSi hyavda, rom mamakacebsa da mozardebs ar SeexedaT”. magram mis
samyofelSi mzis sxivi SeaRwevs da bavSvi ibadeba. am bavSvs Cumad tyeSi gagzavnian,
sadac mas iremi zrdis (kuSingi 1901: 132). msgavsi SemTxevevebi mxedvelobaSi unda
iqonios danaes miTis mkvlevarma. Cven viciT, rom uZveles peruSi “mzis asulni”
CaketilSi hyavdaT. xalxi maT arasodes ar xedavda. isini mzis colebad iTvlebodnen
da faqtobrivad mze-RvTaebis moadgilis, e. i. inkis colebi iyvnen. mze saerTod ufro
mogvianebiT Cndeba, igi msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, samiwaTmoqmedo
warmodgenebs asaxavs. zRapari, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mzes amgvar rolSi TiTqmis ar
icnobs; is ufro arqaulia, vidre es SemTxvevebi.

7. daskvnebi. aq warmodgenili yvela masala Semdegi daskvnis uflebas gvaZlevs:

Cveni motivis uZvelesi religiuri substrati im uCinari Zalebis SiSia, romlebic
adamians axvevia. am movlenis mizezebi jer kidev sakmaod araa damuSavebuli
istorikos-eTnografTa mier da folkloristis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis. es SiSi imas
iwvevs, rom menzisiani qaliSvilebi CaketilSi hyavT, raTa daicvan am xifaTisgan.
zRaparSi es movlena tyeSi gadamaluli qalwulis saxeSia asaxuli, romelsac amasTan
grZeli Tma ezrdeba. mefe-beladis an qurumis Zalauflebis warmoSobisas es zrunva
imave formiT mefisa da mTeli misi ojaxis mimarT iCens Tavs. mefeTa damwyvdeva da am
damwyvdevis Tanmxlebi akrZalvebi zustad Seesabameba im detalebs, rac zRaprebSi
gvaqvs. kerZod, zRaparma asaxa Suqis akrZalva, sakvebTan da WamasTan dakavSirebuli
akrZalvani, pirisaxis Cvenebis, miwis Sexebis akrZalva. zRaparma mxolod aqa-iq
Semoinaxa im warmodgenis nakvalevi, rom damwyvdeuli mefis keTildReoba xalxis
keTildReobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. zRaparSi mocemulia mefiswulTa piradi
uSiSroebisken swrafva. damwyvdevisa da misi darRvevis motivs zRapari iyenebs,
rogorc gvelisa Tu uecrad saidanRac gamoCenil arsebaTa mier mefiswulTa
motacebis mxatvrul Semzadebasa da motivirebas. TviT damwyvdeva ki zRaparSi arsad
araa motivirebuli. misi motivireba mamis risxviT (grimi, 198) da a. S., rac mudam
SemTxveviTia da tipuri ar aris zRaprisTvis, safuZvels qmnis novelistur JanrSi
gadasvlisaTvis. aRniSnuli motivi gadavida novelistur literaturaSic, magram aq
xSirad dafaruli da deformirebulia. novelisturi Sinaarsis zRaprebSi qmarma
qorwilis Semdeg “auSena cols sasaxle da am sasaxles mxolod erTi fanjara gaukeTa”
da a. S. (minaevi 1877: 82). SemdgomSi aRmoCndeba, rom es colis erTgulebis

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gamosacdeladaa gakeTebuli. zogjer amgvari damwyvdeva colis daCagvris mizniT
keTdeba: “sawyali, udanaSaulo qali umizezod Casves. memamulem ezoSive augo koSki —
agurisgan nagebi sveti da Caketa am svetSi. . . pawia sarkmeli dautoves — puris xmelasa
da wyals awodeben iqidan” (az. 5). damwyvdeul qalTa da qalwulTa motivi farTodaa
gamoyenebuli novelistur literatiraSi, am xerxs mimarTaven xolme eWviani qmrebi.
meore mxriv, damwyvdeuli qalebi wminda mowameebad warmodgebian da mocemuli
motivi agiografiul literaturaSic gadavida (veselovski 1878: 183-238; veselovski
1913: 70 da Smd.).

II. ubedureba da winaaRmdegoba

8. ubedureba. Cven SegviZlia Tvalyuri mivadevnoT Semdgomi moqmedebis

ganviTarebas zRaparSi. akrZalva _ “maRali cixe-koSkidan ar gaxvideo” _
aucileblad irRveva. veraviTari kliteebi, veraviTari saketebi, verc koSkebi, verc
sardafebi verafers ver Svelis. amas dauyovnebliv mosdevs ubedureba. mxolod unda
davumatoT, rom bavSvebis koSkSi Casma sulac araa savaldebulo elementi da rom
ubedureba zogjer zRapris dawyebisTanave xdeba.
raime saxis ubedureba naskvis ZiriTadi formaa. ubedurebisa da misTvis gaweuli
winaaRmdegobisagan warmosdgeba siuJeti. am ubedurebis formebi sul
sxvadasxvagvaria, imdenad sxvadasxvagvari, rom maTi erTad ganxilva SeuZlebelia. am
TavSi am ubedurebis formaTa raime ganmarteba ver iqneba mocemuli. koSkSi an
jurRmulSi Casmas Cveulebriv maSinve motaceba mosdevs. es motaceba rom
SeviswavloT, Cven momtaceblis saxe unda SeviswavloT. qalwulis mTavari, ZiriTadi
momtacebeli gvelia. magram gveli zRaparSi orjer Cndeba. igi elviseburi siswrafiT
gamoCndeba, gaitacebs qalwuls da gaqreba. gmiri gaedevneba, Sexvdeba mas, da isini
SeebrZolebian erTmaneTs. gvelis xasiaTi mxolod gvelTan brZolis analiziT
SeiZleba gairkves. mxolod aq SeiZleba gvelis aSkara suraTis miReba da qalwulis
motacebis axsna. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: gulubryvilo msmenelisTvis moqmedebis
msvleloba da dasasruli sawyisi moqmedebis warmoebulia. mkvlevarisTvis ki saqme
SeiZleba Sebrunebulad iyos: dasawyisi Suawelisa da dasasrulis warmoebulia. maSin,
rodesac zRapris dasawyisi sxvadasxvagvaria, Suaweli da dasasruli gacilebiT ufro
erTgvarovani da mudmivia. amitomac dasawyisi xSirad mxolod Suawelis anda sulac
dasasrulis mixedviT SeiZleba iqnas ganmartebuli. igive iTqmis zRaprul dasawyisTa
sxva saxeobaTa Sesaxebac. magaliTad, zogjer zRapari imiT iwyeba, rom saxlidan
agdeben arasasurvel bavSvebs. es “morozkos”, “baba-iagas” da msgavsi tipis zRaprebia.
Tu ra saxis gaZevebaa igi, Cven mxolod maSin SevZlebT dadgenas, rodesac Seswavlili
iqneba is garemo, romelSic gaZevebuli bavSvebi xvdebian. zRapris dasawyisis sxva
saxeoba ubedurebas ar Seicavs. zRapari imiT iwyeba, rom mefe ixmobs xalxs da Tavis
qaliSvils colad hpirdeba mas, vinc frTosani cxeniT mis sarkmlamde axteba. es Znel
davalebaTa erT-erTi saxeobaa. mocemuli davaleba SeiZleba axsnil iqnas mxolod
jadosnuri Semwisa da moxuci mefis saxis Seswavlis meSveobiT, Semwes ki Cveulebriv
zRapris SuawelSi Souloben xolme. amgvarad aqac mxolod zRapris Suaweli
ganmartavs zRapris dasawyiss.
Suawelis elementTa analizi dagvexmareba im sakiTxis gaSuqebaSic, Tu ratom
iwyeba zRapari ase xSirad swored ubedurebiT, da ra ubedurebaa igi. magram
Cveulebriv zRapris boloSi ubedureba bednierebiT icvleba. gatacebuli mefis
asuli mSvidobianad brundeba sasiZosTan erTad, gaZevebuli geri mdidruli
saCuqrebiT brundeba ukan da xSirad amas misi daqorwinebac mosdevs. am qorwinebis
formaTa gamokvleva dagvanaxebs, rogoria sasiZo da riTi iwyeba qorwineba.
amgvarad, Cvens gamokvlevaSi iZulebulni varT gadavaxteT moqmedebis
msvlelobis erT moments da ganxilva Suawelidan daviwyoT.
magram ukve axlave SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, xom ar ifareba am
mravalgvarobaSi raime erToba. zRapris Sua elementebi mdgradia. rogorc ar unda
iyos _ mefis asulia motacebuli, geria gagdebuli, Tu gmiri midis
gasaaxalgazrdavebeli vaSlebis saSovrad _ igi yovelTvis baba-iagasTan xvdeba.
Suawelis elmentTa es erTgvarovneba gvavaraudebinebs, rom sawyisi elementebic,
miuxedavad maTi mravalgvarovnebisa, raRac erTgvarovnebiTaa gaerTianebuli. es asea
Tu ara, amas qvemoT vnaxavT.

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 9. gmiris samgzavrod momzadeba. wina nawilSi Cven zRaprul dasawyisTa zogierTi
saxeoba ganvixileT. isini erTi saerTo niSniTaa gaerTianebuli: xdeba raRac
ubedureba. moqmedebis msvleloba moiTxovs, rom gmirma rogorme Seityos am
ubedurebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, es momenti zRaparSi mravalgvari formiTaa
warmodgenili: aq aris mefis mier xalxis xmobac, dedis an SemTxveviT Sexvedrilis
naambobic da a. S. Cven am momentze ar SevCerdebiT. Tu rogor Seityobs gmiri
ubedurebas, CvenTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs. sakmarisia davadginoT, rom man
Seityo ubedurebis Sesaxeb da gaudga gzas.
gzis gadgoma erTi SexedviT TiTqos arafer sainteresos ar Seicavs: “gaudga
mSvildosani gzas”, “vaJiSvili Sejda cxenze, wavida cxra mTas iqiTa samefoSi”,
“Wabuki mSvildosani Sejda Tavis meranze da wavida cxra mTas iqiT” _ ai am
gamgzavrebaTa Cveulebrivi formula. marTlac, es sityvebi TiTqos arafers
problematurs ar Seicavs. magram, aq mTavaria ara sityvebi, aramed gmiris mier gzis
gadgomis faqti. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zRapris kompozicia igeba gmiris
sivrcobiv gadaadgilebaze. es kompozicia damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod jadosnuri
zRaprisTvis, aramed epopeisa (odisea) da romanisTvisac; asea agebuli, magaliTad,
don-kixoti. am gzaze gmirs SeiZleba sul sxvadasxvagvari Tavgadasavlebi moelodes.
marTlac, don-kixotis Tavgadasavalni metad mravalferovani da mravalricxovania,
iseve, rogorc sxva adreuli saraindo naxevrad folkloruli romanebis (Wigalios)
gmirebisa. magram am literaturuli Tu naxevradfolkloruli romanebisgan
gansxvavebiT WeSmariti folkloruli zRapari ar icnobs aseT mravalferovnebas.
Tavgadasavlebi SeiZleba sul sxvadasxvagvari yofiliyo, magram isini yovelTvis
erTnairia, isini raRac Zalian mkacr kanonzomierebas emorCileba. esaa pirveli
dakvirveba.
meore dakvirveba: zRapari moqmedebis moments gadaaxteba xolme. moZraoba
arasodes ar aris dawvrilebiT aRwerili, igi oriode sityviTaa moxseniebuli. gzis
pirveli etapi mSobliuri saxlidan tyis qoxamde aseTi sityvebiT gamoixateba: “bevri
iara Tu cota iara, axlo iyo Tu Sors”. es formula gzis aRweris uaryofas Seicavs.
gza mxolod kompoziciaSia, magram ar aris faqturaSi. gzis meore etapia gza tyis
qoxidan sxva qveyanaSi. is uzarmazari manZiliTaa dacilebuli, magram es manZili wamSi
ifareba. gmiri am manZils gadaifrens. Tavidan gadavardnili qudisTvis xelis tacebas
rom moindomebs, is ukve aTasi versis iqiTaa darCenili. arsebiTad aq kvlav am motivis
epiur damuSavebaze uaris Tqmaa.
aqedan Cans, rom sivrces zRaparSi orgvari roli aqvs. erTis mxriv is arsebobs
zRaparSi. igi sruliad aucilebeli kompoziciuri elementia. meore mxriv, is TiTqos
srulebiT ar arsebobs. mTeli ganviTareba xdeba SeCerebebis mixedviT, da es
SeCerebebi Zalze detaluradaa aRwerili.
CvenSi araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, rom, magaliTad, odisea gacilebiT ufro
gviandeli movlenaa, vidre zRapari. iq gza da sivrce epiuradaa damuSavebuli. aqedan
daskvna, rom zRapris statikuri, SeCerebiTi elementi ufro Zvelia, vidre misi
sivrcobrivi kompozicia. sivrce SeiWra raRacaSi, rac ukve adreve arsebobda.
ZiriTad elementebi sivrcobriv warmodgenaTa gaCenamde Seiqmna. ufro detalurad
amas qvemoT vnaxavT. SeCerebaTa yvela elementebi ukve arsebobda rogorc wes-
Cveuleba. sivrcobrivi warmodgenebi Sori manZiliT acileben imas, rac wes-
CveulebaSi fazebi iyo.
maS sad midis gmiri? Tu ufro yuradRebiT gavCxrekT, vnaxavT, rom gmiri zogjer
ubralod ki ar midis, aramed wasvlis win iTxovs raRaciT moamaragon, da es momenti
erTgvar ganxilvas moiTxovs.
is sagnebi, romlebiTac gmirs amarageben, sul sxvadasxvanairia: esaa
purisxmelac, fulic, mTvralekipaJiani gemic, karavic, cxenic. Cveulebriv yovelive
es sruliad zedmetia da mxolod Tvalis asaxvevad aris naTxovni. Seswavla gviCvenebs,
rom, magaliTad, mamis saxlidan wayvanili cxeni ar varga da sxvaze icvleba. magram am
saganTa Soris aris erTi, romelsac Rirs sagangebo yuradReba mieqces. es — kombalia.
es kombali rkinisaa, igi Cveulebriv manamdea saWiro, vidre gmiri gzas gaudgebodes:
“aba, vaJkacebo, erTi xuTfuTiani kombali gamomikvereT!” (af. 104d). ras warmoadgens
es kombali? kombali rom gamoscados, gmiri (samjer) aisvris haerSi. aqedan SeiZleba
dagveskvna, rom es kombali _ xelketia, iaraRi. magram es ase ar aris. jer erTi, gmiri

70
saxlidan waRebul am kombals arasodes ar iyenebs, rogorc xelkets. mezRapres is
SemdegSi ubralod aviwydeba. meorec, Sedarebidan Cans, rom gmirs Sinidan rkinis
kombalTan erTad rkinis sefiskveric da rkinis Ceqmebi miaqvs. “ivanuSka mivida
mWedelTan, gamoaWedina sami yavarjeni, gamoacxo sami sefiskveri da wavida maSenkas
saZebrad (sm. 35). faskunji gafrenisas qaliSvils eubneba: “Tu Cems moZebnas
ganizraxav, cxra mTas iqiT meZebe ucxo samefoSi, jer sam wyvil qalamans gacveT, sam
Tujis xeljoxs gatex, qvis sam sefiskvers SeWam, vidre mipovide” (af. 129a). igives
ambobs coli-bayayi: “aba, ivane-mefiswulo, meZebe meSvide samefoSi, rkinis Ceqmebi
gacviTe da rkinis sami sefiskveri SeWame” (af. 150b).
kombali+puri+Ceqmebis erTobidan advilad amovardeba erTi an zogjer ori
rgolic ki. xSirad mxolod puri gvaqvs (“gamoucxe sami fuTi puri”. J. st. gv. 275), an
mxolod fexsacmeli (“ubrZane samjercxra wyvili sxvadasxva fexsacmeli Sekeros”
(sad. 60) anda, bolos, mxolod kombali. xSirad xdeba puris racionaluri gaazreba
purisxmelad da a. S., komblisa — joxad an ketad, romelic gadaiazreba rogorc
iaraRi, magram arasodes ar asrulebs iaraRis funqcias. es advili dasadgenia,
magaliTad, aseTi SemTxvevebis mixedviT: “fexsacmeli qviSisgan ucvdeba, qudi wvimiT
ulpeba, xeljoxi xelSi udneba” (sev. 14). aq joxi iaraRs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed
Tavis Tavdapirvel funqcias inarCunebs. anda: “Tuki unda, sami spilenZis qudi
gamoWedos, da maSin wamovides. rodesac Subi da qudi gaucvdeba, maSin mipovis” (sm.
130). aq joxi ucbad Subad iqca, magram iseT Subad, romelsac siarulis dros
eyrdnobian, iaraRad ki ar xmaroben. sainteresoa imis dadgenac, rom es sammagi
elementi yvelaze ukeT qalTa zRaprebSi (faskunji da sxv.) Semoinaxa. es imitom, rom
qalis saxe iaraRTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, da aq argani Tavisi pirvandeli saxiTaa
Semonaxuli.
SeiZleba imis dadgena, rom fexsacmeli, argani da puri is sagnebi iyo, romliTac
amaragebdnen micvalebulebs saiqioSi gasamgzavreblad. rkinisad es nivTebi Semdeg
iqca, gzis sigrZis simbolurobisTvis.
xaruzini ambobs: “saiqiosken mimaval gzaze warmodgenas Seesabamebian... is
nivTebi, romlebsac samareSi atanen an micvalebulTan erTad wvaven. sruliad
bunebrivia, rom Tuki micvalebulma wyali unda gadacuros, raTa aCrdilTa samyaros
miaRwios, mas samareSi navi Caayolon. Tu Sori gza fexiT aqvs gasavleli, mas ufro
magar fexsacmels acmeven” (xaruzini 1905: 260).
es warmodgenebi ukve Crdilo amerikel indielTa Soris arsebobs. boasis mier
Caweril moTxrobaSi gmirs Tavisi gardacvlili colis povna unda. “man Tavis mamas
sTxova xuTi daTvis tyavi da am tyavidan asi wyvili fexsacmeli gaikeTa” (boasi 1895:
41). maSasadame, micvalebulTa qveyanaSi wasasvlelad magari fexsacmelia saWiro.
kaliforniaSi indielebs uTuod mokasinebiT marxavdnen (negelaini 1901: 151).
“kaliforniis mkvidrni Tavis micvalebulebs fexsacmels atanen, radgan maradiuli
sanadiroebisken mimavali gza grZeli da Znelia” (xaruzini 1905: 260). bengaliaSi
micvalebulebs “ise amarageben, TiTqos grZeli gza moelodeT” (negelaini 1901: 151).
egvipteSi micvalebuls atanen magar argansa da sandlebs (raintcenStaini 1905: 178).
“mkvdarTa wignis” 125-e Tavi erT-erT variantSi asea dasaTaurebuli: “es Tavi unda
waekiTxos (micvalebuls) mas Semdeg, rac mas ganbanen da ganwmenden, rodesac
Semosaven da fexT TeTri tyavis sandlebs Caacmeven”... astartas ieratiul papirusSi
naTqvamia (astarta qvesknelSia): “saiT midixar, ptaxas asulo, risxvis qalRmerTo da
sazarelo? gana ar gagicvda sandlebi, fexT rom gacvia? gana ar dagexa samosi,
romelic gmosavs, Sens wasvla-mosvlaSi zecasa da dedamiwaze?” (struve 1932: 51) am
realur, Tumca ki mkvidr sandlebs TandaTanobiT simboluri cvlis. berZnul
samarxebSi poulobdnen Tixis fexsacmels, zogjer or wyvil fexsacmelsac ki
(samteri 1911: 206). es warmodgena arsebobs Sua saukuneebSic da Tanamedroveobamdec
aRwevs. alemanur samarovnebSi napovnia sanTlebi, mcenareuli nayofi, argani da
fexsacmelebi (negelaini 1901: 151). lotaringiis zogierT kuTxeSi micvalebuls
Ceqmebs acmeven da xelSi joxs aWerineben saiqio mogzaurobisTvis (Sternbergi 1936:
330). skandinaviaSi “damarxvisas micvalebuls gansakuTrebuli saxis fexsacmels
atandnen; maTi meSveobiT micvalebuls advilad SeeZlo gaevlo qviani da ekliani
bilikebi, romlebsac saiqiosken mihyavda igi” (xaruzini 1905: 260). “im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac iqiTken mimavali gza xmeleTze gadis, Cndeba survili gauadvilon am gzis

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gavla micvalebuls Ceqmebis CacmiT, joxis gatanebiT da a. S.” _ ambobs anuCini
(anuCini 1890: 179).
es masalebi sakmarisia imis dasadgenad, rom “asi wyvili fexsacmeli”, “ori
wyvili”, “Tixis fexsacmeli”. “gansakuTrebuli fexsacmeli”, romlebic Cvens
masalebSia, iseve, rogorc gansakuTrebuli argani zRaparSi, iqca rkinis fexsacmelad
da rkinis joxad, xolo am motivis mniSvnelobis gaugebrobis SemTxvevaSi xeljoxi
saomar ketad iqceva.
mocemuli masalebi (gansakuTrebiT bevri aqvs Sekrebili zomters) nebas
gvaZlevs davamtkicoT, rom rkinis fexsacmeli gmiris saiqios gamgzavrebis niSania.
meore sakiTxi, romelic amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba, exeba gmiris xasiaTs.
vin aris gmiri _ cocxali, romelic mkvdarTa samefoSi midis, Tu micvalebuli,
romelic sulis mogzaurobis warmodgenebs asaxavs? pirvel SemTxvevaSi gmiri
SeiZleboda Segvedarebina SamanTan, romelic micvalebulis an avadmyofis suls
mihyveba. rodesac gmiri mefis asulSi Casaxlebul av suls aZevebs, is zustad ise
iqceva, rogorc Samani. am SemTxvevaSi kompozicia naTeli iqneboda: mefis asuli
gvelma gaitaca, mefe mouxmobs Zlier Samans, jadoqars, grZneuls, winapars da is
mefis asulis kvals mihyveba. magram Tumc am mtkicebaSi aris WeSmaritebis wili,
Semdgomi ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom is metad gaubraloebulia da rom aq sxva, ufro
rTuli warmodgenebia.
amrigad, erTi sakiTxis gadawyvetas sxva sakiTxebis warmoSoba mosdevs. maT
gadawyvetas zRapris momdevno _ Suawelis _ momentebidan moveliT. pirvel yovlisa,
unda gavigoT, sad moxvdeba gmiri Tavis mogzaurobisas.

Tavi III
idumali tye

1. zRapris Semdgomi kompozicia. jadosnuri saSualebis miReba. zeviT ukve iyo

naTqvami, rom zRapris kvanZi Cveulebriv raime ubedurebasa da gmiris saxlidan
wasvlas Seicavs. zogjer TviT saxlidan wasvla ukve ubedurebaa, magaliTad, rodesac
saxlidan gers agdeben. es ubedureba unda moispos, da Cveulebriv ise xdeba, rom
gmirs raime jadosnuri saSualeba uvardeba xelSi. amiT ukve gansazRvrulia
dasasruli. magram es mxolod mkrTali da mSrali sqemaa, romelic zRaparSi
sxvadasxva metad feradovani detalebisa da aqsesuarebis mdidruli samoseliTaa
Semosili. zRapris simdidre kompoziciaSi ar mdgomareobs. misi simdidre imaSia, Tu
ra sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba erTi da igive kompoziciuri elementis ganxorcieleba.
kerZod, magaliTad, aq mogvixdeba davsvaT kiTxva: rogor xvdeba jadosnuri
saSualeba gmiris xelSi?
zRapris repertuarSi gmirisTvis am saSualebis gadacemis uamravi xerxia.
rogorc wesi, amisTvis mas Semohyavs axali personaJi, riTic moqmedebis msvleloba
axal etaps iwyebs. es personaJia mCuqebeli.
mCuqebeli sazRapro kanonis garkveuli kategoriaa. mCuqeblis klasikur formas
iaga warmoadgens. aq aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom mkvlevars yovelTvis ar aqvs
ufleba endos zRapris nomenklaturas.
xSirad iagas sul sxva kategoriis personaJebs uwodeben _ magaliTad,
dedinacvals. meore mxriv, tipur iagas eZaxian dedabers, miyruebul bebers da a. S.
zogjer iagas rolSi gvevlinebian cxovelebi (daTvi) an berikaci da a. S.

2. iagas tipebi. iaga saanalizod metad rTuli personaJia. misi saxe sxvadasxva
detalebisgan Sedgeba. es detalebi, sxvadasxva zRaprebidan amokrefili da erTad
dalagebuli, xSirad ar Seesabameba erTmaneTs, ar erwymis, ar Tanxmdeba erT saxeSi.
ZiriTadad zRaparma iagas sami sxvadasxva forma icis. is, magaliTad, icnobs iaga-
mCuqebels, romelTanac midis gmiri. iaga mas gamohkiTxavs, iagasgan gmiri (an gmiri-
qali) iRebs cxens, mdidrul saCuqars da a. S. sxva saqmea iaga-gamtacebeli. igi itacebs
bavSvebs da maT Sexrakvas moundomebs, rasac gaqceva da gadarCena mosdevs. dabolos,
zRapari kidev icnobs mebrZol iagas. is mofrindeba gmirebis qoxSi, zurgidan Tasmas
aaWris da sxv. am tipTagan yovels Tavisi specifikuri Tvisebebi aqvs, magram amas

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garda aris Tvisebebi, romlebic yvelasTvis saerToa. yovelive es Zalze arTulebs
gamokvlevas.
gamosavals imaSi ki ar vxedavT, rom samive tipi cal-calke aRvweroT. aq sxva
gamosavalia SesaZlebeli: zRapris msvlelobis mTeli ganviTareba, gansakuTrebiT ki
dasawyisi (mkvdarTa qveyanaSi wasvla), gviCvenebs, rom iagas raRac kavSiri unda
hqondes mkvdarTa samefosTan. maS jer is Tvisebebi gamovyoT, romlebic istoriul
masalaTa Suqze adasturebs am varauds. aq aucilebeblia winaswar vTqaT, rom amiT
iagas saxis mxolod erTi mxare gaSuqdeba, magram iseTi mxare, romelic aucileblad
unda iqnas ganxiluli: aqeT mivyavarT zRapris mxatvrul logikasac da istoriul
masalebsac.

3. xeldasxmis wes-Cveuleba. maSasadame, is sakiTxi, romliskenac Cven masalas

mivyavarT, ase SeiZleba iqnas formulirebuli: rogoria iagas saxis kavSiri sikvdilze
arsebul warmodgenebTan? magram am formiT dasmuli kiTxva ar amowuravs Cvens
masalas. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom iaga marTlac mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli amgvar
warmodgenebTan. davuSvaT, rom es kavSiri dadasturda. aq maSinve wamoiWreba sxva
kiTxva: ratom xvdeba gmiri sikvdilis karibWesTan? marTalia, moqmedebis
msvlelobiT es motivirebulia. Cvens winaSe zRapris dasawyisi xom ise warmodga,
rogorc sikvdilze warmodgenebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli. magram es sakiTxs ki ar
wyvets, aramed gadaaadgilebs: ratom asaxavs zRapari ZiriTadad sikvdilis
warmodgenebs da ara sxva rames? ratom maincdamainc es warmodgenebi aRmoCnda aseTi
sicocxlisa da mxatvruli damuSavebis unaris mqone?
am kiTxvaze pasuxs gagvcems erTi movlenis ganxilva ukve ara mxolod
msoflmxedvelobis, aramed konkretuli socialuri cxovrebis sferodanac. zRaparma
ara mxolod sikvdilze arsebuli warmodgenebis kvali Semogvinaxa, aramed odesRac
farTod gavrcelebuli wes-Cveulebis nakvalevic, romelic mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli am warmodgenebTan _ saxeldobr, sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi
WabukTa xeldasxmis wes-CveulebasTan (initiation, rites de passage, Pubertätsweile,
Reifezeremonien).
es wes-Cveuleba imdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sikvdilze warmodgenebTan,
rom erTis ganxilva meoris gareSe SeuZlebelia. maSasadame, Cven zRapari unda
SevudaroT ara mxolod sarwmunoebaTa masalebs, aramed Sesabamis socialur
institutebsac.
amiT iwyeba axali da gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxi. wes-Cveulebis
daxasiaTebas qvemoT SevudgebiT, axla ki, am sakiTxis sagangebo mniSvnelobis gamo,
misi Seswavlis istorias unda SevexoT.
zRapari rom xeldasxmis wes-Cveulebas asaxavs, es ukve SeniSnulia, magram
sistematurad es sakiTxi arasodes ar yofila Seswavlili. frezerma dasva igi “oqros
rtoSi”, magram zRapari TavisTavad frezers ar ainteresebda. is mas iyenebs mxolod
rogorc arguments Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod, romlis Tanaxmadac, xeldasxmis
dros xeldasxmuls suls amoarTmevdnen da totemur cxovels gadascemdnen. magram
radganac eTnografiuli masaliT es ar dasturdeba, frezeri zRaprul koSCeis
imowmebs. marTlac, kaSCeis suli mis gareSe inaxeba, magram xeldasxmis wes-
CveulebasTan kavSiri frezers ar daumtkicebia.
sxvagvarad udgeba sakiTxs frangi mkvlevari sentivi (sentivi 1923). is zRapridan
amodis. misi azriT, zogierTi zRapari (cerodena, lurjwvera, Ceqmebiani kata, qoCora
rike) xeldasxmis wes-Cveulebas ukavSirdeba. magram rogor xdeba amis damtkiceba?
yoveli zemoTqmuli tipidan moyvanilia variantebi, ris Semdegac mkiTxvels
acnobeben, rom mocemuli zRapari xeldasxmis wes-Cveulebas ukavSirdeba. ase,
magaliTad, Tavisi naSromis 235-275 gverdebze avtors mohyavs “cerodenas” tipis
ramdenime evropuli da araevropuli zRapari, ris Semdegac ambobs: “unda SevniSnoT,
rom Cveni zRapris es forma xeldasxmis STabeWdilebas iwvevs. Zneli davalebebi
sruliad bunebrivad aixsneba xeldasxmis dros gamocdiT”. amasTan araa araviTari
dasabuTeba am azrisa, aris mxolod mtkiceba, rom es asea. amave wesiTaa damuSavebuli
sxva tipebic.
SedarebiT ufro dawvrilebiT mxolod “lurjwveraa” damuSavebuli, magram aqac
eTnografiuli masala metad Zunwad da xSirad uadgilod aris moyvanili. aseT xerxs

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kvlevas ver davarqmevT, da sentivis wigni mxolod imiTaa saintereso, rom man sakiTxi
dasva.
es azri gamoiTqva sabWoTa mecnierebaSic. magaliTad, b. v. kazanski Tavis naSroms
“tristanisa da izoldas” Sesaxeb imaze miTiTebiT amTavrebs, rom “tristanisa da
izoldas” kompleqsi “sqesobrivi momwifebis xeldasxmis” wesCveulebisgan iRebs
dasabams (kazanski 1932: 135). am azris dasabuTeba xdeba xeldasxmis wes-CveulebaTa
sqematuri daxasiaTebiT, magram “tristanTan” kavSiri aqac damuSavebuli ki ar aris,
aramed mxolod miTiTebulia. Cven vxedavT, rom mkvlevarni gars uvlian sakiTxs,
intuitiurad grZnoben raRac kavSirs, magram ar SeuZliaT Tu ar surT sakiTxis
siRrmeSi Sesvla da am kavSiris arsebiTad dadgena.
es sayveduri yvelaze nakleb exeba s. i. luries naSroms “saxli tyeSi” (lurie
1932: 159-195). avtori ZiriTadad Surces eyrdnoba _ es sakmarisad ver CaiTvleba.
miuxedavad amisa, rigi zRapris movlenebisa sruliad ueWvelad da amasTan sxva
mkvlevarTagan damoukideblad aris ganmartebuli. pirvelad aq aris gakvaluli gza
ara mixvedraTa da zerele analogiaTa formiT, aramed arsebiTi gamokvlevis formiT.
samwuxarod, avtoris amosavalia tradiciuli wanamZRvrebi zRaprul tipTa Sesaxeb.
aRebulia sul ori-sami tipi (ZiriTadad “mZinare mzeTunaxavi” da grimebiseuli
“Tormeti Zma”), mTeli danarCeni masala ki ganzea datovebuli. amis gamo am movlenis
mTeli sivrcele avtorisTvis gaurkveveli darCa. kavSiri gacilebiT ufro farTo da
Rrmaa, vidre dasaxelebul naSromSia naCvenebi.
yvela dasaxelebuli naSromi sakvlev sakiTxs wminda aRwerilobiTad ganixilavs,
im sazogadoebrivi wyobisagan damoukideblad, romlis safuZvelzec igi Seiqmna.
vxedavT, rom sakiTxi sakmaod axali da bundovania. Cven aq zerele daxasiaTebiT
ki ver SemovifarglebiT, aramed saqme ufro axlos unda ganvixiloT.
zRapris masala iniciaciis wes-Cveulebis masalas unda SevudaroT, amisTvis ki,
pirvelyovlisa am wes-Cveulebis daxasiaTebaa saWiro.
aq did siZneleebs vawydebiT. Cven aq am wes-Cveulebis ubralo aRwera ki ar unda
mogveca, aramed misi istoria, magram amis gakeTeba axla ar SegviZlia. es wminda
eTnografiuli problemaa, eTnografiaSi ki am sakiTxis gadmocema mudam mxolod
aRwerilobiTia. Cven gvaqvs ramdenime gamokvleva, sadac es Cvenebebi
sistematizirebulia da erTgvari xelovnuri maTematikuri saSualo aris gamoyvanili
(Surtci 1902; vebsteri 1908; loubi 1929; vangenehi 1909). gvaqvs monografiebi
teritoriuli sazRvrebis farglebSi (boasi 1897; frobdeniusi 1890; nevermani 1933).
magram yovelive aman ar SeiZleba daakmayofilos sabWoTa folkloristi. araa
dasmuli TviT am wes-Cveulebis problema, araa gaSuqebuli folkloristisTvis
metismetad mniSvnelovani detalebi. yoveli mkvlevari erT romelime mxares
wamoswevs sxvaTa sazianod. amis gamo pirvel xanebSi Cvenc iZulebuli varT am wes-
Cveulebis Sesaxeb sqematuri warmodgenebiT SemovifargloT. istoriuli
perspeqtivebi, problematika da kerZo mxareebi TandaTanobiT gamoCndeba.
ra aris xeldasxma? es gvarovnuli wyobilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi
institutia. es wes-Cveuleba sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomis dros sruldeboda. am wes-
CveulebiT Wabuki Sedioda gvarovnul gaerTianebaSi, xdeboda misi sruluflebiani
wevri da daqorwinebis uflebas iRebda. aseTia am wes-Cveulebis socialuri funqcia.
misi formebi sxvadasxvaa, magram maTze Cven kidev mogviwevs SeCereba zRapris
masalasTan dakavSirebiT. es formebi wes-Cveulebis azrobrivi safuZvliT
ganisazRvreba. fiqrobdnen, rom biWi wes-Cveulebis dros kvdeboda da Semdgom kvlav
ukve axal adamianad aRdgeboda. es egreT wodebuli droebiTi sikvdilia. sikvdilsa
da aRdgomas iwvevdnen moqmedebani, romlebic asaxavdnen biWis CanTqmas, Caylapvas
saSineli cxovelis mier. mas TiTqos ylapavda es cxoveli, da ramdenime xans mucelSi
yofnis Semdeg kvlav abrunebda, e. i. amoaxvelebda an gadmoagdebda piridan. am wes-
Cveulebis Sesasruleblad zogjer sagangebo qoxebs aSenebdnen, romelsac cxovelis
forma hqonda, amasTan kari cxovelis xaxas warmoadgenda. aqve xdeboda winadacveTa.
es wes-Cveuleba yovelTvis sruldeboda tyis an buCqnaris siRrmeSi, mkacr
idumalebaSi. wes-Cveulebas Tan axlda sxeulebrivi gvema da dazianeba (TiTis moWra,
kbilebis Camsxvreva da sxv.). droebiTi sikvdilis sxva forma imaSi gamoixateboda, rom
biWs simbolurad wvavdnen, xarSavdnen, brawavdnen, naWrebad kuwavdnen da kvlav
acocxlebdnen. aRmdgars axali saxeli eZleoda, kanze asvamdnen daRs da ganvlili
wes-Cveulebis sxva niSnebs. biWi metnaklebad xangrZliv da mkacr skolas gadioda. mas

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aswavlidnen nadirobis xerxebs, uziarebdnen religiuri xasiaTis saidumloebebs,
istoriul ambebs, yofa-cxovrebis wesebsa da moTxovnebs da a. S. is gadioda
monadirisa da sazogadoebis wevris skolas, cekvebis, simRerebisa da yovelive imis
skolas, rac aucilebeli Canda cxovrebaSi.
aseTi sqematuri gadmocemiT wes-Cveulebis ZiriTadi niSnebi dawvrilebiT
TandaTanobiT gadagveSleba Tvalwin. oRond gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mivaqcioT
imas, rom xeldasxmuli TiTqos sasikvdilod midioda da TviT sruliad darwmunebuli
iyo, rom mokvda da aRdga. dawvrilebiT Seswavlisas CvenTvis TavisTavad gasagebi
gaxdeba am wes-Cveulebis azric, gasagebi gaxdeba mizanic, romelsac isaxavdnen. Cven
vnaxavT, rom igi sawarmoo interesebiT iyo gamowveuli.
axla zRapars davubrundeT. aqamde Cveni amosavali yovelTvis zRapari iyo da
istoriuli masala sazRapro masalis gadmocemisTanave mogvyavda. aq, ufro
moxerxebuli da martivi Txrobis mizniT, Cven zogjer piriqiT, moviqceviT.
argumentaciis wesi ar icvleba, mxolod Txrobis Tanmimdvroba icvleba zogjer.

4. tye. rodesac gmiri vaJi an qali iqiT midis, “saiTkenac Tvali xedavs”, bnel,
uRran tyeSi xvdeba. tye iagas mudmivi aqsesuaria. esec cotaa, im zRaprebSic ki, sadac
iaga ar aris (magaliTad, zRapari “uniaTo”), gmiri vaJi an qali mainc aucieblad tyeSi
xvdeba. swored aq iwyeba misi Tavgadasavali. tye arasodes araa aRwerili. axlo tye
uRrania, bneli, idumali, ramdenadme pirobiTi, arc mTlad namdvili.
aq mkvlevris Tvalwin iSleba mTeli okeane masalisa, romelic tyesa da mis
binadarTa Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aq rom ar davibneT,
mkacrad unda davicvaT mxolod is warmodgenebi, romlebic zRaparTanaa
dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, zRapars sul ar ausaxavs tyis kacebi da qalTevzebi.
afanasievis mTel krebulSi qalTevza mxolod erTxel gvxvdeba, isic gamonaTqvamSi.
tyis kaci yovelTvis sxva araferia, Tu ara saxelgadarqmeuli iaga. magram miT ufro
mWidroa zRapruli tyis kavSiri im tyesTan, romelic iniciaciis wes-CveulebaSi
gvxvdeba. xeldasxmis wes-Cveuleba yovelTvis mxolod tyeSi tardeboda. es misi
mudmivi, miucilebeli niSania mTel msoflioSi. iq, sadac ar aris tye, bavSvebi Tundac
buCqnarSi mihyavT.
xeldasxmis wes-Cveulebis kavSiri tyesTan imdenad mtkice da mudmivia, rom igi
WeSmaritia Sebrunebuli rigiTac. gmiris yovelgvari moxvedra tyeSi aRZravs kiTxvas
am siuJetis xeldasxmis movlenis ciklTan kavSiris Sesaxeb. rodesac Cven
Tanamedrove zRaparSi vkiTxulobT: “mamamisma is tyeSi waiyvana, sagangebo qoxSi, da iq
12 wels RmerTs evedrebodao” (z.p. 6) anda “wavideT tyeSi, iq saxlia CvenTviso” (z.p.
41) da a. S., aq kavSiri sakmaod naTelia da advilad SeiZleba damuSavdes. magram mainc
unda iTqvas, rom Tavad zRaparSi jerjerobiT tyis araviTari sxva iseTi niSan-
Tviseba ar Cans, rac am dakavSirebis uflebas mogvcemda. magram saqme icvleba,
rodesac am tyis funqciur rols ganvixilavT. zRaparSi tye saerTod Semaferxebeli
dabrkolebis rols TamaSobs. tye, romelSic gmiri xvdeba, SeuRwevelia. es erTgvari
badea, romelic misulebs iWers. zRapruli tyis amgvari funqcia aSkaraa sxva
motivSic _ savarcxlis gadagdebaSi, romelic tyed iqceva da aferxebs mdevars. aq ki
tye iWers ara mdevars, aramed mosuls, ucxos. tyeSi ver gaaRwev. Cven vnaxavT, rom
gmiri iagasgan miiRebs cxens, romelic gadaafrens tyeze. cxeni “maRal tyeze ufro
maRla” mifrinavs.
aq Cven davinaxavT, rom es sakiTxi eTnografiaSi arasakmaod aris Seswavlili.
ratomaa, rom mTel msoflioSi, yvelgan, sadac ki am wes-Cveulebas asrulebdnen, igi
yovelTvis tyeSi an buCqnarSi sruldeboda? varaudi bevrgvari SeiZleb iyos,
magaliTad, is, rom tye iZleoda am wes-Cveulebis saidumlod Sesrulebis saSualebas.
is faravda misterias. ufro swori iqneba masalebs mivyveT, masalebi ki gviCveneben,
rom tye miRimur qveyanas artyia gars, rom saiqiosken mimavali gza tyeze gadis.
amerikul miTebSi aris siuJeti erT kacze, romelic Tavisi gardacvlili colis
saZebrad midis. igi tyeSi moxvdeba da naxavs, rom micvalebulTa qveyanaSia (dorsei
1898: 74). mikroneziul miTebSi tyis iqiT mzis qveyanaa (frobeniusi 1898: 208). ufro
gviandeli masalebi, _ rodesac wes-Cveuleba mis Seqmnil wyobilebasTan erTad ukve
didi xania moispo _ gviCveneben, rom tye miRimur qveyanas artyia garSemo, rom
saiqios gza tyeze gadis. es cxadia jer kidev antikurobaSi, da amas didixania mieqca
yuradReba. “qvesknelSi Casasvleli metwilad uRrani, gauvali tyeebiT aris

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garSemortymuli. es tye mudmivi elementi iyo hadesis Sesasvlelze arsebul
idealur warmodgenaSi” (roSeri 1884), amazeve laparakobs ovidiusi
“metamorfozebSi” (IV, 431, VII, 402). “eneidas” me-6 wignSi aRwerilia eneasis hadesSi
Casvla:

“gamoqvabulis TaRi maRali iyo, uzarmazari farToxaxiani,

Savi tba da tyis sibnele icavdnen mas”. (VI, 237-238).

rogorc ovidiusi, aseve vergiliusi am warmodgenaTa literaturul ukufenas

gvaZleven, magram am anarekliT Cans, rom es warmodgenebi arsebobda.
es masalebi uflebas gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi _ jerjerobiT mxolod
winaswari _ daskvnebi: zRapruli tye, erTis mxriv, asaxavs warmodgenas tyeze,
rogorc adgilze, sadac wes-Cveuleba sruldeboda, xolo, meore mxriv _ rogorc
mkvdarTa samefoSi Sesasvlelze. orive warmodgena mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli.
es kavSiri jer dasabuTebuli ar aris. axla vnaxoT, Semdeg ra emarTeba gmirs.

5. qoxi qaTmis fexebze. tye, rogorc calke izolirebuli elementi, jer arafers
amtkicebs. magram es tye rom mTlad Cveulebrivi tye ar aris, Cans mis binadarTa
mixedviT, am qoxis mixedviT, romelic uecrad Tvalwin warmoudgeba gmirs. rodesac
gmiri midis “saiTkenac Tvali xedavs” da uecrad aixedavs, xedavs araCveulebriv
sanaxaobas _ qaTmis fexebze Semdgar qoxs. am qoxs ivane TiTqos didi xania icnobs:
“Sig SemovalT da pur-marils mivirTmevT”. mas qoxi sulac ar akvirvebs da icis,
rogor unda moiqces.
zogierTi zRapari gveubneba, rom es qoxi “trialebs”, e. i. Tavisi RerZis garSemo
brunavs. “qalis win qoxi dgas qaTmis fexebze da sul trialebs” (af. 129). “dgas da
trialebs” (k. 7). es warmodgena sityva “Semobrunebis” arasworad gagebam gaaCina.
zogierTi zRapari azustebs _ rodesac saWiroa, qoxi Semobrundeba. magram qoxi
TavisTavad ki ar Semobrundeba. gmirma unda aiZulos igi Semobrundes, amisTvis ki
saWiroa icodes da warmoTqvas sityva. kvlav vxedavT, rom gmirs araferi ar ukvirs.
sityvas jibeSi ar eZebs da icis, rac unda Tqvas. “Zveli arakiT da dedis naTqvamiT:
“qoxo, qoxo, _ uTxra ivanem da suli Seubera, _ Sebrundi tyisken zurgiT da Cemsken
piriT” da, ai, Semobrunda qoxi ibanesken, fanjridan TmagaTeTrebuli dedaberi
iyureba” (af. 75. SeniSvna). “qoxo, qoxo, Sebrundi tyisken TvaliT, Cemken kariT: didi
xani ar davrCebi, Rame unda gavaTio. miiRe mgzavri” (k. 7).
aq ra xdeba? ratom unda Semoabrunon qoxi? ratom ar SeiZleba ubralod Sesvla?
xSirad ivanes win carieli “ukar-ufanjro” kedelia _ Sesasvleli sawinaaRmdego
mxridanaa. “am qoxs arc kari aqvs, arc fanjara _ sul araferi” (k. 17). magram qoxs rom
garSemo Semouaro da sxva mxridan Sexvide? etyoba, ar SeiZleba. Cans, qoxi iseT xilul
Tu uxilav zRvarze dgas, romelsac ivane verasgziT ver gadaabijebs. am zRvarze
gadasvla mxolod qoxze gavliT SeiZleba, da qoxi unda Semobrundes, “rom Sevide da
gamovide” (sm. 1).
aq saintereso iqneba amerikuli miTidan erTi detalis moyvana. gmirs xis
gverdiT unda gavla, magram xe irxeva da ar atarebs. “maSin man xis garSemo Semovla
scada. es SeuZlebei iyo. mas xeSi unda gaevlo”. gmiri cdilobs xis qveS gaiaros, magram
xe dabla iwevs. maSin gmiri sirbiliT cdilobs xes Tavze gadaevlos, magram xe
imtvreva, TviTon gmiri ki im wamsve haerSi mfrinav msubuq bumbulad iqceva” (kreberi
1904: 84). Cven vxedavT, rom Cveni gmiric qoxidan ki ar gamodis, aramed gamofrindeba
xolme an cxenze, an arwivze mjdomi, anda TviT iqceva arwivad. qoxis Ria mxare
cxramTas iqiTa samefoskenaa miqceuli, daxuruli mxriT ki — ivanesTvis misawvdom
samefosken. ai, ratom aris, rom ivanes ar SeuZlia qoxis garSemovla, ratom atrialebs
mas. es qoxi _ sadarajoa. zRvars iqiT manam ver moxvdeba, vidre ar gamohkiTxaven da
ar gamoscdian, SeuZlia Tu ara gzis gagrZeleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, pirveli gamocda
ivanes ukve gavlili aqvs. ivanem icoda jado-sityva, Seubera suli qoxs da Tavisken
Semoabruna. “qoxi maTken winidan Sebrunda, karic TviTon gaiRo” (af. 65). qoxis es
sasazRvro mdebareoba zogjer xazgasmulia: “mindors iqiT uRrani tyea, iqve tyesTan
ki qoxi dgas” (af. 152 b). zogjer qoxi zRvis piras dgas, zogjer — TxrilTan, romelsac
unda gadaaxte. zRapris Semdgomi ganviTarebidan Cans, rom iaga Tavisma patronebma

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daayenes sazRvris sayaraulod, romlebic agineben, rom ivane gaatara. “rogor gabede
am vigindaras gamoSveba Cems samefomde?” (af. 104), anda: “aq isTvis dagayenes?” (af.
164). mefe-asulis kiTxvaze: “aq vinmes xom ar gauvliao?” iaga pasuxobs: “ras ambob,
buzic ver gadmofrindebao”.
am pasuxSi ukve igrZnoba, rom jadosnuri saSualebis mCuqebeli mkvdarTa
samefos Sesasvlels icavs. adrindeli masalebidan es ufro naTlad Cans: “cota iara
Tu bevri iara, Sors kvamli dainaxa, ufro axlo rom mivida, preriaSi saxli dainaxa. iq
pelikani cxovrobda. iman hkiTxa: “sad midixaro?” man miugo: “Cems mkvdar cols
veZebo”. _ “es Zalze Znelia, Cemo SviliSvilo, _ uTxra pelikanma. _ am gzis advilad
povna mxolod mkvdrebs SeuZliaT. cocxlebs mxolod didi xifaTis gavliT SeuZliaT
mkvdarTa qveynis miRwevao”. man misca jadosnuri saSualeba, rom Tavis saqmis
SesrulebaSi daxmareboda da aswavla, rogor unda exmara” (boasi 1895: 4).
aq Cven gamokiTxvac gvaqvs. SevniSnoT, rom mCuqebels aq cxoveluri saxe aqvs. es
dakvirveba Cven gamogvadgeba. amave kategorias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, aseTi
SemTxvevebic. dolganur zRaparSi vkiTxulobT: “erT adgilas maT (misan-batebs) caSi
naxvreti unda gaefrinaT. am naxvretTan dedaberi ijda, mfrinav batebs sdarajobda”.
es dedaberi Semdgom samyaros patroni aRmoCndeba. “arc erTma Samanma ar
gamoifrinos am mxares. samyaros patrons ar surs” (dolganusi 1937: 56).
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela moyvanil SemTxvevaSi gmiri micvalebuli ki ar
aris, aramed cocxalia, anda misans warmoadgens, romelsac micvalebulTa samefoSi
unda Sesvla.
magram aq ar gvaqvs triala qoxi. triala qoxis saxis ganmatebisTvis SeiZleba
mogagonoT, rom Zvel skandinaviaSi arasodes ar akeTeben karebs CrdiloeTis mxares.
es mxare “ubedur” mxared iTvleboda: piriqiT, edaSi (nastrandi) sikvdilis samyofs
karebi CrdiloeTis mxridan aqvs. karebis am uCveulo mdebareobiT Cvenma qoxma
gviCvena, rom igi “sxva samefoSi” Sesasvlels warmoadgens. sikvdilis samyofs
Sesasvleli sikvdilis mxares aqvs.
qalebis zRaprebSi am qoxs zogierTi Tavisebureba aqvs. qaliSvili vidre baba-
iagasTan wavidodes, jer Tavis deidasTan midis, da is winaswar eubneba, ras naxavs
qoxSi. da rogor unda moiqces. es naTesavi aSkarad Semoyvanil personaJs warmoadgns.
zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom gmirma yovelTvis TviTon icis, rogorc unda moiqces da rac
unda gaakeTos qoxSi. garegnulad es codna aranairad araa motivirebuli; mas,
rogorc Semdgom vnaxavT, Sinagani motivireba aqvs. mxatvruli instinqti aiZulebs
mTqmels, rom raime motivireba mounaxos am codnas da amitom mrCeveli-deida
Semohyavs. es deida Semdegs eubneba: “iq aryis xe dagiwyebs lawuns _ Sen bafTiT
Sekari; WiSkari Wrialsa da jaxuns daiwyebs _ Sen zeTi Causxi; ZaRlebi dagesevian _
Sen puri miugde, kata TvalebSi gecema _ Sen Zexvi aWame” (af. 58b).
jer qaliSvilis moqmedebani ganvixiloT. rodesac is karebs zeTs Causxams, Cven
amaSi Sesxurebis nakvalevs vxedavT. sxva teqstSi es ufro cxadad Cans: “karebs wyali
miasxura” (xud. 59). Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom gmiric uberavs suls qoxs. Tu qaliSvili im
cxovelebs, romlebic qoxis Sesasvlels icaven, xorcs, pursa da erbos aZlevs, maSin
is produqtebi, romlebic aq aris CamoTvlili, am detalis gviandel sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoSobaze metyveleben. hadesis Sesasvlelis mcvel cxovelTaTvis
(cerberis tipisa da sxv.) mosalmobierebeli msxverplis micema Cven sxva TavSi gvaqvs
ganxiluli. dabolos, Tu xes bafTiT kraven, amaSi Zalian advilad davinaxavT farTod
gavrcelebul sakulto moqmedebaTa naSTs. da Tu qaliSvili yvela am moqmedebas
qoxSi Sesvlisas ki ara, gamosvlisas asrulebs, amaSic SeiZleba gviandeli gadasmis
niSnebi SevniSnoT.
yvela am movlenas axsna rom vupovoT, Cven im xalxTa miTebsa da wes-Cveulebebs
unda mivmarToT, romlebic stadiurad ufro adreul safexurze idgnen. iq Cven ver
vnaxavT verc Sesxurebas, verc purs, verc zeTs, verc xeze Sebmul bafTas. samagierod
mivagnebT sxva raRacas, rac bevr rames agvixsnis TviT qoxis saxeSi: qoxs, romelic
ori samefos zRvarze dgas, wes-CveulebaSi cxovelis forma aqvs; miTSi xSirad
araviTari qoxi ar aris, aramed mxolod cxovelia, anda qoxs aSkarad gamoxatuli
zoomorfuli niSnebi aqvs. es agvixsnis Cven “qaTmis fexebsac” da bevr sxva detalsac.
amerikuli samonadireo miTebidan Cans, rom qoxSi mosaxvedrad mis calkeul
nawilTa saxelebis codnaa saWiro. iqve qoxma zoomorfulobis ufro cxadi kvali
Semoinaxa, zogjer ki qoxis nacvlad cxovelebi gamodian. ai, rogor aris aRwerili

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saxlis aSeneba erT Crdiloamerikul TqmulebaSi. gmiri mzidan miwaze Camodis. is mzis
vaJia. irTavs miwier qals da iSenebs saxls. misi saxlis Tavi da bolo svetebi _ kacebi
arian. teqstSi maTi sakmaod Tavsamtvrevi (mTqmeli, mkvexara da sxv.) saxelebia
moyvanili. or wina boZs sigrZeze gadebuli koWebi eyrdnoba, romlebic gvels
warmoadgenen, xolo ukana boZebs ki ganivi koWi adevs, romelic gvels an mgels
warmoadgens. am saxlis kari anjamebzea Camokidebuli, da vinc sakmaod swrafad ar
gamovardeba qoxidan, hklavs. “rodesac man saxli moamTavra, didi zeimi moawyo da
yvela boZi da koWi gacocxlda. gvelebma ena aasavsaves, kacebi ki, romlebic saxls
ukan idgnen (e. i. boZebi), atyobinebdnen, rogorc ki boroti adamiani Sevidoda.
gvelebi mas maSinve klavdnen” (boasi 1895: 166).
riTia es masala mniSvnelovani, ras gvixsnis Cveni qoxis agebis istoriaSi? aq
mniSvnelovania ori Tavisebureba: pirveli, rom saxlis nawilebi cxovelebs
warmoadgenen, meore _ rom saxlis nawilebs TavTavisi saxelebi aqvT.
jer saxelebze SevCerdeT. qoxSi rom moxvdes, gmirma sityva unda icodes.
moipoveba masala, romelic gviCvenebs, rom man saxeli unda icodes. Tundac ali-
babasa da 40 yaCRis zRapari gavixsenoT sadac, aseve saxelis codnaa saWiro, rom kari
gaiRos.
es sityvis magia ufro Zveli aRmoCnda, vidre msxverplSewirvis magia. amitomac
formula “tyes zurgi aqcie”, formula, romelic misuls kars uxsnis, ufro Zvelad
unda CaiTvalos, vidre “katisTvis qonis micema”. sityvebis an saxelebis es magia
gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT aris Semonaxuli egviptur Sesandobar kultSi. “magia
micvalebulisTvis saSualebas warmoadgenda gzaze, romelic imqveyniur arsebaTa
kars uRebda da mis saiqio arsebobas uzrunvelyofda” _ ambobs turaevi (tiraevi
1920: 56). “mkvdarTa wignis” 127-e TavSi weria: “Cven ar SemogiSvebT, _ eubnebian am
karis saketebi _ vidre Cven saxels ar gvetyvi”. “me ar gagatareb Cems axlos _ eubneba
karis marcxena burji _ vidre Cem saxels ar metyvi”. amasve ambobs marjvena burjic.
micvalebuli karis yvela nawilis saxels ambobs, amasTan es saxelebi xSirad sakmaod
gaugebaria. “ar gagatareb — eubneba dire _ vidre Cems saxels ar metyvi”. “ar gaviRebi
_ eubneba klite _ vidre Cems saxels ar metyvi”. amasve eubnebian anjamebi, wirTxli
da iataki. da bolos: “Sen me micnob, gaiare”. Cven vnaxeT, ra sizustiT aris
CamoTvlili karis yvela nawili, erTic ar aris gamotovebuli. Cans, rom am wess _
dasaxelebis, e. i. karis gaxsnis wess _ gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eZleoda.
cnobilia, rom amasTan erTad samiwaTmoqmedo egvipteSi ukve msxverplSewirvaca
da Sesxurebac farTod aris warmodgenili.
yvela es masala gviCvenebs, rom ufro adreul stadiaze qoxi micvalebulTa
samefoSi Sesasvlels icavs da rom gmirma an magiuri sityva unda warmoTqvas,
romelic im samefos Sesasvlels gauxsnis, an msxverpli unda Seswiros.
am sakiTxis meore mxare qoxis cxoveluri bunebaa. mis ukeT gasagebad kargad
unda davakvirdeT wes-Cveulebas. qoxi, “xata” Tu Caluri — wes-Cveulebis iseTive
mudmivi niSania, rogorc tye. es qoxi tyis siRrmeSi, yru da idumal adgilas
mdebareobs. zogjer mas sagangebod am mizniT aSenebdnen, zogjer amas TviTon
neofitebi akeTebdnen. tyeSi mdebareobis garda, kidev ramdenime tipuri niSani
SeiZleba aRvniSnoT: mas xSirad cxovelis saxe aqvs. cxovelis Sexeduleba yvelaze
xSirad kars aqvs. qoxi SeRobilia. zogjer Robeze Tavis qalebia Camocmuli. dabolos,
zogjer naxsenebia biliki, romelic qoxisken midis. ai ramdenime gamonaTqvami: “aq
axalgazrdoba iniciaciis wes-Cveulebis dros midis tyis qoxSi (hut), rogorc
fiqroben, sulebTan amyareben kavSirs” (loubi 1929: 256). “im adgils, sadac qoxi dgas,
maRali da xSiri Robe artyia, romlis SigniT yofnis ufleba mxolod garkveul pirebs
aqvT” (parkinski 1907: 72). “bankos kunZulebze Kwat-is kultSi mivardnil adgilas
erTgvar baks (enclosure) akeTeben lerwmis meseriT, romlis ori bolo Camokidebulia
da Sesasvlels qnis. amas zvigenis xaxas uwodeben. seramis kunZulze amboben, rom
neofits xaxa nTqavs”. iq Sesasvlels “niangis xaxas uwodeben, xolo maTze, vinc
iniciacia unda gaiaros, amboben, rom cxovelma daglija” (loubi 1929: 257; 261). “ganze,
tyeSi, rokvis adgilidan 100 metr manZilze mdebareobs sakuTriv “pal na bata”, es
erTaderTi amgvari nagebobaa, rac vnaxe... yoveli mxridan xSiri tye ertya, maT Soris
ki viwro biliki iyo, iseTi viwro, rom marto mokuzuli gaivlidi” (parkinski 1907: 606).
nageboba, romelzec aq aris laparaki, sxvadasxva boZebze idga. Tavis qalebis sakiTxs
sagangebod swavlobda frobeniusi, da saWiro ar aris misi masalis amowera. aq

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moyvanili SemTxvevebi mxolod saxlis aRwera ki ar aris, aramed mis erT-erT
funqciasac uCvenebs. aq gmirs gadaylapva, STanTqma elis. Cven aq am wes-Cveulebis
ganmartebas ar SevudgebiT _ amas sxvagan gavakeTebT (ix. qvemoT, Tavi VII). magram iaga,
rogorc sacxovreblis, ise sityvebis mixedviT kaciWamias warmoadgens. “am saxlTan
uRrani tye iyo, tyeSi qoxi idga, qoxSi ki baba-iaga cxovrobd; axlos aravis uSvebda da
adamianebs wiwilebiviT Wamda”. qoxis garSemo Robe adamianebis Zvlebisgan iyo
gakeTebuli, Robeze Tvalebiani Tavis qalebi iyo wamogebuli, urdulis nacvlad _
adamianis fexebi, saketebis nacvlad _ xelebi, klitis nacvlad _ basrkbilebiani
piri” (af. 59). qoxis kari rom ikbineba, pirs an xaxas warmoadgens, eg Cven zemoT ukve
vnaxeT. amrigad, vxedavT, rom qoxis es tipi im qoxs Seesabameba, romelSic winadacveTa
da iniciacia xdeboda. es qoxi-cxoveli TandaTan kargavs Tavis cxovelur saxes.
yvelaze meti mdgradoba kars aqvs, is yvelaze didxans inarCuneben xaxis saxes.
“komakoas oTaxSi kari ise iReboda da ixureboda, rogorc xaxa”. anda, karis win dgas
arwivi: “frTxilad iyaviT! rogorc ki arwivi niskarts daaRebs, yovel daRebaze
saTiTaod SeuxtiT!” anda: “jer uamrav virTxas unda Cauaro, mere gvelebs. virTxebi
daglejas dagipireben, gvelebi _ Caylapvas. Tuki maT mSvidobiT gadaurCi, maSin kari
dagkbens”(boasi 1895: 239, 253, 118). es Zalze mogvagonebs deidis Segonebebs zRaparSi.
safiqralia, rom frinvelis fexebic sxva araferia, Tu ara im zoomorful boZTa
gadanaSTi, romelsac erT dros amgvari nageboba eyrdnoboda. amiTve aixsneba
cxovelic, romelic cxoveluri RmerTebis anTropomorfizaciis procesSi SeimCneva.
is, rac erT dros Tavad RmerTis rols asrulebda, SemdgomSi misi atributi xdeba
(zevsis arwivi da a. S.). aqac igivea _ is, rac erT dros Tavad qoxi iyo (cxoveli), axla
qoxis atributi xdeba da is dublirebas warmoadgens, SesasvlelSia gadatanili.
am motivis gadmocemisas Cven axali (e. i. zRapruli) masalidan gardamavali
xasiaTis masalaze gadavediT da wes-Cveulebis miniSnebiT davasruleT. daskvna
SeiZleba sapirispiro gziT warvmarToT. Zneli saTqmelia, TiTqos aq ukve yvelaferi
naTeli iyos da sabolood gamokvleuli. magram zogi kavSiri ukve mignebulia.
uZveles substratad SeiZleba iniciaciis wes-Cveulebis dros cxovelis formis qoxis
mowyobiloba CaiTvalos. am wes-CveulebaSi xelTdasxmuli TiTqos sikvdilis
samyofelSi Cadioda am qoxis meSveobiT. ai, ris mixedviT aqvs qoxs saiqios
Sesasvlelis xasiaTi. miTebSi qoxis zoomorfuli xasiaTi ukve ikargeba, magram kari,
rusul zRaparSi ki _ boZebi, kvlav inarCunebs Tavis zoomorful saxes. gvarovnuli
wyobilebis Seqmnili es wes-Cveuleba samonadireo interesebsa da warmodgenebs
asaxavs. egviptis tipis saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan erTad iniciaciis aRaraviTari
nakvalevi aRar Cans. aris kari _ saiqioSi Sesasvleli da micvalebulma am karis
Selocva unda icodes. am stadiaze Cndeba Sesxureba da msxverplSewirva, romelnic
aseve zRaparma Semoinaxa. tye _ Tavdapirvelad wes-Cveulebis aucilebeli atributi
— SemdgomSi aseve saiqioSi gadaaqvT. zRapari am ganviTarebis ukanaskneli rgolia.

6. fu-fu-fu. Tvali mivadevnoT Semdgom moqmedebas. qoxi Semobrunda da gmiri

Sig Sevida. is jer verafers xedavs. magram esmis: “fu, fu, fu! aqamde rusis suni ar
mcemda da arc menaxa. axla rusis suli TviTon modis da pirSi mivardeba” (af. 77).
“rusis suli Cems tyeSi Semovida!” (sev. 7). anda, ufro mokled: “fu, rusis Zvali yars”
(af. 79). am detalze unda SevCerdeT, es Zalze arsebiTia.
Cvens mier ganxilul motivs erTxel ukve ikvlevdnen. polivkam mas sagangebo
naSromi miuZRvna. aq avtorma amgvar wamoZaxilTa yvela cnobili SemTxveva Sekriba.
auarebeli Sekriba, magram araviTari daskvna ar gamoutania. daskvnas verc
gamoitanda, radgan polivka slavuri masaliT Semoifargla (polivka 1924: 1-4).
magram, rogorc ki ufro adreul safexurebs mivmarTavT, maSinve miviRebT am
motivis gasaRebs. es masala gviCvenebs, rom afanasievi ar cdeboda, rodesac
amtkicebda, rom ivanes suni adamianis sunia, da ara rusisa. magram misi debuleba
SeiZleba davazustoT. ivanes ubralod adamianis suni ki ara, aramed cocxali
adamianis suni udis. micvalebulT, uxorcoT, suni ar udiT, suni udiT cocxlebs, da
micvalebulni cocxalT suniT cnoben. Crdilo amerikul TqmulebebSi es Zalian
naTlad Cans. magaliTad, kaci Tavisi gardacvlili colis saZebnelad midis.
qvesknelis samefoSi saxls naxavs. saxlis patrons misi gadaylapva unda, magram
ambobs: “Zalian yars! mkvdari ar aris!” (boasi 1895: 4). mravali aseTi SemTxvevis povna
SeiZleba gaitonis naSromSi, romelic amerikaSi orfeosis miTs eZRvneba. am miTebSi

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gmirs misi sunis mixedviT scnoben, rom cocxalia. “meore napirze _ naTqvamia aseT
miTSi _ misi coli da bevri sxva xalxi iyo”. misi coli ukve mokvda, magram Zebnis
Semdeg mainc poulobs. is sxva micvalebulebTan erTad gansakuTrebul cekvas
asrulebs. mosuls suniT igrZnoben. “yvela mosulis usiamovno sunze laparakobda,
imitom rom is cocxali iyo”. es am miTis mudmivi, damaxasiaTebeli niSania (geitoni
1935: 263-286). magram es niSani mxolod am miTSi da mxolod amerikelebTan ar gvxvdeba.
afrikul TqmulebaSi gogonas deda ukvdeba, magram micvalebuli modis, rom Svils
baRis gadabarvaSi daexmaros. mas icnoben, da isic midis da Svilic Tan mihyavs. Semdeg
fiuleborni ase yveba am siuJets: “iq qvemoT deda Svils qoxis Caketil oTaxSi malavs
da laparaks ukrZalavs. ramdenime xnis Semdeg stumrad modian naTesavebi da
nacnobebi, yvelani aCrdilebi arian. magram, rogorc ki qoxSi dasxdnen, maSinve
ikiTxes: “ra aris am qoxSi? risi sunia? cocxlis suni dgas. aq ras malav?” (fuleborni
1906) zulusTan: “naTqvamia, rom Tu adamiani aq, miwaze mokvda, micvalebulebTan
wavidao, isini ki eubnebian: jer nu moxval CvenTan, jer kidev keris suni gidis.
eubnebian: “Cvengan Sors gaCerdi, vidre kerisgan ar ganeldebi” (zulu 1937: 123).
cocxlis suni mkvdrebs metad ezizRebaT. Cans, aq micvalebulTa samyaroze
gadatanilia TviT cocxalTa samyaros damokidebuleba, oRond, Sebrunebuli niSniT.
cocxalTa suni iseve ezizRebaT da aSinebT micvalebulebs, rogorc micvalebulis
suni — cocxlebs. rogorc frezeri ambobs, cocxlebi imiT Seuracxyofen mkvdrebs,
rom cocxlebi arian (frezeri 1939: 143). Sesabamisad, dolganur folklorSi:
“imitomac mohkla is kaci, rom Tavisi qveynis CvevebiTa da sityvebiT mivida” (dorsei
1904: 75). amitomac is gmirebi, romelTac saiqioSi SeRweva undaT, zogjer winaswar
suns icileben. “ori Zma tyeSi wavida da iq erT Tves imaleboda. yoveldRe tbaSi
fiWvis totebiT banaobdnen, vidre sul ar gasufTavdnen, rom adamianis suni ar
hqonodaT. maSin kulenasis mTaze avidnen da Weqa-quxilis RmerTis saxli ipoves”
(nevermeni 1933: 66).
es imis maCvenebelia, rom ivanes suni cocxali adamianis sunia, romelic
mkvdarTa samefoSi SeRwevas lamobs. Tu iagas es suni ezizReba, imitom, rom mkvdrebs
saerTod SiSi da Zrwola aqvT cocxalTa mimarT. aRTqmul bWes arc erTma cocxalma
ar unda gadaabijos. amerikul miTSi micvalebulebs ise SeaSinebT cocxalis danaxva
Tavis qveyanaSi, rom yvirian: “ai is, ai is” da erTmaneTis qveS imalebian, risganac
maRali grova gaCndeba (boasi 1895: 449). aris zogierTi cnoba, rom xelTdasxmis dros
neofitTa ganbana xdeboda, raTa “qalis suni moeSorebinaT~ (damowmebulia
britaneTis axal gvineaSi). kvatiuklis tomis miTebSi, romlebic, rogorc boasma
daamtkica, mWidrod ukavSirdeba wes-Cveulebebs, gzad mimavali gmiri Zalian xSirad
ibans an izels tans Zlieri sunis mqone mcenareebiT (magaliTad, Sxama-balaxiT), rom
suni moicilos.
am sakiTxis garSemo auarebeli masalis moyvana SeiZleba, magram aq moyvanili
masalac sakmarisia am motivis mniSvnelobis gansamartavad.

7. asva-aWama. zRapris kanoni moiTxovs, rom “fu-fu-fu” wamoZaxils wasvlis

miznis gamokiTxva mohyves: “saqme gaqvs Tu arao?” Cven moveliT, rom gmiri axla Tavis
mizans ityvis. magram unda vaRiaroT, rom gmiris pasuxi sruliad moulodnelia da
iagas muqaridan ar gamomdinareobs. gmiri, upirveles yovlisa, saWmels iTxovs: “rasa
yviri? jer masvi da maWame. abanoSi wamiyvane, ambavi ki mere mkiTxe” (af. 60). da, rac
yvelaze moulodnelia, iaga aseT pasuxze savsebiT Tvinierdeba: “iagam asva, aWama,
abanoSi waiyvana” (af. 60); “CamoZvra, mdablad Tavs ukravda” (af. 77).
Wama, gamaspinZleba yovelTvis aucileblad ixsenieba ara mxolod iagasTan,
aramed bevr mis eqvivalentur personaJTan Sexvedris drosac. im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac mefiswuli qoxSi Sedis, iaga ki jer iq ar aris, gmirs gaSlili sufra xvdeba
da gmiri iagas gareSe miirTmevs. zogjer mezRapre TviT qoxs miawers aseT funqcias:
qoxi “Rvezelze dgas”, “saxuravad bliTi aqvs”, rasac dasavlur zRaprebSi
“Taflakveris saxli” Seesabameba.
davimaxsovroT, rom es iagas mudmivi, tipuri niSania. iaga umaspinZldeba, aWmevs
gmirs. isic davimaxsovroT, rom gmiri uars ambobs raimes Tqmaze, vidre ar
daanayreben. TviT iaga ambobs: “ra CerCeti var, mSiersa da gaToSils vekiTxebi” (k. 9).
es ra aris? ratom xdeba, rom gmiri arasodes ar Wams gamgzavrebis win saxlSi da
mxolod iagasTan Wams? es yofiTi an axali realisturi niSani ki ar aris, aramed mas

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Tavisi istoria aqvs. ganviTarebis ukve im stadiaze, romelzec Crdiloamerikeli
indielebi iyvnen, Cven vxedavT, rom adamians, romelsac micvalebulTa samefoSi
Sesvla unda, sagangebo saWmels sTavazoben. magaliTad, Crdiloamerikul
TqmulebebSi wylis batons Sin Wabukebi mihyavs. “magram dedaberma-Tagvma _
gaafrTxila Wabukebi, rom zeviT, sinaTleze verasodes veRar dabrundebodnen” (boasi
1895: 239). maoris rwmenaTa Tanaxmad, im mdinareze gadasvlis Semdeg, romelic
cocxlebs da mkvdrebs hyofs, kidev SeiZleba ukan dabruneba, magram vinc sulTa
saWmels igemebs, ukan verasodes veRar dabrundeba (frezeri 1913: 28).
es SemTxvevebi savsebiT aSkarad gviCveneben, rom Tu mosuli micvalebulTa
saWmels eziara, amiT sabolood uerTdeba micvalebulTa samefos. aqedan modis
cocxalTaTvis am saWmelTan mikarebis akrZalva. micvalebuls araTuar ezizReba es
saWmeli, aramed piriqiT, man aucileblad unda SeWamos, radgan rogorc cocxalTa
saWmeli cocxlebs fizikur Zalasa da mxneobas aZlevs, aseve micvalebulTa saWmeli
maT maTTvis saWiro specifikur jadosnur, magiur Zalas sZens.
gmiri saWmels rom moiTxovs, amiT uCvenebs, rom am saWmlis ar eSinia, rom aqvs
misi Wamis ufleba, rom is “namdvilia”. ai, ratom Tvinierdeba iaga maSinve, rogorc ki
gmiri saWmels mosTxovs. amerikul TqmulebebSi gmiri zogjer mxolod moaCvenebs,
TiTqos Wams, sinamdvileSi ki am saxifaTo saWmels miwaze yris. Cveni gmiri ase ar
iqceva, mas am saWmlis ar eSinia. iq, sadac micvalebulTa kultma sruli ganviTareba
hpova, mgzavrisTvis gzaze Wamis aucilebloba aSkaradaa gamoxatuli da detalebSia
SemorCenili. gansakuTrebiT naTel magaliTs egvipte gvaZlevs. egvipturi masala
gvixsnis, Tu ratom aris aucilebeli, rom jer Wamos, xolo Semdeg ki daiwyos
laparaki. saWmeli pirs uxsnis micvalebuls. mxolod am saWmlis miRebis Semdeg
SeuZlia mas laparaki.
micvalebulTa mosaxsenebel egviptur kultSi mkvdars, e. i. mumias, akldamaSi
mitanisTanave sTavazoben saWmel-sasmels. es e. w. “winadagebis tablaa”. am
ceremonials Budge ase aRwers: “saWmeli tabliT SehqondaT da winadagebis ori tablac
aseve SehqondaT usekht darbazSi an akldamis oTaxSi. qandakebas (e. i. mumias), ra Tqma
unda, tablasTan dajdoma da Wama ar SeeZlo; rogorc Cans, sufrasTan misi monacvlis
(vicariousty) saxiT vinme _ iqneb, qurumi _ jdeboda saWmelad. sanovages purisa da
kveris ramdenime saxeoba da tchesert sasmeli Seadgenda; Wamis Semdeg qandakebis piri
ukve “axsnili” iyo. swamdaT, rom micvalebuli, romelsac mumia warmoadgenda, sulad
an khu—d gadaiqca da imqveyniur sulTa yvela Tviseba SeiZina” (bajei 1909: 3). es teqsti
sruli sicxadiT gviCvenebs, rom saWmeli micvalebuls “pirs uxsnis” da sulad aqcevs.
es cxovelad qcevis erT dros arsebuli rwmenis substitutia. “piris axsnis”
ceremonia odesRac kultis umniSvnelovanesi ceremonia iyo. micvalebulTa
mosaxseniebel teqstebSi mas sagangebo wigni hqonda miZRvnili, romelsac “piris
axsnis wigni” ewodeboda. magram magaliTebis povna mkvdarTa wignSic SeiZleba. ai
mkvdarTa wignis 122-e Tavis nawyveti: “gamiRe!” “vin xar? sad midixar? ra gqvia?” “me
erTi TqvenTagani var,.. Cem navs sulTa Semkrebi hqvia... dae, momeces rZe da puri,
kverebi... xorcis naWrebi... yvelaferi srulad momeces... ise gakeTdes, rom frinvel
banusaviT SevZlo win wasvla...”
am nawyvetSi ori survilia: “me vWamo” da “viqce frinvelad”. magram arsebiTad es
erTi survilia, romelic Cvens enaze ase gamoiTqmis: maWamon, rom Citad viqce.
mkvdarTa wignis 106-e TavSi es ufro naTladaa naTqvami: “miboZe puri, miboZe zeTi, da
dae ganviwmindo barkliTa da Sesawiravi kveriT”. maSasadame, es gansawmendeli
saWmelia, romelic ganwmends adamians miwierisgan da aramiwier, mfrinav, msubuq
arsebad _ frinvelad _ aqcevs. brestedi ambobs: “sabolood, es ucnauri, Ronieri
puri da ludi, romelsac qurumi micvalebuls sTavazobs, mas ara mxolod “sulad
aqcevs” da “amzadebs”, aramed “Zalasac” sZens da “Zliersa” xdis. am Zalis gareSe
micvalebuli uZluri iqneboda. am Zalam unda SeaZlebinos micvalebuls gauZlos
mtrul Sexvedrebs, romlebic imqveynad moelis” (bresteli 1912: 66).
rogorc bajis gamokvleva gviCvenebs, am ceremonias metad did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen, da mas yvela asrulebda, uRaribesnic ki, e. i. mas sazogado xasiaTi hqonda
da amrigad savsebiT SeiZleba Semonaxuliyo folklorSi.
raRac msgavsi aris babilonSic. gilgameSis eposis meore firfitaze eabani yveba
Tavis sizmars, rogor Cavida, Tu gadaitanes qvesknelis samefoSi: ,,Camodi CemTan,
bnelis samyofelSi, irkalis samefoSi romelSic Sesulni aRar brundebian... iq,

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romlis macxovreblebmac pasuxi ar ician. frinvelTa msgavsad maT ,,bumbuli”
mosavT”. Semdgom gaurkvevelia, rasac gamaspinZleba mosdevs: ,,apu da elili Semwvar
xorcs (iqneb naxarSs) miarTmeven, kverebs sTavazoben, civ sasmels asmeven tikidan”
(gracmani 1909: 42).
amgvarad, aqac vxedavT, rom im qveynis bWeze gadasvlisTanave, upirveles
yovlisa Wama-smaa saWiro. aqac saxlis patronTan jer jadosnuri saWmliT danayrebaa,
Semdgom ki gamokiTxva.
Zvelsparsul religiaSi “caSi misul suls kiTxvebs ayrian, rogor miaRwia iq.
magram ahura-mazda ukrZalavs gamohkiTxon im sazareli da saSineli gzis Sesaxeb,
romelic gaiara, da ubrZanebs ciuri saWmeli miscen” (buse 1901: 156). maSasadame, aqac
(aSkara racionalizaciiT) gamokiTxvis akrZalva da jer ciuri saWmlis mirTmeva
gvaqvs.
igive warmodgena arsebobs antikurobaSic. “kalifsos surs, rom odisevsma
neqtari da ambrosia gamoarTvas: is, vinc elbebis saWmels igemebs da maT sasmels
dalevs, samudamod maT meufebaSi darCeba”... “aseve persefone hadesis kuTvnilebad
iqceva, rodesac broweuls SeWams”... “SeiZleba lotosis Wamac gavixsenoT. romeli
berZenic am tkbil saWmels igemebda, maSinve samSoblos iviwyebda da samudamod
lotofagebis qveyanaSi rCeboda” (giunterti 1919: 79, 80, 151). amasve ambobs rodec:
Wer von der Speise der Unterirdischen genießt, ist ihnen velfallen” (vinc qvesknelis binadarTa
saWmels igemebs, samaradisod maTTanaa Seracxuli) (rode 1907: 241).
yvela aq moyvanil masalasa da mosazrebas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom iagas
mier cxra mTas iqiTa samefoSi mimavali gmiris gamaspinZlebis motivi im jadosnuri
saWmlis Sesaxeb arsebul warmodgenaTa safuZvelzea Seqmnili, romelic
micvalebulma unda miiRos saiqiosken mimaval gzaze.

8. Zvlis fexi. amgvaria iagas pirveli qceva gmiris qoxSi misvlisTanave. axla
TviT iagas mivxedoT. misi saxe mTeli rigi calkeuli niSnebisgan Sedgeba; Cven jer
yvela es kerZo niSani cal-calke ganvixiloT, amis Semdgom ki TviT iagas saxe vnaxoT
mTlianobaSi. garegnuli TvalsazrisiT iaga ori saxiT warmogvidgeba: is an qoxSi wevs,
rodesac ivane Sedis _ es erTi saxis iagaa, anda Semdeg mifrindeba _ es ukve meore
saxis iagaa.
iaga-mCuqebeli ivanes misvlisas qoxSi xvdeba. jer erTi, is wevs. is an Rumelze
wevs, an skamficarze, an iatakze. Semdegi niSani isaa, rom mas mTeli qoxi ukavia: “win
Tavia, erT kuTxeSi _ erTi fexi, meore kuTxeSi _ meore” (af. 58a). “Rumelze wevs baba-
iaga, fexi Zvlisa aqvs, cxviriT Wers ebjineba” (af. 77). rogor gavigoT, rom `cxviriT
Wers ebjineba?” da ratom ukavia mTeli qoxi? arsad xom ar aris naTqvami, TiTqos is
goliaTi iyos. maSasadame, iaga ki ar aris didi, aramed qoxia patara. iaga cxedars
hgavs, romelic kuboSi asvenia, an sagangebo mcire senakSia. wevs, sadac marxaven an
mosakvdomad toveben. iaga mkvdaria. sxva mkvlevarnic mas micvalebulad, gvamad
Tvlian. magaliTad, giunteri, romelic iagas saxes swavlobda, antikur kalifsoze
dayrdnobiT ambobs: “Tu gelas (mkvdarTa qvesknelis samefos Crdilouri qalRmeTi)
cxedris feri aZevs, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom is, sikvdilis qalRmerTi, TviTonac
cxedaria~ (giunterti 1919: 74).
rusul iagas cxedris sxva araviTari niSani ar aqvs. magram iagas, rogorc
saerTaSoriso movlenas, es Tvisebebi mravlad aqvs. “maT yovelTvis xrwnis atributi
axlavT _ Rru zurgi, gaxrwnili xorci, myife Zvali, matliT amoWmuli zurgi”
(giunterti).
es dakvirveba Tu sworia, maSin is dagvexmareba iagas erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSnis
gagebaSi _ es misi Zvlis fexia.
es niSani rom gavigoT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom “gvamis Segneba” metad gviandeli
ambavia. zemoT moyvanil amerikul masalaSi, romelic stadiurad ufro adrindelia,
mkvdarTa sauflos mcveli yovelTvis an cxovelia, an brma dedaberi _ gvamis niSan-
TvisebaTa gareSe. iagas _ rogorc tyis samefosa da cxovelTa patronis _ analizi
gviCvenebs, rom misi cxoveluri saxe misive uZvelesi formaa. rusul zRaprebSi igi
zogjer swored aseTia. d. g. zeleninis mier gamoqveynebul erT viatkur zRaparSi (z.
v. 11), romelSic uZvelesi arqauli niSnebi saerTod uxvadaa, qoxSi iagas rols Txa
asrulebs. “wevs Txa balaxanaSi, fexebi kvlebze uwyvia” da sxv. sxva SemTxvevebSi mas
daTvi an kaWkaWi Seesabameba (af. 140a, ) da a. S. magram cxovels arasodes ar aqvs Zvlis

82
fexi ara mxolod rusul masalaSi (es SeiZleba rusuli enobrivi movleniTac agvexsna
_ “iaga” eriTmeba sityvas “noga”), aramed saerTaSorisoSic. maSasadame, Zvlis fexi
raRacnair kavSirSia iagas adamianur saxesTan, mis anTropomorfizaciasTan.
cxovelidan adamianobisken gardamaval safexurs cxovelis fexis mqone adamiani
warmoadgens. iagas aseTi fexi arasodes ar aqvs, magram aseTi fexebi aqvs pans, favns da
sxva arawmindaTa mTel rigs. aTasnair elbebs, jujebs, demonebs, eSmakebs cxovelis
fexebi aqvT. maT iseve SeinarCunes cxovelis fexi, rogorc qoxma SeinarCuna. magram
amasTanave iaga sikvdilis saxesTan iseT mWidro kavSirSia, rom cxovelis fexi Zvlis
fexiT icvleba, e. i. micvalebulis an ConCxis fexiT. Zvlis fexi imasTan aris
dakavSirebuli, rom iaga arasodes ar dadis. is an frinavs, an wevs, e. i. garegnuladac
mkvdris msgavsad iqceva. iqneb am istoriuli cvlilebebiT aixsnas isic, rom empusa,
romelic hadesis karibWes darajobs, xan “did cxovels”, xan xars, xan saxedars, xan ki
qals hgavs. rogorc qals, mas erTi fexi rkinisa aqvs, meore ki saxedris funisa. qalad
qcevisas saxedris raRac niSnebsac inarCunebs. es fexi _ uZvloa. aq SeiZleba
gaxrwnili fexis niSnebi davinaxoT. es forma arc rusuli zRapisTvisaa ucxo (z.v. 11).
magram unda iTqvas, rom aq moyvanili ganmarteba mainc problematuria, Tumca ki
ufro damajerebelia, vidre giunteris Teoria. misi azriT, cxovelis fexi Zvlis
fexisgan ganviTarda. is wers: “ucnauri warmodgena safuZvlad uZevs farTod
gavrcelebul crurwmenas, rom jujebs, elbebsa da demonebs cxovelebis, ufro
xSirad ki ixvisa da batis fexebi aqvT... bevr TqmulebaTa am ucnauri niSnis asaxsnelad,
bunebrivia, upirveles yovlisa is vifiqroT, rom igi cxovelad gadaqcevidan
momdinareobs, magram ara mgonia, rom namdvili mizezi es iyos. Cven viciT, rom
demonebi xrwnad ConCxebad hyavT warmodgenili, da amitom fexis saSineli Sexeduleba
SeiZleba amgvarad aixsnas: ConCxis fexis nakvalevs ixvis an batis fexis kvals
adareben, xolo rodesac es kavSiri miiviwyes, warmoiSva Tqmuleba demonis fexis
Sesaxeb” (giunterti 1919: 75).
es ganmarteba naZaladevia da, garda amisa, istoriulad _ arasworia. is axsna,
TiTqos Zvlis fexi ConCxis fexis nakvalevidan ganviTarda, aramarTebulia, radgan
aseTi kvali bunebaSi ar arsebobs. aseT kvals erTgvari roli aqvs xalxur
warmodgenebSi (germanuli Drudenfuß), magram es warmodgena Tavad saWiroebs
ganmartebas. imis mtkiceba ki, rom Zvlis fexi pirveladia, cxoveluri ki _ meoradi,
stadiuri ganviTarebis araviTari masaliT ar dasturdeba: sikvdilis cxoveluri saxe
ufro Zvelia, vidre Zvlisa an ConCxisa.

9. iagas sibrmave. iaga TandaTanobiT ikveTeba Cvens winaSe, rogorc qveynis

dasasrulis samefos Sesasvlelis mcveli da amasTan rogorc arseba, romelic
cxovelTa samyarosTan da mkvdarTa samefosTan aris dakavSirebuli. gmirSi is
cocxalsa scnobs da ar unda misi SeSveba, afrTxilebs, rom gansacdeli moelis da
sxva. gmirs jer daapurebs da mxolod Semdeg uCvenebs gzas. ivanes suniT scnobs, rom
cocxalia. magram aris kidev sxva mizezic, Tu ratom scnobs iaga ivanes suniT. Tumca
rusul zRaparSi es arsad ar aris naTqvami, mainc SeiZleba davadginoT, rom iaga brmaa,
rom is ivanes ki ar xedavs, aramed suniT grZnobs. iagas sibrmaves, jer kidev potebnia
varaudobda. igi mas ase ganmartavs: “iaga, sxvaTa Soris, brma unda iyos. isic
misaxvedria, rom iagas sibrmave simaxinjes niSnavs. sibnelis, sibrmavisa da simaxinjis
warmodgenebi msgavsia da erTmaneTis Secvla SeuZliaT”. es slavur enebSi fuZe “леп”-
is analiziT aris damowmebuli (potebnia 1865: 85-232). potebnias es daskvna ukve
imitom aris araswori, rom iaga ara mxolod rusul an slavur niadagzea brma. iagas
msgavs arsebaTa sibrmave saerTaSoriso movlenaa, da Tuki movlenis aRmniSvneli
saxelisa an sityvis etimologiis garkvevis gzas davadgebiT (rac yovelTvis metad
saxifaTo da xSirad arasworia Tavisi arsiT, radgan mniSvneloba icvleba, sityva ki
rCeba), maSin sxvadasxva enebSi sibrmavis aRmniSvneli sityvebis SedarebiTi Seswavla
iqneboda saWiro. iagas saxelwodebasTan arc erTi maTgani ar migviyvanda. magram
msgavsi analizi gviCvenebda, rom sibrmave mxolod, mxedvelobis arqonas ar niSnavs.
magaliTad, laTinuri caecus ara mxolod aqtiur sibrmaves (mxedvelobis ar qonas)
niSnavs, aramed, ase vTqvaT, pasiursac (uxilavi _ caeca nox _ “ukuni” Rame). igive
daskvna gamova germanuli ein blindes Fenster-idanac.
amrigad, sibrmavis cnebis analizi uxilavobis warmodgenasTan migviyvanda.
adamiani Tavad ki ar aris brma, aramed brmaa raimes mimarT. “usinaTlobaSi” SeiZleba

83
erTgvari urTierT uxilavobis warmodgena aRmovaCinoT. iagasTan dakavSirebiT es
cocxalTa samyaros mimarTebis mkvdarTa samyaroze gadatanasTan migviyvanda:
cocxlebi iseve ver xedaven micvalebulebs, rogorc micvalebulebi — cocxlebs.
magram amis sapirispirod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maSin gmiric brmad unda yofiliyo
warmodgenili. marTlac, es ase unda iyos, da sinamdvileSi asec aris. Cven vnaxavT, rom
gmiri, romelic iagasTan moxvda, brmavdeba.
magram iaga gana marTla usinaTloa? es uSualod ar Cans, magram zogierTi
arapirdapiri monacemiT SeiZleba ase vifiqroT. zRaparSi “baba-iaga da jixari” iagas
Jixaris motaceba unda da masTan im dros mifrindeba, rodesac misi megobrebi _ kata
da beRura, SeSaze arian wasuli. is kovzebis Tvlas iwyebs. “es katis kovzia, es _
beRuris, es _ Jixarisa”. Jixarkam veRar moiTmina da daiZaxa: “ar miekaro, baba-iaga,
Cems kovzs!” iaga-babam Caavlo xeli Jixars da waaTria’. maSasadame, imisTvis, rom
gaigos Jixari sad aris, baba-iagas misi xma unda moesmas. is ki ar eZebs, aramed usmens
iseve, rogorc suniT grZnobs misuls.
sxva zRaprebSi iagas abrmaveben: “rogorc ki baba-iagam daiZina, gogom TvalebSi
kupri Caasxa, bamba CauCurTa; staca xeli bavSvs da gaiqca~ (xud. 52). swored aseve
odisevsic abrmavebs polifemoss (romelic metad enaTesaveba baba-iagas); rusuli
zRaprebis am siuJetSi (“calTvala ukeTuri~) _ gmirs Tvals ki ar sTxrian, aramed
kuprs asxamen. amgvar arsebaTa calTvaloba SeiZleba usinaTlobad iqnas ganxiluli.
germanul zRaprebSi kudians dasiebuli quTuToebi da wiTeli Tvalebi aqvs, e. i.
sinamdvileSi Tvalis kaklebi ki ara aqvs, arame wiTeli orbitebi Tvalis gareSe
(fordemfelde 1921: 558-575).
magram yovelive es ara iagas namdvil, aramed SesaZlebel sibrmaveze metyvelebs.
samagierod im arsebaTa namdvili usinaTloba, romelnic iagas Seesabamebian, monadire
xalxTa zRaprebSi gvaqvs, sadac msgavsi arsebebi ufro cocxali, arareliqturi
movlenaa. aq amgvari dedabrebi yovelTvis (an TiTqmis yovelTvis) marTlac
usinaTloni arian. “im qoxTan mivida, romelic calke idga _ Sig usinaTlo dedaberi
iyo” (dorsei 1903: 301). am dedabers xvdeba saswaulebrivad dabadebuli gmiri,
rodesac saxlidan gadis. dedaberi gamohkiTxavs misi gza-kvalis ambavs. anda gmiri
zRvis fskerze Cadis, da iq xvdeba sami dedaberi, romlebic Wamen. “man dainaxa, rom
isini brmebi iyvnen”. isini mas gzas uCveneben (boasi 1895: 55).
Tuki sworia, rom iaga cxra mTas iqiTa qveynas icavs cocxalTagan, da Tu ucxo
ukan dabrunebisas mas abrmavebs, es ima niSnavs, rom iaga Tavisi samefodan veRar
xedavs cocxalTa samefoSi wasuls, saiqiodan dabrunebuls. swored aseve gogolis
moTxrobaSi “vii” eSmebi ver xedaven kazaks. eSmebi, romelTac cocxlebis danaxva
SeuZliaT, TiTqos Tavad arian maT Soris Samanebi, iseTive cocxali Samanebi,
romlebic micvalebulebs xedaven, romelTac Cveulebriv mokvdavni ver xedaven.
swored aseT Samans uxmoben. es aris vii (Sdr. af. 77, z.v.. 100).
magram problemis gadaWra jer adrea. zemoT vamtkicebdiT, rom iaga
raRacnairad ukavSirdeba iniciaciis wes-Cveulebas. es kavSiri TandaTanobiT
gamoCndeba.

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zulu 1937: Сказки зулу. Вступ. статья, перевод и примеч. И. Л. Снегирева, М.-Л.: 1937.
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kuSingi 1901: Cushing F. H. Zuni Folk Tales. N-York and London: 1901.
lenini XII: Ленинский сборник. т. XII.
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marqsi 20: Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Соч. 2-ое изд., т. 20.
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изд., т. 37.
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negelaini 1901: Negelein J. Die Reise der Seele ins Jenseits. ZV, Bd. II, 1901.
nevermani 1933: Nevermann H. Masken und Geheiimbunde in Melanesien. Berlin: 1933.
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словесности АН СССР, т. XXXI, 1926.
nilsoni 1911: Nillson M. P. Primitive Religion. Tübingen: 1911.
parkinsoni 1907: Parkinson. 30 Jahre in d. Südsee. Stuttgart: 1907.
polivka 1924: Polivka J. Cicham clovecinu. - Narodopisny Vestnik (českoslovaský, roč, XVII, 1924.
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propi 1934: Пропп В. Я. Волшебное дерево на могиле. – Сов, этнография, № 1-2, 1934.
radermaxeri 1906: Radermacher L. Walfischmythen. - ARW, Bd. IX, 1906; Baumgerten, Tephthas Ceübde,
ARw, XVIII, 1915.
raitcenStaini 1905: Reitzenstein R. Zwei helenistische Hymnen. ARW, Bd. VIII, 1905.
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1907.
roSeri 1884: Roscher W. H. Roscher s. v. Katabasis. – Ausführliches Lexicon der griechischen und
römischen Mythologie. Leipzig: 1884.
santeri 1911: Santer E. Geburt, Hochzeit. Tod. Leipzig: 1911.
sentivi 1923: Saintyves P. Les contes de Perrault et les recits parallels. Paris: 1923.

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speranski 1917: Сперанский М. Русская устная словесность. М.: 1917.
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Сб. статей, Л.: 1932.
tristani 1932: Тристан и Исольда. Сб. статей, л.: 1932.
tronski 1934: Тронский И. М. Античный миф и современная сказка. – В кн.: С. Ф. Ольденбургу: К
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frezeri 1911: Frazer J. G. The Golden Bough. Taboo and the Perils of the Soul. Part II, 3 ed. London: 1911.
frezeri 1913: Frazer J. The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead. Vol. I-III, London: 1913.
frezeri 1931: Фрезер Д. Золотая ветвь.I-V, М.: 1931.
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Cernecovi 1935: Чернецов В. Н. Вогульские сказки. – Сб. фольклора народа манси (вогулов). Л.: 1935.
xaruzini 1905: Харузин Н. Н. Этнография. Вып. IV. Верования. СПБ., 1905.

wyaroTa aRmniSvneli Semoklebebi:

af. _ Народные русские сказки А. Н. Афанасьева. Под редакцией М. К. Азадовского, Н. П. Андреева, Ю. М.

Соколова. В трех томах. 1936-1940.
z. v. _ Великорусские сказки Вятской губернии. Сборник Д. К. Зеленина. Пг., 1915.
z. p. _ Великорусские сказки Пермкой губернии. Сборник Д. К. Зеленина. Пг., 1914.
k. _ Сказки и предания северного края. Запись. вступительная статья и комментарии И. В. Карнауховой. М.-Л.,
1934.
sev. _ Северные сказки. Сборник Н. Е. Ончукова. СПб., 1909.
sm. _ Сборник великорусских сказок архива Русского географического общества, вып. I-II. Издал А. М. Смирнов.
Пг. 1917.
xud. _ Худяков И. А. Великорусские саказки, вып. I-II, М., 1860-1862.

mariam karbelaSvilis Targmani.

Translated by Mariam Karbelashvili.

86
rusudan ColoyaSvili

warmarTuli RvTaebebis kvali afxazur zRaprebSi

novelisturi zRaprebi bolo periodamde iTvleboda ra Cveulebriv

sayofacxovrebo xasiaTis nawarmoebebad, uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebTan
mimarTebaSi saTanadod ar iyo Seswavlili. am kuTxiT specialurma dakvirvebam
gviCvena, rom maTi calkeuli motivebi Tu mTeli siuJetebic, arian ra zRapruli
eposis ganuyofeli nawilni, saTaves uZvelesi rwmenebidan iReben. Cven am
TvalsazrisiT adre SeviswavleT ramdenime qarTuli novelisturi zRapari
(ColoyaSvili 2004: 107-125; 160-169), axla ki dakvirvebas vawarmoebT afxazur sam
zRaparze, romlebic erTxel kidev adastureben am mosazrebis siswores. unda
aRiniSnos, rom am qveJanris afxazur zRaprebSi meti miniSnebaa uZveles rwmenebTan
maT genetikur kavSirze, vidre qarTulSi. Cven cal-calke ganvixilavT maT.
zRapar `zurgisamtyavebelSi~ (gobulovi 1987: 80-85) moTxrobilia mdidari
kacisa da misi mojamagiris urTierTobis Sesaxeb. mdidari mas erTi pirobiT iyvans
samuSaod: erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT erTmaneTisagan araferi unda ewyinoT. Tu
romelime maTgani meoreze gabrazdeboda, is zurgze kanis aglejiT daisjeboda, rac
adamianis sikvdiliT damTavrdeboda. Tavis droze piroba ver Seasrules da
rigrigobiT daiRupnen zRapris mTavari gmiris ufrosi Zmebi. umcrosi ki sazriani
gamodga — mdidari TviTon gamoiyvana wyobidan, Tavic gadairCina da misi saxl-kari da
qonebac daisakuTra. mojamagirem mdidari imiT gaamwara, rom jer ori saukeTeso xari
daukla, mere Txebs tuCebi jvaredinad CauWra da kbilebi daakreWina, cxvrebi ki xmel
eklebze atara, axtuna, abRavla da a. S.
aseve viTardeba situacia am tipis qarTul zRaparSi (Rlonti, III, gv. 168), sadac
mojamagirem saukeTeso xari da cxvari daukla batons, sxva xifaTsac gadahyara da mis
qonebas daepatrona. erTi SexedviT am zRaprebSi moZalade da uzneo adamiani
imarjvebs da beds eweva, magram sinamdvileSi saqme ase ar aris. aq warmatebas is aRwevs,
vinc mamapapiseul tradicias icavs da kultmsaxurebis wess asrulebs xarebis
dakvliT. e. i. sabolood is imarjvebs, vinc rwmenis erTgulia da adaTs icavs; misi
Seusrulebloba, miTumetes gabrazeba wesis aRsrulebaze, isjeba. qarTuli
zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT afxazurSi xom pirdapir aris naTqvami:
`_ iq, tyeSi, SuadRes me aiTars (mesaqonleobis RvTaebas) msxverpls Sevwirav,
Tqvenc iq modiT. samsxverplod kargi xarebi myavso~ da mezobel mxvnelebs sTxova: `_
marto ver moverevi, ori biWi gamomigzavneT damxmaredo.
_ rogor ar gavugzavniT Cvens biWebs imas, vinc msxverpls swiravs aiTars —
upasuxes mxvnelebma da ori ymawvili gagzavnes~ ( gobulovi 1987: 82).
marTlac dakles xarebi, Sewves da SuadRes mowveulebic movidnen:
`_ Segeweva, visac msxverpli Seswire, _ Tqves stumrebma da saWmels Seeqcnen~.
mdidari da misi coli amaze gabrazdnen, Tumca Seecadnen, ar SeemCniaT, magram
mainc Tqves: `_ ar iyo saWiro xarebis dakvlao!~
e. i. isini ver mixvdnen am moqmedebis mniSvnelobas _ arc TviTon Seasrules wesi
da sxvasac sayvedurobdnen, amitom sakadrisic miezRoT _ erTmaneTze uaresi ambebi
daatydaT Tavs da bolos saxl-karidanac gadaixvewnen. maTi adgili ki yofilma
mojamagirem daikava. aRsaniSnavia, rom es cvlileba gazafxulze xdeba rogorc
afxazur, aseve qarTul zRaprebSi _ roca guguli `gu-gus~ daiZaxebs. es xom swored
is periodia, rodesac mTeli samyaros ganaxleba xdeba. swored am ganaxlebas exmianeba
zRaparSi axalgazrda gmiris gamarjveba. mojamagiris ufrosi Zmebi ki zRapris
dasawyisSi imitom daiRupnen, rom ver mixvdnen, pirvel rigSi ra unda gaekeTebinaT.
rwmenis erTguli da tradiciuli wesis damcveli eTikuria xalxisaTvis da
saboloodac swored amitom imarjvebs zRaparSi.
rac Seexeba zRapar `TaWkum da goliaTs~ (gobulovi 1987: 7-12), misi mTavari
gmiri TaWkumi zarmaci da crupentelaa Cveni nacarqeqias msgavsad. is ojaxSi ver
aitanes, misces nabadi, sagzao CanTa, romelSic Cauwyes: sadgisi, yvelis kveri,
cotaodeni fqvili da Semodgomis erT wvimian dRes saxlidan gaagdes. gaWirvebaSi
Cavardnili gzaze goliaTs gadaeyara, romelTan dapirispirebisasac gamoiCina
sazrianoba, moxerxebuloba _ iqiT SeaSina daCagvris msurveli, sZlia da misi qoneba
cols moutana. e. i. Semodgomaze saxlidan gandevnis Semdeg TaWkumma feri icvala da

87
sikeTiTa da dovlaTiT daxunZluli dabrunda Tavis ojaxSi. albaT es dabrunebac
gazafxulze moxda.
am tipis rituali xom marTla sruldeboda uZveles droSi sxvadasxva xalxebSi
_ kerZod, isini periodulad ojaxidan, qalaqidan agdebdnen an sasikvdilod
hqolavdnen adamians. gandevnilis funqcias umetesad ojaxis ufrosi asrulebda
Tavis saxlSi da es rituali `SimSilis gagdebad~ iwodeboda. qalaqSi ki am rolSi
qalaqis ufrosi gamodioda da Wirianobis an raime ubedurebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT tardeboda. j. frezeri am movlenaSi xedavda mcenareuli samyaros Semoqmedi
da gamanayofierebeli RvTaebis msxverplSewirvas, romelic yovelwliurad xdeboda,
raTa ar miecaT misTvis daZabunebis saSualeba (frezeri 1980: 643-647). e. i. is unda
momkvdariyo, kvlav ganaxlebuls rom SesZleboda, keTili zemoqmedeba moexdina
bunebaze Tavisi axalgazrduli energiiT. amdenad, TaWkumi, msgavsad Cveni
nacarqeqiasi (ColoyaSvili 2004: 164), zRaparSi asrulebs gandevnili ojaxis ufrosis
funqcias da zRapris dasasruls mis dabrunebas sikeTe moaqvs ojaxSi. afxazuri
zRapari qarTulTan SedarebiT met siaxloves im detalebiT amJRavnebs uZveles
ritualTan, rom masSi Cans gmiris asaki _ is moxucia; garda amisa mas saxlidan coli
agdebs da ara _ rZali, qarTuli zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, da amdenad is saxlSi
zedmeti piri ki ar aris, aramed ojaxis sruluflebiani wevria, ufro zustad _
ojaxis ufrosi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom is nacarqeqias msgavsad saxlidan
yovelgvari protestis gareSe midis da sayveduric ki ar gamouTqvams ara imitom, rom
ar SeuZlia (roca dasWirda is goliaTsac warmatebiT daupirispirda, SeaSina,
saxlidan gaagdo da mis qonebas daepatrona), aramed ar Tvlis saWirod, radganac
Tavisi ojaxidan gagdeba garduval kanonzomierebad miaCnia. saxlidan gandevnis
Semdeg is sxva samyaroSi _ mdinaris iqiT, goliaTebis samefoSi aRmoCnda, saidanac
yovelgvari sikeTiTa da dovlaTiT datvirTuli dabrunda. yovelive amis
gaTvaliswinebiT naTelia, rom es personaJi mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi
RvTaebis miTosuri saxidan iRebs saTaves da genetikurad mis erT-erT saxesxvaobas
warmoadgens.
igive rwmena udevs safuZvlad qarTuli zRapris `kombles~ bolo motivs, roca
kombles kldidan mdinareSi `gadaagdeben~, is ki `iqidan~ cxvris faras gamoirekavs da
saxlSi gamdidrebuli dabrundeba.
zRapris dasawyisSi TaWkumi nacarqeqias msgavsad zarmacia da uniaTo, radgan
metamorfozis unaris mqone zRapris gmiri bolos gamarjvebuli da yovlisSemZle
rom gaxdes, Tavidan sapirispiro Tvisebebi unda hqondes.
zRapar `haitSi~ (gabulovi 1987: 47-51) ki moTxrobilia ostatisa da Segirdis
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. ostati maqciobis Zalas flobs da am codnas axalgazrdebs
gadascems, Tumca veravin axerxebs, ise Seiswavlos es saqme, rom sZlios ostats da
Tavi daaRwios mis samflobelos. bolos mainc gamoCndeba is erTaderTi, romelic
dajabnis ostats da Tavs ixsnis tyveobisgan. amas ostati ar hpatiobs, maT Soris
imarTeba samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispireba, rasac maqciobaSi gajibrebis saxe aqvs
da Segirdis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba. ostati emsxverpleba am qiSpobas, is Zafad
qceuli cecxlSi daiwveba.
metamorfoza, maqcioba gmirisa maSin xdeba, roca is erTi samyarodan meoreSi
gadadis. ramdenjerme metamorfozis unari ki imas Seswevs, visac sxva samyarodan ukan
SeuZlia dabruneba. amis Zalas ki mxolod RvTaeba, RvTaebrivi warmoSobis arseba
flobs. amdenad, rogorc ostati ise Segirdi am zRaparSi RvTaebrivi
warmomavlobisani arian. ufro zustad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ostatis saxe
genetikurad zRvis, wylis RvTaebas ukavSirdeba _ afxazuri zRapris mixedviT is xom
zRvis samefos ganagebs, romelic iseTia, rom iq moxvedrils `yvelaferi ukvirs~;
flobs saucxoo sasaxles, rogoric adamians `arasodes dasizmrebia da zRaparSic ar
gaugonia~. zRva ki, rogorc tye, mTa, Wa da sxva, imqveyniur samyaros ganasaxierebs
zRaparSi. metamorfozis saSualebiT ganaxleba xdeba RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis
zRapris gmirisa da swored amitom rCeba saboloo gamarjveba aq axalgazrda Segirds.
am tipis qarTul zRaparSic wylidan amodis ostati: `waiyvana kacma vaJi sadme
xelobaze misabareblad. bevri iares Tu cota iares, mividnen erT wyarosTan da
daisvenes. daibanes xel-piri da dalies. mamam rom dalia wyali, Tqva:
_ ax, ra kai wyali xaro!
am dros wylidan amoZvra erTi kaci da uTxra:

88
 _ ai, me gaxlavar axrakai, ra ginda, risTvis meZaxdi?~ (razikaSvili 1951: 241).
sxva tipis jadosnur zRaprebSi Tu iqaur meufes (mag.: gveleSaps) misi gaCenili
(mzeWabuki) klavs, aq gamarjvebuli ukve Segirdia, is vinc namyofia ostatis samefoSi,
vinc SeiTvisa misi codna da misi ZlierebiT aRiWurva, vinc `jadoqrobis arss TviT
haitze naklebad ar Caswvda~.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aq ganxiluli
samive afxazuri zRapris personaJebisa Tu mTeli siuJetebis Taviseburebebi uZveles
rwmenebTan maTi genetikuri kavSiriT aris ganpirobebuli.

damowmebani:

gabulovi 1987: М. А. Габулов (составитель). Сказки народов закавказья.. Цхинвали: "Ирыстон", 1987.
Rlonti 1992: Rlonti al. (Semdgeneli). xalxuri zRaprebi. III, Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1992.
frezeri 1980: Фрезер Дж. Золотая ветвь. М.: 1980.
ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwneba-warmodgenebis kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi.
Tb.: `nekeri~, 2004.

Rusudan Cholokashvili

Traces of Pagan Deities in Abkhazian Fairy Tales

Summary

The article focuses on the three Abkhazian fairy tales where the main plot determining factors are ancient
beliefs, like in other magic fairy tales: in “Back Flayer” we can observe the necessity of conforming to the rules
of worshiping the cattle-breeding deity, in “Tachku and the Giant” – the necessity of recommencement of
agrarian deity and in “Haiti” – the metamorphosis capacity of the sea deity.

89
dalila bedianiZe

qarTul-germanuli folkloruli paralelebidan

qarTul-germanuli kulturul-literaturuli urTierTobani mdidaria da

araerTgzis Seswavlili. arsebobs qarTul-germanuli folkloruli paralelebic.
Cveni naSromi warmoadgens am paralelebis gamovlenis mcdelobas. kerZod, aq
SevexebiT qarTul xalxur zRapars `tyuili tirili~ da germanul xalxur zRapars
`Wkviani elza~, aseve _ qarTul da germanul `konkias~.
`tyuili tirili~ aseTia: erTi ymawvili qali wylis mosatanad wavida. naxa, wylis
piras xe idga da ifiqra, rom gavTxovde, Svili momecema, wyalze Camova, am xeze ava,
xidan rom Camovardes, wyalSi Camivardeba da damexrCobao. daiwyo tirili. amasobaSi
iq dedamisic mivida da rom gaigo qalis tirilis mizezi, imanac morTo tirili. mivida
qalis mama da ikiTxa, Tu ra atirebda deda-Svils. roca uTxres, Tqva _ am xes tots
smovtex, rom ymawvili ar avideso. moatexa da urtya colsa da qaliSvils (xalxuri
1964: 485-486).
SevadaroT es qarTuli zRapari germanul xalxur zRapars `Wkviani elza~.
germanuli zRapari qarTulTan SedarebiT vrcelia da misi mokle Sinaarsi aseTia:
`iyo erTi col-qmari, romelsac hyavda qaliSvili, saxelad Wkviani elza. elzas
gaTxovebis dro roca mouvida, mis saTxovnelad mivida saqmro hansi, romelmac
wamouyena piroba, rom sacole gonieri unda yofiliyo. dedamisma elza ase daaxasiaTa:
esmis qari rogor seirnobs quCaSi da bavSvebi rogor axveleben, iseTi gonieriao.
gamarTes sadili. dedam elza maranSi gagzavna ludisaTvis. elza maranSi Cavida da
ludis Camosxmis dros TavszemoT kedelze weraqvi SeniSna, romelic qvismTlelebs
daviwyebodaT. daiwyo Wkvianma elzam moTqma-godeba: hanss Tu colad gavyvebi,
vaJiSvili meyoleba, gaizrdeba, maranSi CamovagzavniT ludis Camosasxmelad, uecrad
es weraqvi daecema da momiklavso. ijda da tiroda. rom aRar gamoCnda, dedamisma mis
dasaZaxeblad maranSi moaxle Caagzavna. aman hkiTxa elzas tirilis mizezi. elzamac
uTxra da axla moaxlemac daiwyo tirili. Semdeg elzasTan mividnen: mosamsaxure
kaci, mere _ deda, mere _ mama. gaigebdnen ra elzas tirilis mizezs, mas aqebdnen
gonierebisaTvis, masTan rCebodnen satirlad da masTan erTad tirodnen. marto
darCenili hansic Cavida maranSi da rom gaigo elzas tirilis mizezi, maSinve
aRfrTovanda misi gonierebiT da moiyvana elza colad. cota xnis erTda cxovrebis
Semdeg hansi fulis saSovnelad wavida, elzas ki daubara, mindorSi wadi da yana
momkeo. elza daeTanxma, moixarSa gemrieli fafa, Tan waiRo da yanaSi wavida, magram
sanam mkas daiwyebda, erTi kargad gamoZRa im fafiT da daiZina. roca gaviRviZeb, yanas
mere movmkio. hansi male dabrunda Sin, elza ki saRamomde ar gamoCnda. maSin hansma
yanaSi miakiTxa da naxa, rom eZina. hansma saxlidan waiRo Citebis saWeri eJvnebiani bade
da elzas gadaafara, TviTon ki Sin gabrunda. elzam daRamebisas gaiRviZa. mis yovel
ganZrevaze eJvnebi wkrialebdnen. elzas SeeSinda da daeWvda: nuTu marTla Wkviani
elza varo? gadawyvita, Sin misuliyo da ekiTxa, es me var, Tu _ arao? kari daketili
daxvda. daakakuna da ikiTxa _ elza Sin aris, Tu _ arao? hansma upasuxa, elza Sin
ariso. SeSinda Wkviani elza da axla sxvebis karze daiwyo siaruli, magram kars aravin
uRebda, radgan xalxs eJvnebis wkriali aSinebda. Wkviani elza gaiqca soflidan da im
dRis Semdeg aRaravis unaxavs (Братья Гримм 1989: 131-134).
rogorc vxedavT, germanuli zRapari ufro srulia da masSi warmodgenilia
komikuri Tavgadasavali mTavari personaJi qalisa. komizms aZlierebs is garemoeba,
rom am sulel qals hqvia `Wkviani elza~. qarTul zRaparSi mtiral qals saxeli ar
hqvia da aq warmodgenili qalis Tavgadasavals mxolod erTi komikuri epizodi _
wyalze Casvla, xis danaxva, fantaziis amoZraveba da tyuili tirili qmnis. es tyuili
tirili orive zRaparSi fiqsirdeba, orivegan fiqsirdeba misi mizezic _ qali tiris
jerargaCenili Svilis mosalodneli sikvdilis gamo. es sikvdili qarTul zRaparSi
bavSvis xidan wyalSi mosalodneli CavardniT da daxrCobiT aris gamowveuli, xolo
germanul zRaparSi _ weraqvis CamovardniT da bavSvze dacemiT. qarTul zRaparSi
mxolod deda miujdeba mtirala qaliSvils da tiris masTan erTad, germanul
zRaparSi ki _ mosamsaxure qali da kaci, aseve _ elzas ded-mama, xolo saqmro _
hansi elzas tyuil tirils mis gonierebad miiCnevs da dauyovnebliv qorwindeba
masze. aq Tavs iCens sxvaoba: qarTul zRaparSi saqmro ar Cans, arc qalis gaTxovebazea

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laparaki, es yovelive qalisa da dedamisis fantaziis nayofia, xolo germanul
zRaparSi `Wkviani elza~ saswrafod Txovdeba da mtirali personaJebisaTvis Wkuis
maswavlebeli aravin Cans. germanuli zRapris meore epizodi _ elzas Tavgadasavali
yanaSi da misi soflidan gadakargva qarTul zRaparSi aRar gvxvdeba. es ori zRapari
Tanxvdenilia mxolod elzas qorwilamde erTi epizodiT, tyuili tirilis epizodiT
da am epizodis finali orivegan sxvadasxvaa: germanulSi elza tiriliT beds eweva,
xolo qarTulSi _ qals da dedamiss mama mityipavs. aRniSnuli sxvaoba xels ar uSlis
am or zRapars Soris msgavseba davinaxoT _ situacia orivegan komikuria, personaJTa
xasiaTebic komizms eqvemdebareba.
qarTuli zRapari `tyuili tirili~ personaJTa xasiaTiT msgavsebas iCens
germanul `Wkvian elzasTan~, Tumca personaJi qarTulSi samia, germanulSi ki _ ufro
meti. orivegan suleli qalia mTavari moqmedi gmiri. qarTuli zRapris siuJeti Tavisi
lakonurobiT da SekrulobiT gamoirCeva. masSi dedaazri gauvrcoblad aris
gadmocemuli, ar gvxvdeba zedmeti siuJeturi detalebi, uromlisodac zRapari
arafers dakargavda. qarTuli zRapari garda Tavisi lakonurobisa, gamoirCeva
finalis logikurobiTac _ sisulele isjeba, sulel col-Svils mama cemiT gons
moagebs.
`Wkviani elzas~ siuJeturi detalebi _ zarmaci colis ambavi da elzas
mdgomareobis aRwera, roca is daeWvdeba sakuTar TavSi _ es me var, Tu _ arao,
gvxvdeba ukve ara `tyuil tirilSi~, aramed sxva tipis qarTul zRaprebSi _ mag.,
zRapar `londreSi~: gakreWili, jariskacad gadacmuli mRvdeli miva sakuTar saxlSi
da ikiTxavs _ mRvdeli Sin aris, Tu _ arao? (eJvnebian badewamosxmuli elzac aseve
ikiTxavs sakuTar saxlSi _ elza Sin aris, Tu _ arao? da rodesac qmrisgan pasuxs
gaigebs _ elza Sin ariso, daaskvnis, rom igi elza ar aris da wava ugzo-ukvlod,
rogorc mRvdeli `londreSi~). rac Seexeba zarmaci colis ambavs (elzas daezara
yanis momka, fafa Wama da yanaSi daRamebamde iZina), esec saerTaSoriso gavrcelebis
mqone motivia. gvxvdeba qarTul zRaprebSi: `vinc ar muSaobs, ar Wams~, `uqnara~ da
sxva. gvxvdeba rogorc zarmaci colis, aseve _ zarmaci qmris motivebi. am siuJetis
nomeri siuJetTa saZiebelSi aarne-tompsonis mixedviT aris 1370 A*, 1371 B* da sxva.
`tyuili tirilis~ siuJetic saerTaSoriso gavrcelebisaa. sad, romel qveyanaSi
Caisaxa igi, saidan gavrcelda, Zneli saTqmelia. aarne-tompsonis siuJetTa katalogSi
igi gvxvdeba 1450 nomriT (Указатель сюжетов 2002: 91). es aris zRapari suleli
gasaTxovari qalis Sesaxeb, romelic dardobs Tavisi momavali Svilis bedze (bavSvi
SeiZleba, Cavardes mdinareSi, an _ xidan Camovardes). qalTan erTad tiris dedac. mama
maT scems. qarTul folklorSi es siuJeti gavrcelebulia, gvxvdeba p. umikaSvilis V
tomSi, gv. 139 da `aWarul zRaprebSi~, gv. 86.
zemoxsenebul zRaprebs Soris msgavseba aris tipologiuri. tipuria siuJetis
damuSaveba, personaJTa xasiaTebi, maTi samoqmedo garemo. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, es
msgavseba ganpirobebuli iyos qarTul-germanuli kulturuli urTierTobiT, oRond
erTsac aRvniSnavdiT: qarTul folklorSi `tyuili tirilis~ siuJeti met
damoukideblobas iZens da mxolod ZiriTadi detalebiT uaxlovdeba germanul
zRapars.
`konkia~ msoflios sazRapro eposSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
zRaparia. misi siuJeti saerTaSoriso gavrcelebisaa da gvxvdeba: qarTul, somxur,
Turqul, adiReul, germanul, rusul, inglisur, italiur, frangul da sxva xalxur
zRaprebSi. sakiTxi vrcelia da Cven amjerad yuradReba SevaCereT `konkias~ qarTul-
germanul tipologiur parelelebze. saerTaSorsio gavrcelebis siuJetebze
agebuli zRaprebis kvlevisas Cvens interess ganapirobebs ara mxolod popularuli
siuJetebis dafiqsireba ama Tu im zRaparSi, aramed is, Tu rogor aris damuSavebuli
es siuJetebi. `konkia~ miekuTvneba ger-dedinacvlis ciklis zRaprebs, misi nomeri
siuJetTa katalogSi aris 510 A.
vnaxoT qarTuli `konkia~: dedinacvali Cagravda konkias da sakuTar qaliSvils
anebivrebda. konkias konkia imitom erqva, rom sul Camokonkili dadioda. mas exmareba
Zroxa, romelsac erT rqaSi erbo edga, meoreSi — Tafli da konkias kvebavda, radgan
mas dedinacvali aSimSilebda. konkia damSvenda. dedinacvali SuriT skdeboda. erT
dRes, Zroxis mwyemsvis dros, konkia moxvda dedabris saxlSi, romelsac saxli
daulaga da puri gamoucxo. dedaberma sikeTe sikeTiT gadauxada da aswavla, yviTeli
wyali rom Camoivlis, imaSi daisvele Tmebio. konkia asec moiqca da oqros dalalebi

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daefina beWebze. Surianma dedinacvalma meore dRes Tavisi uqnara da uzrdeli gogo
gagzavna samwyemsurSi, raTa im dedabers Sexvedroda. uqnara gogom uzrdelurad
mimarTa dedabers, arc araferi gaukeTa da samagierod viris yurebi miiRo.
gamwarebulma dedinacvalma qmars Zroxa daakvlevina. es gulTmisani Zroxa konkias
dedis saCuqari iyo. man dakvlis win konkia daariga: Cemi xorci ar Wamo, Zvlebi ki
boselSi ormoSi damarxeo. roca gagiWirdes, CamomZaxe: amodi, Cemo raSo da
sadedoflo tansacmeli amomitaneo.
erT dRes xelmwifem Tavis sasaxleSi qaliSvilebi daibara, Cemi vaJisTvis
sacole unda amovarCioo. konkia dedinacvalma ar gauSva, Tavisi gogo ki gamoawyo da
sasaxleSi waiyvana. konkias varcli daudga _ cremliT aavseo da ezoSi fetvi moubnia
_ akrifeo. keTili dedabris daxmarebiT fetvi skvinCebma akrifes, xolo varclSi
konkiam mariliani wyali Caasxa. mere Zroxas ormoSi CasZaxa danabarebi. ormodan
amovida Sekazmuli raSi da saukeTeso tansacmeli amoutana. sasaxleSi misuli konkia
xelmwifis Svils Zalian moewona. konkia ukan rom gamobrunda, oqros qoSi Rrma wyalSi
Cauvarda. qoSi xelmwifis kacebma amoiRes da xelmwifes miarTves. man brZana, visac
qoSi moergeba, is minda rZlado. nazir-vezirebma qveyana moiares, magram qoSi aravis
moergo. mividnen konkias saxlSic, magram dedinacvalma konkia ToneSi damala, qoSi ki
Tavis gogos Zlivs Caacva _ TiTi moaWrevina, dedofali iqnebi da fexiT xom ar ivlio.
roca qali mihyavdaT, skvinCam atexa Zaxili _ qoSis patroni Sin darCao. mibrundnen
nazir-vezirebi, amoiyvanes Tonidan konkia, Caacves qoSi da wayvana daupires. maSin
konkiam boselSi ormos CasZaxa: Cemo raSo, amodi da sadedoTlo tansacmelic
amomitaneo. amovida raSi. konkia gamoewyo, qoSis meore calic Caicva da gahyva nazir-
vezirebs. dedinacvals da mis Svils SuriT guli gauskdaT. konkiam xelmwifis Svilze
iqorwina da dedofali gaxda. qomagi dedaberic TavisTan waiyvana da bednierad
cxovrobda (iyo da ara... 1957: 510-518).
germanul `konkiaSi~ (Братья Гримм 1989: 88-94) konkias dedinacvals ori qaliSvili
mohyva, romlebic lamazebi ki iyvnen, magram gulebi boroti hqondaT _ konkia
moaxled gaixades, lamazi kabebi waarTves, amcirebdnen da Seuracxyofdnen. sabralos
Rumelis gverdiT, nacarSi eZina. radgan sul nacriani iyo, `debma~ nacarqeqia
Searqves. erTxel mama bazrobaze wavida. gerebis TxovniT maT lamazi kabebi da
margalitebi moutana, konkiam ki sTxova, tyeSi rom gaivli da qudze Txilis toti
wamogedeba, is motexe da wamomiReo. mamam Txovna imasac Seusrula. konkiam toti
dedis saflavze dargo da cremlebiT morwya. toti gaizarda da lamaz xed iqca.
konkia dReSi samjer midioda am xesTan, mwared tiroda da loculobda. xesTan TeTri
Citi mofrindeboda xolme da konkias gadmougdebda, rasac is sTxovda.
erTxel mefem samdRiani wveuleba moawyo sarZlos amosarCevad. konkias `debi~
wavidnen wveulebaze, xolo konkia dedinacvalma ar gauSva, Tan orjer ospi Cauyara
nacarSi da ubrZana gaerCia. orivejer frinvelebma uSveles konkias _ gaurCies ospi.
Sin marto darCenili konkia Txilis xesTan mivida da SesZaxa: xeo, gatokdi da saxeSi
oqro-vercxli Semomayareo! Citma xidan gadmougdo oqros kaba da abreSumiT da
vercxliT Sekerili fexsacmeli. Caicva konkiam da wveulebaze gamocxadda, sadac
sayovelTao mowoneba daimsaxura _ xelmwifis vaJi mTeli saRamo mxolod masTan
cekvavda. samjer mivida konkia wveulebaze, samjer gamoekida mas xelmwifis vaJi,
magram konkia misgan gaparvas axerxebda. tansacmels da fexsacmels dedis saflavze
daawyobda da dedinacvals da mis Svilebs nacarSi Camjdari xvdeboda. mesamed
gaqcevisas konkias marcxena fexis fexsacmeli wasZvra safexurze. meore dRes konkias
mamasTan ufliswuli mivida am fexsacmliT xelSi da uTxra, colad imas SevirTav,
visac es moergebao. jer ufrosma dam gaisinja fexsacmeli _ ar Caetia da ceri TiTi
moiWra dedis rCeviT, ise Caicva. waiyvana ufliswulma, magram roca konkias dedis
saflavs gauares, Citma CamosZaxa: fexsacmeli sisxliania, Seni sacole sxvaao. vaJma
ufrosi da daabruna, axla momdevno da waiyvana, romelmac dedis rCeviT qusli
moiWra, magram igive moxda. axla konkias sTxoves fexsacmlis Cacma. konkiam jer iuara,
magram bolos Caicva. ufliswulma icno konkia da waiyvana Tavis sasaxleSi. gzad
dedis saflavze gazrdili xis totidan orma TeTrma mtredma CamosZaxa ufliswuls
_ `fexsacmeli sisxliani ar aris, es aris Seni namdvili sacoleo~. ufliswulma
konkiaze iqorwina. qorwilSi `debi~ epirferebodnen _ eklesiaSi mimavals ufrosi
marjvniv daujda, umcrosi _ marcxniv, magram maT mtredebma Tvalebi amokenkes. ase

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daisajnen debi TavianTi siavisaTvis — dabrmavdnen. dedinacvlis Sesaxeb araferia
naTqvami.
`konkias~ qarTul-germanuli variantebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas miviReT
Semdegi Sedegebi:
a) germanul zRaparSi konkias `nacarqeqias~ eZaxdnen naxevardebi, radgan igi sul
nacriani iyo. es ki migvaniSnebs, rom is keriis kultis damcveli iyo. aseveaqarTul
sayofacxovrebo zRaparSi `nacarqeqia~. qarTuli zRapris saTauri _ `konkia~
gamarTlebulia imiT, rom am saxelis matarebels mudam konkebi ecva, xolo germanuli
`nacarqeqia~ konkias nacrianobas aRniSnavs.
b) qarTul zRaparSi konkias damxmareebi arian: dedis naCuqari Zroxa da
dedaberi, xolo germanulSi _ dedis saflavze darguli xed qceuli jadosnuli
Txilis toti, romelzec mtredebi Semosxdebian xolme. orive damxmare dedis suls
ukavSirdeba, maTi meoxebiT deda exmareba saiqiodan konkias. rogorc qarTul, aseve
_ germanul zRaparSic marcvlis akrefisas konkias frinvelebi exmarebian. qarTulSi
_ skvinCa da yvelanairi frinveli, xolo germanulSi _ mtredebi. isini Tavs iCenen
zRapris finalSic _ konkias Sesaxeb miuTiTeben ufliswuls. mtredi bibliuri
simboloa xsnisa, mSvidobisa, xolo sxva Citebi _ sulis simbolos warmoadgenen. rac
Seexeba Zroxas da Txilis tots (xes), pirveli maTgani totemizmis gadmonaTSi unda
iyos, xolo meore _ xis kultisa. am mxriv germanul da qarTul zRaprebs Soris
sxvaobaa, Tumca saerToc faqtia _ uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvalis arseboba
(ColoyaSvili 2004).
g) rogorc qarTul, aseve germanul `konkias~ uTuod aqvs variantebi. germanuli
zRapris variantebi CvenTvis jer-jerobiT miuwvdomelia, xolo qarTuli sazRapro
eposidan davasaxelebdiT zRapars _ `dedinacvali da geri~. am zRapris finali ar
aris mxolod konkias xelwmifis vaJze gaTxoveba, konkias qorwinebis Semdegac uxdeba
Tavisi bednierebis dacva, rogorc es adiReuli `oboli gogonas TavgadasavlebSia~.
am mxriv qarTuli zRapari siuJetur sxvaobas iCens germanul `konkiasTan~ da ufro
gavrcobilia.
d) konkia, romelic mefis sasaxleSi midis wveulebaze, inkognitoa rogorc
qarTul, aseve germanul zRaprebSi. qarTuli zRapris finalSi oqros qoSis morgebis
Semdeg is icvams sadResaswaulo tansacmels da sruli brwyinvalebiT gamoecxadeba
damswre sazogadoebas. ris Semdegac mas scnoben da bednierdeba. germanul zRaparSi
ki konkia ara oqros qoSs, aramed — fexsacmels icvams, mis mosvaze araferia naTqvami,
da mxolod fexsacmliT scnobs mas ufliswuli.
e) konkias dedinacvali da boroti debi siavisaTvis isjebian germanuli zRapris
finalSi. qarTul `konkiaSi~ da mxolod erTia, romlis dasjis Sesaxebac araferia
naTqvami, Suriani dedinacvali ki male kvdeba.
z) konkias xasiaTi tipologiurad msgavsia qarTul da germanul zRaprebSi — igi
aris boroti dedinacvlis da misi qaliSvilebis intrigebis msxverpli, Tumca Tavisi
sikeTiT igi bolos imarjvebs da boroteba isjeba.
rogorc qarTul, aseve germanul da am tipis sxva xalxTa zRaprebSi konkias
keTil ZalebTan aqvs saidumalo kavSiri, romelnic misi sikeTis gamo exmarebian,
dedinacvali da misi Svilebi ki aseT damxmareTa gareSe arian darCenilebi, rogorc
avi sulebi.
T) rogorc qarTul, aseve germanul `konkiaSi~ fexsamosis gasinjvis dros
konkias `debi~ cers an qusls iWrian (qarTulSi naTqvamia ubralod `TiTi moiWrao~),
magram maTi mcdeloba amaod Caivlis — simarTle iqve gamoaSkaravdeba.
i) qarTuli da germanuli `konkia~ tipologiurad msgavsi zRaprebia. isini
mimarTebas iCenen somxur, Turqul, frangul, italiur, inglisur, adiReur da sxva
qveynebis zRaprebTan. am siuJetze literaturuli zRaparic moipoveba — es aris
frangi mezRapris Sarl peros `konkia~.

damowmebani:

Братья Гримм 1989: Братья Гримм. Сказки. М.: Правда, 1989.

iyo da ara... 1977: iyo da ara iyo ra. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1977.
Указатель сюжетов 2002: Указатель сюжетов Грузинской народной сказки (Систематический указатель по системе
Аарне-Томпсона). Тб.: 2002.
xalxuri... 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. , Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1964.

93
ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi.
Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2004.

Dalila Bedianidze

From Georgian - German Folk Paralels

Summary

Here is discussed a relationship beetwen two Georgian folk tales to German tales. These tales are:
Georgian "False cry" (German "Clever Eliza") and Georgian and German "Cinderella". These two tales are
bazed to international plots.
In this work is shown not only the similar facts of the popular plots but there is shown how the plots are
done.
In the work is remarked that the similitude of the tales are tipological.

94
 folklori da literatura

nestan ratiani

ori folkloruli motivi `vefxistyaosanSi~

`iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi col-qmari. Svili ara hyavdaT. erTxel wavida kaci
tyeSi, Sexvda eSmaki da uTxra: wamals me gaswavli, rom Svili SegeZinoso. mxolod ori
vaJidan erTi Seni unda iyos da erTic Cemio. kaci daTanxmda. eSmakma misca erTi vaSli.
gasWra sam nawilad da uTxra: roca mogwyurdeT, erTi nawili SeWameTo, roca
mogSivdeT, meore nawili da saRamos Zilis win mesameo. asec moiqcnen. cxra Tvis
Semdeg SeeZinaT tyupi vaJi. dahyvaT oqros Tmebi. daizardnen bavSvebi. movida eSmaki
da eubneba kacs, pirobas ratom ar asrulebo. enaneba dedas Svilis daTmoba, magram
sxva ra gza aqvs? icoda, eSmaki arc erTs ar SearCenda da erTi Svili gaagzavna eSmakis
saxlSi. mivida biWi da ar dauxvda eSmaki saxlSi. daiwyo saxlis daTvaliereba. saxlSi
sami oTaxi iyo, samives klite edo. gatexa biWma saketi da xedavs, erTi oTaxi sul
TiviTaa savse, meore oTaxSi adamianebis ConCxebia da mesameSi sami Zalian kargi cxeni
dgas, erTi lurji, erTi wiTeli da erTic TeTri. am cxenebma Txoves, Zalian gvSia,
Tiva gvaWame da sadac gvinatreb, iq gavCndebiTo. biWma gamoutana pirveli oTaxidan
Tiva da aWama cxenebs, Zlivs daaZRo, mere gauSva da TviTonac ar gaCerda, wavida.
iara, iara da miadga erT mefes.
_ mosamsaxure ar gindaTo?
_ rogor ara, mebates veZebTo.
dadga kibis qveS da iq daiwyo cxovreba. am mefes ori qaliSvili gaTxovili
hyavda, erTic gasaTxovari. erTxel am gogom oqrosferi Tma daunaxa mebates da
Seuyvarda. gavida xani. mefem gadawyvita, mesame qaliSvilic gaaTxovos. moiwvia
sasiZoebi, unda, rom aarCios, magram am gogos aravin ar moswons. mefem ifiqra, neta,
vin akliao da gaaxsenda mebate. albaT, eg giyvarso. gogomac ar daumala da mamam
miaTxova Tavisi mesame qaliSvili mebates, oRond sasaxleSi cxovreba dauSala da
imaTac kibis qveS daiwyes erTad cxovreba. iyvnen siamtkbilobaSi, magram uecrad mefe
gaxda avad. moixmo ufrosi siZeebi, ukvdavebis wyali unda miSovoTo. wavidnen ufrosi
siZeebi. mebatem rom gaigo, Tqva, erTi jaglagi mec momeciT, iqneb mec rame viSovoo.
misces erTi koWli cxeni. Seajda biWi, gaiara orasi metri, amoiRo lurjas bewvi,
axsena misi saxeli. cxenic imave wuTs iq gaCnda Tavisi iaraRiT. gadajda lurjaze da
gaaqana. mivida ukvdavebis wyalTan. am wyals gveleSapi darajobs. mokla da wyali
wamoiRo. gzaSi qvislebi Sexvdnen.
_ saidan modixar?
_ ukvdavebis wyali maqvs da vyidi.
_ mogvyide, ramdens Txoulob?
_ Tqveni arc araferi ar minda. marto erTi Cems cxens beWebze nali
daartymevineTo.
daixades qvislebma welzemoT rac ecvaT da cxens orive tyupi fexi beWebze
daartymevines. wamovidnen saxlSi da Tan ukvdavebis wyalic wamoiRes. magram verc am
wyalma uSvela mefes. aitexa, ukvdavebis vaSli momarCenso. wavidnen siZeebi vaSlis
mosatanad, wavida mebatec Tavisi jaglagi cxeniT. magram gaiara Tu ara orasi metri,
amoiRo wiTeli cxenis bewvi da isic iq gaCnda Tavisi iaraRiT. baRs, sadac is xe idga,
romelic ukvdavebis vaSls isxamda, veSapi hqonda Robed Semortymuli, xolo xeebs
Soris sul gvelebi iyvnen. mokla mebatem veSapic da gvelebic. mokrifa ukvdavebis
vaSli da wamoiRo. gzaze qvislebi Semoxvdnen.
_ saidan modixar?
_ ukvdavebis vaSli maqvs da vyidio.
_ mogvyide, ras afaseb?
_ ara, ver mogyidiT, sanam yuris bibiloebs ar damaWrevinebT.
daTanxmdnen qvislebi, daaWrevines yuris bibiloebi, wamoiRes vaSli, magram verc
aman uSvela sawyal mefes. amitom axla ukvdavebis yurZeni moindoma. es yurZeni
mtevnad vazs eba, vazi venaxSi ki xarobda, magram sarad gveli hqonda. wavida mebate,

95
amoiRo cxenis bewvi, mouxmo TeTr cxens, isic masTan umal gaCnda, Zveleburad
moipoves yurZeni da dabrundnen ukan. gzaSi isev qvislebi Sexvdnen.
_ oRond yurZeni mogveci da sicocxlesac ki dagiTmobTo.
_ rad minda Tqveni sicocxle, neka TiTebi damaWrevineT da waiReT yurZeni,
Tqveni iyoso.
daaWrevines qvislebma neka TiTebi, miutanes mefes yurZeni da moarCines.
gamoxda xani. sxva qveynis mefem omi gamoucxada. daibara mefem siZeebi da
gaamzada saomrad. mebatec wavida omSi da Tavisi cxenebiT TavgamodebiT ibrZoda.
xelSic daiWra da Wrilobis Sesaxvevad cxvirsaxoci Tavad mefem miawoda. mas Tavze
qudi ar exura, oqrosferi qoCori uwewavda Tmas da veravin ver icno. gaimarjves.
roca dabrundnen, mefe mebates ekiTxeba:
_ Sen sad iyavio?
_ sad da omSi, ai, daviWerio.
mefem rom Tavisi cxvirsaxoci daunaxa, gaikvirva. maSin mebate ekiTxeba,
ukvdavebis wyali vin mogitanao
_ vin da ufrosma siZeebmao.
_ magaT ki ara, me giSoveo.
gabrazda mefe, ar daujera. maSin mebate kidev SeekiTxa:
_ maS, ukvdavebis vaSli da yurZeni viRam mogitanao?
_ ra Tqma unda, ufrosma siZeebma, Sen ki tyuilisTvis da sxvisi gamarjvebis
miTvisebisTvis, sastikad dagsjio.
sxva gza ar dautoves mebates da siZeebs jer welzeviT gaxda da beWebis
gaSiSvleba, mere ki qudis moxda da yuris bibiloebis da neka TiTebis Cveneba
mosTxova. ras izamdnen ufrosi siZeebi, beWebic gaiSiSvles da yvelas aCvenes cxenis
tyupad mortymuli nalebi, aRarc bibiloebi hqondaT da aRarc nekebi. roca yvela
darwmunda mebatis vaJkacobasa da simarTleSi, mefem taxti mas gadauloca, ufrosi
siZeebi ki mebated da mwyemsad daayena. gamefebulma biWma ki Tavisi tyupi Zma da ded-
mamac Camoiyvana da yvelani bednierad cxovrobdnen~ (es zRapari xelnaweris saxiT
daculia qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloris ganyofilebis arqivSi).
amdagvari uamravi zRapari aris Cawerili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi.
bunebrivia, rom variantebSizogierTi elementi gansxvavebuli saxiT warmogvidgeba,
magram ZiriTadi xazi am zRaprebSi saerToa da umTavresi datvirTva amosacnobi
niSnis dadebas∗ eniWeba. am tipis zRaprebsa da `vefxistyaosans~ Soris, erTi SexedviT,
aranairi msgavseba ar aris. bevrad ufro meti nimuSi moiZebneba qarTul
zepirsityvierebaSi, romelic siuJetiT, motivebiTa Tu sxvadasxva elementebiT
mogvagonebs rusTvelis poemas. magram zemoT motanil zRaparSi aris erTi elementi,
romelic sakmaod mniSvnelovania am zRapris keTili finalisTvis. esaa omSi
protagonistis daWra da mefis xeliT naxvevis dadeba. igive elementi figurirebs
`vefxistyaosanSic~, mxolod mas aranairi gadamwyveti roli ar akisria siuJetSi.
magram, me miviCnev, rom teqstSi am elementis recefcia xdeba avtoris mier, rac,
bunebrivia, isea gadamuSavebuli, rom zRaprulobis niSans TiTqmis sruliad kargavs.
gavixsenoT, ra formiT aisaxeba es motivi poemaSi: xataelebTan brZolaSi tarieli
xelsa xrmliTa daekodeba (rusTveli 2003: 458), xolo indoeTSi dabrunebuls:

`indoeTs mive, megeba Cemi gamzrdeli tkbilia;

ra qeba miTxra, ar iTqmis, Cemgan saTqmelad wbilia!
xeli gamixsna, Semomkra man saxveveli lbilia~ (rusTveli 2003: 471).

es Wriloba da miT umetes mefis xeliT naxvevis dadeba aRaravis ar axsendeba.

arada, zRaparSi es aris umTavresi amosacnobi Tu ganmasxvavebeli niSani cru da
WeSmarit siZes Soris. is, vinc WeSmariti siZea, mas dadebiTi niSanic unda hqondes,
Torem Tavdapirvelad qaliSvilis mama yovelTvis cdeba da ver axdens cru siZis
amocnobas. WeSmariti siZe axlosaa, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mxolod niSani xdeba
gadamwyveli faqtori, rom siuJeti protagonistisTvis keTilad dasruldes. zRapris
es cnobili siuJeti `vefxistyaosanSic~ viTardeba, farsadansac zRapris mefeTa
msgavsad TavisTan axlos hyavs tarieli, magram ver xvdeba, rom igia misi WeSmariti

∗
am konkretul zRaparSi esaa mebatis mier samjer uaryofiTi niSnis dadeba qvislebze da mefis mier
cxvirsaxociT Wrilobis Sexveva, romelic aseve amosacnobi, oRond _ dadebiTi amosacnobi niSania.

96
sasiZo da fuWad kargavs dros cru siZeebis Zebnasa da arCevaSi. magram
`vefxistyaosani~, Tumc ki iyenebs zRapris mraval elements, araa zRapari da
amitomac masSi yvelaferi ise ver ganviTardeba, rogorc es zRaprebSi xdeba. anu
avtori iyenebs zRapris elementebs, magram siuJetis ganviTarebis xazs cvlis da
literaturuli damuSavebis am procesSi zogier elements Tavdapirveli funqcia
sagrZnoblad ecvleba, xolo funqciagamoclili absoluturad gansxvavebul
datvirTvas atarebs. ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, rom am arguments mowinaaRmdegec
hyavdes da farsadanis mier naxvevis dadeba ar miiCnios poemaSi zRapridan Sesul
elementad. magram Cemi mosazrebis gasamyareblad aseT logikas moviSvelieb: gana
`vefxistyaosnis~ romelime mamakaci personaJi ramenairad hgavs im gmirs, romlis
daWrac ase advilia? arc qajeTSi iWreba arcerTi maTgani∗, arc mekobreebTan
brZolisas, arc fridonis daxmarebis dros da es sruliad gasagebia, isini xom
zeadamianuri TvisebebiT arian dajildoebulebi. gaugebari da ucnauri is ufro
aris, rogor unda daWriliyo tarieli, gmiri, romelsac ukve xuTi wlis asakSi
arafrad uCnda lomebisa da vefxvebisTvis musris gavleba; anda vis xmals unda
SeZleboda tarielis daiareba; maSin xom an misi saxeli unda vicodeT, an ufro
detalur informacias mainc unda vflobdeT am Setakebaze, Tundac Wriloba
SemTxveviTobis Sedegi yofiliyo. ai, amitom vfiqrob, rom tarielis xelSi daWra
zRapridan Sesuli elementis gaCenis winapirobaa, Tumc am elements aSkara
ganviTareba ar uweria; is mxolod miniSnebas gvaZlevs farsadanis droebiT gonebis
dabindvaze, romelsac ar ZaluZs WeSmariti siZis droulad amocnoba da mas cru siZes
anacvalebs.
meore elementi, romelic am zRaparSic gvxvdeba da Zalian bevri zRapris
Semadgeneli elementia, esaa protagonistis mxedrad gadaqceva erTi da imave feris
cxenis, samosis, maTraxis daxmarebiT∗∗. TiTqos am elementsac ara aqvs araferi
saerTo `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstTan. magram zRaparSi swored es gmiria WeSmariti
gmiri, igi amarcxebs mowinaaRmdeges, asrulebs urTules davalebebs da a. S.
rusTvelTan yvelaferi gansxvavebuladaa, magram am SemTxvevaSic mimaCnia, rom am
elementsac avtori folklors daesesxa. mxolod aq saqme gvaqvs ara zRaparTan,
aramed SelocvebTan. magram sanam uSualod imis ganxilvaze gadavidode, Tu ra saxiT
gadamuSvada es elementi poemaSi, moviyvan Sesabamisi Selocvis magaliTs:

saxeliTa RvTisaTa, mamisaTa da Zisa da sulisa wmindisaTa.

gamoizava Savi klde,
gamovida Savi kaci,
SaviT Sekmazili iyo _
Savi jaWvi ecva,
Savsa cxensa ijda,
kbilsa moixWenda,
Tvalsa moakakaCebda,
miWundrukobda.
Semoxvda miqel-gabriel
mTavarangelozi. hkiTxes:
_ siT waxval, Savo kaco?
rqva man: _ ras mkiTxav?
mival saqristianos
kacis xorcis saWmelad.
_ ar gagiSveb, mamaman,
Zeman da sulma wmindaman.
Cagagdeb qvabsa rvalTasasa.
SeginTeb cecxlsa wumwumisasa. . .
gamovida kaci Savi
Savi tyedam,
gamoiyvana cxeni Savi,
SaviT Sekazmulni.
audva lagami Savi,

∗
Tumca maT saswaulebrivi abjrebi acviaT, magram Tavad ukvdavi dedisgan Sobil aqilevssac ki hqonda nawrTob
sxeulze susti adgili. amitomac, mimaCnia, rom abjari mxolod garkveul nawils icavs, danarCeni sxeuli ki Riaa
iaraRisTvis.
∗∗
esaa, rogorc wesi, TeTr cxenze Semjdari TeTr samosSi gamowyobili mxedari, wiTel cxenze amxedrebuli
wiTelsamosiani gmiri, lurj/Sav cxeniani lurji/Savi tansacmliT Semosili raindi.

97
 Sejda.
modioda Savi wyali,
mas mohqonda Savi gveli,
Cayo maTraxi Savi,
amoiRo dana Savtariani. . .

saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom zRaprebSi SaviT mosuli Sav raSze amxedrebuli

mxolod mxedris siZliereze mianiSnebs, Tumca es siZliere sxvisTvis saSiSia. am
SelocvebSic ikveTeba SaviT mosili kaci, romelic Sav cxens atarebs. igi zianis
momtania, misi gamoCena arafer kargs ar moaswavebs. aseTi kacis gamoCena, bunebrivia,
SiSs gamoiwvevda yvelgan, sadac msgavi tipis Selocvebi popularuli iqneboda. ra
Tqma unda, dajerebiT imis Tqma, rom 12-e saukuneSi zustad es Selocvebi iyo
gavrcelebuli, aravis SeuZlia, magram erTi ram udavoa, am Selocvebis fesvebi
uZveles xanaSi ikargeba. isic SesaZloa, rom sxvadasxva feris cxenze amxedrebuli
kacebi raRacnairad avadmyofobis gamomwvev batonebs ukavSirdebodnen da feris
gamuqeba avadmyofobis simZimis maCvenebeli iyo. agreTve isic savaraudoa, rom ucxo,
sxva qveynidan mosuli, ukve saSiSia. masTan urTierToba garkveuli adaTis dacviT
unda Sesrulebuliyo, raTa momxdariyo misi uvnebelyofa sazogadoebisTvis, ase
vTqvaT, saWiro iyo misi ganeitraleba. swored aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrob, rom
`vefxistyaosanSi~ SavtaiWosani raindi SiSs Tu ara SekiTxvebs mainc aRZravda.
rogori iyo da ras akeTebda tarieli, roca is pirvelad naxes rostevanma da misma
mxleblebma:

`naxes ucxo moyme vinme, jda mtirali wylisa pirsa,

Savi cxeni sadaviTa hyva lomsa da viTa gmirsa~ (rusTveli 2003: 56).

rostevanis pirveli reaqcia aris interesi, gamoarkvios vin aris ucxo da masTan
monebs uSvebs. Tanac tarieli araa SaviT Semosili, mas mxolod cxeni axlavs Savi da es
ver aRZravda mis mimarT momentalur undoblobas. magram imis Semdeg, rac tarielma
daatriala, Tavad rostevani gadawyvets miaxloebas:

`ra cna, mefe movidao, hkra maTraxi missa cxensa,

masve wamsa daikarga, ar unaxavs Tvalsa Cvensa,
hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu zecad anafrensa.
eZebdes da ver hpovebdes kvalsa misgan wanarbensa~ (rusTveli 2003: 100).

ai, swored es momenti, rom tarieli ukvalod qreba, maZlevs imis safuZvels
vivaraudo, rom rostevani ucxos ubedurebis gamomwvev kacad miiCnevda da Tuki mas
aqamde mxolod interesi amoZravebda, gaego, vin iyo ucnobi, axla ukve am ucxos povna
gaarkvevs, elis Tu ara qveyanas an Tavad mefes ubedureba. Tanac bunebrivad unda
gaxsenebodaT tarielis Savi cxeni (Selocvebis Savi cxenis msgavsad), misi wylis piras
yofna da misi “saswaulebrivi” maTraxi, romlis gadakvramac amdeni ziani moutana
rostevanis monebs (Selocvebis Savi kacic wyalTan midis, raTa iqidan maTraxiT Savi
gveli amoiyvanos. Tumca aravin icis, ratom ijda tarieli wyalTan, magram misi
ukvalod gaqroba ukve am saxes daukavSirdeboda):

`kacTa xorcisad viT iTqmis isre TvalTagan faruli?

ucilod RmerTsa movsZuldi aqamdis me mxiaruli~ (rusTveli 2003: 114).

zemoT ganxilul pasaJs mravali mkvlevari gansxvavebulad xsnis. ra Tqma unda,

rostevanis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare, igi Sewuxdeboda imiT, rom mis qveyanaSi aris
erTi adamiani, romelic cremliania. es rostevanis maRal bunebaze metyvelebs, magram
mefis daRonebis SelocvebSi arsebuli saxeebidan gamomdinare axsna amas ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes. Tanac swored imaSia rusTvelis genia, rom man sxva danarCenTan
erTad aiTvisa is memkvidreobac, rac qarTul folklorSi arsebobda da misi
literaturuli gadamuSavebis gziT araCveulebrivi saxeebi Seqmna.

damowmebani:

gagulaSvili 1986: gagulaSvili i. qarTuli magiuri poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”, 1986.
rusTveli 2003: rusTveli S. vefxistyaosani. Tb.: saskolo gamocema, naTaZis komentarebiT, 2003.

98
siraZe 1982: siraZe r. saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1982.
xinTibiZe 1975: xinTibiZe e. msoflmxedvelobiTi problemebi vefxistyaosanSi. Tb.: Tsu
gamomcemloba, 1975.

Nestan Ratiani
Two Motives from Folk-lore in “The Knight in the Panther Skin”

Summary

In this article I suggest that there are two motives from folk-lore in Rustaveli`s poem. One of these
motives appears in the episode when the king of Arabia Rostevan and Avtandil went hunting and met Tariel.
Tariel, who is a stranger and unknown person to them is dressed in a strange way and rides a black horse. He
disappears in a strange way, does not leave any steps, so, Rostevan and his crew think that the stranger may be
not a human being. I hypothesize that the black horse riding stranger may be connected by the hunters with the
black horse riding stranger which causes diseases from well known magic formulas spread in almost all regions
of Georgia.
The second motive is connected with fairy tales. One of the elements often found in fairy tales is the
wounded main character, whose wound is bound by the king with his handkerchief. This wound and
handkerchief are the elements which makes the king to understand that the wounded hero is the true hero and
desirable bride. In Rustaveli`s poem Tariel is also wounded and the king Parsadan binds his wound, but, unlike
the fairy tales and unfortunately to Tariel, the wound and the handkerchief do not make king Parsadan to
recognize that here is the true hero and desirable bride, as well.

99
 Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

rwmena _ rituali _ legenda _ moTxroba

(`samSeneblo msxverpli~)

terminis `samSeneblo msxverpli~ (ekuTvnis germanel eTnograf r. Stiubes)

paralelurad cnobilia meore terminic _ `saZirkvlis msxverpli~. orive maTgani
erTi uZvelesi Cveulebis _ msxverplSewirvis _ formebs asaxavs. pirveli termini
gulisxmobs msxverplis kedelSi CaSenebas, meore _ nagebobis saZirkvelSi Cayolebas.
msxverplSewirvis fenomenis, mis sxvadasxva sferoSi gamovlenis problemas didi
xania, rac gansakuTrebuli interesiT ikvleven sxvadasxva profilis mecnierebi.
CvenSi am Temas mieZRvna rusudan canavas fundamenturi naSromi. irkveva, rom
msxverplSewirvis tradiciis damkvidrebas mecnierTa erTi nawili totemizms
ukavSirebs, meoreni _ monadireobas, mesameni _ samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobas (canava
2005: 36-58).
mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli msxverplSewirvis ritualis safuZveli
animisturi msoflmxedvelobis dros SemuSavebula. rwmenis Tanaxmad, garesamyaroSi
yvelafers (xe, mTa, wyali, miwa da sxv.) Tavisi mfarveli suli hyavda da pirvelyofili
adamiani cdilobda `adgilis dedisTvis~ msxverplis SewirviT moepovebina misi
keTilganwyoba (teilori 1896: 94). amiT adamiani mSeneblobis uflebas gamoisyidda
(rusul specialur literaturaSi naxmaria termini _ `arendis gadasaxadi~).
raki zepirgadmocemebi XVIII (iSviaTad) _ XIX ss Caiwera, amitom sakmaod
saxeSecvlilebi movidnen Cvenamde. msxverplSewirvis safuZveli _ uZvelesi rwmena,
Tavad migvaniSnebs Tavis asakze. isic cnobilia, rom adamianis msxverplSewirva,
arqeologebis mowmobiT, yvelaze adreul civilizaciebSi arsebobda. kerZod, Zv. w. IV-
III aTaswleulebSi adamianis msxverplSewirva dasturdeba mcire aziis, mesopotamiis,
Savi da azovis zRvispireTis, kavkasiis teritoriaze. am movlenam sxvadasxva
gamovlinebiT mravali Zveli xalxis paralelurad berZnul miTologiaSic hpova
asaxva da qarTulSic (canava 2005: 63). miTebis Semdeg es Tema damuSavda sxva JanrebSic.
Tumca sainteresoa, mxatvrul formad qceuli Tqmuleba-gadmocemebis
dafiqsirebamde, am Temaze ra suraTia SemorCenili qristianul werilobiT ZeglebSi.
Zvel aRTqmaSi (biblia 1989) adamianis msxverplSewirva akrZalulia: `Seni
Teslidan aravin misce moloqis cecxlSi gasatareblad...~ (lev. 18: 21). akrZalvis
miuxedavad, mefe axazma `Tavisi Svilic ki cecxlSi gaatara im warmmarTTa bilwi
Cveulebisamebr, romelnic ahyara ufalma israelianTagan~ (4 mef. 16: 3). ufali moses
eubneba: `wminda hyavi CemTvis israelianTa yoveli pirmSo, saSos gamRebi, kacidan
pirutyvamde. Cemia igi~ (gam. 13: 2).
ZvelTagan momdinare tradicia imdenad Zlieri gamodga, rom akrZalvas ar
emorCilebodnen: ifTax galaadelma brZolis win ufals aRTqma misca, gamarjvebis
wil msxverplad Seewira pirveli Semxvedri. es aRmoCnda misi erTaderTi qaliSvili.
amis miuxedavad, ifTaxma aRasrula aRTqma (msaj. 11: 30-39). axaz mefe sakmevels
akmevda gorakebze, borcvebze da yoveli xemxvivanis qveS... samsxverplo aagebina.
msxverplis sisxls asxurebda samsxverplos (4 mef. 16: 4, 13).
am darRvevaTa Sedegad dadga ganCineba: `radgan borotebas sCadian
iudevelni Cems TvalSi, ambobs ufali... _ aaSenes TofeTis sakerpo... raTa
TavianTi vaJebi da asulebi msxverplad daswvan... dadgeba Jami... erqmeva am adgils
sasaklao veli, TofeTSi damarxaven mkvdrebs uadgilobis gamo. am xalxis gvamebi
cis frinvelTa da velis mxecTa sajijgni gaxdeba...~ (ier. 7: 30-31).
mogvianebiT msxverplSewirva aRar SeexebodaT pirmSoebs, adamianebs cxovelebi
Caanacvles: `yoveli pirmSo Sens SvilTa Soris gamoisyide~ (gam. 13: 13). es faqti
mefeTa epoqas ukavSirdeba. cxovelTa (xari, kameCi, batkani, Txa da sxv.), frinvelTa
(mtredebi, gvritebi da sxv.), mcenareulTa (xorbali, fqvili an puri, zeTi) garda,
msxverplad swiravdnen keTilsurnelovan nivTierebebs da marilsac (geCe 1989: 50).
CvenSi msxverplSewirvisas adamianis cxoveliT Secvlis tradiciis damkvidrebas
leonti mroveli mefe `revi marTlis~ (mefe bakuris mamis) saxels ukavSirebs
(javaxiSvili 1960: 61).

100
 adamianma sulebis mtrobis gasaneitraleblad moigona axla `simpatikuri magiis~
saxeliT cnobili qmedebebi, romelTa Sesruleba umsubuqebda cxovrebas. Sinauri
cxovelebis Sewirvis paralelurad eTnografiul tradiciaSi aseve saxeldeba `erTi
Tavi niori~, rac simbolurad ganasaxierebda yovelgvar saWmels. msxverplSewirvis
uZvelesi rwmena da masTan dakavSirebuli rituali didi xania, rac gamartivda da,
marTalia, aRar aris Zveleburad mkacri, Tumca Zalze sicocxlisunariani gamodga da
reliqturad dResac gvxvdeba: saZirkvelSi axlac atanen naxSirsa da xurda fuls,
mSeneblobis adgilas pirveli SemTxveviTi gamvlelis sigrZis Zafs da sxv. kaxeTis
soflebSi cocxalia adgilis dedisaTvis gaRebuli msxverplis (Wedilas, cxvris,
Txis, mamlis) Sewirva. mas gaTxrili saZirkvlis romelsame kuTxeSi klaven da sisxliT
rwyaven miwas. garda mSeneblobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT miwis gamosasyidis
gaRebisa, cxovelis dakvlis wesi saxlis aSenebis Semdegac sruldeba (kotetiSvili
2006: 192) da es ukve axalmosaxleobis win sulebis gulis mogebis daniSnulebiT
keTdeba. es Cvevac Zalze Zvelia. axlad agebul saxlSi mflobelTa Soris yvelaze
xandazmuli Sedioda (igi asakis gamo `gantevebis vaci~ xdeboda da Tavis STamomavlebs
icavda mosalodneli risxvisagan (afanasievi 1868: 83-84).
msxverplSewirvis aucileblobis ZvelisZveli rwmena, mecnierTa azriT, axal
sicocxles iwyebs SuasaukuneebSi qalaqmSeneblobis gacxovelebasTan dakavSirebiT.
a. afanasievis mowmobiT, didxans da sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli rwmena, rom
`verc erTi saxelganTqmuli qalaqi ver idgeba myarad, Tu misi mSeneblobis dros
saZirkvelSi ar Caatanen cocxal adamians an mis Crdils~ (afanasievi 1868: 85).
T. buslaevs n. karamzinis ruseTis saxelmwifos istoriis Sesaxeb dawerili
naSromidan mohyavs gamonaTqvami: `moskovi aris `mesame romi~... da meoTxe aRar iqneba!
kapitoliumis saZirkveli Caiyara im adgilas, sadac aRmoaCines adamianis
gasisxlianebuli Tavi. moskovic aseve sisxlzea dafuZnebuli da... iqca kidec
saxelganTqmul samefod~. T. buslaevi amasTan dakavSirebiT ixsenebs andazas:
`moskovi sisxlze dgas~ (buslaevi 1862: 13). albaT, Cvenc unda gavixsenoT legenda
vaxtang gorgaslis mier xoxbis daWrisa da misi mduRare wyalSi Cavardnis adgilas
Tbilisis aSenebis Sesaxeb, rac xsenebuli ritualis tipologiurobis kidev erTi
udao dasturia.
eTnografi d. zelenini Tvlis, rom msxverplSewirvis tradicia nagebobis
qviTkiriT aSenebamdec moqmedebda, radgan pirveli saxlebi xisa iyo. xeebi ki, rogorc
adamianTa totemebi, xeluxlebelni iyvnen da maTi moWra mrisxanebiT ubrundeboda
saxlis mSenebels an mis pirvel mflobels (zelenini 1937: 4-5).
uZvelesi rwmenis SuasaukuneebSi gaaqtiurebis dasturad SegviZlia davimowmoT
mefe solomonis mier ierusalimis taZris mSeneblobis bibliuri teqstisa da misi
apokrifuli variantis gansxvavebuloba. bibliur moTxrobaSi solomonis mier taZris
aSeneba RmrTis nebad aris gamocxadebuli, amitom mSenebloba raime gansakuTrebul
sirTulesTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. xolo is, rac samSeneblo msxverplis Sesaxeb
apokrifSia moTxrobili, bibliuri teqstisaTvis ucnobia.
ierusalimis taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb apokrifuli Tqmulebebis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli versiis Tanaxmad, ierusalimis taZars aSenebs sami udidesi ostati:
mefe solomoni, tirosis mefe xirami da tiroseli spilenZis ostati xirami.
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, mSenebeli xirami Tavisma samma amxanagma mokla maSin, roca
taZari TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. mkvlelobis motivad dasaxelebulia mSeneblobis
dasasrulamde maTTvis ostatis wodebis miRebis survilis Seusrulebloba.
mkvlelebma ostatis mokvlis Semdeg taZris dasavleTis karTan iataki ayares, ormo
amoTxares, mkvdari Camarxes, ormos qvebi daafares da saidumlos damalvis mizniT
gaasufTaves iqauroba (veselovski 1872: 101). SesaZloa, qarTuli legenda
sveticxovlis amgebis Sesaxeb amave rwmenis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili da droTa svlam
(iqneb, konstantine gamsaxurdias xelT arsebuli ukve saxecvlili leqsisa da
legendis mxatvrulad damuSavebam) kidev ufro daaSora misi Sinaarsi adrindels. amis
miuxedavad, CvenTvis saintereso konteqstSi Zalze sagulisxmod gveCveneba
konstantine gamsaxurdias romanis finaluri epizodi:
`...Sorena Camovida kedlidan, xatauri farCis kaba ecva, xSiri, oqrosferi Tmebi
gadmoRvriliyvnen mxrebze, modioda yayaCoebis velze, TavTuxis Tavelebs esroda
utas, yayaCoebsa da TavTuxis Tavelebs.
dauCoqa samgzis sanatrelma, sTxova didostats suli.

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 cremlma iwvima konstantines TvalTagan, magram verc sayvarels misca man suli,
radgan sveticxovlisaTvis Seewira igi~ - (xazi Cvenia _ T. q.)(gamsaxurdia 1984: 362).
cnobili rwmenis Tanaxmad, mSeneblis sicocxlis xelyofa (marjvenis mokveTisas
sisxlis daRvra, nawili = mTels) ritualis aRsrulebis tolfasi qmedebaa. am
SemTxvevaSi msxverplSewirvis romaniseul motivacias ara aqvs gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba, mTavari faqtia. is ki asaxavs im Cveulebas, romelsac emyareboda
rituali _ nagebobas Tavad mSenebels swiravdnen, raTa mas taZris
mravalsaukunovani simyare uzrunveleyo.
ierusalimis taZris Sesaxeb monaTxrobic xom pirdapir migviTiTebs ritualze,
rodesac taZris mSenebels msxverplad swiravdnen, konkretul SemTxvevaSi, sisxlis
daRvrasTan erTad msxverpli saZirkvelSia damarxuli.
Suasaukuneebis evropaSi gavrcelebul gviandel (veselovski 1872: 101)
legendebSi Secvlilia mSeneblis msxverplad Sewirvis motivacia, aseve
mogviTxroben imis Sesaxeb, rom solomonma xiramis gvami taZris saZirkvlidan
amoaRebina da zeimiT daasaflavebina wmidaTa wmida adgilas.
amave periodis evropul legendebSi ierusalimis taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb,
mSeneblad gvevlineba axali saxe, solomon mefis mier mojadoebuli `demonTa
Tavadi~, asmodeosi, romelsac miewereba saswaulebrivi niWiereba, arakacobrivi
sibrZne da saidumlo codnis siRrmeebis floba. solomonTan demonis dakavSireba
gagebulia qristesTan eSmakis dapirispirebad. am motivis Semcveli gadmocemebi
SuasaukuneebSi qristianul religiaSi momxdari ganxeTqilebis xalxur SemoqmedebaSi
gaformebul gamoZaxilad aris Sefasebuli (Jirmunski 1958: 366).
am dapirispirebaze migviTiTebs j. frezeri `babilonis godolis~
mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT: godolis mSenebloba sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara
SeTqmuleba RmerTis winaaRmdeg, Tumca isini erTsulovanni ar iyvnen Tavis miznebSi.
maT caSi undodaT asvla da omis gamocxadeba yovlisSemZle RmerTisTvis, an mis
adgilze kerpebis dadgma, romlebsac eTayvanebodnen; sxvebi Tavis pativmoyvare
CanafiqrSi Semoifarglnen ufro moridebuli ganzraxviT _ daecxrilaT cis
gumbaTi... godoli mravali wlis manZilze Sendeboda. bolos man im simaRles miaRwia,
rom qvismTlels zurgze mokidebuli tvirTiT mTeli weli uxdeboda gadaadgileba
miwidan zemoT. Tu adamiani Camovardeboda da daimsxvreoda, is aravis ecodeboda,
samagierod, tirodnen Camovardnili aguris gamo, romlis ukan atanas didi dro
sWirdeboda... Tavbrudamxvevi simaRlidan xalxi caSi isrebs isroda, romlebic ukan
sisxliT mosvrili cvioda... (frezeri 1985: 172-173).
j. frezeris am monaTxrobSi CvenTvis yuradsaRebia qvismTlelTa simaRlidan
Camovardna da sikvdili (msxverplSewirvis arapirdapiri forma) da mSenebelTa
isrebiT daWra, anu sisxlis daRvra, rac aseve aucilebeli komponenti iyo samSeneblo
msxverplis ritualisa.
`saZirkvlis msxverplis~ Sesaxeb gavrcelebul xalxur gadmocemebSi
msxverplSewirvisas yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi Cans Sewirulis sisxli.
animisturi msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad, sisxli, Zvlis, frCxilisa da Tmis msgavsad,
sasicocxlo energias atarebda. msxverplSewirvis ritualis niuansobrivi
mravalferovneba sistematuri saxiT ase SeiZleba warmodges: adamianebi gaWril
saZirkvelSi an mis kuTxeebSi miwas sisxls apkurebdnen (namavdnen), sisxls urevdnen
cementSi, Semdeg ukve saZirkvelSi atandnen Sewirul mamakacs (xSirad Tavad
mSenebels), qals (mSeneblis cols), gogonas, biWs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi am mTavari
moTxovnilebis paralelurad Cndeba adgilobrivi elementebi: bavSvi unda iyos
umanko, erTaderTi Svili, araqorwinebaSi myofi qalis Svili, dedis mier gayiduli
(Tavisi nebiT gacemuli) an samsxverplo adgilze ZaliT (motyuebiT) miyvanili da a.S.
saZirkvelSi cocxali adamianis Catanebas, rwmenis Tanaxmad, duRabis funqcia
miewereboda.. Sewiruli Senobis aqtiuri damcveli xdeboda, misi suli nagebobis
mfarvel demonad iqceoda (teilori 1896: 96) Tavis mxriv, am rwmenas asazrdoebda
meore: msxverplis suli imier qveyanaSic Sewirvis adgilze ganagrZobda cxovrebas
(zelenini 1937: 17). miwis batoni `borot demonad~ adamianTa ganuviTarebelma gonebam
aqcia, radgan sxvagvarad ver axsna aSenebulis dangrevis faqti. mogvianebiT, roca
adamianTa msxverplSewirvas cxovelebi Caenacvlnen da miwaTmoqmedeba ganviTarda,
borot sulTa Sesaxeb rwmenis paralelurad arsebobis ufleba moipova warmodgenam,
rom gardacvlili winaprebi savsebiT ar tovebdnen Tavis STamomavlebs, ar wyvetdnen

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maTTan kavSirs. isini mxolod fizikuri formebisagan Tavisufldebodnen,
uerTdebodnen stiqiur sulebs da rogorc damcveli-geniebi Tvals adevnebdnen
TavianT STamomavlebs, exmarebodnen gaWirvebis dros (afanasievi 1868: 75). amis gamo
cocxlebi Tavis valad Tvlidnen ezrunaT wasulTa sulebze. Tvlidnen, rom
gardacvlilebs Wama-sma undodaT. amitom ixsenebdnen da periodulad maT saxelze
cxovel-frinvelTa SewirviT ritualur sufrasac Slidnen, darwmunebulebi, rom
winaparTa sulebi maT dacvas ganagrZobdnen. imave warmodgenis mixedviT, miwis qveS
mcxovreb gardacvlilebs gacilebiT meti uflebebi hqondaT ama Tu im teritoriaze,
vidre cocxlebs, isini warmarTavdnen miwis zemoTa qveynis cxovrebis yvela mxares
(propi 2000: 29).
`samSeneblo msxverplisa~ da `saZirkvlis msxverplis~ ritualTa monacemebi
Tanxvdeba msxverplis raobaSi, oRond kedelSi msxverpls sisxlis gaRebis gareSe,
cocxlad atandnen, rogorc kedlis gammagrebels, Senobis simyaris garants, radgan
dRisiT aSenebuli nagebobis nawils RamiT miwis gamgebeli boroti demoni angrevda
(buslaevi 1862: 104), raTa mieniSnebina, rom msxverpli sWirdeboda.
adamianis msxverplad Sewirvis faqti bunebrivad aris damZimebuli wuxiliT da
iwvevs gmirisadmi Tanadgomas. es gancda miTumetes gamZafrebulia `samSeneblo
msxverplis~ legendebSi, roca mogviTxroben umanko bavSvTa, meZuZur qalTa,
saqorwino wyvilis da sxvaTa msxverplad Sewirvaze. zemoqmedebis mizniT legendebSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki evropulSi, mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba msxverplis SerCevisa da
Sewirvis epizodebi. aSkaraa maTi funqcia: legenda mxatvruli nawarmoebia,
Sesabamisad, ambis mSralad gadmocema ar akmayofilebs arc msmenelsa da arc mTqmels.
amitom msgavsi legendebi mravalferovani motivaciebiT aris gajerebuli, raTa
gaizardos msmenelis TanagrZnobis xarisxi. magaliTad, magdeburgis cixe-simagreSi
bavSvis Catanebis legenda mogviTxrobs, rom dedis mier Seqmnili gamouvali
viTarebis gamo (motivacia TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba) gayiduli patarisTvis kedelSi
daatanes niSa, raTa masSi mjdari bavSvi qvebs ar gaeWylita da uhaerobiT ar
damxrCvaliyo. 50 wlis Semdeg ukve moxuci deda dabrunda qalaqSi da iTxova niSis
gaxsna, sadac mSeneblebs patara WaRarawveriani moxucis figura daxvdaT. qvebs Soris
Citebi budobdnen, romlebsac TiTqos saWmeli mihqondaT msxverplisTvis (zelenini
1937: 6-7). serbuli legenda mogviTxrobs, rom kalatozebma kedelSi Catanebul qals
Tvalebsa da mkerdTan sarkmelebi dautoves, raTa dedas daenaxa masTan miyvanili
yrma da ZuZu ewovebina (serbuli 1933: 254). am legendasTan aris mibmuli meorec:
ZuZugamSrali dedebi am kedelTan midian saswaulebrivi gankurnebisaTvis.
arsebobs rwmena, rom kedelSi CaSenebuli qalebi, gogonebi da biWebi agresias
TiTqmis ar avlenen. SesaZloa, es iyos maTi msxverplad SerCevis erT-erTi motivacia,
Tumca aRwerilia sapirispiro SemTxvevebic: `minda cixidan~ muqara ismis, anu
msxverplis suli SfoTavs (SamanaZe, 1964: 307); legendebSi xSirad miTiTebulia imis
Sesaxeb, rom Svidi wlis manZilze kedlidan moismis msxverplis xma da am xmaze
grovdebian Wilyvavebi (mravalricxovan mSenebelTa sulebi) da ufro sacodavad
JRavJRaveben, vidre bavSvi da es manamde gagrZeldeba, sanam iq qva qvaze ideba
(zelenini 1937: 7); aRniSnaven imasac, rom msxverplis CaSenebis adgilas kedeli mudam
svelia an iq dedis aCrdili daexeteba da sxv. es motivebic tipologiuria da mraval
qveyanaSi gvxvdeba.
specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom samSeneblo
msxverplis Sesaxeb Tqmuleba-gadmocemebi realur safuZvelzea warmoSobili. am
Tvalsazrisis dasturad SeiZleba CavTvaloT miTiTeba geografiul punqtebSi
arsebul obieqtebze, sadac Senoba (kedeli) aSenda. asea CvenSic. saqarTveloSi am
Temaze cnobili legendebi mibmulia konkretul adgilze. ase: `minda cixe~, anu
`mindlis cixe~ msxverplSewirviT aSenebulia rionis xeobaSi, sofel sorsa da sofel
wess Soris; xonis eklesia _ imereTSi; siRnaRis cixeze mogviTxrobs kaxuri legenda;
iloris wminda giorgis eklesia mdebareobs afxazeTSi; romaelTa mier agebuli
kelasuris kedeli aSenebulia egrisis CrdiloeT sanapiroze, soxumTan axlos da
bolos, suramis cixe, Zveli saqarTvelos yofil strategiul qalaq suramSi. qarTuli
yofiT dainteresebuli rusi mkvlevari g. Cursini damatebiT asaxelebs ufliscixis
cixe-simagresa da borCalos cixis agebis istoriebs (Cursini 1905: 8).
vfiqrobT, `samSeneblo msxverplis~ Sesaxeb legendebis erTTemianobam
gansazRvra sxvadasxva xalxSi siuJetis msgavsi ganviTareba. am tipis

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msxverplSewirvaze legendebi dafiqsirebulia evropaSi, CineTSi, iaponiaSi,
indoeTSi, iranSi, afrikaSi, axal zelandiaSi, samxreT amerikasa da sxv. amdenad, ar
aris safuZveli vilaparakoT siuJetis sesxebaze, rogorc amas fiqrobdnen ungreli
folkloristi laioS vardiaSi da qarTveli iranisti iustine abulaZe (dawvrilebiT
ix. SamanaZe 1964: 308-309). saanalizo tipis legendebi tipologiur rwmenaze
dafuZnebul ritualze aris agebuli, es rwmena sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli da,
Sesabamisad, sruliad ucxo xalxebis legendebis msgavsebis gasaRebic am faqtSi devs.
`samSeneblo msxverplis~ legendis kompoziciaSi yvelaze met siWreles
amJRavnebs msxverplis SerCevisa da samsxverploze miyvanis epizodi. marTalia, am
monakveTis gamarTvaSi msgavsebebic SeimCneva, magram sabolood mxatvrulad mainc
gansxvavebulad arian xorcSesxmuli.
`suramis cixis~ legendis petre umikaSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli nawyveti g.
TumaniSvils xelTubneli qalis TqmiT TbilisSi Cauweria 1870 wels, daniel WonqaZis
moTxrobis `ciskarSi~ dabeWdvidan (1859-1860 ww.) aTi wlis Semdeg. CanawerSi dialogs
wamZRvarebuli aqvs ortaepiani leqsi (`suramisa cixeo...), romelic arc dialogis
damamTavrebel nawilad Cans da tempiTa da ritmiTac gansxvavdeba ZiriTadi
teqstisagan. ambis azrobrivi simwyobre ki moiTxovda kiTxva-pasuxs, romelic, albaT,
prozaul Txrobas mosdevda. deda-Svilis kiTxva-pasuxi zeaRmavali gamZafrebis
xerxiT viTardeba. gmirebi tragikuli umweobis mdgomareobaSi arian Cayenebulni,
zurabi Tavad aris moZaladeobis msxverpli, xolo deda Tavisi TvaliT uyurebs
Svilis Cakirvas da, rac mTavaria, viTarebas verafriT cvlis:

_ Svilo zurab, sadamdin?

_ vaime, dedav, fexamdin!
_ Svilo zurab, sadamdin?
_ vaime, dedav, muxlamdin!
_ Svilo zurab, sadamdin?
_ vaime, dedav, gulamdin!
_ Svilo zurab, sadamdin?
_ vaime, dedav, yelamdin!
_ Svilo zurab, sadamdin?
_ vaime, dedav, Tavamdin!
_ Svilo zurab, sasdamdin?
_ vaime, dedav, gavTavdi!~ (umikaSvili 1937: 177).

unda SevniSnoT, rom daniel WonqaZem ostaturad daasrula moTxroba, romlis

bolo abzacSi efeqturad gaxaza kontrasti, Seqmnili drois svliT zurabis
Cakirvidan dedis sikvdilamde. mweralma mkiTxvelisTvis sacnauri gaxada
gonsgadasuli dedis mZime garindeba-dacxroba da amave dros aqtis ganmeorebadobiT
maradiuli sicocxle daumkvidra suramis tragediis gmirebs: `amboben, miTom im
adgils, saca datanebuli iyo sawyali zurabi, suramis cixe aris notio da cremliviT
Camodis wveTi da TiTqmis aqamdisin mTvarian RameSi gamodioda erTi TmagaSlili
dedakaci Savis tanisamosiTa da tiriliT ambobda:

suramisa cixe,
surviliTa gnaxe,
Cemi zurabi mand aris,
kargad Seminaxe! (WonqaZe 1984: 299).

es teqsti Sesulia meore poetur variantSic, romelic kaxeTSia Cawerili. igi

mxatvrulobiT ar gamoirCeva, Tumca imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom sazrdoobs xalxuri
rwmeniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Sewiruls im qveynad sWirdeba saWmel-sasmel da
tanisamosi. deda exveweba cixis suls:

`... TungiT wyals mogitan, piri daabanine,

qeris pursa nu miWmev, wmindiT Saminaxe,
qalamnebs nu Caacmev, waRebiT mitare...~
(umikaSvili 1937: 178).

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 `suramis cixis~ tipis sxva xalxTa legendebSic gvxvdeba dialogi deda-Svils
Soris. yvelgan, sadac ki dialogi SemorCenila, CaSenebis etapebia asaxuli.
`suramis cixis~ legendis erTi prozauli versia, romlis folkloruli Canaweri
gamoqveynebuli ar yofila, mkvlevarma mixeil zandukelma daasaxela Tavisi
redaqciiT gamocemul `suramis cixeSi~ (zandukeli 1932). am legendaSi moTxrobilia
samSoblos siyvarulis motiviT msxverplis kedelSi sakuTari nebiT CaSenebis
Taobaze. TviTSewirvis msgavsi forma dasturdeba ungrul legendaSi (Ciqovani 1971:
217).
tradiciuli legendisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac wamyvani motivi Sewirvaa, anu
adamiani msxverplad aris mitanili, zemoxsenebul legendaSi TviTSewirvis faqti
aRar sruldeba da TiTqmis Cakiruli vaJi amohyavT kedlidan. motivacia: `aseT
SvilTa qveyanas cixeebi ar
sWirdeba~. (gmiris dasjis msgavsi maJoruli finaliT dasrulebuli
nawarmoebebi cnobilia literaturis istoriaSi). ambis aseTi dasasruli, bunebrivia,
cvlis `suramis cixis~ tipis cnobili legendis mTavar siuJetur xazs, Tumca
legendis ZiriTadi nawili isevea gadmocemuli, rogorc `suramis cixeSi~.
TviTSewirvis faqti qarTuli cnobierebisaTvis ucxo ar aris, oRond
gadmocemis finali da paTetikuri toni cvlis legendis ZiriTad siuJetur xazs. am
Canaweris dasasruli, Cans, sxva nawarmoebidan aris kontaminirebuli `suramis cixis~
legendasTan.
`samSeneblo msxverplis~ legendis es versia niko lorTqifaniZem daamuSava 1938-
1944 wlebSi Seqmnil moTxrobaSi. nawarmoebs legendis Sinaarsis Sesaferisad
`qeduxrelni~ hqvia (lorTqifaniZe, 1989: 336).
`suramis cixis~ legendis popularobaSi daniel WonqaZis amave saxelwodebis
moTxrobam rom udidesi roli iTamaSa, es udaoa. saqarTveloSi am Temaze sxva
legendebic arsebobs, Tumca isini nakleb arias cnobili.
originaluri moTxrobisTvis `suramis cixis~ legendis sakonfliqto motivad
gamoyenebisas daniel WonqaZem Seqmna vardo-durmiSxanis siyvarulisa da Ralatis
mTeli istoria _ motivacia vardos SurisZiebisa. siyvarulSi motyuebuli vardos
durmiSxanis mimarT agresiuli muxti didxans grovdeboda da roca gamosavlis Jami
dadga, mweralma vardos arCevanis ufleba waarTva, radgan legenda kedelSi
udanaSaulo ymawvilis Catanebas iTvaliswinebda da vardos agresia durmiSxanis
pirovnebas fizikurad ver Seexo, anu bunebrivad Seicvala msxverpli. am
mdgomareobas msxverplis `Canacvlebas~ uwodebs mecnieri r. Jirari. `Canacvleba~
msxverplSewirvis ritualis cnobili detali aRmoCnda. igi gamiznulia agresiisTvis
`SimSilis~ mokvlis surviliT. risxvis gamomwvev arsebas Caenacvleba sxva, romelic
arafriT iwvevs moZaladis dartymas, garda imisa, rom sustia (canava 2005: 46). qarTul
moTxrobaSi am CanacvlebiT ganxorcielda ara `agresiis motyueba~, aramed `agresiis
gadatana~. miToritualur tradiciaSi es faqti emsaxureba koleqtivis gadarCenis
mizans da daniel WonqaZem intuiciurad swored es interesi ganaxorciela _ cixis
damTavrebam xalxi daicva mtrisagan, Tumca dapirispirebaSi: koleqtivi _
durmiSxani (misi Svili), koleqtivi ufro faseuli iyo, vidre vardos agresiis
obieqti (mama an Svili), Tanac moTxrobaSi koleqtivis gadasawyveti iyo agresiisTvis
xelSewyoba.
koleqtivis gadasarCenad erTis samsxverplod gawirvis motivi cnobilia
saerTaSoriso folklorisaTvis. gorkis kremlis Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemaSi
mTavari mSenebeli kedels sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelobis poziciidan afasebs da
msxverplis rolic amiT ganisazRvreba: `dae, erTi mokvdes mTeli qalaqis dangrevis
wil. Cven locvebSi movixseniebT mas. erTis sikvdilis fasad am magari kedlis iqiT
mtrisgan daculi viqnebiT~ (zelenini 1937: 12).
rogorc davinaxeT, uZvelesi animisturi rwmena miwis batonis (CvenSi `adgilis
deda~) keTilganwyobisaTvis msxverplis Sewirvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, masTan
dakavSirebuli rituali da legendebi Zalze sicocxlisunariani gamodga
(reliqtebis doneze dResac sruldeba). miTologiisa da folkloris garda, igi aisaxa
werilobiT ZeglebSi, kerZod, `bibliis~ apokriful wignebSi, ierusalimis taZrisa da
babilonis godolis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebul istoriebSi, romlebSic
mSenebelTa msxverplad Sewirvazea saubari. msxverplad taZris amgeblis Sewirva
Tavad rwmenisa da ritualis umniSvnelovanesi detali iyo. aqedan gamomdinare,

105
mcxeTis sveticxovlis amgebelic, Cveni azriT, swored taZars unda Seswirvoda.
uZveles safexurze `samSeneblo msxverplis~ ritualis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
elementi sisxli iyo. legendas vaxtang gorgaslis mier Tbilisis daarsebis Sesaxeb
amasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT.
rwmenis, ritualisa da legendis sayovelTao gavrceleba dasturia misi
tipologiurobisa. qarTul legendaSi, rogorc zepirsityvier mxatvrul
nawarmoebSi, gamoCenili calkeuli Taviseburebebi adgilobrivi tradiciis
gamovlinebad unda Sefasdes.
xalxuri legenda `suramis cixe~ daniel WonqaZes da niko lorTqifaniZes
originaluri moTxrobebisaTvis Taviseburad gauazrebiaT.

damowmebani:

afanasievi 1868: Афанасьев А. Н. Поэтическое воззрение славян на природу. т. 2. М.: изд. К. Солдатенкова, 1868.
biblia 1989: biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tb.: 1989.
buslaevi 1861: Буслаев Ф.И. Исторические очерки русской народной словесности и искусства, т. 1. СПб., изд. Д.
Кожанникова, 1861.
gamsaxurdia 1984: gamsaxurdia k. didostatis marjvena. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1984.
geCe 1989: Гече Г. Библейские истории. 1. М.: “Политиздат”, 1989.
veselovski 1872: Веселовский А.Н. Из истории литературного общения Востока и Запада. Славянское сказание
о Соломоне и Китоврасе и западные легенды о Морольфе и Мерлине. СПб., изд. Демакова, 1872.
zandukeli 1932: zandukeli m. (redaqtori da winasityvaobis avtori) daniel WonqaZe. suramis cixe.
tf.: `federacia~, 1932.
zelenini 1937: Зеленин Д.К. Тотемы-деревья в сказаниях и обрядах европейских народов. М.-Л.: изд. АН СССР,
1937.
kotetiSvili 2006: kotetiSvili v. folkloruli Ziebani. Tb.: `merani~, 2006.
lorTqifaniZe 1989: lorTqifaniZe n. Txzulebani. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1989.
propi 2000: Пропп В.Я. Русские аграрные праздники. М.: «Лабиринт», 2000.
Jirmunski 1958: Жирмунский В.М. (подготовка издании и комментарии) Легенда о докторе Фаусте. М.-Л.:
“Наука”, 1958.
serbuli 1933: Сербский эпос. М.-Л.: “Academia”, 1933.
teilori 1896: Тэйлор Э. Первобытная культура. 1. СПб., изд. Попова, 1896.
umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. I, tf.: `federacia~, 1937.
frezeri 1985: Фрэзер Д. Д. Фольклор в Ветхом Завете. М.: “Политическая литература”, 1985.
SamanaZe 1964: SamanaZe n. kedelSi CaSenebuli msxverplis siuJeti folklorSi. qarTuli folklori.
I-II, Tb.:`mecniereba~, 1964.
Ciqovani 1971: Ciqovani m. berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis sakiTxebi. Tb.: `Tsu gamomcemloba~,
1971.
Cursini 1905: Чурсин Г.Ф. Народные обычай и верования Кахетии. Записки Кавказского отдела РГО. XXV, № 2,
Тифлис: 1905.
canava 2005: canava r. miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTuli
literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi. Tb.: `logosi~, 2005.
WonqaZe 1984: WonqaZe d. suramis cixe. qarTuli proza. VII, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1984.

Teimuraz Kurdovanidze

Belief - Ritual – Legend – Story

(`Offering for building~)

Summary

From the animistic worldoutlook issued belief in the offering for the `Mother of the earth~ befor
beginning of building , with the offering associated ritual, the legend about this fact and the examples of its use
in the original stories were studied. The belief in the `Offer for building~, its ritual and legend are the typologic
phenomenona. In apocryphal versions of `Bible~ described stories about the building of the Jerusalem Cathedral
and Babilon Tower, european - russian – georgian folklor – ethnographic traditions are reviewed, as well as the
legends about the foundation of Tbilisi and about the architect of the Cathedral Svetickhoveli. This legends
represent confluence of the original and typological motifs.
The relation of the stories written by Daniel Chonkadze and Niko Lortkipanidze to the `Offer for
building~ was studied.

106
 Tamar xvedeliani

`mis gamo kocna mominda...~

(mboba tarielisagan lom-vefxvis daxocvisa)

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sruliad gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens zogierTi

metaforuli saxe-simbolo, romelic, garda imisa, rom mxatvrul-esTetikuri
TvalTaxedviTaa saintereso, amavdroulad STambeWdavad warmoaCens uZveles
kulturul tradiciebs, romelTa fesvebic Soreul warsulSi ikargeba da saukuneTa
siRrmes swvdeba.
aseT metaforul saxeTa Sorisaa lomi da vefxvi, rasac, mkvlevar g. nadiraZis
azriT, poemis martooden poetur samkaulad ver miviCnevT (nadiraZe 1958: 396),
rameTu isini gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone saxe-simboloebad gaiazreba.
lomi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, raindi-mamakacis esTetikuri xatis warmoCenas isaxavs
miznad. amiT aqcentirebulia pirovnebis garegnuli niSnebi, Sinagani samyaro.
warmoCenilia raindis garegnuli xibli, Zalgulovneba, ampartavneba,
Zalauflebisken daucxromeli ltolva, gulzviadoba. mkvlevari n. sulava miiCnevs,
rom tarieli gamoqvabulSi cxovrebiT ganicdis kaTarziss da sakuTar TavSi
Trgunavs lomis negatiur bunebas. es unda moxdes misi vefxistyaosnobis Jams (sulava
2005: 209).
garda amisa, vefxvisa da lomis simboluri datvirTvis gaazreba SesaZlebels
xdis miTopoeturi samyaros siRrmiseul Wvretas, rameTu lomi (msgavsad vefxvisa)
miTosuri warmomavlobisaa.
lomi gavrcelebuli metaforuli saxea. misi tyavi gaazrebuli iyo, rogorc
raindisaTvis aucilebeli atributi, mas mcvelis funqcia hqonda
miniWebuli.amgvarad gaiazreba igi Zvel berZnul, egviptur, Suamdinarul miTosSi.
qarTul folklorSi lomi, vefxvi da jixvi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis sakulto
cxovelebad iTvleba (sulava 2005: 211).
rogorc aRiniSna, lomi uaRresad dadebiTi mxatvrul-esTetikuri datvirTvis
matarebelia. igi mefuri sidiadiTa da sidarbaisliT aris aRsavse, Semtevia,
mebrZoli, amave dros, gulgorozia, Tavdajerebuli, ampartavani, qedmaRali.
mkvlevar z. gamsaxurdias azriT, `lomi damangreveli Zalis matarebelia,
aqcentirebulia misi qvena meoba... ganasaxierebs naTels... lomTan mebrZoli
adamianebi ganasaxiereben adamianis brZolas Tavis TavTan, sakuTar nebelobasTan,
egoizmTan, siamayesTan~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 189).
rac Seexeba vefxvs, mkvlevari mas adamianis qvena instinqtebis gamomxatvel
metaforul saxed miiCnevs. enciklopediebsa da leqsikonebSi vefxvi ZiriTadad
mZvinvare, daundobel, mrisxane, garda amisa, mSvenier da amaRlebul xatebad miiCneva,
romelic moklebuli ar aris RvTaebriv mniSvnelobasac da erTdroulad gamoxatavs
agresiulsa da mfarvel Zalas.
saqarTveloSi vefxvi pirovnul ZlierebasTan, qeduxrel da mtkice xasiaTTan
iyo asocirebuli. qarTuli poezia mterTan mebrZol `laR~ vaJkacebs, romelTac
`sisxlisa nagubarzeda fexi ar ucurdebodaT~ arcTu iSviaTad adarebda
pirgamexebul vefxvs, magram mkvlevar g. nadiraZis azriT, `vefxis simbolo qalis
Sinagani bunebis gamomxatveli ufroa...~ nestanis vefxvad qceva, misi sulieri
energiis gamomxatveli unda iyos (nadiraZe 1983: 398-399). e. i. nestanis pirgamexeba
misi xasiaTis, boboqari bunebis, daucxromeli Sinagani samyaros gamoxatulebaa.
pirgamexebul nestanSi tarielma dainaxa qalis vefxvuri buneba, romelic
araCveulebrivad Seerwya mis silamazes da umaRles mSvenierebad gardaisaxa
tarielis cnobierebaSi~ (pataraia 2005-2006: 144). amave dros indoeTis amirbars Tavis
satrfoSi misi xasiaTis manamde ucnobi niuansebic aRmoaCenina, ramac ganapiroba
tarielis Semosva vefxis tyaviT, amiT tarieli TiTqos uaxlovdeba, Tavis siaxloves
grZnobs ugzo-ukvlod dakargul satrfos. vefxvad gardasaxva warmoaCens nestanis
Zlier Sinagan samyaros, vefxvur bunebas, romelic arasodes emorCileba beds,
arasodes eZleva sasowarkveTilebas da ubedurebaSi Cavardnili, WirSi myofi,
galiaSi momwyvdeuli vefxviviT cdilobs Tavis daRwevas (pataraia 2005-2006: 147).

107
 amdenad, vefxvi bedTan Widilis, winaaRmdegobis, amboxis simboluri
gamoxatulebaa, romelic Seerwya ra qalis garegnul mSvenierebas `vefxvi-Svenieris~
saxe-simbolod iqca (pataraia 2005-2006: 147).
am TvalsazrisiT simboluria tarielisagan lom-vefxvis daxocvis, mogvianebiT
ki SambnarSi lomis mokvlis epizodi.
arabeTidan dabrunebulma avTandilma `mzian-Crdilian~ qeds gadaRma, erT
gauval SambnarSi miagno sulieri gancdebiT SeWirvebul Zmadnafics, romelsac
`sofliT gaRma gaebija~, Tumca iqamde cxovrebasTan angariSsworeba moeswro da
ukanasknel gzaze mimavals `galaRebuli~ lom-vefxvi daexoca.
avTandilis mcdelobam, rom cxovrebaze xelCaqneuli megobris gulSi
sicocxlis survili gaeRvivebina, ukvalod ar Caiara, tariels jer dadebuli fici
Seaxsena, Semdeg brZeni uwoda, romelsac Turme ar scodnia `gamorCeva brZenTa
Tqmulebr~, mindor-mindor cremlis Rvra da mxecTa Tana xleba dauwuna, auxsna, rom
vardi ueklod aravis moukrebian~. amiT Seagona, rom `lxinsa vervin moimkida pirvel
WirTa umuSako~ da moqmedebisken, brZolisken, `muSakobisken~ mouwoda. Tumc misi
enamzeoba uSedego aRmoCndeboda, tarieli amxedrebasa da SambnarSi masTan erTad
cxendacxen siarulze rom ar daeTanxmebina, Tan raindis movaleobaze esaubreboda,
xedavda, rom tariels `siarulman mojobeba daaCina~.
imxanad raindi sxvaze mzrunvelis, umweoTa mfarveli gmiris saxesTan iyo
asocirebuli. amdenad, avTandilma saubari asmaTis xsenebiT daiwyo, erTmaneTs
daupirispira `uasako da usulo~ samxre oqrosi, `oqromWedlisa dnobili~,
nestanisgan naCuqari Zvirfasi nivTi da asmaTi, romelic, avTandilis azriT,
gacilebiT ufro faseuli iyo, vidre xelmarjve oqromWedlis natifi nakeToba,
imxanad tarielis mklavs rom amSvenebda da imavdroulad usazomo tkiviliTac
avsebda. asmaTi ki swored am tkivilis Sesamsubuqeblad irjeboda mravali wlis
manZilze.es didgvarovani da aristokrati qali, gancxromiT cxovrebas Cveuli,
tarielisagan dad miCneuli da nestanis uerTgulesi sefeqali, romelmac tarielTan
erTad gaiara xifaTiTa da mravali gansacdeliT aRsavse cxovrebis gza usayvedurod.
avTandilis simarTles mowmobs tarielis aRiarebac:

`...raca giTqvams, umarTle xar metismetad,

sabraloa asmaT misad mgoneblad da Cemad mWvretad~.

amiT tarielma gaacnobiera, rom asmaTze zrunva misi, rogorc raindis,

movaleoba iyo, amave dros, Caswvda avTandilis sityvebSi Caqsovil sibrZnes: `bedi
cdaa, gamarjveba, RmerTsa undes, mo-ca-gxvdebis~ da Tu RmerTi moisurvebda,
gauCinarebul satrfosac miagnebda da indoeTs mefeTmefedac moevlineboda `mzisa
SuqTa nasamalTa~ msgavsi dedoflis TanxlebiT.
avTandilTan saubarSi tarieli Caswvda Tavisi ubedurebis (vefxistyaosnobis)
gamomwvev mizezebs da ipova codvis saTave, ramac mravali wlis Semdeg sinanuliT
aRsavse sityvebi warmoaTqmevina: `sulTa vhyiddi gulisaTvis, koSki amad gamebazra~,
amiT tarielma Tvali gadaavlo Tavisi ganvlili cxovrebis gzas da
mravalWirgadanaxadma, mravalgansacdelgamovlilma, gansxvavebuli TvaliT Seafasa
is sabediswero Secdoma, roca `karvis kalTa CaxlaTuli~ CaWra, `Caakarabaka~ da
xvarazmeli ufliswulis `ubralo~ sisxliT SeReba wiTeli atlasis karavi.
mravali wlis Semdeg tarielma piruTvnelad, miukerZoeblad Seafasa nestanis
`TaTbiri~, romelsac siyvaruliT Zleuli odesRac usityvod daemorCila.

`didTa sisxlTa ver Segaqmnev, ver viqmnebi Sua kedlad,

ra movides siZe, mokal, misTa spaTa auwyvedlad~.

da daindo ra `spa uTvalavi~, nestanma sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana xvarazmis

udanaSaulo ufliswuls.
mravalgzisi dafiqrebisa da Cadenilis gaanalizebis Semdeg tarieli im
daskvnamde mivida, rom kaciskvlis es amazrzeni gegma im nestanis gonebaSi ki ar
Caisaxa, romelsac `mzis Suqs~ uwodebda, `mTvaris msgavss~, `SvenebiT mzisagan ver-
Sefrobil asuls~, brZaneba gasca Seuracxyofilma qalma, romelic, mijnuris
RalatSi darwmunebuli, pirgamexebul vefxvs miemsgavsa. pirvelad swored maSin
ixila tarielma sruliad gansxvavebuli nestani. aseTi axlobeli da imavdroulad

108
ucxo, idumali da gamoucnobi. swored am dros gamoikveTa nestanis bunebis, xasiaTis
axali, tarielisaTvis iqamde ucnobi Strixebi, qalma `wynarma da cnobilma~ adgili
dauTmo `warbSerWmul~, mrisxane, SurisZiebis wyurviliT anTebul asuls. swored
aseTi nestani _ `vefxi-pirgamexebuli~ iqca tarielisaTvis maradTanmxleb xatebad
mravali wlis manZilze, rac, sabolood, vefxvis tyaviT SemosvaSi gamoixata da igi,
erTi mxriv, codviT dacemis, tanjva-sinanulis gamoxatulebaa, meore mxriv, misi
sulieri ganwmendisa da ganRmrTobis maCvenebeli. xvarazmSas Svilis veraguli
mkvleloba is codvaa, romelic awamebs tariels da nestan-darejans, romelnic
sulieri tanjva-wamebis gavliT, monaniebis gziT aRweven sulier aRorZinebas~
(karbelaSvili 1996: 4).
vefxistyaosnoba tarielisaTvis pirovnul tragediad iqca. igi ubedurebasTan,
sinanulTan, cremlisa da tanjvis gzasTan da am gzis gavlis aucileblobasTan
asocirda `tarielis mizania ar iyos vefxistyaosani, qajebze gamarjvebiT
xorcieldeba qristianuli adamianTmcodneobis principi: `bedniereba tanjvis gziT~
(siraZe 2005-2006: 337).
`tarielis sulieri saxecvla _ samoTxidan jojoxeTSi Cavardna fizikuradac
gamoixata. is ... vefxistyaosnad iqca~ (gonjilaSvili 2000: 50). da am mdgomareobaSi
myofi, `vefxistyaosnad qceuli gmiri tarieli, Rrma sinanulSi Cavardnili, SambnarSi
sruliad SemTxveviT waawyda galaRebul lom-vefxvs, romlebic `medgrad waikidnes~
da erTmaneTi TviT `sikvdilsa ar daridnes~. am suraTma mas Tvalwin gaucocxla
`miwoliT taxtsa mjdomeli~ ganrisxebuli satrfo da yovelive is, rac mis naklebad
gonivrul qmedebas mohyva:

`lomsa davugme naqmari...

Tavsa gardavhkar, mo-ca-vkal, davxsen soflisa Tmobasa~.

vfiqrobT, am `laRobam~ tariels is dro gaaxsena, roca aseve naCqarevad

gadawyvites udanaSaulo ufliswulis bedi da Tavisi ararainduli qmedebiT
indoelma amirbarma sakuTar TavSi Cakla mefuri brwyinvaleba da `mzeoba~, tarielis
bunebaSi mzem _ mnaTobTa mbrZanebelma adgili dauTmo loms _ nadirTa mefes,
imxanad zeciuri dajabna miwierma da tarielmac iseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo,
rogoric mis bunebaSi Casaxlebul, qvena instinqtebs damorCilebul loms unda
mieRo, miT ufro, Tu am loms pirgamexebuli vefxvi marTavda, romelic imTaviTve iyo
adamianis qvena bunebis gamomxatveli.
`...vefxvi Sevipyar xeliTa, mis gamo kocna mominda...~ da vefxvis TvalebSi
vefxvadqceuli qalis xateba aisaxa. tarielisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom imxanad nestanis
pirovnebaSic moxda garkveuli cvlileba, mzisa da mTvaris sxivTan wilnayari asuli
msgavsi udardelobiT ver gascemda udanaSaulo adamianis mokvlis brZanebas. sul
sxvaa lomi an vefxvi, romlebsac sisxli swyuriaT, gamudmebiT sisxls elian,
siyvarulis dasamtkicebladac ki sisxls iTxoven, miwieri kanonebiT cxovroben da
qvena instinqtebs emorCilebian.
tarieli mixvda, rom swored Tavis bunebaSi Casaxlebulma vefxvma `gaubazra~
ocnebis koSki, rom gulisTqmas suliereba anacvala da axlomxedveliviT mxolod is
dainaxa, rac mis Tvalwin xdeboda. vfiqrobT, amitom mokla SambnarSi is lomic, da
amiT Tavis sulSi Casaxlebul lomze iZia Suri imisaTvis, rom Caekla, gaenadgurebina
is, ramac xvarazmel sasiZoze xeli aawevina, rainduli wes-kanonebi gadaaviwya,
daabrmava da vefxvadqceuli qalis nebis usityvo aRmsruleblad gadaaqcia.
rac Seexeba vefxvs, tarielma isic miwas daanarcxa, rameTu cxadad swored misgan
miyenebulma Wrilobam, misma brdRvinvam da mrisxanebam agrZnobina, rom Tavsdatexil
ubedurebaSi mniSvnelovani wili edo nestanis arsebaSi gaRviZebul vefxvs, romelic
sakuTar survilebs daufiqreblad Seswiravda msxverplad sxvis sicocxles.
tarielma nestanis sulSi Casaxlebuli vefxvi mokla da amiT masSi mziuri sawyisi
aRadgina, miwas mijaWvuli zecas daubruna, RvTiuri sxiviT Semosa. lomis mokvliT ki
simbolizebulia TviT tarielis mier sakuTar TavSi uaryofiTi Tvisebebis daZleva
(sulava : 214). magram ase rodi fiqrobs avTandili. mas miaCnia, rom tarielis Sinagan
samyaros sWirdeba lomi. mze da mTvare, mnaTobebTan wilnayari mmarTvelebi, ver
SeZleben morWmiT mefobas, qveyana lomis bunebis mqone raindis dasacavia, amitom
Seecada tarielis cnobierebaSi lomuri sawyisi aRedgina, romelic TiTqmis ukve

109
Cakluli iyo. `lom-vefxvis daxocviT tarielma faqtobrivad Tavisi da nestan-
darejanis mZime, xifaTiani warsuli mokla, ris Semdegac unda gamoCndes nestan-
darejanisken mimavali gza~ (sulava 2005: 214). da avTandilma gondakargul tariels
mokluli lomis sisxli apkura.

`man pova sisxli lomisa, moaqvs savseblad alisad,

mkerdsa daasxa, ga-ve-xda laJvardi ferad lalisad.
avTandil mkerdsa daasxa mas lomsa sisxli lomisa~.

vinaidan miTopoeturi TvalTaxedviT, lomis erT-erTi simboluri funqcia

cnobierebis ganaxlebaa, gamodis, rom lomis mokvlam tariels sakuTar TavSi
uaryofiTi Tvisebebi daaZlevina da lomisave sisxlma misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dadebiTi TvisebebiT aRWurva. es gza saRvTo madliT ganbrZnobis mosurne mefuri
warmomavlobis adamianma aucileblad unda gaiaros.
zemoxsenebuli pasaJi gamoZaxils poulobs qarTuli zepirsityvierebis
nimuSebSi. Zvelad swamdaT, rom sisxlis saSualebiT adamians Zalac gadaecemoda
`sisxli dasaxuli iyo sicocxlis Zalad. sisxlSi imyofeboda suli da sisxlis dasxma
iyo ara marto ganwmendis, aramed sicocxlis Zalis miniWebis saSualeba... mkvdari
sisxls moiTxovs, raTa igi gacocxldes~ (nozaZe 2005: 431). da radgan tariels
Semdgomi brZolisaTvis aucileblad sWirdeba sasicocxlo Zala da energia, saWiroa
sisxli, romelic mas lomis Zalas gadascems. marto Sexebac ki sakmarisia rCeul
gmirad gardasaxvisTvis (propi 1986: 247). amasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas iZens germanuli eposis rCeuli gmiris _ zigfridis urCxulis sisxlSi
banaobis epizodi da `kuSti hagenis~ rwmena: brZoliT daqanculma meomrebma sisxli
unda svan, Zal-Rone rom aRidginono (`simRera nibelungebze~). qarTul zRaprebSic
araerTxel warmoCndeba rZis, Rvinisa da sisxlis mdinareSi ganbanil raindTa
zebunebrivi SesaZleblobebi.
rogorc Cans, lomis sisxlSi ganbanva lomis ZaliT aRvsebas rom moaswavebda,
ucxo ar iyo avTandilisTvisac. is miiCnevda, rom qveyanas mefis Zalgulovnebac
sWirdeboda da dedoflis sxivic, rameTu gulwrfelad swamda, rom `zeciT mosruli
zena~ swored aseT mefe-dedofals gausxivosnebda gvirgvins zeciuri naTeliT da
mxolod isini aaSenebdnen iseT saxelmwifos, rogoric rusTvelis idealic iyo.
qveyanas, sadac `Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~.

damowmebani:

gamsaxurdia 1991: gamsaxurdia z. `vefxistyaosnis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1991.

gonjilaSvili 2000: gonjilaSvili n. SoTa rusTavelis poemis saTauris saxismetyveleba. macne, els,
1-4, 2000.
karbelaSvili 1996: karbelaSvili m. `vefxistyaosani~ rogorc metafora. gaz. `mamuli~, oqtomberi,
Tb.: 1996.
nadiraZe 1958: nadiraZe g. rusTavelis esTetika. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1958.
nozaZe 2005: Txzulebani. I, Tb.: 2005.
siraZe 2006-2006: siraZe r. vefxvistyaosani da vefxvistyaosnoba. rusTvelologia. IV, Tb.: 2006-2006.
sulava 2005: sulava n. lomis metafora `vefxistyaosanSi~. literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.:
`merani~, 2005.
pataraia 2005-2006: pataraia T. vefxvi _ vefxistyaosani _ vefxistyaosanoba. rusTvelologia. IV,
Tb.: 2005-2006.
propi 1986: Пропп В. Я. Исторические корни вольшебной сказки. Л.: Изд. ЛГУ, 1986.

Tamar Khvedeliani

And for her... I strpove to caress her

(Tariel tells of the killing of the Lion and the Panther)

Summary:

The subject of the article is about the fighters with lions and tigers that are represented in the poem “The
Knight in the Tiger’s Skin” as the persons who are opposed to their own selfishness. By this fight it is
symbolized the victory of the kindness and the overcoming of the character’s negative features.

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 From this point of view two episodes are considered. They show how Tariel step by step ealizes the
motives of his personal misfortune, finds the origin of the sin and comes to the repentance and recognition that is
the herald of the person’s restoration of the divine source.

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irma yvelaSvili

goderZi Coxelis moTxrobis `werili naZvebs~ miTosur-folkloruli

plastebi

miTosur-folklorul saxeebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia goderZi Coxelis

SemoqmedebaSi. misi nawarmoebebis araerTi gmiri maradiuli arqetipuli saxis
matarebelia. mwerlisaTvis miTosi aris samyaroSi daleqili sibrZnis Semecnebis
wyaro. umetesad igi aqcents akeTebs uZveles Rirebulebebze, amosavals eZebs
sawyisebSi.
arqetipuli saxeebiT azrovnebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia moTxroba `werili
naZvebs.~ miTosuri paradigmebis mTeli wyeba iCens Tavs nawarmoebSi, sadac saxe-
simboloebi mniSvnelovnad esadagebian Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebas.
aq miTosur-folkloruli yofa da Tanamedroveoba erT sibrtyezea warmoCenili.
moTxrobis umTavresi ideaa adamianis mier dakarguli harmoniis povnis mcdeloba.
personaJi miTosuri saxeebis daxmarebiT gamodis piraduli CarCoebidan, dgeba
pirobiTze maRla da iRebs absolitur da universalur Rirebulebebs.
moTxrobis mTavari gmiris _ beris cxovreba, romelsac mxarze xe amouvida,
`SemTxvevam~ Tu `gangebam~ ganapiroba. igi am faqtiT cocxlobs, misi interesi
mTlianad am movlenis mimarT aris koncentrirebuli. beri madlobelia RmrTis,
SviliviT uvlis da ufrTxildeba naZvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naZvis fesvebi guls
stkens, igi mainc uars ambobs mkurnalobaze da yvelanair pirobas qmnis mxarze
amosuli xis sicocxlisaTvis. igi xSirad ealerseba da aseirnebs naZvs, misTvis es xe
iseTive cocxali arsebaa, rogorc Tavad adamiani. amas yvelafers beri ara mxolod
xedavs, aramed sxeuliTac grZnobs: `beri gul-mkerdSi grZnobda imis fesvebs da
wiwvebis saxeze molamunebiT tkbeboda. is axla naZvis yovel nafiqrals xvdeboda,
grZnobda, rogor elaparakebodnen xeebi erTurTs. beri axal samyaros grZnobda,
grZnobads da ara xilvads, uCinars, idumalebiT moculs. exla imis sxeulSi ori suli
idga da es ori sxvadasxva suli erTurTis Serwymas lamobda. sxeulebi ki erT saxed
gadaqcevas eswrafebodnen. isini svavdnen urTierTs da erT mTlians avsebdnen
TandaTan.~
adamianis mxarze janmagari naZvis gazrda miuRebelia garSemomyofTaTvis. yvela
saTiTaod cdilobs beri daarwmunos, rom xe moWras. igi SesaniSnavad axerxebs Tavis
dacvas, magram miuxedavad amisa mainc yvelaze metad colis eSinia; vai-Tu man
moisyidos vinme loTi kaci da Cumad moaWrevinos naZvi da icis berma, maSin
dasruldeba misi sicocxlec. mis mexsierebaSi daleqili codna, amas acnaurebs; es
epizodi gvagonebs folklorSi dacul, xeTa Tayvaniscemis araerT naSTs romlis
mixedviTac, xis moWra da adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa xSirad ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs. amaze saubrobs qarTul xalxuri leqsic:
`alvis xe rom wamoiqca netav dedav rao?
_Svilo Seni tani aris, vai, Sens dedasao.~
`egviptur legendaSi vaJi Tavis guls akaciis yvavilebSi malavs da rodesac misi
colis daJinebiT xesa sWrian, vaJi kvdeba. `gilgameSis~ TqmulebaSi xumbabis
sicocxle dakavSirebulia naZvis arsebobasTan. gilgameSi sWris am xes. egviptur
zRaparSic ori Zmis Sesaxeb, naZvsa sWrian da baTu kvdeba~. (kotetiSvili 1961: 401)
beri ar aris mxolod adamiani, igi ori sulis matarebeli kaci _ xea, romlis
mexsierebaSic daleqilia magiuri codna. swored am codniT xvdeba mxarze amosuli
xis funqcias da am codnis wyalobiT midis sawyisebTan. igi nel-nela iTvisebs mTel
samyaros da kosmosis nawili xdeba. amis gacnobierebas sizmris saSualebiT axerxebs,
sadac beri dafrinavs kidec, miwis gulSic Cadis da mis sunTqvas ismens: “
saocar sizmrebs vxedav Ram-RamobiT: xan meCveneba, rom haerSi davfrinav, mere qvemoT
veSvebi, miwis gulSi Cavdivar da iq misi gulis baga-bugs vismen.
sunTqavs miwa.
rogorc kaci, amoisunTqavs da mere sada da rodis CaisunTqavs.
TiTqos sunTqvis xmac mesmis.
miwis gulidan, rom gamovdivar, yvelaferi, rac, ki mis tanze xdeba, miwis sizmari
mgonia.
xan Sors mimafrens da Soridan vuyureb dedamiwas.

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 dedamiwas iqidan sxvanairs vxedav:
cocxals!
mdinareebi misi sisxlZarRvebia.
zRvebi da okeaneebi misi filtvebi.
tyeebiT sunTqavs.
haeri misi sulia.
TviTonvea kacic da dedakacic...
...RmerTi?
me mwams RmerTi, radgan mwams dedamiwa da raki Cven yvelani dedamiwis nawili
varT, albaT, dedamiwac RmerTis nawilia~.
kaci _ xe grZnobs, rom maradiul Rirebulebebs uaxlovdeba, masSi cocxldeba
raRac miZinebuli, mtverwayrili da cdilobs kosmosis nawilad iqces, misi wesrigis
Tanaziari gaxdes; Txris Rrma ormos da sami sknelis nawilad iqceva; `ukanaskneli,
rac berma igrZno, is iyo, Tu rogor Seavso orma sxeulma erTi mTliani da gaxda erT-
saxe, romelic wvrili fesvebiT saocari siswrafiT CaebRauWa miwas. xolo pirveli,
rac naZvma igrZno, es mzis amosvla iyo~.
TavSewirvas nebayoflobiT da gaazrebulad sCadis beri. am qmedebiT igi
uaxlovdeba zesamyaros; TavSewirvas grigol robaqiZe Semdeg Sefasebas aZlevs
`londaSi~:
`mxolod Tavis SewirviT ZaluZs adamians ziar iqmnes uzenaesis. mxolod
sxverplis gaRebiT SeerTvis igi saSos RvTisas” (robaqiZe 1926: 29).
moTxrobaSi beris TavSewirviT xdeba misi mistiuri dabadeba, beris erT-saxed
gadaqceva aRiqmeba, rogorc misi ganaxleba da xelaxla warmoSoba maradiulobaSi.
nawarmoebSi beris mxarze amosuli xe moiazreba, rogorc samyarouli xe, rogorc
gardasaxva, kosmogeniasTan, RvTaebasTan dakavSirebis sakraluri saSualeba. adamiani
_ xe es aris samyaros simbolo, romelsac erTdroulad SeuZlia daukavSirdes
qvesknels, Suasknels da zesknels. masSi arsebuli ori suli erT mTlianobas avsebs.
kaci _ xe aris zecisaken mimswrafi sicocxle, romelsac fesvebi Rrmad gaudgams
miwaSi. misi umTavresi funqciaa droebiTis maradiulSi gadayvana, xolo realurisa _
realurSi.
axali samyaros dabadebas, qaosis damarcxebas cxadyofs moTxrobis dasasruls
mzis amosvlac. aq mze maradisobis ganmsazRvreli, axali_maradiuli sicocxlis
dasawyisis mauwyebelia. iseve rogorc qarTul xalxur leqsSi `mze Sina~, sadac axali
sicocxlis dasawyisi, swored mzis SemosvliT aRiniSneba.
moTxrobaSi simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebelni arian cifrebi, romliTac
werili egzavnebaT naZvebs. es aris 66_7_93, sami RvTaebrivi arsis gamomxatveli
cifria da amave dros aris mTliani da ganuyofeli, eqvsi, romelic ori samiT miiReba
da cxra folklorisTvis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli ricxvebia (sami mze, sami feri, sami
Zma, cxra mTa, cxra Zma,..) da maT yovelTvis sakraluri mniSvneloba aqvT. am funqcias
isini inarCuneben moTxrobaSic. cifrTa SuaSia ricxvi 7, romelsac vfiqrob, am
kombinaciaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli akisria; igi ricxvTa SuaSia iseve, rogorc
kaci _ xe samyaros centrSi da rac yvelaze mTavaria, igi Sedgeba samis _ RvTaebrivi
arsis matarebeli da oTxis adamianuri arsebis gamomxatveli ricxvebisagan da
aRniSnavs adamianis Serwymas RmerTTan (CxeiZe 2001).
am cifrebiT kaci _ xe gzavnis werils naZvebTan, riTic kidev erTxel sacnaurs
xdis Tavis RvTaebriv funqcias.
adamiani _ xis aseT zekacur bunebas amCnevs nawarmoebis RmerTs mavedrebeli
erTi moxucebuli personaJi, romelic bers tyeSi mimavals xvdeba gzad da daxmarebas
sTxovs rogorc zekacs:
~tyisken mimavali gza im moxucis saxlis gverdze gadis da yovelTvis, roca
tyeSi mivdivar xolme, imisi sacodavobiT mikvdeba guli. saxlis win muxlebze
daCoqili dgas xolme da cas SesZaxis:
CamomeSvele zenaaro,
eg Talxi kalTa Camomafare.
a, es Tvalebi damixuWe,
a, es ena-piri damidume,
a, es muxlebi CamiSale,
suli namgaliviT gamiRune

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 da
wamiyvane!..
am saxis miRma gamiyvane,
Torem daviRale,
am bnel mRvimeSi yofniT daviRale.
da am locvis dros me Tu daminaxa akankalebuli mexveweba:
sTxove ufals CamomeSvelos,
sTxove CamomeSvelos.
miSvele sTxove_
mecodeba, eg kaci, ar vici ra vqna, riT vuSvelo, rom ar vawyenino, SevuSver
xolme zecas xelebs da SevTxov.
_ CamoeSvele, CamoeSvele!~
garda imisa, rom moxucebuli kaci _ xis zeadamianurobas xedavs, Tavad es
epizodia simboluri, radgan zepirsityvierebaSi mTisken wasvla, moxucTan Sexvedra
saubari yovelTvis uCveulosTan, RvTaebrivTan, sabediswerosTan miaxloebas
mianiSnebs.
moTxroba `werili naZvebs~ folklorul-miTosuri saxeebiT nasazrdoebi
qmnilebaa, romelic amave dros qmnis axal realobas, romlis modelirebac xdeba
warsuli cnobierebis savaraudo kanonebis Sesabamisad.

damowmebani:

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: `sabWoRa mwerali~, 1961.

robaqiZe 1926: robaqiZe gr. dramebi. tf.: 1926.
Coxeli 2001: Coxeli g. Tevzis werilebi. Tb.: 2001.
CxeiZe 2001: CxeiZe e. ricxvTa simbolika qarTul folklorSi. literaturuli Ziebani, XXI, Tb.: 2001.

Irma Kvelashvili

Mythic-folklore layers in G. Chokheli short story “Letter to a Fir-tree”

Summary

G. Chokheli short story “Letter to a Fir-tree” is one of the outstanding examples of archetype thinking. The
work is rich in mythic paradigms, where personages symbolize the life of contemporary people.
The story highlights the mythic-folklore existence and modern life in one and the same layer. The major
idea of the story is the attempt of obtaining the lost harmony. The character leaves his personal frame by the help
of mythic symbols and acquires absolute and universal values. The man with the sprouting fir-tree in his
shoulder symbolizes the universe, unifying heaven, earth and hell. The two spirits existing in him create the
wholeness. Man-tree is the life striving to heaven with the deep roots in the earth. His main goal is to transform
temporality into eternity and reality into unreality.

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 lali TibilaSvili

miTi da rituali
(Sio aragvispirelis mxatvruli prozis mixedviT)

Znelia, daasaxelo sityvis didi ostati, romelmac Tavi aarida zepirsityvieri

xelovnebis zegavlenas. gamonaklisi arc XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze moRvawe SesaniSnavi
novelisti _ Sio aragvispirelia, romlis mxatvruli prozis kvleva miTosuri
msoflmxedvelobisa da, kerZod, qarTuli miTosis ZiriTadi elementebiT moazrebis
gareSe srulyofili ar iqneba.
Sio aragvispireli, rogorc adamianis fsiqologiis SesaniSnavi mcodne, miTosur
ZeglebSic eZebda fsiqologiuri movlenebis specifikuri Semecnebis momentebs. misi
novela `mijaWuli amirani~ da daumTavrebeli Txzuleba `amirani~ mwerlis miTosuri
msoflmxedvelobis anareklia. Sio aragvispirelma miTis interpretaciiT axali
Sinaarsi SesZina novelebs, fsiqologiurad datvirTa da originaluri formebiT
Seavso isini.
`marburgis skola~ da ernst kasireri miiCnevdnen miTs kacobriobis
Semoqmedebis umTavres simbolur formad (kasireri 1983:121-127). levi-strosi
ambobs: `miTi yovelTvis dakavSirebulia warsul ambebTan, magram miTis Sinagani
Rirebuleba is aris, rom drois garkveul monentSi momxdari ambebi qmnian mudmiv
struqturas~. amdenad, miTs ormagi struqtura aqvs _ istoriuli da zeistoriuli.
erovnuli miTebi umetes SemTxvevaSi xalxis fsiqikidan aris nasazrdoebi. Sio
aragvispirelis mxatvruli proza am TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevi movlenaa. igi e. w.
`gzajvaredinebis cnobierebis~ daZabulobiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT aris aRbeWdili.
qarTul mwerlobaSi mijaWvuli gmiris gaidealeba XIX saukunis bolodan iwyeba, rasac
imdrois moRvaweTa suliskveTebam Seuwyo xeli. erovnuli Zirebis Ziebisas maT
sWirdebodaT saerTo qarTveluri gmiris saxe, romelsac simboluri datvirTva
eqneboda. aseTad maT daborkili amirani dasaxes.
am gakvalul gzas gahyva Sio aragvispirelic. xalxuri `amirani~ misi poeturi
azrovnebis STagonebis wyarodac iqca. 1908 wliT daTariRebuli novela `mijaWuli
amirani~ exmianeba, rogorc folklorul gmirs, ise _ akakisa da vaJas amirans.
avtoris SeniSvna Tu qvesaTauri _ `mxolod erTi kari papa focxveras
naambobidan~ _ mwerlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis stiluri niSania. es `papa focxvera~
zRapris mTxrobelis kompetenciiTaa aRWurvili, rac legitimurobas aniWebs
novelaSi gadmocemul ambavs.
cnobilia, rom zepirsityvieri xelovneba xSir SemTxvevaSi literaturis
pirvelwyarosa da safuZvels warmoadgens. Sio aragvispirelis personaJi uxvad
iTavsebs qarTuli folkloruli gmiris Tvisebebs. misi amirani guladi da amtani
vaJkacia, qveynis ayvavebisa da xalxis bednierebisaTvis mebrZoli. mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi irekleba miTiuri gmiris Tvisebebi: universaluroba, Sinagani
Tavisufleba, tragizmi. avtoris interpretaciiT, zusti droisa da konkretuli
sivrcis gareT warmodgenilia miTis siRrmeSi mimdinare movlenebi.
Sio aragvispirelis amirani berZnul promeTes, somxuri eposis mhers, afxaz
abrskils, osuri narTebis baTraZs da kolx aramxutus mogvagonebs. ZiriTadi idea,
romelic xalxur amiransa da Sio aragvispirelis personaJs Tavidan bolomde gasdevs
_ Tavisuflebisaken swrafvaa. xalxur yvela variantSi, sadac naTlobis epizodia
Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia (qriste, ufali, iSviaTad wminda giorgi) da misi
mimjaWveli erTi da igive piria (kiknaZe 2001:19). Sio aragvispirelis novelaSi ki,
amirani avma sulma miajaWva kldes marjvena fexiT da marcxena xeliT. yvela
Semborkavi iaraRi avma sulma amiranis mowafes _ koWl yaribs gamoaWedvina.
mijaWvuli amirani javrobs, SfoTavs, borgavs, gansakuTrebiT gaborotebulia koWl
yaribze.novelis mixedviT, mWedeli (koWli yaribi) avi sulis mokavSirea. avi suli
ganagebs Sio aragvispirelis gmiris sulier SesaZleblobebs, amitomac kargavs igi
gadamwyvet momentSi realobis SegrZnebas da gonebadabinduli Tavisuflebaze
ocnebobs. ucxo frinvels avtori moavlens im gareSe Zalad, romelsac amirani
wonasworobidan gamohyavs da ubedurebis msxverplad xdis.
Tamaz Cxenkelis TvalsazrisiT: `jaWvi zamTris tradiciuli atributia...
kldeSi jaWviT dabmuli amiranis aRdgomasTan da devebis mier `abjris dayrasTan~

115
aris dakavSirebuli gazafxulis mosvla~ (Cxenkeli 1989:53). novelis mixedviT,
gazafxulis haeriT gonebadabinduli amirani sabediswero Secdomas Caidens, rkinis
uros moqneviT amoZrobamde misul palos isev Rrmad CaarWobs kldeSi, amis Semdeg
zamTris suniT gaiJRinTeba aremare. amirani damarcxdeba. magram misi damarcxeba
droebiTia. avtori momavlis Rrma rwmeniT amTavrebs Txzulebas: `amirani isev
apirebs mxned Seudges Tavis ganTavisuflebas da mgoni, iseTi Seuwynarebeli Secdoma
kvlav aRar Caidinos~...
promeTe-amiranis saxe Sio aragvispirels mravalgvari interpretaciis
saSualebas aZlevs. fragmentis saxiT SemorCenilia miTosuri gmiris Temaze Seqmnili
kidev erTi novela `amirani~, romelic samecniero literaturaSi dRemde ar
ganxilula.
vfiqrobT, novelis mTavari personaJi, miTosuri gmiri, _ amirani unda
yofiliyo, magram teqstSi naxsenebi ar aris misi saxeli. samagierod, sainteresod
aris daxatuli sulkalmaxisa da misi colis, _ qajunas konfliqti.
Sio aragvispireli arc aq Ralatobs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txrobis
eqspresiul maneras, _ `amirani~ Tavidanve mZafrad da dinamiurad iwyeba. sulkalmaxi
`Smagurad~ daeZebs im asulis kvals, romelsac Tvali mohkra Tavisi binidan: `maSinve
wamodga sulkalmaxi da unda qalisTvis eyelTa, rom coli qajuna win gadaudga... _
fexs ver moicvli... uyivla qajunam... sulkalmaxs Tvalebi aemRvra, saxe moequxa da
xelebi aemtvra... kidev mohkra Tvali ucxo asuls da isev Zala mieca sulkalmaxs... da...
_ gza!.. iyvira sulkalmaxma da qajunas Camoclas aRar moucada, gadalaxa is da
gamovarda gared... _ maS Tu egrea Segananeb, mag veragobas!.. daadevna ukan qajunam
sulkalmaxs... da fexze wamoWris umal saSinlad gadixarxara. ise Zlieri iyo xarxari,
rom saSineli qariSxlis xmauroba gaarRviada sulkalmaxs yurebSi mexsaviT CaekveTa...
wams sulkalmaxi kidevac Sedga, ukan moixeda, undoda dabrunebuliyo, daemSvidebina
qajuna. magram vinme asulis saxiT mojadoebulma, colis mrisxaneba gverdze miagdo
da im asulis kvals aedevna~...
novelis fragmentSi erTmaneTTan semantikurad aris dakavSirebuli `papa
xarxara~ da qajunas xarxari. Cveni azriT, mwerals saintereso Canafiqri hqonda: `papa
xarxarasa~ da qalis saSinel xarxars igi mizanmimarTulad axsenebs. kvanZis gaxsna,
albaT, novelis finalSi iyo Cafiqrebuli.
gansakuTrebuli eqspresiulobiT gamoirCeva qajebTan sulkalmaxis brZolis
pasaJi, sami dRe-Ramis moulodneli omi: `qajuna qajTa mefis asuli iyo. sulkalmaxi
nadirobis dros qajTa samefos SeiWra... Cqara es ambavi saqajeTs kidiT-kidemdis
moedo. sulkalmaxi erT muxis Ziras ganisvenebda, rodesac irgvliv Semoesma raRac
xmauroba, swrafad zewamovarda, magram, amave dros, auarebeli qaji Semoesia. sam
dRemdis ibrZoda sulkalmaxi. auarebeli mteri Semusra. magram zRvis qviSas vin
mohlevs? sul axal-axali modioda erTze...~
Sio aragvispirelis `amirani~ daumTavrebeli Txzulebaa. xalxuri Tqmulebis
miseuli interpretaciiT mwerals surda saintereso novelis Seqmna, magram ideis
xorcSesxma veRar SeZlo.
Sio aragvispirelis mxatvrul prozaSi qarTveli xalxis sulieri kultura
irekleba. mwerlis erTaderTi romani `gabzaruli guli~ sayuradReboa Zmadgaficvis
ritualis aRweris TvalsazrisiTac. avtori sainteresod gvixatavs ugulosa da
iremas Zmadgaficvis epizods. iremam marjvena majaSi danis wveri itaka. `mere Wabukis
marcxena xeli aiRo, imasac danis wveri utaka, rodesac orives sisxlis wveTebi
gamouCndaT, iremam Tavisi marcxena Wabukis xels daado ise ki, rom orives sisxlis
wveTi erTmaneTs SeuerTda. orivem mZlavrad marjvena xeli marcxena majas mouWires
da marcxeneebi erTi-erTmaneTs miawebes. cota xnis Semdeg gaaSores xelebi da
erTierTmaneTi gadahkocnes... sisxli raki SeuerTes, TiTqos erTi mSoblisani
iyvneno. es ukve Zmobis aRTqma iyo~. sisxli cnobieri-aracnobieris kavSiris
metaforaa, genetikuri erTobis gamoxatulebaa, romelic aracnobieri codnis
gadamtanis funqcias asrulebs (kvaWantiraZe 1999).
Zvelad saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli yofila keriaSi `muguzlis CuCxuri~
SelocviT: `amdeni qaTami, amdeni Zroxa, amdeni cxvari~ da a. S. naperwklebis simravles
magiuri mniSvneloba hqonda da frinvelis an pirutyvis nayofiereba unda gamoewvia.
swored es rituali gamoiyena Sio aragvispirelma novelaSi `soflad~. patara sandro,
romelic im weliwads pirvelad iyo mekvle, savse xonCiT Sevida Sin da dedis mier wina

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dRiT gazepirebuli sityvebiT daloca ojaxi: `Semovdgi fexi, gwyalobdesT RmerTi,
fexi Cemi _ kvali angelozisa!~ es sityvebi bavSvma samjer gaimeora, Semdeg xonCa
dedas gadasca da uTxra: `daeswariT mravals axals weliwads sixaruliT,
janmrTelobiT da sicocxliT~. sandro male buxarTan mivida, saaxalwlo kunZs
naperwklebi aadina da Tqva: `amdeni Zroxa, amdeni cxeni, amdeni xari, kameCi, amdeni
fara cxvari, amdeni qaTami, amdeni ska futkari, amdeni... ooo! dedi, dedi, dedi, aq
ucqire, ramdeni naperwkali adis!... uh, ramdeni saqoneli gveyoleba!~ (aragvispireli
1961:32).
amis Semdeg dedam sandro xonCasTan miiyvana. `ese tkbilad damiberdi, Svilo,
RmerTma Sens bednierebasa da TeTrad daberebas Semaswroso!~ _ uTxra da Tan TiTo
naWeri gozinayi, alvaxazi da sxva tkbileuli Caudo pirSi~.
novelaSi `da-Zma~ aRwerilia soflad Sio mRvimeloba. am saxalxo
dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT sofelSi erbos qadebs acxobdnen. ymawvilebi kaloze
CaliCs marTavdnen. moCaliCeni or nawilad iyofodnen. erTi naxevari rom wris SigniT
idga, meore naxevari gars dastrialebda da dagrexil apeurebs cxared uqnevda.
moxucebi Soriaxlos isxdnen da axalgazrdebis molxeniT tkbebodnen.
ymawvilebi Tu CaliCiT erTobodnen, qalebs ramdenime adgilas lxini hqondaT
gamarTuli da diplipito-dairas ukravdnen.
Sioobas imarTeboda `berikaobac~. am dros axalgazrdebi Roris, kekelas,
berikebis, mRvdlis da TaTris rolebs asaxierebdnen. maT sayureblad mTeli sofeli
ikribeboda. `berikaoba~ erTgvar Teatralizebul sanaxaobas warmoadgenda,
romelsac sportuli Serkineba erwymoda. mwerlis TvalsazrisiT, Serkinebis dros,
Ronier mklavTan erTad, sulieri wonasworobis SenarCuneba aucilebeli piroba iyo.
ai, rogor gvixatavs avtori `berikaobis~ erT epizods: `Rori ijda gautusav Roris
tyavSi da mardad dasdevda TamaSiT sazandris xmaze Tavis satrfos, moarSiye
berikebs; mali-mal daiCoqebda, daakapunebda, rac Zali da Rone hqonda, eSvebs da miwas
amosTxrida, mere isev mardad wamoxteboda da berikebs an TaTars gamoedevneboda. vai
imaTi brali, Tu romelsame moeweoda!.. dauqnevda eSvebs da berikebis gadmobrunebul
tyavs sul burtylebs ayrevinebda... kekela, qalis tanisamosiT morTuli, Rors win
uxtoda da Wrel xelsaxocs alersianad mali-mal mxarze gadauqnevda xolme~...
saaRdgomo ritualia aRwerili Sio aragvispirelis novelaSi `babdo-ki~.
sofelSi zarebis rekva ismis. galavanSi mRvdlis winamZRolobiT xalxi sixaruliT
eklesias gars uvlis. mravali sanTlis Suqi aCiraRdnebs irgvliv yovelives. mRvdeli
da mefsalmune `qriste aRsdgas~ galoben. am sayovelTao mxiarulebas mxolod maias
ojaxi ar uerTdeba. gamwarebul qals sarecelze avadmyofi Svili babdo usvenia,
magram soflis xalisiani xmauri avadmyofis oTaxamdec aRwevs.
tradiciis mixedviT, soflad, aRdgomis Rames axalgazrdebis erTi jgufi
simReriT midis ojaxidan ojaxSi. glexebi momRerlebs kvercxebiT asaCuqreben. Sio
aragvispireli am rituals misTvis Cveuli ostatobiT ukavSirebs novelis siuJets.
avadmyofi babdos oTaxSic gaismis simReris xma: ``Wonaaa... SemosZaxa pirvelma xmam Sig
karebSi, meorem da banma xma Seuwyes pirvel xmas da mwyobrad, diadi harmoniiT
ganagrZes erTad:

alaTasa, balaTasa
Camovkideb kalaTasa.
qalo, erTi kvercxi Cade,
RmerTi mogcems baraqasa.

_ `Cemo babdo, ade, kvercxi gauta Sen genacvalos deda, Svilo!~ siyvaruliT
eCurCuleba maia sicxisagan gonebadakargul Svils.
saaRdgomo ritualebi Sio aragvispirelze udides STabeWdilebas axdenda.
novelaSi `naaRdgomevi etiudi~ igi aRniSnavs: sofelSi aRdgomis Rames did cecxls
anTebdnen. mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi cecxlis ali saydris wvers aRwevda.
ganTiadisas, rodesac zari Camorekavda, yvelani eklesiaSi Sediodnen da sixaruliT
xvdebodnen mRvdlis mier aRdgomis molocvas.
mwerali gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom qalaqSi es rituali gafermkrTalda da
misi Svilebi gamorCeulad aRar xvdebian am dRes.
rogorc vxedavT, miTi da rituali Sio aragvispirelis samyaroa, romelsac
Semoqmedi Tavis subieqtur Sexedulebebs ukavSirebs. mwerali xalxuri sityvierebis

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did damfaseblad gvevlineba, romelic mudam ZiebaSia, icvleba, axals iTvisebs.
folkloruli nimuSebisadmi misi gamaxvilebuli yuradReba cxadyofs mwerlis
azrovnebis erovnul xasiaTsa da mis mravalmxriv interesebs.

damowmebani:

aragvispireli 1961: aragvispireli S. moTxrobebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.

kasireri 1983: kasireri e. ra aris adamiani? Tb.: gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1983.
kvaWantiraZe 1999: kvaWantiraZe m. oTar WilaZis mxatvruli sistemis semiologiuri aspeqtebi. Tb.:
finansTa saministros gamomcemloba, 1999.
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. qarTuli xalxuri eposi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logos presi~, 2001.
Cxenkeli 1989: Cxenkeli T. mSvenieri mZlevari. Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 1989.

xelnawerebi:

aragvispireli: aragvispireli S. `amirani~, yvarlis ilia WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi, 259/20X.

aragvispireli: aragvispireli S. `naaRdgomevi etiudi,~ yvarlis ilia WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi,
259/32.

Lali Tibilashvili

Myth and Ritual

(according to Shio Aragvispireli’s fiction)

Summary

Myth and ritual are organic parts of Shio Aragvispireli’s fiction. The image of Prometheus-Amirani gives
the author possibility of various interpretations. Shio Aragvispireli’s novel “The Chained Amirani” and the
unfinished work “Amirani” reflect exactly the mythic world outlook.
The national mentality is expressed in folk rituals. Shio Aragvispireli’s keen interest to rituals found
specific manifestation in his short stories, such as: In the Village (`soflad~), Sister and Brother (`da-Zma~),
Babdo-ki (`babdo-ki~), After Easter Sketch (`naaRdgomevi etiudi~), the novel A Fractured Heart
(`gabzaruli guli~).

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manana kvataia

Taurmcenaris paradigmidan maradiuli dabrunebis ideamde

1918 wels Jurnal `Ars~-Si grigol robaqiZe werda: `me qarTveli xalxis
cnobierebaSi Semovitane evropaSi Camoyalibebuli da ruseTSi garTulebuli
simbolisturi msoflmxedveloba~. `simbolos~, `miToss~, `marad myofads~ mwerali
misi Semoqmedebis masazrdoebel `cecxlad~, sakuTari sicocxlis wyarodac ki Tvlis:
`am cecxliT rom ar viwvode, maSin Cemi Semoqmedeba `ucecxlo~ iqneboda, da, rogorc
aseTi, `unayofoc~ (robaqiZe 1996: 88-89). 1949 wliT daTariRebul saprogramo
werilSi `saTaveni Cemi Semoqmedebisa~ robaqiZe erTmaneTs ukavSirebs sityvebs:
cecxli, sicecxle, sicocxle. imave TxzulebaSi is wers: “miTiuri”, miTosi kosmiuri
ambavia _ kosmiuri da ara `istoriuli~. mwerali imowmebs salustiusis frTian
frazas atisis miTosze: `es ar yofila, xolo aris yovelTvis~. msgavs azrs xedavs
robaqiZe qarTuli zRapris dasawyisSi: `iyo da ara iyo ra~, romelsac ase xsnis: `ar
yofili, xolo mudam myofi~. misi TqmiT, es maradi myofadia. `aq warsuli da momavali
erTidaigivea. goeTe adasturebs salustiuss. mgosnisaTvis, rac xdeba, warsulicaa
da momavalic~ (robaqiZe 1996: 84).
rogorc vxedavT, miTosi mwerlisaTvis maradi myofadis gamoxatulebaa.
Sesabamisad, misi fesvebi grigol robaqiZis mraval TxzulebaSi ikveTeba. `robaqiZis
adamianebi miTiuri fenebidan amodian~ (r. karmani. — iqve: 383), miTiuris, maradi arsis,
erT-erT ganzogadebul gamovlenad mwerlisaTvis goeTeseuli Taurmcenaris
paradigma iqca: `visac hsurs konkretul wvdes Cems Sexedulebas, man unda mimarTos
goethes swavlas Taurmcenareze. goetheuri xilva sagnisa indoeTSiac iyo cnobili
saxeliT `linga-Sarira~ (ix. `saTaveni Cemi Semoqmedebisa~). `vaJas engadSi~ robaqiZis
azri ufro dazustebulia. miTosis ufro konkretuli warmodgenisaTvis “me
yovelTvis vigoneb xolme goethes swavlas `urfenomenze~ (Taurmovlenaze), rac
ugenialuresi cnaurebaa dasavleTis kulturaSi gonisa~, _ SeniSnavs mwerali. iqve
Taurmcenaris paradigma asea ganmartebuli: “mcenare cxaddeba ganamdvilebiT
romelime stilSi Tavisi viTarebisa: an morCobisas, an cenebisas, an ylortobisas Tu
foTlobisas, ase vTqvaT, `wilobiT” da ara `mTlad~. goethe ikvlevs mcenares ormagi
WvretiT: winiske=morCiTgan ylortamde Tu foTlamde, ukaniske=ylortidan Tu
foTliTgan morCamde. amCnevs am viTarebis xazze, mcenaris yoveli nawilakisagan
SesaZloa warmoiSvas mTeli mcenare. akvirdeba am movlenas. Tu es asea, maSasadame,
mcenare mTeli yovel xtilSi misi viTarebisa virtualur unda imyofebodes~.
gr. robaqiZe ixsenebs goeTeseuli Taurmcenaris istorias: vaimarel brZens
siciliaSi yofnisas warmosaxviT aRmouCenia `Taurmcenare~ mcenareSi, ese igi: Sina-
saxe mcenarisa.. `Taurmcenare~ iRebs saxels `urfenomeni”, `Sina-saxe~.. igive `ideaa~
platonisa arsebiTad. sxvavoba nairuli. platonis `saxe~ yudrobs, viTar Tesli
`maradSi~ _ goethes `saxe~ vlindeba `movlenaSi~, viTar ceneba Teslisa~. mwerlis
daskvna aseTia: `Taurmcenare~ mcenarisaTvis miTosia _ viTar arasodes xiluli
myofadi, xolo yovelTvis gaelvebuli. xedavT, rogor esityveba ese formulas:
`arasodes yofila, oRond yovelTvis aris~ (robaqiZe 1996: 166-167). sainteresoa
qarTuli `Sina-saxis~ (=urfenomenis) mwerliseuli gaazreba: `sxva xalxebs am cnebis
gamosaxatavad ori sityva WirdebaT, qarTvelebi ki erTi sityviT gamovTqvamT mas:
`xati~ (robaqiZe 1996: 167).
cnobilia didi germaneli poetis zegavlena mwerlis azrovnebasa da
Semoqmedebaze. `goeTe CemTvis gamocxadeba iyo.. goeTes moZRvreba Taurfenomenis
Sesaxeb CemTvis saganTa Semecnebis safuZvlad iqca~, _ werda gr. robaqiZe.
Taurmcenaris idea ki misi Semoqmedebis erT-erT centralur ideadac iqca. `mcenaris
metamorfoza~ — ase hqvia goeTes traqtats, romlis dedaazric mxatvrulad
gadatydeba `gvelis perangSi~. umTavresi debuleba goeTes traqtatisa imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom movlenis asaxsnelad Cven unda vipovoT misi pirvelsaxe
(`urfenomeni~). is, gansakuTrebuli, rogorc movlenis safuZvelSi myofi, moicavs
Tavis TavSi im sayovelTaos, rac calkeulSi mJRavndeba~ (gomarTeli 1997: 163).
1790 wliT daTariRebul leqsSi `mcenaris metamorfoza~ (Die Metamorphosen der
Pflanzen) (goeTe 1980: 160-162) Taurmcenaris goeTeseuli koncefcia mxatvruladaa
xorcSesxmuli. am qmnilebaSi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT gatacebul poets

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Tavisi samecniero ideebi ganuzogadebia. goeTe mimarTavs baRSi nairfer yvavilTa
Soris moseirne megobar gogonas, kristianas, romelic masTan Sexvedramde meyvavile
yofila:

“Alle Gestalte sind ahnlich und keine gleicht der andern

Und so deutet das Chor auf ein geheimes Gesetze,
Auf ein heiliges Ratsel”.

(`yvela forma (saxe) msgavsia da sxvas arcerTi hgavs

da amgvarad xsnis qoro saidumlo kanons,
wminda gamocanas~).

poetis rwmeniT, yvavilTa da mcenareTa nairgvarobis miuxedavad, yvela

maTganSi erTi sawyisi Sina-saxea (Vorbild) daunjebuli:
“Einfach sclief in dem Samen die Kraft, ein beginnendes Vorbild
Lag, verschlossen in sich, unter die Hulle gebeugt”.

(`krZalviT (ubralod) eZina TeslSi Zalas, sawyis xats,

iwva sakuTar TavSi Caketili, garsSi Sekecili~).

Tumca yvela maTgani sxvadasxvagvarad ibadeba:

“Aber einfach bleibt die Gestalt der ersten Erscheinung”.

(`Tumca ubralo rCeba pirvel-movlinebis forma (saxe)~).

aq poeti umTavres saidumlos xedavs:

“Und so erreicht er zuerst die hochst bestimmte Vollendung,

Die bei manchen Geschlecht dich zu Erstaunen bewegt”.

(`da Tavdapirvelad ase aRwevs igi umaRlesad gansazRvrul srulqmnas,

romelic zogierT jiSTan mimarTebaSi Sens gaocebas iwvevs~).

meore leqsSi, romelsac `cxovelis metamorfoza~ hqvia, goeTe wers:

“Alle Glieder bilden sich aus nach ewigen Gesetzen,

Und die seltenste Form bewahrt im geheimen das Urbild”.

(`misi yvela nawili maradiul kanons gamoxatavs

da yvelaze iSviaTi formac idumal Taurxats inaxavs~).

`goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan~ sayuradRebo detals gvacnobs. poeti ixsenebs:

`mcenaris metamorfozebis~ ambavi cota Taviseburad moxda. botanikasTan me mimiyvana
wminda empiriulma gzam.. ramdenadac axla magondeba, sqesTa warmoqmnamde rom mivedi,
sakiTxis sivrcem damafiqra da lamis gadavwyvite, am moZRvrebaze muSaoba Semewyvita.
siTamame ar meyo. aman mimiyvana ganzraxvamde, rom sagani sakuTari gziT mekvlia,
menaxa is, rac yvela mcenarisaTvis saerToa da ase aRmovaCine metamorfozis kanoni. me
mxolod erTi mizani mqonda _ calkeuli movlenebi erTi ZiriTadi kanoniT
damekavSirebina~ (goeTe 1988: 132).
cnobilia goeTes gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli mcenareTa da yvavileTa mimarT.
imave ekermanTan saubarSi is aRiarebs: me var mcenareTa megobari, miyvars vardi,
yvelaze ufro srulyofili ram, rac ki germaniis miwas Seuqmnia. poetis azriT,
mcenareuli samyaro adamianebzec zemoqmedebs: kaci, romelic mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mrisxane muxnarSi cxovrobs, gansxvavebulia misgan, vinc mudam aryis xeTa
Soris daiareba. goeTe bunebas ganixilavs, rogorc mTlianobas, `mxolod
kanonzomierebis aspeqtSi xedavs bunebis yovelgvar saocrebas. mas araferi ar
akvirvebs, yvelaze ufro arabunebrivic ki bunebriviao~, _ ambobs is (kveselava 1961:
382).

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 o. jinoria ganmartavs goeTeseul `metamorfozas~, romelic ganviTarebis
poetiseuli koncefciis centraluri cneba da misi msoflaRqmis erT-erTi
qvakuTxedia. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom `metamorfoza” ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli
`urfenomenis” simbolosTan. es erTi movlenis ori mxarea. “yoveli “urfenomeni”
Tavis `metamorfozas~ ganicdis: Tuki mcenares, cxovels, adamians, qals, silamazes da
ase Semdeg, dausrulebliv, Tavisi `urfenomeni~, e.i. Sesabamisi tipi aqvs, aseve
aucilebelia maTi `metamorfozac~ am tipis saxecvlileba, ris Sesabamisadac goeTe,
magaliTad, ekermanTan saubrebSi laparakobs ara marto mcenareTa da cxovelTa
metamorfozebze, romelTac specialuri gamokvlevebi miuZRvna, aramed, aseve,
saerTod, `miwieri yofierebis metamorfozazec~, romlis arss gauTavebeli
`aRmoceneba, zrda, rRveva da kvlav aRmoceneba~ Seadgens” (jinoria 1966: 219).
mecnieris dakvirvebiT, `metamorfozis~ Sesaxeb goeTes moZRvrebis pirveli
didi monapovaria `amaRlebis~ (zeaRsvlis, Steigerung) kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac,
`yovlis ganviTareba marto uwyvetel xasiaTs ki ar atarebs, aramed `spiraluradac~
mimdinareobs, Tanmimdevrulad zeaRmavali Tvisebrivi cvalebadobis xasiaTs iZens~
(iqve: 220). ase, magaliTad, mcenareSi ganviTarebis procesi marto `kvanZidan
kvanZamde~ ki ar xorcieldeba, aramed agreTve `umartivesi formis~ mqone ZiriTadi
morfologiuri elementis, foTlis, `Tanmimdevruli uaRresi garTulebis~
mimarTulebiT. goeTe ki mcenareTa magaliTze ase ayalibebs Tavis kanons: mcenaris
sxvadasxva nawilebi warmosdgebian erTi savsebiT msgavsi organodan, romelic Tavis
safuZvelSi mudam erTi da igive rCeba, magram modifikaciasa da cvalebadobas
ganicdis progresuli ganviTarebis gziT.
poetis am aRmoCenas safuZvlad udevs organizmsa da mis sasicocxlo garemos
Soris dialeqtikuri kavSiris Rrma gageba, romelsac is ase gamoxatavs: mcenareTa
metamorfoza `am ormag kanonze amaxvilebs Cvens yuradRebas: 1) Sinagani bunebis
kanonze, romlis mixedviTac agebulia mcenare da 2) garegani pirobebis kanonze,
romlis Tanaxmadac mcenareTa modifikacia xdeba~ (jinoria 1966: 220). poeti mTeli
biosferos mimarTac ganazogadebs am formulas: cocxali arseba marad igive rCeba,
misi nawilebi ki mudam aucilebel urTierTmimarTebaSi imyofeba da garegani
zemoqmedebis Sedegad icvleba. `metamorfozis Sesaxeb goeTes saboloo formula ki
aseTia: “marad zeaRmavali bunebis ukanaskneli Sedegia mSvenieri adamiani~ (iqve: 226).
T. fridrihs uTqvams: `ramdenimed adre, sanam Tavis `faustze~ muSaobas ganaaxlebda,
man gamoaqveyna `mcenareTa metamorfoza~. amas mohyva `cxovelTa metamorfoza~.
amaRlebis azriT cvalebadobis idea saerTod mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gahyva mas da
saboloo mniSvnelobiT `fausti~ warmoadgens adamianis metamorfozis saxovan
gamoxatulebas~ (iqve: 228-229).
rogorc aRiniSna, grigol robaqiZe srulad iziarebda goeTes moZRvrebas
Taurfenomensa da Taurmcenareze. es koncefcia man mogvianebiT maradiuli
dabrunebis ideas daukavSira. es naTlad ikveTeba mis germanulenovan eseebSi
`TaurSiSi da miTosi~ da `sicocxlis aRqma dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi~
(krebulidan `demoni da miTosi~, iena, 1935) (robaqiZe 1935). pirvel eseSi
vkiTxulobT: `Taursawyisi CvenSi waruSlelad cialebs _ is idumalad yvela sagansa
da yovel movlenaSi batonobs. amgvarad, yofierebis miTiuri aRqma warmoiSoba,
romelic am saxiT maradiuli dabrunebis saidumlo ideaSi hpovebs gamoxatulebas.
yovel sawyisSi Tavisi gamomJRavnebiT davanebulia Taursawyisi: Sinagani
gamaxvilebuli mzera~ (robaqiZe 2004: 537). mwerlis miTiTebiT, egviptur
saidumloebebs naziarebma piTagoram msoflios maradi ukan dabrunebis idea gaacno.
mravali saukuniT gvian is evropul azrovnebaSic gaixsna, Tumca, rogorc robaqiZe
fiqrobs, mTlianad damaxinjebulad. misi TqmiT, es idea fridrix nicSes sils-marias
mTaze RvarcofiviT daatyda Tavs.
`TaurSiSsa da miTosSi~ maradiuli dabrunebis ideis robaqiZiseuli
ganzogadeba aseTia: `ara erTeuli (calkeuli) ubrundeba marad sakuTar Tavs, aramed
maradiuli erTeulSi, e.i. TaurarsSi (brundeba). es TaurmiTosia yovelive
momxdarisa~ (paralelurad gvaxsendeba r. karmanis sityvebi: `ZiriTadi xedva,
romelic gr. robaqiZis mTeli cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis arss Seadgens, aris
aRiareba imisa, rom yoveli adamiani mokvdavi Svilia, romelic Tavis arsebaSi atarebs
ukvdav mamas~ (robaqiZe 1996: 383). mwerali Tvlis, rom am ideas oden ganWvretiT Tu
miveaxlebiT. misi TqmiT, sagnebis miTiuri wvdomisaTvis amgvarad moiqca goeTe, ris

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Sedegadac man Seqmna moZRvreba Taurmcenareze, romelic, `ugenialuresi migneba
evropisa, maradiuli dabrunebis TaurmiToss simbolurad xsnis~.
am eseSic gr. robaqiZe msjelobs sakiTxze _ rogor mivida vaimareli brZeni
Taurmcenaris ideamde? pasuxi aseTia: `is mudmivad cdilobda movlenaTa sawyisebi da
boloebi erTmaneTis pirispir SeeCerebina”. aq, mwerlis azriT, goeTes dasavlur-
aRmosavluri arsi Cans, radgan erTmaneTs erwymis movlenis `win~ Wvretis dasavluri
manera (dasavleTi kiTxulobs `saiT?~) da dakvirvebis aRmosavluri manera
(aRmosavleTi kiTxulobs: `saidan?~), kvlav `ukan~ rom ganvWvritoT igi.
Taurmcenaris saidumlo goeTesaTvis paduas italiur baRSi gaxsnila, sadac is
mcenareebs mowiwebiT, gulmodgined, rwmeniT ikvlevda, `SeiZleboda gveTqva,
kosmiurad gaxsnili guliT. winaswarmetyveluri winaTgrZnobiT, rom swored aseT
guls umxels buneba Tavis saidumlos, radgan ar eSinia, rom mWvretelisagan
daziandeba~, _ vkiTxulobT gr. robaqiZis `TaurSiSsa da miTosSi~.
sakuTari dakvirvebis Sedegebi goeTes 1787 wlis 17 ivnisis epistoleTi
herderisaTvis ucnobebia: `win da ukan mxolod foTolia, radgan, rac masSi
ganuyoflad erTiania, mcenareSi Semdeg izrdeba~. am eseSic aris ganmartebuli
Taurmcenaris goeTeseuli koncefciis arsi: `mcenaris yovel nawilSi mocemulia
SesaZlebloba, Tavidan SigniT mTel mcenares Seicavdes. amgvarad, yovel nawilSi
mTeli mcenarea mocemuli~. robaqiZe aRfrTovanebulia vaimareli brZenis mignebiT.
misi azriT, Taurxati mcenarisa _ Taurmcenare _— evropis udidesi poeturi
suraTia, romlis Sesaxeb TviT goeTe herders bavSvuri mgznebarebiT swerda:
`Taurmcenare samyaros yvelaze saocari qmnileba iqneba, romlisTvisac TviT bunebas
unda SeSurdes Cemi~.
`TaurSiSsa da miTosSi~ gr. robaqiZe ixsenebs goeTesa da Silers Soris pirvel
Sexvedras, romlis drosac goeTes TanamemamulisaTvis mcenaris metamorfozaze
uambia. kantianel Silers Tavi gaduqnevia da uTqvams: `es cda ar aris, es ideaa~, razec
goeTes upasuxia: `CemTvis Zalze sasiamovnoa, ideebi rom maqvs. ara mxolod vicnob
maT, aramed TvaliTac vxedav~. robaqiZe dasZens: es ori gansxvavebuli samyaro,
Wvretis ori saxea. goeTeseuli Taurmcenaris paradigmis meSveobiT ki, mwerlis
azriT, `pirvelad yofiereba mTlianad, rogorc miTiuri realoba, suraTovnad da
bunebrivadaa warmodgenili~. Tu realuri mcenare mxolod drois erT monakveTSi
aRiqmeba, Taurmcenare yovelTvis mTlianadaa mocemuli. mcenaris yovel fazaSi is
yvela maformebeli ZaliT cocxlad arsebobs. `Taurmcenare mcenaris mistikuri
realobaa _ ara erTjeradi istoriuli faqti, aramed kosmiuri movlena, romelic
maradiulad xdeba.. Taurmcenare miTosis grZnobiT ganxorcielebuli xatia~, _
vkiTxulobT eseSi. Taurmcenaris paradigmis amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad mwerali
daaskvnis: `yovel sawyisSi Taursawyisi Tvlems da maradiuli calkeulSia
warmodgenili da Tu calkeuli Tavis Tavze maradiulis gamanayofierebel
zemoqmedebas SeigrZnobs, ase is maradiulis wilnayaria~. miTiuri realobis cocxali
zemoqmedeba adamianze gr. robaqiZes TaurSiSis (sikvdilis SiSis) daZlevis erTaderT
gzad esaxeba.
`demonsa da miTosSi~ warmodgenili meore ese `sicocxlis aRqma dasavleTsa da
aRmosavleTSi~ kidev ufro ganazogadebs Taurmcenaris goeTeseul koncefcias. aq,
rogorc simbolo, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis magaliTebze ganxilulia Sinagani
daZabuloba mcenaresa da Taurmcenares Soris. mwerali Tvlis, rom aRmosavlur
yofierebaSi Taurmcenare ufro xazgasmulia, vidre mcenare, dasavleTSi ki mTavari
TviT mcenarea. `aRmosavleTi Tavis `me~-s (`me TviTon~, selbst) TaursawyisSi Slis.
yoveli sawyisi misTvis Taursawyisia. dasavleTi pirovnuli monadebisaTvis
viTardeba da dasawyisi misTvis TiTqmis mudam erTjeradad axal sawyiss niSnavs~
(robaqiZe 2003: 166). imave eseSi mwerali miuTiTebs: Cineli ukumimarTulebiT gazrdas
cdilobs: ara Rividan yvavilamde, aramed piriqiT: yvavilidan Rivamde.. iqaur
brZenkacTa saidumlo sibrZne _ `qmedebaSi ara qmedeba~ _ mwerlisaTvis niSnavs:
`movlenasTan moCvenebiTad mivideT, magram Sinaganad Taur `me~-Si davrCeT~. am ideis
gaTvaliswineba robaqiZes aTqmevinebs: TeslisTvisac ki, oden SemoqmedisaTvis,
aucilebelia xelmeored gabatoneba, e.i. TviTganayofierebis unaris SenarCuneba. aq
is imowmebs ucnauri wignis _ `oqros yvavilis saidumlos~ _ frazas: `Tu Tesli
gardaqmnilia, sxeuli jansaRi da Tavisufalia~. Teslis es unari TviT mcenaris
maradiulobis safuZvelicaa.

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 Tavis mxriv, gr. robaqiZem ganaviTara Taurmcenaris goeTeseuli koncefcia: man
is maradiuli dabrunebis ideas daukavSira, romelic fr. nicSes erT-erTi
centraluri ideacaa. `ase ambobda zaratustras~ mesame nawili gvauwyebs: `yoveli
midis, yoveli brundeba, marad brunvs borbali yofis. yoveli ganiyreba, yoveli
axlad Seiyreba; marad erTgulia Tavisi wre yofisa~ (nicSe 1993: 166). iqve
vkiTxulobT: `mrudea biliki maradisobisa. he, adamiani marad uku moiqceva!.. me TviT
maradi ukubrunvis mizezisa var! kvlav moval ama mzesTan erTad, ama miwasTan, ama
arwivTan, ama gvelTan~ (nicSe 1993: 168). maradiuli dabrunebis filosofiuri idea
jer kidev eklesiastes ukvdav teqstSi naTlad ikiTxeba: `Taoba midis, Taoba modis, es
qveyana ki ucvlelia ukunisamde. aRmoxdeba mze da Cadis igi, ubrundeba Tavis adgils
da kvlav iqidan amobrwyindeba. rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive
moxdeba, araferia mzis qveS axali~ (biblia 1989: 387).
nicSes koncefcias T. buaCiZe ase ganmartavs: `namdvili sinamdvile~ droSi
arsebuli, qmnadi, cvalebadi, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis mqone sinamdvilea. dro
yofierebis arsebiTi niSania, yofiereba qmnadobaa. is, rac ar icvleba, rac
warmavalia, zaratustrasaTvis mxolod simboloa~ (nicSr 1993: 258) (msgavsi azria
goeTes `faustis~ bolo nawilSi: `yoveli warmavali aris mxolod simbolo~). T.
buaCiZis miTiTebiT, “zaratustras pozicia tragikuli gmiris poziciaa, misi xedva
Rrma da konkretulia. yvelaferi, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo, ukve moxda, moxda
maradiul, usaxelo warsulSi. es ki niSnavs, rom warsuli da momavali ar arian
dapirispirebulni~ (nicSe 1993: 267). mecnieris azriT, gmirisa da, Sesabamisad,
mwerlis pesimizmi samyaros ontologiuri suraTiTaa nakarnaxevi: RmerTi mokvda,
absoluturi Rirebulebani ar arsebobs. `Cven winaSea sicocxlis, rogorc mTelis,
`geStaltis~ arsebobis wesi, forma. sicocxle, rogorc mTlianoba, aris maradiuli
ganmeoreba. maradiuloba am SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs droSi yofnas. droSi
arsebuli sagani maradiulia im azriT, rom marad meordeba~ (nicSe 1993: 268).
amgvaradve gaiazrebs maradiuli dabrunebis ideas grigol robaqiZe. misi
miTiTebiT, miTiurma ar icis drois dineba, ar icnobs warsuls, awmyos da momavals.
`miTiurSi maradiuli awmyoa. maSasadame, is, rac miTiurSi arsebobda, arsebobs
dResac~ (baqraZe 2003: 94). a. baqraZis miTiTebiT, es idea grigol robaqiZis
SemoqmedebaSi konkretul saxes iRebs: arCibald mekeSi, anu arCil mayaSvili, is aris,
rac didi Tavadi irubaq irubaqiZea. megi medeaa da piriqiT, ivlite, rac dalia da
piriqiT. brundeba ara marto `geStalti~, aramed buneba, xasiaTi, Tviseba.
jer kidev 1911 wlis agvistoSi gr. robaqiZe kita abaSiZes werda: `warmavali da
waruvali, istoriuli da `eterniuli~ _ ai, udiadesi problema gonebis winaSe. maTi
urTierToba dRemde gamourkvevelia. mxolod mxatvruli saxiT SeiZleba maTi
warmodgena. am procesSi yoveli arsi Tavis ideas unda uaxlovdebodes, unda
sruldebodes _ aq aris kvanZi xelovnebis intuiciisa~ (robaqiZe 2003: 156). swored
amgvar antinomiaTa paradigmatikas ikvlevda mwerali mxatvrul TxzulebebSi,
eseistur naraciebSi. maradiuli ideis Ziebisa da Semecnebis am rTul procesSi man
erT-erT sayrdenad Taurmcenaris goeTeseuli koncefcia gamoiyena. mwerlisaTvis
aRfrTovanebis sagnad iqca mcenaris miTosi _ Taurmcenare _ `viTar arasodes
xiluli myofadi, xolo yovelTvis gaelvebuli~. am paradigmis mxatvrulma da
filosofiurma gaazrebam is maradiuli dabrunebis ideamde miiyvana, romelic,
robaqiZis rwmeniT, `TaurmiTosia yovelive momxdarisa~.

damowmebani:

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t.2. Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, `lomisi~, 2004.
biblia 1989: biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamocema. Tb.: 1989.
goeTe 1980: Goethe J. W. Grdichte. Moskau: Progress. 1980.
goeTe 1988: goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan (rCeuli fragmentebi. a. gelovanis Targmani). baTumi:
`sabWoTa aWara~, 1988.
gomarTeli 1997: gomarTeli a. qarTuli simbolisturi proza. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1997.
kveselava 1961: kveselava m. fausturi paradigmebi. t.1. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1961.
nicSe 1993: nicSe fr. ese ityoda zaratustra (e. tatiSvilis Targmani). Tb.: sagamomcemlo
sazogadoeba `filosofiuri biblioTeka~, 1993.
robaqiZe 1935: Robaridze Gr. Damon und Mythos. Iena: Diederichs-verlag. 1935.
robaqiZe 1996: robaqiZe gr. CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia. Tb.: S.p.s. `jek-servisi~, 1996.

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robaqiZe 2003: robaqiZe gr. sicocxlis aRqma dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi (germanulidan Targmna m.
kvataiam). gr. robaqiZisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo krebulSi: `TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni
didebiT~. Tb.: 2003.
robaqiZe 2004: robaqiZe gr. TaurSiSi da miTosi (germanulidan Targmna m. kvataiam). `literaturuli
Ziebani~, t.XXIV. Tb. 2004.
jinoria 1966: jinoria o. goeTes SemoqmedebiTi gza. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.

Manana Kvataia

From the Paradigm of Primordial Plant to the Idea of Eternal Returning

Summary

Grigol Robakidze regarded symbol, mythos as the main source for his life and creative work. He
considered mythos as the expression of eternal existence. It is a cosmic event, which has never existed in reality,
but is always present. For Grigol Robakidze, one of the generalizing expressions of mythic, eternal essence is
Goethe’s primordial plant paradigm, which he later associated with the idea of eternal returning.

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 tristan maxauri

vaJa-fSavelas poema `daWrili vefxvi~ da samonadireo miTosi

xalxSi gavrcelebuli miTosuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT aris nasazrdoebi vaJa-

fSavelas poema `daWrili vefxvi~. igi 1890 welsaa dawerili da mniSvnelovani adgili
ukavia poetis mdidar da mravalferovan SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
misi mxatvruli Rirseba da dafaruli miTosuri plastebi jerovnad ar aris
warmoCenili.
poema nadirTpatronis xsenebiT iwyeba da pirvelive striqonebidan miTosur
samyaroSi gvaxedebs:

`Tovli lxveboda pir-mziTSi,

bardani Camodioda,
namarilevi jixvis xro
pir-aRme Semodioda.
Tan mosdevT Tavis patroni,
neb-neba Semohkioda~ (vaJa 1930: 145)

poemis dasawyisSi vaJa imgvarad axsenebs nadirTpatrons, rom mis konkretul

saxes ar gvixatavs. mkiTxvels mxolod agrZnobinebs, rom jixvebs Tavisi mwyemsi
mohyveba, magram rogori saxis an aRnagobisaa igi, amas mkiTxveli jerjerobiT ver
warmoidgens.
poemis eqspoziciur nawilSi vaJa xalxur tradicias iTvaliswinebs da swored
amis gamo dafarulad tovebs nadirTmwyemsis saxes. gavixsenoT Sesabamisi masala
rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa miTologiuri
arsenalidan: xevsuruli masalis mixedviT, `nadirTmwyemsi uxilavia, xoloT xma
miedineba nadirTufrosisa~ (Tsufa: 29 987). ase swamT vaJas mSobliur kuTxeSi —
fSavSic. movitan nawyvets erTi gadmocemidan (Cawerilia xevsuri studentis mier
xevsurul dialeqtze): Saraxevel fSavels uTqvams: `erTxel wavediv. Caujediv
irmebsav. imaze unda masuliyvnesav da qalis kivil gavigonev. daikivl qalmav da irmeb
Sabrundesav da sxvaze wavidesav~ (Tsufa: 27 105).
megruli gadmocemebis mixedviT, mesefebi ise midenian nadirs, rom ar Canan,
marto maTi xma ismis. waqceul xeze Semomjdar gvaZi Selias `Soridan mejogis yiJinis
msgavsi xma Semoesma. Semdeg stvenis xma gaugia, frinvelebi da tyis nadirebi yvela
erTad midenila, magram vin iyo maTi patroni, es ver gaugia, TvaliT ver xedavda
Turme~ (canava 1992: 85).
Cveulebriv situaciaSi nadirTpatroni sakuTar saxes ar aCens. igi mxolod maSin
eCveneba monadires, rodesac unda daasaCuqros an dasajos. nadirTpatroni Cndeba
rogorc gafrTxileba an gamocda monadirisa. misi naxva sizmarSi SeuZlia monadires.
sizmris saSualebiT xdeba miTosuri drois aRdgena rogorc xalxur gadmocemebSi,
ise vaJas poemebSi (`monadire~, `xis beWi~. aq arafers vambobT im poemebze, romlebic
samonadireo Tematikas ar asaxaven).
`daWrili vefxvis~ mixedviT, uxilavma mwyemsma simagreSi Sereka jixvebi,
romelTac `kldis fari ifares~ da gauCinardnen. axla irmis xro gamoCnda. monadirem
Tvali hkida xarsa da furirems, esrola kidec, magram mizans aacila. imdRevandelma
marcxma Zalze Seawuxa Tvareli da daxmarebisaTvis adgilis dedas mimarTa:

`adgilis dedav, miSvele,

Sen momimarTe xelia,
numc gacruvdeba, Sens madlsa,
sizmari wuxandelia~ (vaJa 1930: 146).

ra sizmari naxa winaRamiT Tvarelma, poemaSi ar Cans, magram is rom `sizmars~

axsenebs, ar aris SemTxveviTi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sizmarSi ecxadeba
nadirTpatroni monadires da nanadireviT asaCuqrebs. Tvarels saerTod keTilad
hqonia dacdili sizmari, magram Zalze akvirvebs da awuxebs dRes mis gaucxadebloba:

125
 `winaT Tu gamcxadebia,
axla cxaddeba raobiT,
me xom am sizmriT vnadirob,
nadirs vxoc imav TaobiT?~ (vaJa 1930: 146).

Tvarels ori ramis imedi aqvs: adgilis dedis, romelsac daxmarebisaTvis

mimarTavs da sizmris, romelic misi warmatebis sawindaria. aq dgas droisa da sivrcis
erTianobis sakiTxi. sizmars gadavyavarT sakralur (miTosur) droSi, xolo adgilis
deda mfarvelia im sivrcisa, sadac Tvareli moxvedrila. xsenebuli poemis Seqmnamde
oTxi wliT adre vaJa-fSavela `iveriaSi~ aqveynebs werils `fSavlebi~, sadac wers:
`TviToeuls adgils, mTas, goras, xevs misis warmodgeniT (igulisxmeba fSavlis
warmodgeniT _ t. m.) hyavs deda, romelsac `adgilis dedas~ eZaxis. monadires rom
dauRamdeba sadme mTaSi an xevSi, miebareba adgilis dedas: `em adgilis dedav, Sen
gebarebode, Saminaxe Senis madliT da davlaTiTao!~ (vaJa 1956: 11-12).
rogorc arsebobs drois sxvadasxva kategoriebi, aseve arsebobs sivrciTi
kategoriebic da am gansxvavebul sferoebs yvelaze naTlad samonadireo miTosSi
gamokveTen. `erT-erTi mTavari niSani, riTac nadiroba aRbeWdilia qarTul miTosSi,
_ wers irakli surgulaZe, _ aris sivrce. samonadireo sivrce upirispirdeba
sameurneo sivrces. Tu pirveli moiazreba, rogorc veli da tye, romelsac yavs Tavisi
binadari, nadiri da mxeci, meore aris qveyana, sadac binadrobs adamiani da pirutyvi.
ase, rom sivrce diferencirebulia ara mxolod adamianTa da gareul cxovelTa
sacxovreblad, aramed Sinaur da gareul cxovelTa sacxovrebladac. adamiani da
pirutyvi `Sinas~ binadrebi arian, rasac `qveyanac~ ewodeba, xolo mxeci da nadiri tye-
velisa, anu `garesi~. es ukanaskneli, rogorc sivrciTi seqtori, garemoicavs `Sinas~
(surgulaZe 2004: 104).
`Sinas ~binadrebs Tavisi mfarveli hyavT (jvari, xati), xolo `gares~ binadrebs
Tavisi patroni. ram gamoiwvia aseTi dacalkeveba da dapirispireba? amasac aqvs Tavisi
mizezi, rasac utyuari argumentebiT warmoaCens zurab kiknaZe: `mas Semdeg, rac
adamiani, romelic, rogorc Sesaqmis gvirgvini, mTeli cxovelTa samyaros patronad
iyo ganwesebuli, mowyda bunebas da masTan erTad gauucxovda gareul pirutyvs,
dakarga masze gavlena da patronoba, gareuls sxva patroni gauCnda, romelsac
TiTqmis yvela tradiciaSi erTi saxeli ewodeba _ `nadirT patroni~, an `nadirT
mwyemsi~ (kiknaZe 2002: 217).
monadire, rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebis wevri, `Sinas~ binadaria, magram mas
gare sivrceSic uxdeba saqmianoba _ nadiroba: `Sina da gare _ is sferoebia, romelTa
Sorisac moZraobs monadire, magram ara rogorc ubralo mimomsvleli, aramed orive
sferoSi gaSinaurebuli da orives winaSe pasuxismgebeli~ (kiknaZe 2005: 190).
amitomacaa misi cxovreba ormagi da tragikuli.
monadire loculobs da msxverpls wiravs sakuTar jvar-xats, zogjer xdeba
jvris aRmomCeni da damfuZnebeli, magram is gare sivrcis patronTan _ nadirTmwyem-
sTanac angariSvaldebulia: masac unTebs sanTels da swiravs mokluli nanadirevis
gul-RviZls, evedreba, xeli moumarTos nadirobaSi: `nadirT mwyemso, oCopintrev, Sen
gexvewebi, mameci jixvT Tavi, mamakvlie! sulni xo Senia nadirTani~ (gabuuri 1923-24:
153-154). dals evedrebian svani monadireebi, afsaTs-osebi, yaraCael-balyarelebi;
afxazebi _ aJveifSaas da a.S. magram nadirTpatroni iolad rodi imetebs sakuTar
samwysos, is monadirisganac moiTxovs sanacvlos. qali nadirTpatroni monadires
umijnurdeba da am ukanasknelis Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi uxvad asaCuqrebs nanadireviT.
qali monadirisagan moiTxovs erTgulebas da saidumlos dacvas, magram monadire
mokvdavi, ubralo miwieri arsebaa da ar SeuZlia uerTgulos nadirTpatrons. kacs
hyavs Tavisi ojaxi, coli, romelsac advilad ver eleva. nadirTpatroni qali ver
patiobs monadires Ralats da kldidan agdebs. amgvarad dasaja dalim beTqili. asevea
tyaSmafac, romelic sastiki da daundobelia pirobis gamtexi monadiris mimarT.
nadirTpatronis mamruli saxea oCopintre. mis Sesaxeb gadmocemebi ufro
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. xevsurebis rwmeniT, monadire Zmad
gaeficeba oCopintres da suls aZlevs. samagierod oCopintre nadirobaSi uwyobs
xels da uxvad akvlevinebs nadirs, magram Tu maTi Zmobis saidumlo gamJRavnda,
oCopintre sastikad sjis monadires _ frialo kldidan agdebs mas (baliauri... 1989).
vaJa-fSavelas poemaSi swored aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli
nadirTpatronisa da monadiris arqetipuli modelia gamoyenebuli. poemis mixedviT

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nadirTpatroni mamruli arsebaa da Tavisi qveSevrdomi nadiris _ daWrili vefxvis
saxiT evlineba monadire Tvarels. maTi Sexvedrisas TiTqos waSlilia zRvari
sizmarsa da cxads Soris, es ufro saswaulebrivi xilvaa, romlis Sesaxebac avtori
ambobs:

`Tvareli banduls isworebs,

ukvirda moxilebuli~ (vaJa 1930: 148)

nadirTpatronma gamocda mouwyo monadires. Tvarelma Rirseulad gauZlo

nadirTpatronis gamocdas, _ tyvia ar dahkra daWril vefxvs, piriqiT, klanWidan sipi
qvis natexi amouRo, Wrilobidan Cirqi moswminda da wyluli Seuxvia. madlierma
vefxvma (nadirTpatronma) xariremi da xarjixvi moakvlevina monadire Tvarels.
poemaSi `nadirT patronis monadirisadmi damokidebuleba SeiZleba gamoixatos
formuliT: `sikeTe sikeTis wil~ (qurdovaniZe 1991: 51).
zemoT ukve visaubreT im miTologiur motivebze, romelTa mixedviT monadire
xelmomarTulia nadirTmwyemsisagan. vaJa-fSavelam Tavis poemaSi sruliad axali
motivi Semoitana, Seqmna axali miTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom daexmara nadirTufrosi
iRblian monadires. vaJam gamoiyena oCopintresa da monadiris Zmadgaficvis xalxuri
modeli, razedac isic mianiSnebs, rom Tvarels Zmobilad warmoudgenia vefxvi. man
dakvirvebiT `gasinja Tavis Zmobilis wylulia~ (vaJa 1930: 148).
vaJam sruliad gamoricxa monadiris kabaluri damokidebuleba nadirTpatronis
mimarT da orive personaJi erTmaneTs gauTanabra:

`egec CemsaviT nadirobs,

kalTebi aukecia,
nadirobaSi magasac
mTa-bari daukecia~, _

ambobs monadire Tvareli daWril vefxvze (vaJa 1930: 147).

personaJTa gaTanabrebiT vaJa-fSavelam aRadgina samoTxisdari wesrigi, roca
adamiani, rogorc Sesaqmis gvirgvini, jer kidev ar iyo gaucxoebuli cxovelTa
samyarosagan.
vaJa-fSavelas am poemis gamoqveynebamde ukve dabeWdili iyo `vefxvisa da moymis~
baladis erTi varianti, romelic Caiwera daviT xizaniSvilma da Seitana 1887 wels
`iveriis~ mier gamocemuli `fSauri leqsebis~ krebulSi. vaJa-fSavela kargad icnobda
am wigns da kritikuli SeniSvnebiT kidec gamoexmaura mas.
gamoqveynebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg `vefxvisa da moymis~ baladis miTosuri
sawyisebi ganixila mkvlevarma giorgi jafariZem (jafariZe 2001: 29-36). baladis
mixedviT, `pirSiSvela moymem~ jer mokla `berxeni jixvi~, romelic, mkvlevris azriT,
RvTis rCeuli nadiri iyo. misi sikvdilis Semdeg monadire unda Sexvedroda
nadirTpatrons (`RvTisTvalian vefxvs~) da asec moxda. baladis finalSi vefxvma da
moymem erTmaneTi daxoces da ase tragikulad damTavrda maTi orTabrZola (II nawili
XX s-is 20-ian wlebSia damatebuli).
vaJa-fSavelam `daWrili vefxvis~ saxiT `vefxvisa da moymis~ baladis sapirispiro
siuJeti Seqmna da misma poemam am mxrivac gamorCeuli adgili daikava qarTuli
poeziis saganZurSi.
damowmebani:

baliauri... 1989: baliauri m., makalaTia n. masalebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa sameurneo
yofis istoriidan. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1989.
gabuuri 1923-24: gabuuri b. xevsuruli masalebi. `qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis
weliwdeuli~. tf.: 1923-24.
vaJa 1930: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. t. III, tf.: gamomcemloba `saxelgami~, 1930.
vaJa 1956: vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani, t. VII, tf.: gamomcemloba `saxelgami~, 1956.
Tsufa: Tsufa _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi.
kiknaZe 2002: kiknaZe z. xanSi iremi movida. `oCxari~ (j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli)
Tb.: 2002.
kiknaZe 2005: kiknaZe z. monadiris ormagi cxovreba. `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~. XXV,
Tb.: 2005.

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surgulaZe 2004: surgulaZe i. nadirobis Tema qarTvelTa miTo-religiur sistemaSi. `masalebi
saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~. XXVI , Tb.: gamomcemloba `merani~, 2004.
qurdovaniZe 1991: qurdovaniZe T. vaJa-fSavela da xalxuri poeturi sityva. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,
1991.
canava 1992: canava a. qarTuli miTologia. Tb.: 1992.
xizaniSvili 1887: xizaniSvili d. fSauri leqsebi. tf.: iveriis gamomcemloba, 1887.
jafariZe 2001: jafariZe g. dardisas getyvi. Tb.: gamomc. `saari~, 2001.

Tristan Makhauri

Vazha-Pshavela’s poem “A wounded tiger” and a hunting myth

Summary

Vazha-Pshavela’s poem “A wounded tiger” is originated with mythic faith and imagines spread in
people. At the same time Vazha creates a new myth in this poem - why a beast-patron helps a hunter Tvareli,
before whom he appears in tiger’s shape. Vazha's interpretation of relationship of a hunter to a tiger is close with
the images about a beast-patron and a hunter's sworn brothers spread in highland of the east Georgia. A hunter
gives an axe to Ochopintre and the latter awards him with a beast. A hunter’s factional attitude towards a beast-
patron is rejected and both personages are equalized to each other.

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manana kakabaZe

qarTuli folklorisa da evropuli romantizmis

tipologiuri aspeqtebi

qarTuli romantizmi mis erovnul fesvebze dgas. xalxuri poeturi sityva am

fesvebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili da macocxlebeli ZarRvia.
qarTveli eris sulier samyaros kvebavda misi miTologia, legendebi, zRaprebi,
xalxuri poezia, romelic uZvelesi warmarTuli epoqis siRrmeebidan modioda da
yoveli axali epoqis esTetikaSi Tavisi wvlili, Tavisi saxe, Tavisi TviTmyofadoba
Sehqonda. yoveli drois literatura sazrdos nacionaluri miTologiiT iRebs.
nacionaluri miTologia da xalxuri poezia specifikur elfers aZlevs
literaturas. rodesac romantikosebma gamoiyenes antikuri literaturidan
zogierTi cnobili miTi, magaliTad, promeTes miTi, maT sruliad axali forma da
axleburi, Tanamedrove adamianis tkivilebi da survilebi miusadages mas. amitomac,
promeTes miTis axleburi damuSaveba maxlobeli da mimzidveli gaxda
romantikosebisaTvis.
Selis `ganTavisuflebuli promeTes~ Sesaxeb ingliseli mkvlevari devid jeimsi
wers, _ rom esqiles promeTesagan gansxvavebiT, Selis gmirebi arian ara berZnebi,
aramed romantizmis epoqis Svilebi, romlebic Tanamedrove adamianis tkivilebs
gamoxataven da axlebur interpretacias aZleven miTs (jeimsi 1963: 128).
romantikosebma, klasicistebisagan gansxvavebiT, sul sxva TvaliT dainaxes
miTologia. maT ainteresebdaT ara berZnul gmirTa xelaxali gadmowera, romelic
Tavis droze brwyinvaled gamoxatavda xalxis gulis wadils, mis idealebs, mis
swrafvasa da tkivilebs, da romelic mTlianad idga erovnuli miTologiis
safuZvlebze da mis brwyinvale da uSualo gardasaxvas warmoadgenda.
axal saukuneebSi romantikosebma miTologia, erovnuli eposi,
Suasaukuneobrivi evropuli qveynebis legendebi, simRerebi, zRaprebi, sadac xalxis
suli da gmiris ideali isaxeboda, miiRes iseve uSualod, rogorc buneba, romelsac
isini daubrundnen xelovnuri literaturis brwyinvalebis Semdeg.
romantizmis TeoretikosTa azriT, kacobriobis metyveleba iwyeboda poeziiT
da es iyo xalxuri poezia. amitom xalxuri poezia unda yofiliyo amosavali da
sayrdeni yvela literaturisa.
romantikosebma mimarTes folklors, rogorc erovnul fesvebs, rogorc
adamianis sasicocxlo Zalas da uSualo ZarRvs, romliTac adamiani dakavSirebulia
bunebasTan da mSobliur garemosTan, mis maradisobasTan.
`ra iyo germaniaSi romantikuli skola? _ wers haine Tavis cnobil traqtatSi
romantizmis Sesaxeb, _ sxva araferi, Tu ara Suasaukuneobrivi poeziis gaRviZeba,
imgvarad, rogorc es poezia gvevlineba simRerebSi, ferwerasa da arqiteqturaSi.
xolo es poezia qristianobidan warmoiSva~ (haine 1904: 264).
haine ganixilavs Suasaukuneobriv evropul poezias, `nibelungebs~, `gmirTa
wigns~, `parcifals~, `loengrins~, `lanselots~, `mefe arturs~, `titurels~,
`tristan da izoldas~, _ uwodebs maT romantikuls da axali, misi Tanadrouli
mwerlobis, romantizmis warmoSobis safuZvlad miiCnevs.
`yvela am Suasaukuneobriv qmnilebaSi garkveuli xasiaTis poezia gvaqvs,
romelic mas ganasxvavebs berZnuli da romauli poeziisagan. am gansxvavebaTa
aRsaniSnavad Cven ukanasknels klasikurs vuwodebT, xolo pirvels — romantikuls~
(haine 1904: 269).
mSobliuri qveynis TavisTavadobam unda gansazRros misi literaturis
specifika, maSin iqneba igi gulwrfeli, saintereso da amaRlebuli. aseTi
literatura gaxdeba maxlobeli da mimzidveli yvela xalxisaTvis. magram pirvel
yovlisa, igi unda iyos nacionaluri, amitom unda idges mSobliuri bunebis Zirebze.
stendali werda: `romantikuli Teoria ki ambobs: yovel qveyanas unda hqondes
Taviseburi, gansakuTrebuli, mxolod misi xasiaTis Sesadari literatura, ise
rogorc yvela Cvengans acvia mxolod misi tanisaTvis morgebuli samosi~ (stendali
1933: 111).
XIX saukuneSi axali qarTuli literaturis SeqmnisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba
hqonda sparsul-aRmosavluri tradiciebisagan qarTuli literaturis

129
ganTavisuflebas da bunebrivi, xalxuri metyvelebisken, _ xalxuri, Tu gnebavT,
sasaubro enisaken gezis aRebas. am saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula romantizmis SemoWram
da damkvidrebam.
niSandoblivia, rom folklorisadmi mecnieruli damokidebulebis dasawyisi
emTxveva saqarTveloSi romantizmis periods. es faqti mniSvnelovania. romantizmis
epoqaSi saerTod iRviZebs folklorisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesi. gavixsenoT
XVIII-XIX ss. evropel romantikosTa damokidebuleba xalxuri poeziisadmi.
saqarTveloSi romantizmis epoqaSi ukve iwyeba cxoveli interesi
folklorisadmi, amave periods ganekuTvneba amiranianis pirveli Canawerebic da
misadmi mecnieruli dainteresebis faqtebi. amiranianis pirveli Canaweri Teimuraz
bagrations gaukeTebia 1810 wlamde (Ciqovani 1959: 31).
qarTuli preromantizmis warmomadgeneli Teimuraz bagrationi axdens xalxuri
sityvierebis Caweras da gamoqveynebas (Teimuraz batoniSvili 1848: 8).
xalxuri motivebi da xalxuri Tematika pirveli qarTveli romantikosis
aleqsandre WavWavaZis poeziaSi metad niSandoblivia. swored es aris erTi is
ZiriTadi Tviseba, romliTac aleqsandre WavWavaZe daupirispirda Zvel Taobas,
`laraZeTa~ wres. al. WavWavaZis da petre laraZis poeturi polemika gulisxmobs Zvel,
klasicistur mwerlobasa da axal, romantikul mwerlobas Soris dapirispirebas. ori
sxvadasxva principis da sxvadasxva skolis mwerloba daupirispirda erTmaneTs, rac
gamoixata am cnobili polemikiT.
xalxuri poeturi metyveleba, xalxuri motivebi, xalxuri suli qarTveli
romantikosebis SemoqmedebaSi uaRresad niSneulia.
xalxuri poeturi metyvelebis ukvdavi ZarRvi feTqavs baraTaSvilis cnobil
lirikul wiaRsvlaSi poemidan `bedi qarTlisa~ _ `morbis aragvi, aragviani~...
romantikosebis stili ubraloa, igi bunebriv, xalxur poetur samyarosa da
metyvelebas uaxlovdeba. romantikuli poezia Tavisufalia evropaSi klasicistebisa,
xolo CvenSi XVIII saukunis poeziis xelovnuli xatovanebisagan. XIX saukunis
damdegidanve, CvenSi romantizmis Semosvlas da damkvidrebas udidesi mniSvneloba
hqonda rogorc samwerlo enis, ise literaturuli TematikiT xelovnuri
CarCoebisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis. am periodidan iwyeba gamijvna ZvelTan da axal,
Tanamedroveobis poziciebze gadasvla literaturis sferoSi. ra didi roli
Seasrules am saqmeSi al. WavWavaZem da gr. orbelianma jer kidev baraTaSvilis
poeziis dabadebamde, araerTxel iqna aRniSnuli.
i. griSaSvils Tavis cnobil narkvevSi aleqsandre WavWavaZeze mohyavs
aleqsandre orbelianis mogoneba poetze: `kniazo, Tqveni leqsebi rom ase ganasxvaveT
da sxva, subuqi da lbili wyobileba mieciT, saidan SemoiReT aseTi meleqseoba.
_ swored getyvi, Cveni bliaZeebisagan SemoviRe (mestvireebisagan)~ (griSaSvili
1957: 10).
e. i. qarTul literaturaSi adre damkvidrebuli formisagan `gansxvavebuli~,
`subuqi~ da `lbili~ WavWavaZiseuli leqsi didad yofila davalebuli xalxuri
poeziisagan.
baraTaSvilis leqsis `madli Sens gamCens, lamazo, qalo~... xalxur poeziasTan
mimarTeba cnobilia da mravaljer aRniSnuli samecniero-kritikul literaturaSi.
umTavresia mainc TviT poetis gancxadeba am sakiTxze, maiko orbelianisadmi miweril
werilSi _ `ai, am qarTul leqss gigzavni mdabiurad dawerils, rogorRac fiqrSi
momivida me var da Cemi nabadi, imis xmazed~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 194). poetis es
orstriqoniani gancxadeba safuZvlad daedo yvela gamokvlevas, romlebic am leqsis
garSemo dawerila da, saerTod, baraTaSvilis xalxur poeziasTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb
azris ganviTarebas.
cnobilia, rom qarTvelma romantikosebma daamuSaves uZvelesi, mzis kultTan
dakavSirebuli leqsi _ `mze Sina~, romelic saqarTveloSi ZeobasTan dakavSirebiT
imRereboda. am xalxuri leqsis motivebze Seqmna al. WavWavaZem leqsi `Zeoba~ (1807-
1811) da gr. orbelianma `salomes beJana mkarvalis magier~ (1834).
qarTvel romantikosebTan xalxuri saxe-metaforebi axal Tvisebebs iZenen.
mnaTobi, varskvlavi, mze, mTvare, vardi da sxv. tradiciuli metaforuli saxeebi,
romelTa sawyisi da fuZe xalxuri poeturi azrovnebaa, qarTvel romantikosebTan
kvlav ikavebs adgils.

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 XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi qarTul poeziaSi Warbi metaforebi da epiTetebi avsebs
saleqso striqonebs, magram `mze~, `mTvare~ da `varskvlavebi~ iq mwignobrul elfers
atareben da mowyvetilni arian dedabunebas, Tavis sawyiss.
romantikosebi daubrundnen bunebis suls, da iq ixiles ukvdavebis wyaro,
romelsac daewafnen da miiRes axali STagoneba. xalxuri poezia maTi Semoqmedebis
uSret wyarod gadaiqca. `mze~, `mTvare~, `varskvlavebi~ TiTqos xelaxla movidnen
bunebidan poeziaSi da axali cxovreba daiwyes.
baraTaSvilis `SemoRameba mTawmidazed~, misi umanko mTvare da oboli
varskvlavi aRar hgavs aRorZinebis da klasicistebis poetTa mnaTobebs. sxva `mze~ da
`mTvare~ anaTebs romantikosTa striqonebidan, sxva Tvisebebs atarebs mnaTobTa da
yvavilTa gundi.
xalxuri metaforuli azrovneba farTod Sevida da damkvidrda qarTvel
romantikosebTan. aseTi saxeebiT mdidaria baraTaSvilis leqsebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
_ `SemoRameba mTawmidazed~, `Cems varskvlavs~, `ar ukiJino, satrfoo~, `aRmohxda
mnaTi~, `Cinari~, `madli Sens gamCens~ da sxv.
al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi mravladaa metaforuli saxeebi, romlebic warmoSobiT
astralur samyaros ukavSirdeba. aseTi leqsebia, `Zeoba~, `SenTan ars guli mnaTobo~,
`eRebis kari gazafxulisa~, `moved mTovarev~, `movel walkots sanugeSod~ da sxv.
xalxuri motivebi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia gr. orbelianTan, folkloruli
saxeebiT sunTqaven misi cnobili muxambazebi, `beJana mkervali~ da `lopiana~. xalxuri
metaforuli saxeebiT ganirCeva gr. orbelianis leqsebi satrfosadmi, romlis
adresati, umetes wilad, nino WavWavaZea. aseTi leqsebia: `n....dmi~ (1829), `mtrial n...s~
(1829), `n....dmi~ (1830), `ekaterina WavWavaZisas~ (1829), `gazafxuli~ (1832) da sxv.
am leqsebSi Cveulebrivia mimarTva `mnaTobo~... magram es mimarTva gr.
orbelianTan JRers axleburad da srulebiT ar emsgavseba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis
qarTul poeziaSi gavrcelebul metaforebs, `mze~, `mnaTobi~, `varskvlavi~, romlebic
imxanad Warbi xmarebisagan gvevlinebian ukve gacrecilni da fergamkrTalni.

***
Tavfaravneli Wabukis Tema, romelic qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gamoxatulia
mSvenieri TqmulebiT, Tavisi warmomavlobiT metad Zvelia. misi paralelebi arsebobs
Zvel berZnul miTosSi herosa da leandres miTis saxiT, romelic Tavis droze
ovidiusma da V saukunis berZenma poetma museusma daamuSaves. igive miTologiuri
Tema ramdenjerme iqna damuSavebuli evropul literaturaSi. romantizmis epoqaSi
baironma Seqmna am miTze poema `abidoseli sacole~, Silerma balada `hero da
leandre~; grilparcenma drama `zRvisa da siyvarulis talRebi~.
evropuli `hero da leandre~ momdinareobs berZnuli miTosidan da ovidiusisa
da museusis damuSavebuli variantebidan. am sakiTxs Tavis droze yuradReba miaqcia v.
kotetiSvilma. igi wers. `marTalia, leqsi Zalian daaxlovebulia satrfialo
romantikasTan, magram mainc SerCenia ramdenime dokumenti, romelic amJRavnebs
leqsSi daculi miTosis nawilebs da maT ZvelisZvelobas. leqsSi SerCenili
dokumentebis mixedviT kidev gaZneldeboda misi bunebisa Tu xasiaTvis dadgena, rom
ar arsebuliyo paralelebi msoflio folkloridan. am paralelebis saSualebiT ki
farda exdeba Cveni leqsis im bundovan simbolikas, romelic mxolod qarTul
niadagze ver aixsneboda~ (kotetiSvili 1961: 329).
v. kotetiSvili miuTiTebs `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ Temis berZnul miTosTan,
erTi mxriv, ovidiusisa da, meore mxriv, evropaSi — Sileris `hero da leandres~
paralelebze.
berZnuli miTosi Seexeba dardanelis srutis saidumloebas. odesRac, am ori
materikis nawilebze, romelTac dardaneli hyofs, iyo Seyvarebuli wyvili, romelTa
siyvaruls da erTad yofnis survils gamyofi wyali uSlida xels. herosa da leandres
dauZleveli siyvaruli am or materiks akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. hero mis evropul
nawilzea, leandre aziurze. yovel RamiT leandre gadascuravs zRvis talRebs, rom
ixilos Tavisi satrfo, hero. yovel saRamos hero aanTebs sanTels da gzas unaTebs
mijnurs, rom bnel talRebSi ar aebnes gza. yovel diliT, roca ciskari amova caze,
leandre tovebs satrfos da talRebis gziT ubrundeba Tavis mSobliur materiks.

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 es siyvaruli tragikulia, misi dasasrulic tragikulia. borot ZalTa CareviT,
zRvis RvTaebaTa neba-surviliT, erT Rames atydeba qariSxali, Caqreba sanTeli da
talRebi STanTqavs leandres sicocxles. diliT, afrodites qurumi, hero napirTan
ipovis mijnuris usicocxlo sxeuls. igi Tavs iRrCobs zRvaSi, herosa da leandres
siyvaruli SeerTdeba talRebSi da zRvis samefoSi ganagrZobs arsebobas. Sileris
balada metad axloa am berZnul variantTan, mxolod gaTanamedrovebulia,
romantizmis epoqis suliskveTebasa da idealebs, romantikuli siyvarulisa da
Tavganwirvis xasiaTs atarebs.
miTis qarTuli varianti ar asaxelebs qalisa da vaJis konuretul saxelebs.
xolo ambavi meordeba iseve, rogorc berZnul-evropul miTosSi: Seyvarebuli vaJi
yovel Rame gadascuravs zRvis talRebs, rom Seeyaros satrfos, xolo satrfo
sanTlebiT gzas unaTebs mas. boroti Zala, _ dedaberi, _ Caaqrobs sanTels erT
Rames da vaJi talRebSi iRupeba. aRaraferia naTqvami qalis Tavganwiruli siyvarulis
Sesaxeb, romelmac berZnuli miTis mixedviT, Tavi moikla, SeuerTda mijnuris beds.
hero da leandres miTs didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia baironze.
1810 wels baironma imogzaura helespontis zRvaze da dardanelis srutesTan
ixila ori patara berZnuli qalaqi, sesti da abidosi.
miTis mixedviT, afrodites qurumi qali hero cxovrobda sestSi, leandre —
abidosSi.
miTologiuri TqmulebiT gatacebulma baironma leandres kvalze orjer
gadascura dardaneli. biografebis CvenebiT, man heros koSkis nangrevebamde miaRwia
mxolod meored. pirvelad dinebam igi sxvagan gaiyvana. baironma, miTiT gataceba da es
romantikuli mogzauroba ukvdavyo poemaSi `abidoseli sacole~.
baironis nawarmoebi ar warmoadgens miTis pirdapir gadamuSavebas Silerisa da
ovidiusis msgavsad. magram Tqmulebis realiebi aSkarad iCenen Tavs poemaSi, rac
SeniSnulia da aRiarebuli baironis mkvlevarTa mier (baironi 1904: 248).
`abidosel sacoleSi~ hero Sescvala TurqeTis faSis asulma zuleikam, xolo
akrZaluli siyvarulis meore monawile, leandre — selimma.
baironis poemis meore simRera iwyeba miTologiuri Tqmulebis gaxsenebiT,
poeti axal Seyvarebul wyvils adarebs miTis personaJebs. zuleikas koSki
gadahyurebs mRelvare helespontis zRvas swored iseve, rogorc miTosuri heros
samyofeli. qarTuli Tqmulebis, aspaneli mijnuri qalisa da heros msgavsad, isev
anTebs lampars baironis nawarmoebis gmiri qali, raTa ukun bnelSi gza gaunaTos
zRvidan momaval Seyvarebuls.
... Relavs helesporti swored iseve, rogorc im Rames, roca daiRupa sesteli
qalis satrfo talRebSi, da rogorc im warsul, Soreul Rames, iseve cimcimebs
lamparis Suqi da uxmobs satrfos, _ da isev ar udrkis muqi talRebis Relvas
Seyvarebuli vaJi. nu gikvirT, _ ambobs poeti — maRali siyvarulis ZaliT, iqneb isev
meordeba Soreuli, warsuli Tqmuleba (`abidoseli sacole~, II simRera, T. I, baironi:
79).
baironis romantikuli poemis siyvaruli tragikulia. nawarmoebis dasasruls
poeti kvlav mimarTavs miTis siuJets da axali interpretaciiT da mciredi
Sinaarsobrivi sxvaobiT gvTavazobs mas.
leandres oreuli, selimi, satrfosadmi atexil brZolaSi iRupeba. igi
gangmiruli zRvaSi vardeba. gaTenebisas mijnuris usicocxlo cxedars talRebi
moaqaneben napirisaken, satrfosTan. qali ar vardeba talRebSi, aramed kvdeba
napirze, mZafri gancdisagan. poemis dasasruli baironma axali legendaruli
TqmulebiT Seamko:
qalis samareze amova uWknobi TeTri vardi, romelic zamTar-zafxul yovelgvar
amindSi yvavis, xolo zRvidan mofrenili Citi ar Sordeba vards, Tavs dastrialebs
samares da mTeli Rame gulsaklavad galobs.
`...igi kvnesis ubedur siyvarulze~, _ ambobs poeti.
`...qalis samaridan marmarilos fiqali zRvaSi gadaadgildeba da mkvdari vaJis
Tavi mas miesveneba. ase dahqris igi Ram-RamobiT helespontis mRelvare talRebSi~
(`abidoseli saRole~, II simRera, T. XXVIII, baironi: 88).
poemis boloTqma ormxriv aris saintereso CvenTvis. misi Soreuli gamoZaxilia
vaJa-fSavelas `stumar-maspinZlis~ bolo Tavi, finali. zviadauris, joyolasa da
aRazas sulebis Rameuli Sexvedris scena mdinaris napiras, sasaflaoze.

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 baironis poemis boloTqmaSi Tavs iCens `eTerianis~ monaTesave erT-erTi motivi.
baironma, ra Tqma unda, qarTuli Tqmulebebis ciklidan ar aiRo sikvdilis Semdeg
mijnurTa gardasaxva vardisa da mgalobeli frinvelis metaforul saxeSi _ rogorc
maradiuli sicocxlis gansaxiereba. miTologiuri warmomavlobis aseTi gardasaxva
metad gavrcelebulia msoflios xalxTa folklorSi. es uaRresad Tbili xalxuri
motivi, romelic ase warmtacad warmoisaxa qarTul `eTerianSi~, didi poetis ukvdav
qmnilebaSi hpovebs maRalmxatvrul literaturul xorcSesxmas.
amrigad, baironis poemaSi `abidoseli sacole~ Tavs iCens qarTuli
miTologiuri legendebis monaTesave ori Tematika. pirvelia `Tavfaravneli Wabuki~,
`herosa da leandres~ miTis oreuli, poema miZRvnilia am Temisadmi. xolo meore _
`eTerianis~ Tqmulebis dasasruli, romlis motivi metad STambeWdavad figurirebs
didi romantikosis ukvdav striqonebSi.
Tavfaravneli Wabukis Tqmuleba stiqiisa da adamianis sulis maradiul
erTianobas da tragikul dapirispirebas asaxavs da amave dros maradiuli siyvarulis
gardauval tragizms warmogvidgens. mijnuri qal-vaJi sikvdilis Semdeg, stiqiis
ZalebSi, bunebasTan erTad maradiul siyvaruls eziarebian.
Tavganwiruli siyvarulis Tema romantikosi poetebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT
mimzidvelia da maT sulier samyaros exmianeba. swored amitom herosa da leandres
miTi romantikosTa yuradRebis centrSi eqceva.
sagulisxmoa, rom es SesaniSnavi romantikuli Tqmuleba, romelic asaxvas
hpovebs baironisa da Sileris SemoqmedebaSi, qarTul sinamdvileSi arsebobda metad
gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis saxiT.
romantikuli siyvaruli da wyalTan dakavSirebuli bediswera, wyalTan,
romelic Sua gamyofia dedamiwis, SeyvarebulTa wyvilebis da sxv. msoflios xalxebSi,
sxvadasxva zRaprebsa da TqmulebebSi meordeba nairgvari variantebiT, rac mdinares,
tbas, an zRvasa da mis magiur Zalebs ukavSirdeba.
wyalTan dakavSirebuli sabediswero siyvarulis romantika qarTvel mweralTa
SemoqmedebaSi Semosulia da damkvidrebuli.
`Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ Tematika da iq dasmuli problemebi aisaxa berZnul
miTosSi. igi damuSavebuli saxiT gvevlineba antikursa da evropul literaturaSi.
romantizmis xanaSi es legenda daamuSaves baironma da Silerma. romantikosebisaTvis
saintereso folkloruli Tematika moicavs `herosa da leandres~, igive
`Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ tragikul, sasiyvaruli ambavs. am saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
legendis qarTuli variantis arseboba metad sagulisxmoa da niSandoblivi qarTuli
poeturi folkloris romantikuli elementebis saZieblad.

***
eTeris Tema ametyvelda musikaSi faliaSvilis operiT. literaturaSi cnobilia
vaJa-fSavelas poema `eTeri~. eTeris Tema da poeturi saxe-metafora garkveul
gavrcelebas hpovebs qarTul literaturaSi, igi ramdenimejer gaielvebs akaki
wereTlis SemoqmedebaSi. magram `eTeriani~ literaturulad damuSavebuli, rogorc
didi epikuri Txzuleba, iseve, rogorc `amiraniani~, jer kidev moelis Tavis
Semoqmeds.
eTeris Tema uZvelesia, iseve, rogorc amiran-promeTes miTi, igi Tavisi
warmoSobiT astralur RvTaebriv Zalebs ukavSirdeba da, keTilisa da borotis,
naTlisa da bnelis, siyvarulisa da siZulvilis dapirispirebis arqaul simbolikas
Seicavs. am TqmulebaTa sawyisebi momdinareobs arqauli samyarodan, rodesac
adamiani da buneba gaerTianebuli iyo erTi sasicocxlo ZaliT, adamiani iyo
gasulierebuli bunebis erT-erTi forma... xolo RvTaebebi, bunebis Zalebi da
kosmiuri sxeulebi, mze, varskvlavebi, mTvare, qari, wvima gansxeulebuli adamianis
saxes Rebulobdnen, da adamianuri yvela sisuste da survili awuxebdaT, _
siyvaruli, siZulvildi, Suri, megobroba, sixaruli, wyena...
mixeil Ciqovani eTerianis Temis gamoZaxils hpovebs `tristan da izoldas~
TqmulebaSi (Ciqovani 1971: 176); gansakuTrebiT am Tqmulebis bolo nawilSi. igi iZleva
am nawarmoebTa dawvrilebiT analizs da Sedarebas da warmosaxavs, Tu ra aqvs saerTo
formis mxriv izoldasa da eTeris Tavganwirul siyvaruls da sikvdils; xolo
sikvdilis Semdeg SeyvarebulTa samaris saswaulebriv Tvisebas. tristanisa da
izoldas saflavebze amosuli mcenareebi gadaeWdobian erTmaneTs... abesalomisa da

133
eTeris saflavebze amova vardi da ia, an vardi... yvavilebi erTmaneTisaken ixrebian...
fexTis wyaro gaCndeba, Sig vercxlis Tasi devs, raTa gzad mimavalma damaSvralma
moiklas wyurvili, aRidginos sicocxlis Zala da SeyvarebulTa suls locviT
mimarTos.
izoldas sevdiani siyvarulis Tema, romelic genetikur msgavsebas amJRavnebs
qarTul eTerianTan, Tavisi uZvelesi epikuri fesvebiT mravalmxriv aris
sayuradRebo. siyvarulis maradiuli Tema, Tavganwiruli suliskveTeba da misi
tragikuli dasasruli, romantikuli ganwyobileba da rwmena maradiuli siyvarulisa
grZeldeba imier sofelSi gardasvlis Semdegac. eTeris da abesalomis, tristanisa da
izoldas siyvaruli ukvdavia, mas verc sikvdili Secvlis da Sewyvets, arsebobis saxes
ucvlis mxolod. amis dadasturebaa mijnurTa saflavebze vard-yvavilTa saocari
cxovreba... swored am poeturi dasasruliT ukavSirdeba es ori sasiyvaruli epikuri
Tema erTmaneTs. mijnurTa sicocxlisa da trfobis aseTi dasasruli, sikvdilis
Semdeg maTi siyvarulis gamovlenis formis Secvla da gardasaxva mcenareTa
maradganaxlebad arsebaSi, ar yofila mxolod am ori TqmulebisaTvis niSandoblivi.
rogorc veselovski miuTiTebs Tavis gamokvlevaSi `tristan da izoldas~ Sesaxeb, es
Tema sxva xalxTa folklorSiac gvxvdeba da mas Rrma Teisturi Zirebi aqvs.
veselovski, rogorc Cans, ar icnobs `eTerianis~ Tqmulebebs: `sikvdilis Semdegac
agrZelebs arsebobas aseTi siyvaruli, tristanisa da izoldas saflavebze amosuli
xeebi ise gadaeWdobian erTmaneTs, rom maT veRaraferi daaSorebs. SeyvarebulTa
saflavebze amosuli xeebis da yvavilebis saxeebi, romlebic erTurTisaken ixrebian
da iswrafian, TiTqos maTSi grZeldebodes adamianuri sicocxle da Caumqrali
grZnoba — farTodaa gavrcelebuli romanul da slav xalxTa simRerebSi, qurTebis,
avRanelebis da sxva xalxTa poeziaSi.
dRes Cven am saxes aRviqvamT rogorc poeturs, odesRac ki igi iyo erT-erTi
simboluri gamoxatuleba msoflSegrZnebisa, romelic saerTo iyo kacobriobisaTvis
ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze: adamiani da buneba warmodgebian gamTlianebulni
erTi saerTo sasicocxlo ZaliT, buneba iyo gasulierebuli (animizmi), xolo adamiani
mis uTvalav formaTa erT-erTi nawili~... (veselovski 1939: 117).
veselovski asaxelebs mraval xalxs, sadac msgavsi xasiaTis Tqmulebaa
folklorSi Semonaxuli, magram ar asaxelebs qarTvelebs. rogorc Cans, `tristan da
izoldas~ am sakiTxis analizisas mas `eTerianis~ teqsti xelT ar hqonia. `tristan da
izoldas~, meore mxriv, kavSiri aqvs `visi da raminis~ romanTan, am kavSirze miuTiTebs
veselovskic da m. Ciqovanic. miuTiTeben agreTve n. mari, k. kekeliZe, al. baramiZe da
sxv. saTanado gamokvlevebSi.
m. Ciqovanis azriT, Tumca romans `visi da ramini~ bevri aqvs saerTo `tristan da
izoldasTan~, xolo am ukanasknels `eTerianTan~, `eTeriansa~ da `visramians~ Soris
saerTo TiTqmis araferia, garda imisa, rom 1. rogorc abesalomi, ise ramini da
tristani satrfoTa dakargvis Semdeg dasneuldebian, loginad Cavardebian; 2.
raminic, msgavsad abesalomisa da tristanisa, gulidan dardis gadasayrelad,
sanadirod midis, da, bolos, 3. samive es gmiri satrfo qalebis dakargvis Semdeg isev
eZeben mas... (Ciqovani 1971: 190).
Cven vfiqrobT, rom satrfos moSorebiT gamowveuli dardi, albaT, yovel meore
saraindo-samijnuro romanSi, mijnurs loginad Caagdebs da satrfos kvlav mopoveba
xom siyvarulis aucilebeli pirobaa. samijnuro romanisaTvis es paralelebi TiTqmis
arc ki CaiTvleba paralelebad imdenad zogad xasiaTs atareben. aq laparaki SeiZleba
mxolod uzogades tipologiur msgavsebaze. maT TiTqmis araferi aqvT saerTo.
`eTerianis~ Tema tragikuli siyvarulis Temaa. ori RvTaebrivi, maRali suli
Sexvda erTmaneTs. maTi siyvaruli maradiulia da SeusabamobaSia wuTisoflis
interesebTan, qveyniur kanonTa rigTan. amitom maT TiSavs yofiTi samyaro, isini
itanjebian da iRupebian, magram maTi sulebi agrZeleben maradiul siyvarulSi
sicocxles, rac simbolurad gamoxatulia mcenareTa maradganaxlebad ltolvaSi
erTurTis mimarT. es aris ukvdavebis rwmenis gamoxatulebis arqauli forma. igi
preqristianulia, Tumca qristianuri samyaros esTetikaSiac gadmovida da hpova
axali sicocxle.
Tavisi xasiaTiT `eTeriani~ `romeo da julietas~ siyvarulis tragedias
enaTesaveba. romeo da julietas siyvarulis ambavi Sua saukuneebSi moTxrobis saxiT
italiaSi damuSavda, sanam Seqspiris tragediaSi miiRebda xorcSesxmas. aq ar

134
gavagrZelebT sityvas Seqspiris tragediis maRal Rirsebebze, romelic sasiyvarulo
poeziis etalonad iqca msoflio literaturaSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod Tematikis
tipologiur siaxloves da ideaTa naTesaobas, romelic, erTi mxriv, folklorul
`eTerianSi~ da, meore mxriv, Seqspiris srulyofil, genialur literaturul
qmnilebaSi gansaxierda. isini metad daSorebulni arian formiT, magram ara ideiT, ara
surviliT da siyvarulisaTvis tanjviT.
`abesalom da eTeri, RmerTma Sehyara erTferi!~ _ ambobs xalxuri Tqmuleba.
eTeri iklavs Tavs abesalomis usicocxlo cxedarTan misive naCuqari daniT. isini
erTad daimarxebian. maTi siyvaruli TiTqos grZeldeba samareSiac. xanmokle
cxovreba maradiul grZnobebs ver itevs da ver SezRudavs drois monakveTiT.
uZlieresi, maRali grZnoba gadadis mistikur samyaroSi da maradiuli arsebobis
formas iRebs. am maradiuli arsebobis gamoxatulebaa bunebaSi gadasuli siaxlovis
survili, romelic TqmulebaSi gamoixata SeyvarebulTa samareze ia-vardis
erTurTisaken ltolviT. TiTqos ukvdavi siyvarulis grZnoba mistikuri ZaliT
aRavsebs mcenares da ukarnaxebs mas uCveulo moZraobas...
julieta iklavs Tavs mijnuris daniT, isinic erTad dasaflavdebian da, Tumca
araferia naTqvami maT samareze amosuli ia-vardis Sesaxeb, romlebic agrZeleben
trfialTa grZnobis RaRadiss (vfiqrobT, es SeuZlebeli iyo Seqspiris tragediis
formisaTvis), maTi sicocxlisa da siyvarulis gagrZeleba sikvdilis Semdeg
gansaxierdeba im adamianur urTierTobebSi, ramac mtroba megobrobiT da
TanagrZnobiT Secvala. siyvarulis ukvdaveba da misi gancda romeo da julietas
tragediis dasasrulis Semdeg TiTqos ufro naTeli da konkretuli xdeba.
`eTerianis~ tragikuli, romantikuli suli qarTul romantizmSi ar gamoxatula
nawarmoebis miZRvniT am Temaze, magram misi arseboba im qveyanaSi, sadac romantizmi
movida da daimkvidra sapatio adgili literaturaSi, mniSvnelovani faqtia.
erovnuli zRapari da leqsi zrdida baraTaSvilisa da gr. orbelianis gulsa da
grZnobas, romelsac odesme romantizmis ideebi unda mieRo, egrZno da gamoexata.
mSobliuri `nana~ da `mze Sina~, erovnuli heroikuli suli da TqmulebebSi
gamoxatuli Tavganwiruli siyvarulis tragedia iyo safuZveli im didi grZnobebisa,
romlebic odesme baraTaSvilis, gr. orbelianisa da al. WavWavaZis sulsa da gulSi
unda afeTqebuliyo.
Seqspiri, romeo da julieta romantikosebis saTayvanebeli saxelebia.
romantikosebma Seqspiri gamoacxades TavianT did winamorbedad da masze
dayrdnobiT SeebrZolnen klasicizms. Seqspiri da misi Tematika, Seqspiri da misi
ideaTa samyaro, misi humanizmiT savse tragediebi, ukvdav grZnobaTa gamomxatveli
adamianebi — saqarTveloSic es iyo romantikosebis ideali.

***
vaxtang kotetiSvilma pirvelma moaxdina `Tavfaravneli Wabukisa~ da Sileris
`hero da leandres~ SepirispirebiTi analizi. xolo baironis `abidoseli sacole~
pirvelad Cvens mier iqna qarTul folklorTan mimarTebaSi ganxiluli.
jer kidev 1983 wels Cvens wignSi `qarTuli romentizmis erovnuli safuZvlebi~
Cven aRvniSneT `Tavfaravneli Wabukisa~ da baironis poemis `abidoseli sacole~
miTologiuri nawilis tipologiuri naTesaobis Sesaxeb.
winamdebare gamokvlevaSi xdeba sakiTxis gaRrmaveba, axali argumentebiT
Sevseba, teqstualur SepirispirebaTa warmoCena da tipologiuri aspeqtebis dadgena.
agreTve, naSromSi pirvelad xdeba `eTerianisa~ da `abidoseli sacoles~
tipologiuri aspeqtebis gaanalizeba. pirvelad iqna Seswavlili aseve, `romeo da
julietasa~ da `eTerianis~ tipologiuri aspeqtebi.

damowmebani:

baironi : The Illustrated Byron. With Upwards of Two Hundred Engravings From Original Drawings By Kenny Meadows
... Henry Visitell. Gough S.Q. Fleer St. London.
baironi 1904: Байрон. Собрание сочинений в 3-х томах. Т. 1. Санкт-Петербург: изд. Бракгауз-ефрон, 1904.
baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
griSaSvili 1957: griSaSvili i. literaturuli narkvevebi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `saxelgami~, 1957.
veselovski 1939: Веселовский А. Избранные статьи. Ленинград: 1939.
Teimuraz batoniSvili 1848: Teimuraz batoniSvili. istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa. spb. 1848.

135
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1961.
stendali 1939: Стендаль. Собрание сочинений в 15-ти томах. Т. 7. Ленинград: изд. "Художественная литература",
1933.
Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m. xalxuri eposi. mijaWvuli amirani. nawili I. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.
Ciqovani 1971: Ciqovani m. Sua saukuneebis sami romanis `tristan da izoldas~, `abesalom da eTeris~
da `visi da raminis~ tipologiuri urTierTobis problema. kreb.: berZnuli da qarTuli
miTologiis sakiTxebi: Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1971.
jeimsi 1963: James David. The Romantic Comedy (An Essay on Englishg Romanticism). London: Oxford University Press,
1963.
haine 1904: Гейне Г. Полное собрание сочинений в 6-ти томах. Т. 3. Санкт-Петербург: изд. А. Ф. Маркса, 1904.

Manana Kakabadze

Typological Aspects of Georgian Folklore and European Romanticism

Summary

The work provides typological aspects of the epic “The Bride of Abidos” by Byron, the greatest
representative of European Romanticism, to the Georgian folklore examples “The Lad from Tavparavani” and
“Eteriani”.
There have been also studied and specified the typological aspects of “Romeo and Juliet” to “Eteriani”.

136
nino sozaSvili

folkloruli aspeqtebi sandro SanSiaSvilis

dramaSi `latavra ~

qarTuli dramaturgiis ganviTarebis istoriaSi sandro SanSiaSvils gamorCeuli

adgili uWiravs. misi Semoqmedebis TaviseburebaTa SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT
arsebul gamokvlevebSi dRemde ara gvaqvs dramaturgiul TxzulebaTa xalxur
sityvierebasTan mimarTebis amsaxveli naSromebi, risi aucileblobac arsebobs. es
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom XX saukunis qarTuli dramaturgiis istoria srulyofilad
iqnes Seswavlili.
sandro SanSiaSvilis Semoqmedebis nawilis _ dramaturgiis mravalferovani
masalidan amjerad gamovyofT umSvenieres Txzulebas`latavra~. xalxur mdidar
sityvier kulturasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT dramaSi bevri ramaa
saintereso. zogjer is nawarmoebis zedapirze oqrosaviT brwyinavs, zogjer ki,
personaJis sulis xveulebSi Rrmadaa Camaluli, saZiebeli. aseTi Zieba ki uSurvelad
sayuradReboa.
sagulisxmoa, rom 1924 w. s. axmetels rusTavelis TeatrSi daudgams s.
SanSiaSvilis drama `latavra~, xolo 1926 w. z. faliaSvils dramis avtoris
libretoTi daumuSavebia opera `latavra~. libretoze, rogorc literaturuli
teqsti, datvirTulia zepirsityvierebasTan paralelebiT.
Tu gavyvebiT dramaSi am mimarTebis kvals, davinaxavT masSi xalxuri
zRaprisaTvis niSandobliv pasaJebs:
TviT latavra `Soreuli turfa asulia~ (SanSiaSvili 1962: 56),∗ `Tavisi
mSvenierebiT camde asuli~; is erTaderTi, `TviT ukvdavebis gamomsaxveli~ (gv. 56),
`misi qveyana wyaro aris bednierebis~, `iq mze badebs xalas sicocxles~, sasaxleebi
`Zvirfas TvlebiT anagebia~, `zianeTi misi da xazina ar daileva~ (gv. 57). mwerlis mier
warmodgenili es qveyana zRaprulia. engiCar batons xmamaRla aRmoxdeba, rom es aris
_ `zRapris qveyana!~ (gv. 57) amas satana ingubusis SeZaxilic amtkicebs, rom latavras
samflobelo aris qveyana `sinamdvilis da ucxadesis~, oRond namdvili!
ara gvgonia vcdebodeT, Tu vityviT, rom latavras qveyana mwerlisaTvis
bavSvobidanve cnobili qveynis analogia, e.w. zRaprebidan mosuli qveyana. amitomac
aris, rom latavras mxatvrul saxeSi bevria zRaprul-fantastikuri; amitomac aris,
rom latavra Zalian gvagonebs ara mxolod xalxuri zRapris `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~,
aramed sxva xalxuri epikuri Txzulebebis mzeTunaxavebs, vinc savsea ara mxolod
silamaziT da mSvenierebiT, sikeTiT, aramed, zogjer _ borotebiTac. amaSi mweralic
gveTanxmeba, roca ambobs _ `latavra xalxis saunjea da ideali~ (gv. 58) swored
zRapris mier warmosaxul, an borot da avsul ingubussac sjera, rom latavra `erTia
Soreuli, turfa asuli~ (gv. 58), romelic ar unda ,,darCes miuwvdomeli~. raki
latavra xalxisadmi siyvarulisa da erTgulebis saxe-simboloa, xalxTan unda iyos,
an xalxi _ masTan. mwerlis azriT, xalxis gareSe uazrobaa nebismieri simdidre! _
amaze xazgasma, arc Cvens zepirsityvierebas daviwyebia. amitomac mgosani qveynis
winaSe gulmxurvaled acxadebs:

mgosani _ xom gagigia zRaprebSi Tqmuli

mzuTunaxavi qali pirimze_
grZnobis wamRebi da momxibvleli?
ai, im qalze latavra ufro lamazi aris!...

Cveni zRaprebiT warmoCenil mzeTunaxavTa bunebis gadamuSavebis safuZveli

moCans mgosnis mier qvemoT warmodgenili latavras mdidari saxismetyvelebis
magaliTSi:
ros oqros suriT is wylidan modis,
mas ukan mosdevs qalTa amala,
ginda, rom mxolod mas erTs umziro...

∗
aq da qvemoT teqstebi miTiTebulia s. SanSiaSvilis krebulidan: rCeuli Txzulebani oTx tomad, t. II, Tb. 1962 w.

137
 roca xedav, rom ikrefen Zalas moxucebulni
imeds hpoveben gulgatexilni,
davrdomilebi jansaRdebian,
sastiki lbeba, mrisxane cxreba,
vnebadamSrali inTeba grZnobiT
brundebi saxlSi xalisiani da gardaqmnili,
imediT savse ebrZvi cxovrebas (gv. 61).

aq zRaprulTan mwerlis mimarTeba didia, ganwyoba _ amaRlebuli _ zRapris

personaJis TavgadasavliT kmayofili, marTlac `xalisiani da gardaqmnili, imediT
savse ebrZvi cxovrebas~ _ vkiTxulobT mgosnis aq warmodgenil monologs da
Tvalwin gvidgeba qarTuli hagiografiis cnobil wmindanTa xatebi, imaTi, vinc xalxis
idealia, vinc davrdomilTa aris mkurnali. aseTi personaJis saxismetyvelebis
gamoZaxili gvesmis latavrasadmi mimarTvebSi. movusminoT xalxs:

xmebi _ latavra Cveni xorcSesxmuli RvTaeba aris!

mWedeli_ is RvTaebaze ufro metia!

is movlenilia raRac gangebiT,
rom Seemosa yoveli kargi, rac Cvens xalxSia
da win gvdgomoda, viT sulis sarke.

mwyemsi _ uTqvamT: Tu faras Tvali gadahkra,

cxvars aRar mosdis maSin zarali
da ise mravlobs, viT futkris Joli!

xelosani_ erxel movida saxelosnoSi,

naxa yoveli iq momuSave,
Cven is SevigneT, SevisisxlxorceT
da imis Semdeg dro-xanma ganvlo,
aRarcerTs dardi ar moswolia
mudam imedi ucxoveldebaT
muSebma Sehqmnes misdami himni
da yvela gulSi imas RiRinebs.

xalxi _ Cven davangrieT civi kerpebi!

_ xalxis saunjes taxti davudgiT!
_ latavra aris sulis saunje!
_ keTilSobili Cveni mizani! (v. 61)

Txzulebidan warmodgenil amonaridSi bevri ramaa zRaparTan kavSirSi, magram

kidev ufro gamdidrdeba personaJis zRapruli mSveniereba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom
latavras:

siamovnebis oqros flosti fexze Caucvams,

xelSi uWiravs rto simSvidis da saTnoebis
Cvens sulSi dadis RvTaebrivis didebulebiT! (gv.62)

cxadia, rom latavras `oqros flosti~ Cveni xalxuri Tqmuleba-legendebiTa Tu

zRaprebiT cnobili mzeTunaxavis `oqros qoSis~ identuria.
personaJis sajaro sasjelis saxeobaTa Soris calke oTaxSi gamomwyvdevis, bnel
xaroSi Cagdebis, svetze gakvris, cxenis kudze gamobmis, SeuZlebeli davalebis
micemisa da a.S. magaliTi ara erTi da oria zRaparSi. movusminoT engiCar batonis
brZanebas da Tvalwin dagvexateba zRapriseuli pasaJi:

engiCar _ hei! CaacviT tansacmeli ubralo mxevlis!

kvlav miakariT am svets... stanjeT! aqve,
Cems Tvalwin! (gv. 106)

s. SanSiaSvilis dramaSi mwerlis mier gamoyenebulia qarTvelTa uZvelesi

rwmena-warmodgenebi mzisadmi, romelTa Soris garkveuli adgili, Cans, ekava
simReras, mzisadmi miZRvnil himns.

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 dadasturebulia, rom mzis sadideblebi sicocxles agrZelebs qarTul
folklorSi _ jadosnur zRaprebSi, xalxur simRerebSi, miTebSi, Tqmuleba-
legendebSi. amis gamonaSuqia xalxuri: `mze Sina~, `mze dedaa Cemi~, svanuri `lile~,
`mzis siZe~, da a.S. mzis Sesaxeb am da sxva zepirsityvier Tu eTnografiul masalas
uTuod icnobda `latavras~ avtori. warmodgenil dramaSi swored am codnas unda
efuZnebodes latavras mimarTva xalxisadmi:

latavra _ dRes mzis dRe aris

aRorZinebis! Cveni xalxis dResaswauli!
am dRem arguna gamarjveba Cvens winaprebs
da dagvitoves maT anderZad: vuZRvnideT qebas!
(mzisken aRapyrobs xelebs)
mzeo naTelo!
Sen asuldgmuleb mTels samyaros mxurvale sxiviT.
Sen hqmni yovel wams axal sicocxles!
Sen aTbob grZnobas, Sobav naTel azrs,
aw Sens winaSe warmovmdgarvar suliT SiSveli,
Sen erTs gadideb! Sen gamo vcocxlob
Sena xar wyaro uSreti Zalis!
raic sivrceSi gafantulia Seni sxivebiT
da romelTagan aRmocenda norCi buneba,
xolo bunebam Seni ZaliT Sva eri Cveni,
moveswrafebiT Sens didebas, samyaros sulo,
rom Cven, nawilma, SevimosoT Seni srulyofa,
da rogorc uwin kvlav gadidebdeT (gv. 70).

warmodgenil himnSi uTuod Cans kvali mzisadmi miZRvnili erovnuli Soreuli

tradiciebisa, zepirsityvierebisa, eTnografiuli tradiciisa.
dramaSi mzisadmi mimarTvis sxva magaliTebic gvxvdeba:

gamdeli _ (sibneleSi amoimarTeba, rogorc dedaboZi....)

mzeo! latavras mfarveli Sen xar!

mzeo Zliero! ukvdavi mZle xar!
Semogwiravdi mxurvale locvebs!... (gv. 99)

TviTon latavrac mzis madidebeli rwmeniTaa aRsavse:

latavra _ mzeo naTelo, samyaros sulo!

amobrwyindi da gaminaTe,
gza warmimarTe! (gv. 115)

xsenebuli TvalsazrisiT, mdidaria qarTuli xalxuri poezia.

xalxuri tradicia sabrZolo iaraRiT dapirispirebulTa brZolis Sewyvetisa
da simSvidisaken mowodebis Sesaxeb kargadaa Serwymuli qalis mandilis
SesaZleblobaTa rwmenasTan, rasac dRemde ar daukargavs Tavisi utilitaruli
aspeqti. dramaSi vkiTxulobT: Zmebi guram da rati mesisxleebiviT Sebmian erTmaneTs.

gundi meomrebis _ viRupebiT! Zmebo dawynardiT, Zmebo gaCumdiT! (rati ibrZvis,

gurami igeriebs. brZolaSi gurami iWreba)

latavra _ ax guram! rati!

(leCaqs iglejs da SuaSi Caagdebs. xmlebs dauSveben, mibrundebian)
rogor? Tqven ibrZviT? .... da sasikvdilod? (gv. 85).

dramaSi sainteresodaa warmoCenili bibliuri aspeqtebi, roca latavra ambobs:

`TiTqos gvirgvini eklis madgia!~ (gv. 108)
TxzulebaSi xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis kvalic aSkaraa. magaliTad,
durgalTan dialogSi mWedelis naTqvami:

mWedeli _ me crumorwmune ara var, magram

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 es ori dRea cxvirs maceminebs
da isic TiTos da an sams erTad!:
uTuod kentze vCerdebi xolme!
CaquCs gadvisvri, aRar vmuSaob,
vketav darabebs da Sin mivdivar!
am dros uTuod Tavs gadamivlis Savi yorani
da Tan damCxavis...

durgali _ magiT ra gsurs sTqva?

mWedeli _ cuds moaswavebs!...
durgali _ Sen, megobaro! bebrebTan mjdarxar da mkiTxaoba Segiswavlia!

TxzulebaSi aseve sainteresodaa warmodgenili Sendobis xalxuri tradiciac

(gv. 101-102).
dramaSi `latavra~ xalxuri andazebis gadamuSavebisa da frazeologiis
magaliTebic gvxvdeba: `misi qveyana wyaro aris bednierebis~ (gv. 57), `latavra xalxis
saunjea da ideali~ (gv. 58), `imeds hpoveben gulgatexilni~ (gv. 61), `kacs rom imetebT,
gana kitria, meore zafxuls isev movides~ (gv. 64), `,me ki megona grZeli cxviri sxvisken
mihqonda~ (gv. 64), `,unda CavicvaT Savi ZaZebi! mgosanma unda Cangi gastexos! (gv. 68),
`CemTvis ar darobs~ (gv. 108), `weRan, rom viTom gadmoRvara niangis cremli~ (gv. 112),
`TviTveuls Tqvengans sulSi vuzivar~ (gv. 112) da sxva.
dramaSi `latavra~ TvalsaCinoa agreTve zRapriseuli sami Zmis siuJeturi
masalis gamoyenebis reminiscencia.
amrigad, s.SanSiaSvilis dramas `latavra~ xalxuri sityvierebidan moxmobili
masalebi ise Svenis, rogorc mowmendil zecas dRisiT mze, RamiT _ mTvare da
varskvlavebi.
damowmebani:

dafqviaSvili 1955: dafqviaSvili T. musikalur terminTa leqsikoni. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,

1955.
SanSiaSvili 1962: SanSiaSvili s. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. 2, Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1962.

Nino Sozashvili

Folk-lore aspects in Sandro Shanshiashvili drama “Latavra”

Summary

In the drama of Sandro Shanshiashvili “Latavra”, by the standpoint of interrelation with the national rich
verbal culture, many things are interesting. The support is obvious in the work, in order to think about the
characteristic passages for tale in it. Also, in the drama, by the author it is used the ancient national belief of
Georgians. Performances towards the sun. And the sun hymns continue existing in Georgian folklore even now.
In the drama, it is also obvious the sign of national belief-performances: sneezing three times, raven
croaking and etc.
Materials called up from national, adorns the drama of S.Shanshiashvili “Latavra”, so as to the serene sky
the sun by day, the moon and stars -by night.

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 eposi

Temur jagodniSvili

xalxuri eposis kvlevis konceptualuri modelebi

`Txrobis warmomavlobaze imaze meti mainc

ara viciT ra, rac enis warmoSobaze~.
r. barti

eposi, rogorc mxatvruli forma, ambavs, Txrobas emyareba. epikuria iseTi

mxatvruli qmnileba, romelic raime ambavs mogviTxrobs, Tanac sul erTia, ra
formiT-leqsad Tu prozad. misi raobis aseTi, sakmaod zogadi gansazRvris gamo,
eposis arealSi imTaviTve gasaocrad nairferi mxatvruli produqcia moeqca: miTi,
zRapari, Tqmuleba, gadmocema, igavi, epopea, mogvianebiT _ moTxroba, romani, novela
da a.S.1 am aspeqtSi viTareba sadReisodac ar Secvlila. miuxedavad imisa, rom
`TxrobiTma Janrebma imravla da es simravle amJamad pirdapir gaocebasac ki iwvevs~
(r. barti), am yvelafers axlac eposs uwodeben.
eposis Tundac formaluri gansazRvris aseTi zogadoba zepirsityvierebazedac
vrceldeba. da es imis miuxedavad, rom TiTqos karga xania, gairkva xalxuri eposis,
kerZod, `tradiciuli eposis~, buneba; gamovlenilia misi mxatvruli struqtura,
Txrobis saSualebani, xerxebi da a.S. dResac eposs uwodeben yvela iseT folklorul
Janrs, romelTa safuZveli ambavi, anu ambis Txrobaa. eposia: miTi, zRapari, Tqmuleba,
legenda, igavi. eposisagan ganasxvaveben ambavze damyarebul, marto erTi saxeobis
zepirsityvier nawarmoebebs. esaa e.w. `istoriuli simRera~. gancalkevebis safuZvlad
aRiarebulia ambis (faqtis) mxatvruli Txrobis manera (Tumca isic mxolod klasikur,
anu e.w. `tradiciul eposTan~ mimarTebaSi). istoriuli simRera erT konkretul
faqts asaxavs, Tanac sustia mxatvruli ganzogadebao. aseTi gansazRvra, aSkaraa, ver
acalkevebs mas eposisagan. amasTan, imasac cxadyofs, rom eposi mxolod ambiTa da
TxrobiT ver ganisazRvreba. mbavi da Txroba erTi niSania da ara erTaderTi. amis
gacnobierebam mkvlevarTa yuradReba aki logikurad ambisa da misi Txrobis
ragvarobaze gadaanacvla. mniSvneloba imis Ziebam SeiZina, Tu ranairi ambavia
gadmocemuli eposSi da rogor aris moTxrobili es ambavi. kvlevaTa am aspeqtebma ki
eposis sxva, ufro arsebiTi, niSan-Tvisebebi gamoavlina. XIX saukuneSi eposis
gansazRvrebebSi zogadad aseTi Sinaarsi gamoikveTa:2
eposis specifikas upirvelesad ambavi ganapirobebs. ambavi SemTxveviTi faqti an
movlena araa. igi didi, saerTo erovnuli, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenis
Txrobaa, movlenisa,romelic ngreviT, walekviT emuqreba eris yofas da arsebul
saxelmwifoebriv wyobas. umTavresad esaa omis viTareba, Tanac ara Sina (samoqalaqo)
omisa, aramed samamulo (da amdenad istoriulad marTali) omisa. es samarTlianoba
apirobebs eposis ambis saerTo sakacobrio da zedroul mniSvnelobasac (hegeli 1971:
433).
eposis ambavs Tavisi logikuri dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs, Sinaganad mTliania
da gasrulebuli. mas gmiris mizani kravs.3 amasTan eposis ambavi, rogorc wesi,
konkretul personaJs ukavSirdeba, misi Tavgadasavlis forma aqvs morgebuli, anu
eposis siuJeti mTavari gmiris poeturi (mxatvruli) biografiaa,4 magram ara
mTlianad.5
eposis ambavi sabolood mainc mTavari (saerTo) ambavia. esaa saerTo erovnul-
saxelmwifoebrivi kataklizmis Sinaarsis Semcveli ambavi. mTavari gmiris
Tavgadasavali, poeturi biografia ki am saerTo ambavSi Semavali kerZo ambavia.
mTavari ki isaa, rom saerTo da kerZo ambebi eposSi mTlianobas da imavdroulad
TavTavis mniSvnelobebsac inarCuneben. da es miuxedavad imisa, rom gmiris poeturi
biografia (anu eposis kerZo ambavi) Tavis mxrivac Seicavs wvril-wvril kerZo ambebs
da isini gmiris TavgadasavalSi TavTavis mniSvnelobebsac inarCuneben. es wvril-
wvrili ambebic gmiris saerTo TavgadasavalTan iseTsave mimarTebaSi arian, rogorc

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misi poeturi biografia eposis saerTo ambavTan, anu TavianTi mniSvneloba aqvT,
magram srul azrs gmiris Tavgadasavlis mTlianobaSi iZenen, masTan ganuyofel
kavSirSi arian. am kavSiris gareSe ki isini `poetur qronikebs~ warmoadgenen.
gmiris Tavgadasavlis Semadgeneli kerZo ambebi erTmaneTs SedarebiT
Tavisuflad ukavSirdebian. amasTan, isini eposSi Sesvlamde garkveulwilad ukve
arian damuSavebulni, anu erTgvari mxatvruli done ukve aqvT mopovebuli. da,
bunebrivia, epikur mTlianobaSi garkveul funqcias asruleben (hegeli 1971: 464). es
funqciaa eposSi movlenaTa msvlelobis Seneleba (zogjer SeCereba). Seneleba-
SeCereba ki, rogorc wesi, gmiris gadawyvetilebas uZRvis win.
eposis gmiris Tavgadasavlis kerZo (konkretuli) ambebi, anu epizodebi,
garkveuli azriT ritualuria, radgan erTi da imave wesiT da rigiT meordeba da
erTsa da imave struqturas emyareba. gmiric erTi da imave principiT iqceva. eposSi
mTqmeli marto kerZo ambavs da masTan dakavSirebul situacias ki ar mogviTxrobs,
aramed imasac gviCvenebs, rom am kerZo ambis sababi eposis saerTo ambavSia. amis gamo
eposis teqstis mTlianoba (Sekruloba- koherentuloba) kerZo ambis Sinaarsisa da
saerTod am eposis msoflxedvis erTianobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
eposi logikurad maSin gasruldeba, roca saerTo ambidan gamomdinare kerZo
ambavi (moqmedeba) dasruldeba da Tanac gacnobierdeba saerTo viTareba.
aqedan gamomdinare,eposis teqstSi aseTi teqstobrivi elementebi vlindeba:
1. eposis samyaro: igi zRvardadebulia(TviTkmari). esaa konkretuli xalxis
sacxovrisi. am samyaroSi adamianuri yofa zne-Cveulebebs, adaT-wesebs emyareba. anu
eposSi tradiciuli sazogadoebaa asaxuli. mTavari gmiri Tavis arsebobas
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan erTianobasa da ganuyoflobaSi moiazrebs.
2. movlenaTa motivireba: obieqturi realoba da gmiris nebeloba tolfardia.
gmiri emorCileba am realobis zewolas, magram masSi ar iTqvifeba, TavisTavadobasac
inarCunebs, Tumca eposSi Seqmnili viTarebis produqtad warmodgeba.
3. movlenis asaxva: eposSi moqmedeba TavisTavad, gmiris nebis gareSe xdeba.
moqmedeba obieqturi mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli da obieqturadve miedineba. gmiri
TavisiT da TavisTvis ar moqmedebs. igi yofierebis SuagulSi imyofeba. es yofiereba
misi arsebobis mTavari orientiria, WeSmariti sayrdenia.
4. eposSi yovel sagans, nivTs Tavisi mniSvneloba da daniSnuleba aqvs: gmiris
qonebas, mis raime Tvisebas aTvalsaCinoebs. amitom maTi aRwera detaluria.
axla isic gavixsenoT, rogor warmoidgenda jer kidev Zveli kvlevaZiebiTi
tradicia eposis mTavar gmirs.
ukve iTqva, rom eposSi ambavi mTavar gmirs ukavSirdeba. es gmiri Tavis arsebaSi
Tavisi eris fsiqofizionomiur bunebas ganasaxierebs, amitom mis arsebaSi mTeli eri
erT individad iqceva. amdenad gmiri mTliani, Sekruli pirovnebaa. igi bunebiT
diadia, Tavisufali da adamianurad mSvenieri, uryevia miznisaken svlaSi da saqme
bolomde mihyavs. amis gamo es gmiri eposSi STabeWdili garduvalobis (ginda
bedisweris) msxverpli xdeba. es imitomac, rom eposSi rac xdeba, TavisTavad
aucileblad mosaxdenia. isic windawin aris gansazRvruli, rac gmirs unda gadaxdes.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani detali:
imis gamo, rom eposSi ambavi aRiwereba da ara moqmedeba, Txroba imazea, Tu ra
gadaxdeba gmirs miznisaken svlaSi da ara is, Tu ra ZalisxmeviT miiltvis igi am
miznisaken, anu eposSi mTavari garemoebaa da ara gmiris gaazrebuli qmedeba. qmedeba
garemoebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
da bolos, sainteresoa imis gaxsenebac, Tu raSi xedavs eposis
sicocxlisunarianobas ZvelTaganve momdinare mecnieruli azri. amis safuZvelia
eposSi moTxrobili ambisa da misi matarebeli xalxis cnobierebis ganuyofloba.
rogorc ki ganuyofloba dairRveva, eposi mokvdeba. anu eposi maSin kvdeba, roca
wydeba kavSiri eposSi asaxul idealebsa da Tanamedroveobas Soris.6
asea danaxuli da gaazrebuli saerTod eposi, rogorc mxatvruli fenomeni.
aSkaraa, rom verc am niSan-TvisebebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli misi imdagvari daxasiaTeba,
rac eposis Janrobriv mravalferovnebas ramdenadme daakonkretebda. Tundac
sakuTriv im niSnebs gamoavlenda, riTac e. w. tradiciuli eposi mainc
gamocalkevdeboda sxvaTagan (Tundac zRaprisagan). miuxedavad imisa, rom eposis es
saerTo daxasiaTeba eposismcodneobaSi ZiriTadad gaiziares, aravis uaruyvia, mainc
es zogadoba iyo mis TaviseburebaTa kvleva-Ziebis mZlavri impulsi.

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 amis Sedegic iyo, rom kvlevebSi empirizms eposis teqstis siRrmiseuli Sreebis
ganCxreka Seenacvla.
XIX saukunis bolo aTwleulebidan moyolebuli, eposi folkloristikaSi
yvelaze daJinebuli yuradRebis sagans warmoadgens. mas dResac intensiurad
ikvleven. aSkarad gamoikveTa eposis Janrobrivi danawileba-daxarisxebis
tendenciac. eposismcodneobaSi karga xania calke dargebic ki Camoyalibda
(magaliTad, zRaparmcodneoba). erT dargad moiazreba e.w. `tradiciuli eposi~.
amJamad xalxuri eposis klasifikaciis erT principad ideur-Tematuri
erTianobac aris miCneuli. am principiT asabuTeben, magaliTad, satrfialo-
samijnuro, sagmiro-saraindo, sagmiro-istoriuli eposebis arsebobas da a.S. bolo
dros sakuTriv eposs, anu xalxur tradiciul eposs, sagmiro Sinaarsis eposs
uwodeben. aseTs Tvlian konkretulad xalxur eposad, danarCens ki _ ara. Tumca ra
principiT unda gaimijnos sakuTriv eposisagan es danarCeni, jerac ar aris sabolood
garkveuli. ase rom, eposis zusti da metnaklebad dasabuTebuli klasifikacia
kvlavac grZeldeba.
eposisadmi aseTi gamorCeuli interesi sruliad bunebrivia. upirvelesad
imitom, rom eposi zepirsityvierebis Janrebs Soris yvelaze monumenturia, amasTan
sagmiro eposi mkveTrad erovnulicaa. arc erTi eposi ar `xetialobs~ erTi qveynidan
meoreSi, arc saerTaSoriso siuJets emyareba sxva zepirsityvieri Janrebis
nawarmoebTa (magaliTad, zRaprebis) msgavsad. anu epikuri siuJeti yvela qveyanaSi
originaluria, TviTmyofadi. misi arc gasesxeba xdeba da arc sesxeba. ratom? imitom,
rom eposSi (gansakuTrebiT sagmiro-saistorio eposSi) xalxi sakuTar warsuls
gaiazrebs mxatvrulad (epikurad) da afasebs. amave mizeziT sagmiro eposSi naTlad
aris asaxuli erovnuli cnobierebisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis buneba da
Taviseburebani, poeturi energies, cnobierebis Zalovneba da a. S.
eposismcodneoba arsebiTi miRwevebiT ukve XIX saukuneSi gamoirCa. yvelaze
mTavari (da arsebiTic!) is iyo, rom am saukuneSi cocxal zepirsityvier tradiciaSi
gamovlinda xalxuri eposi. naTqvami rom ufro gasagebi gaxdes, unda gavixsenoT, rom
tradiciuli xalxuri eposi zepirsityvierebaSi saerTod virtualurad binadrobs.
arc erT mTqmels ar axsovs arc erTi eposis teqsti zepirad, Tavidan bolomde. erTs
erTi nawili axsovs, konkretulad is nawili, romelic yvelaze metad moswons da amis
gamo mexsierebaSi myarad aqvs aRbeWdili, sxvas-sxva da a.S. anu zepirsityvier
tradiciaSi eposi fragmentebad cocxlobs. magram Zlieria eposis mTlianobis
gancda. mTqmelma, romelsac raime fragmenti axsovs zepirad, sxva, danarCeni
fragmentebic `icis~ (ukeT, maTi arseboba icis. icis zogadad, fabulis an siuJetis,
sulac ambis doneze). ase rom, eposis mTlianobis gancda (ginda Segneba)
warmosaxviTia, magram myari. eposis sicocxlis es specifika aRmoaCina XIX saukunis
folkloristikam.7 swored amitom iyo, rom umeteswilad am drois mkvlevrebma
mouyares Tavi zepirsityvierebaSi gamovlenil fragmentebs, erTi principiT
daalages isini, gaamTlianes da ukanve daubrunes xalxs erTiani erovnuli xalxuri
eposebis saxiT.
gamTlianebis principad uZveles TxrobiT teqstebSi gamovlenili qarga
moimarjves, romelic adamianis Tavgadasavlis Txrobas emyareba, adamianuri
sicocxlis yvela momentis (xanis) gaTvaliswinebiT: dabadeba, siWabuke, siWarmage,
sikvdili, adamianis amqveyniuri arsebobis, sicocxlis, cxovrebis sxva tradiciul
momentebTan erTad.
isic kargad aris cnobili, rom eposismcodneobaSi XIX saukunis miwurulidan
miyolebuli ara erTi Teoria Tu mecnieruli skola gaCnda. am Teoriebisa Tu
skolebis warmomadgenlebi Tav-TavianTi TvalTaxedviT ikvleven xalxuri eposis
aqtualur sakiTxebs dawyebuli eposis warmomavlobis problemebiT da damTavrebuli
misi mxatvruli struqturis raobiTa da poetikis sakiTxebiT.
TeoriaTa da skolaTa nairferovnebaSi ki ramdenime mimarTuleba gamoikveTa:
erTi _ upiratesad XIX s-is folkloristikis tradiciebis, kvlevaZiebiTi meTodis
(SedarebiTi) gaRrmaveba-srulyofis gziT ganviTarda, meore _ Tavad eposis
teqstualur samyaroSi `SeiWra~. mis teqsts, rogorc erTian, Sinaganad Caketil
mTels, miapyro mzera. am mTelis SigniT scada Txrobis, ambis ageba-gadmocemis
saerTo da sayovelTao, ucvleli mxatvruli xerxebis gamovlena; teqstis nawilebad

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daSlis, am nawilebis urTierTmimarTebis, mTelis SigniT TiToeulis mxatvruli
funqciis rkveviT scada Tavad am mTelis raobis dadgena.
erT mimarTulebas gahyva rusuli folkloristika. mas, sakuTriv
folkloristulTan erTad, ufro farTo mecnieruli miznebi amoZravebda.
rusul folkloristikas XIX saukunis bolos im koncefciis gaqarwylebis
amocana edga, rasac safuZveli Cauyares T. benfeis Tanamoazreebma (v. stasovi, v.
pipini, vs. mileri da sxv.) da rac rusul xalxur eposs saTaveebs monRolursa Tu
indur-sparsul samyaroSi uZebnida.
maSin rusuli eposismcodneobis mizani rusuli xalxuri eposis aRmosavluri
warmomavlobis Tezisis gaqarwyleba iyo. Tu es mTlianad ver moxerxdeboda, maSin
zepirsityvier nasesxobaTa areSi dasavluris (berZnul-bizantiuris) Setana da
nasesxobis ormxrivi bunebis gamovlena unda ecadaT, radgan amiT farTo gza
gaexsnaT saerTo slavuri zepirsityvieri samyaros arsebobisa da am samyaroSi
sakuTriv rusulis moTaveobis mtkicebisaTvis.
am miswrafebaTa gamoxatuleba gaxda a. veselovskis medroSeoba rusul
folkloristikaSi Tavisi aRmosavlur-dasavlur sesxebaTa, urTierTgavlenaTa
TezisiT, `istoriuli poetikiTa~ da SedarebiT-istoriuli meTodis kvlevaZiebaTa
qvakuTxedad gadaqceviT.
es idea XX saukuneSi ukve evropul mecnierul-folkloristul tradiciebTan
politizebuli gamijvna-dapirispirebis (meTodologiis sferoSi) safuZvladac iqca.
sabWoTa folkloristika am koncefciis srulyofis gzas daadga da SedarebiT-
istoriuli meTodis Sinaarsi `istoriul-tipologiuris~ mimatebiT gaaRrmava da
daazusta. a. veselovskis Semajamebeli azri-nebismieri xalxis eposi saerTaSorisoao,
XX saukunis rusma folkloristebma ase daakonkretes: eposi saerTaSorisoa ara
genetikurad, aramed tipologiurado. tipologiaSi ki eposis saerTo Janrobrivi
niSnebi igulisxmes (ideuri Sinaarsi, siuJetis agebuleba, misi nawilebi, ciklizacia,
stilistika, eposis, rogorc Janris, evolucia da a. S. am ukanaskneli problemis
rkvevaSi ki garkveulwilad n. maris e. w. stadialuri ganviTarebis Teoriasac
daemyarnen); eposis istoriul gzaze sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis yoveli
konkretuli formaciis Sesabamisad axal-axali formebis, tipebis gaCena-
damkvidrebis kanonzomiereba aRiares.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebma, moWarbebuli ideologizebuli
TvalTaxedviT svlis miuxedavad, mainc SeZles eposis (gansakuTrebiT sagmiro eposis)
warmoSoba-ganviTarebis dasabuTebuli istoriis dawera. am istoriis mixedviT eposis
warmoSobas safuZvlad daedo gvarovnuli, Semdeg feodaluri epoqebis idealebi. am
idealebis mxatvrul gamoxatulebad warmodga eposis yvelaze adrindeli forma
sagmiro zRapari. es forma ganviTarebuli feodalizmis epoqaSi TandaTan
romantikul eposSi, anu e. w. saxalxo romanSi gadaizarda.
am istoriaSi gansakuTrebulad Rirebuli eposis gmiris Tavgadasavlis
(`cxovrebis gzis~) im ZiriTadi ambebis (epizodebis) gamovlena iyo, rac saerTod e.w.
tradiciuli eposis gmiris “biografiad” iwoda. esenia: saswaulebrivi dabadeba,
Wabukoba, sagmiro ambebi, magiuri uvnebloba, cxenisa da iaraRis mopoveba, qorwineba,
brZola urCxulebTan da a. S.
mTavari, riTac am dakvirvebaTa utyuaroba sxva mimarTulebis (gansakuTrebiT
ritualur-miTologiuri da funqcionaluri) mkvlevarTa mierac dadasturda,
Semdegi daskvnaa: gmiris Tavgadasavlis Semadgeneli motivebi, ambebi, epizodebi
sagmiro eposze Zvelia (adrindelia) da momdinareoben sazRapro, miTologiuri (Sdr.
ritualur-miTologiuri Teoriis koncefcias) warmodgenebidan, wes-Cveulebebidan8
da Soreuli warsulis sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebidan.9 amasTan es motivebi
istoriuli sinamdvilisa da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis cvlis Sesabamisad icvleba:
Zlierdeba da mtkicdeba ambis namdvilobis rwmena (v. Jirmunski); qreba is motivebi
(kerZo ambebi), romlebic ver egueba axal sinamdviles; mkvidrdeba gaidealebuli
istoriuli sinamdvile, eposi icleba zRaprulisagan da istoriuli xdeba.10
xalxuri eposis kvlevaSi yvelaze STambeWdavi Sedegebi moipova XX saukunis
rusul-sabWouri folkloristikis uTvalsaCinoesma warmomadgenelma v. propma.
rusuli xalxuri eposis kvlevas, rasakvirvelia, sxvebmac daaCnies Rrma kvali (mag. e.
meletinski). magram principuli mniSvneloba v. propis Tvalsazriss aRmoaCnda.

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 v. propma zurgi aqcia Tavisi drois rusuli folkloristikis kvlevaZiebiT
praqtikas, meTodologias da sruliad moulodneli gezi moimarjva. es gezi
evropulis Tanaxmiani (gansakuTrebiT struqturalistebisa), rac mTavaria, yvelaze
Sedegiani aRmoCnda. misiT eposis aRmocenebis, ganviTarebis, arsebobis metnaklebad
sruli suraTis warmoCena gaxda SesaZlebeli (propi 1928).
pirvelad v. propma garRveva rusul folkloristikaSi 1928 wels ganaxorciela,
rodesac gamosca wigni `zRapris morfologia~. (propi1928) v. propis mizani
zepirsityvierebisa da garemomcveli sinamdvilis urTierTkavSiris dadgena da misi
Sinaarsis gamovlena iyo. es mizani rusul folkloristikaSi siaxles warmoadgenda,
Tumca damkvidrebul kvlevaZiebiT tradiciebTan arc Tu daSorebuls. tradiciulad
mecnierul interesTa sferoSi rCeboda istorizmi, aseve a. veselovskis `intuiciuri
migneba~ zepirsityvier teqstSi mudmiv elementTa (motivTa) arsebobis Taobaze.
(veselovski 1940:51). axali iyo istoriul-genetikur kvlevaTa struqturul-
tipologiuri kvlevebiT gasruleba. kidev ufro meti siaxlis Semcveli aRmoCnda misi
kvlevaZiebiTi meTodi.
v. propma yuradReba zepirsityvier teqstze gadaitana da imis garkvevas mihyo
xeli, Tu vin, ras da rogor akeTebda zRaparSi, anu moqmedi piris-personaJis
moqmedebiT dainteresda. personaJis moqmedebas, anu qcevas ki funqcia uwoda. man
naTelyo, rom jadosnuri zRapris struqtura personaJis funqciaTa
Tanamimdevrobas emyareba.
v. propma jadosnur zRaparSi 31 funqciisa da 7 personaJis arseboba gamoavlina.
es 31 funqcia personaJebze sxvadasxva kombinaciiT nawildeba da swored jadosnuri
zRapris garegnul mravalferovnebas hqmnis, Torem yvela erTsa da imave struqturas
emyarebao. ai, amis migneba gaxda eposismcodneobaSi garRvevis tolfasi
mniSvnelobisa, risi utyuarobac mogvianebiT evropel da amerikel eTnologTa
kvleva-Ziebamac daadastura, roca eposis teqstebSi mudmiv da cvlad elementTa
arseboba gamovlinda.
v. propi kvlevaZiebiTi meTodologiiT yvelaze metad struqturalistebs
hgavda (Tundac teqstis Tavdapirveli danawevrebiT da nawilebis meSveobiT mTelis
ragvarobis rkveviT), Tumca v. propis ganmartebiTve, es ar iyo struqturalizmis
areSi darCena. es ki imiT dadasturda, rom man am aRmoCenili sistemis istoriuli
safuZvlebisa da fesvebis Ziebasac mihyo xeli. `zRapris morfologias~ (1928)
`jadosnuri zRapris istoriuli fesvebi~ (1946) mohyva. amiT man morfologiuri
Ziebani istoriul Seswavlas daukavSira, anu `faqtebisa da movlenebis mecnieruli
aRweridan misi istoriuli mizezebis axsnaze~ (propi 1984: 29) gadavida. v. propis
koncefciaSi gansakuTrebiT saintereso es garemoebaa. man ara marto e.w.
tradiciuli eposis morfologia gamoavlina, aramed istoriac: cxadyo, Tu ra
Sinaarss da struqturas iZens eposi gvian, e.w. `tradiciuli eposis~ samyarodan
gasvlis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca eposSi sul ufro daJinebiT iWreba
istoriuli sinamdvile da igi sagmiro-saistirio SinaarsiT ivseba. eposi
saxelmwifos gaCenamde aRmocenda, miTidan warmoiSva, magram ara evoluciurad,
aramed miTisa da miTosuri ideologiis daZlevis gziT.
am eposis samyaro ori an sami (iSviaTad) sknelisagan Sedgeboda. eposis gmiri
qvesknelSi mogzaurobda. amasTan stiaqaTa RvTaebebisagan saCuqrad did sikeTesac
iRebda. Semdeg dedamiwas urCxulebisagan wmendda, maT mier gatacebul sacolesac
aTavisuflebda, Sin brundeboda da ojaxs qmnida.
erTi mniSvnelovani detali am adreuli eposis morfologiisa:
im xalxTa eposSi, romelTac meomari mezoblebi hyavdaT da maTgan gamudmebul
Tavdasxmebs ganicdidnen, imTaviTve gamoiZerwa Tavisi miwa-wylis damcvelisa da
xalxis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli gmiris saxe. igi bunebrivad iqca sakuTari
xalxis zneobriv idealad. aseT eposs, ramdenadme Taviseburi siuJeti hqonda,
mravalambiani (mravalepizodiani). calkeuli epizodi (personaJis calkeuli
gmirobebi) rgolebad emateboda siuJets. yoveli aseTi rgoli gmiris saxlidan
gasvliT iwyeboda da misi Sin dabrunebiT mTavrdeboda. aseTi iyo sul adrindeli
eposis struqtura da aSkaraa, rom v. propis mier daxatuli suraTi zedmiwevniT hgavs
sxva mkvlevarTa mier gamovlenili e.w. `tradiciuli eposis~ struqturas, sadac
siuJetis umTavresi epizodebia: gmiris saxlidan gasvla, sacolis Zieba, urCxulTa
damarcxeba, sacolis mopoveba, Sin dabruneba.

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 feodalizmis epoqaSi eposi Tavisi bunebrivi ganviTarebis wesiT Zvelisa da
axlis konfliqtis asaxviT gvarovnul idealebTan saxelmwifos idealebis
dapirispirebas daemyara. am Sinaarsis konfliqtiT aivso Zveli siuJetebi.
gafermkrTalda iseTi simRerebi, sadac eposis gmiri urCxulebs, gveleSapebsa Tu
devebs anadgurebda. axal epikur simRerebSi ki igi realuri, istoriuli mtris
winaaRmdeg mebrZolad iqca. am eposis gmiri epoqis yvelaze diadi siwmindis da
SenaZenis samSoblos damcveli gaxda. igi konkretuli istoriuli Widilis wiaRSi iyo
naSobi da Tavisi xalxis gmirul suls ganasaxierebda. (propi 1984: 61).
ufro metic: cota mogvianebiT, calkeul tomTa erTian saxelmwifoSi
gaerTianebisa da xalxis rolis TavCenis kvalad, eposis gmiri xalxisa da saxelmwifos
meTauri (mefe) xdeba.
erTi sayuradRebo Teoriuli detalic: eposis gmiri, rogorc ki saxelmwifos
meTauri xdeba, aqtiur funqcias kargavs. eposSi Txrobis simZime (aqcenti) sxva
gmirebze gadadis. es garemoeba Tavis daRs asvams eposis struqturasac. igi ciklur
aRnagobas irgebs. aseT eposSi mTavari gmiri (axla ukve centraluri) ukana planze
gadainacvlebs. eposSi Semaval calkeul simRerebs (ambebs) Tav-Tavisi gmirebi
uCndeba. isini centraluri (anu mTavari) gmiris (mefis) samsaxurs mieltvian. am
gmirebis ambebi (Tavgadasavlebi) ki eposSi calkeuli ciklebis saxiT Sedis.11
v. propma eposis amgvari ciklizaciis mizezebic gamoavlina e.w. vladimiris
(kievis) cikluri eposis teqstebis analizis safuZvelze.
ciklizaciis pirvel mizezad igi istoriuli sinamdvilis specifikas miiCnevs.
esaa vladimiris mier saxelmwifos gaerTianeba. meore mizezi saxelmwifos
gaerTianebisaTvis istoriuli safuZvlis arsebobaao. es safuZveli ki saxelmwifos
gaerTianebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaa. Teoriul aspeqtSi es epoqaluri,
saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis istoriuli kataklizmis arsebobas niSnavs,
rac eposis pirobad adre hegelmac daasaxela da eWvqveS eposis arc erT mkvlevars ar
dauyenebia.
v. propis mtkicebiT, eposis uzarmazari mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi swored
aseTma-ciklurma-struqturam gamoavlina, eposSi xalxma warsulis xsovna Semoinaxa.12
eposi ki sicocxlisunariani samomavlo idealebis asaxviTaa. igi ama Tu im epoqis
movlenebs ki ar asaxavs, aramed am epoqis miswrafebebs.13
cikluri eposis klasikur nimuSad v. propi swored vladimiris (kievis) ciklis
rusul xalxur eposs da arturis cikls miiCnevs.14
am epikur ZeglSi samermiso idealebi v. propma SemdegSi dainaxa:
kievis ruseTSi saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis Seqmnas feodaluri
daqsaqsulobis periodi mohyva. da rac mTavaria: kievis ruseTi sulac ar iyo iseTi,
gamokveTilad centralizebuli, saxelmwifo, rogorc eposi gvixatavs. aseTad ki
xalxi imitom xatavda, rom imas umReroda, rasac mieltvoda da ara imas, rac ukve
warsulSi iyo momxdari da warsulSive darCenili.
amaSi eZebneba axsna im faqts, rom ruseTis sxvadasxva kuTxis gmirebi kievisaken
miiltvian. isini warmomavlobiT ar arian kievelebi, magram kievelebi arian
cnobierebiT, ideurad. swored amiT gamoxataven es gmirebi kievuri epoqis
suliskveTebas, gamoxataven TavianTi miswrafebebis koncentrirebiT, warmomavlobiT
ki saerTo rusul xasiaTs avlenen.
da kidev erTi, Teoriuladac saintereso, detali: personaJebi im momentidan
xdebian am eposis gmirebi, roca kievSi Cadian, xolo maTi gmirobebi kievidan gasvlis
Semdeg iwyeba. (propi 1984: 64).maTi gmirobebi ki im mosisxle mterTa winaaRmdeg
saerTo, saxalxo, samarTlian omebSi vlindeba, romlebic ruseTis damoukideblobas
emuqrebian. (propi 1984: 65).
v. propiseul msjelobebSi mocemul SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani ganviTarebuli
feodalizmis xanaSi ciklurstruqturiani xalxuri eposis arsebobis mtkicebaa.
marTalia, v. propi dawvrilebiT ar ikvlevs imas, Tu ra rCeba ciklurstruqturiani
eposis mTavari gmiris wilad mas Semdeg, rac igi ukana planze gadainacvlebs, magram
aSkarad Cans misi maorganizebeli funqcia. amgvari struqturis arsebobis faqts ki
erekles eposis kvlevisaTvis, didi msgavsebis gamo, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, rac
qvemoT aSkara gaxdeba.
rusul folkloristikaSi v. Jirmunskisa da garkveulwilad v. propis
kvlevaZiebiTi tradiciebi e. meletinskim ganagrZo. saintereso naSromSi `sagmiro

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eposis warmoSoba~ man sagmiro eposis formebi da maTi Janruli Taviseburebebis
kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgina. aseve calkeuli epikuri Zeglebis pirvelwyaroebi
gamoavlina. amasTan Seiswavla arqauli eposidan klasikuri eposis Camoyalibebis
grZeli gza karelia-finuri runebis, kavkasiis xalxTa epikuri Tqmulebebis, cimbirSi
mosaxle Turqul-monRoluri modgmis xalxTa eposebis, Sumerul-aqaduri wignuri
eposis kvlevis safuZvelze.
eposismcodneobaSi saintereso da mecnierulad didad nayofieri mimarTuleba
evropelma da amerikelma eTnologebma da literaturaTmcodneebma Seqmnes.
formalurad, aq kidev ufro meti samecniero skolisa da Teoriis arsebobaa
dafiqsirebuli.
am mimarTulebis uzogadesi da arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli e.w. istorizmis principis
uaryofaa, ufro swored, zepirsityvier teqstSi sazogadoebrivi ideologiis
zegavlenisa, misi gadamwyveti rolisa calkeuli zepirsityvieri Janris
(gansakuTrebiT eposis) istoriul ganviTarebaSi (cvlaSi).
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebma kvleva-Ziebis simZime zepirsityvier
teqstze gadaitanes, misi struqturiT (morfologiiT) dainteresdnen. maT
mxatvruli Txrobis `meqanizmi~ gamoavlines da naTelyves, rom es `meqanizmi~ yoveli
konkretuli sazogadoebrivi formaciis Sesabamisad ki ar icvleba, aramed piriqiT,
ucvlelia, `maradiuli anu antiistoriuli~. maTi kvlevebi swored am
antiistoriulobiT meti perspeqtivis Semcvelia, Tundac im gagebiT,rom awmyoSi
gardasulis (Tanac didi xnis) aRwarmoebis (ganmeorebis), Zvelis kidev erTxel xilvis,
gancdis, masTan gaerTianebis, mis nawilad qcevis SesaZleblobas qmnis.
kvleva-Ziebis pirvel etapze, e.w. aRweris doneze, aseTma kvlevam STambeWdavi
Sedegebi iqonia: marTlac gamovlinda mxatvruli Txrobis `meqanizmi~, misi ucvleli
struqtura. es orive aRniSnuli mimarTulebis mkvlevrebTan dadasturda,
(dadasturda Tundac e.w. `funqciaTa doneze~, Tundac v. propTan da mis
mimdevrebTan). Semdeg etapebze, anu zeda doneebze zepirsityvieri teqstis
ganviTarebisa ki mTlad mosaxerxebeli ver aRmoCnda; anu gairkva, rom istoriuli
drois msvleloba mainc asvamda Tavis niSans zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis
struqturas, anu dadginda, rom istoriis sruli ugulebelyofa ver xerxdeba.
cxadia, istoriaSi pirwmindad sazogadoebrivi formaciis ideologiuri
zegavlena ar igulisxmeba. Tundac imitom, rom ideologia Zvel formebSi
(struqturaSic) `Tavsdeba~ da amitom sulac ar sWirdeba struqturis cvla
sakuTaris dasamkvidreblad. igulisxmeba swored mxatvruli struqturis bunebrivi
ganviTareba, am ganviTarebis istoria, mxatvruli azrovnebisa da Sesabamisad teqstis
struqturis garTulebis bunebrivi gza. am gzis gaTvaliswinebam (magaliTad, igive v.
propisa da misi mimdevrebis mier) xom naTelyo, rom sagmiro eposi XVI-XVII-XVIII
saukuneebSi iseTi struqturis mqone aRar iyo, rogoric adre; rom arsebiTi
gansxvavebaa Tundac miTologiuri da adreuli sagmiro, e.w. `tradiciuli eposis~
struqturasa (morfologiasa) da gviandeli, sagmiro-saistorio eposis struqturas
(morfologias) Soris; rom es struqtura swored istoriuli realobis SeWram
Secvala. da rac mTavaria: eposis struqturis istoriuli drois Sesatyvisi cvla am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebmac daadastures (magaliTad, struqturalistebma,
gansakuTrebiT r. bartma, misma mimdevrebma, sxvebmac).
aRniSnuli mimarTulebis Tundac uzogadesi mimoxilva (iseve, rogorc
pirvelisa) amjerad scildeba SemoTavazebuli sakiTxis kvlevis amocanebs. amitom
mxolod im arsebiTis gaxsenebiT Semovifarglebi, rac xalxuri eposisa da
gansakuTrebiT sagmiro-saistorio eposis kvlevaSi aris xelSesaxebi Sedegebis
momtani.
eposis struqturis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT saintereso erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria ritualur-miTologiurad iwodeba. es Teoria XIX saukunis
miwuruls Seiqmna da imiT gamoirCa, rom pirwmindad uaryo e. w. evolucionisturi
Teoria henri morganisa, globalizmidan konkretul kulturul wresa da kulturaze
gadainacvla. amasTan kulturis tradiciuli erTiani Seswavlis nacvlad misi
elementebis cal-calke kvleva daisaxa miznad (ena, wes-Cvevebi, da a.S.). kulturis
calke elementebis Seswavlas unda warmoeCina Tavad am kulturis raoba, rogorc
nawilis (an nawilebis) meSveobiT-mTelisa.

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 am Teoriis warmomadgenlebma STambeWdavi Sedegebi moipoves da es imitomac, rom
mas niadagi XIX saukunis eTnologiasa da folkloristikaSi daxvda Semzadebuli. es,
erTi mxriv, inglisuri `analitikuri fsiqologiis~ wiaRi iyo, meore mxriv, zigmund
froidis `fsiqoanalizis Teoria~. arsebobda mesame wyaroc-iungis arqetipebis
Teoria. ritualizm-miTologizmis mesaZirkvleebad ki amerikeli eTnologi jon
boasi, ingliseli jeims frezeri da frangi emil diurkheimi warmodgnen. maTi udidesi
damsaxurebaa miTsa da rituals Soris arsebuli kavSiris gamovlena. maTma
mimdevrebma XX saukuneSi eposismcodneobaSi kidev ufro STambeWdavi Sedegebi
moipoves. jer frangma van genepma gaarkvia, rom mxatvrul teqstSi Taviseburad
airekleboda adamianis sicocxlis saetapo ritualebi (dabadeba, simwife, qorwineba,
dakrZalva. ix. misi `gardamavali Cveulebebi~, 1909), Semdeg ukve 30_40-ian wlebSi, es
Teoria sagrZnoblad srulyves lordma f. r. s. raglanma da s. e. haimanma.
am etapze damtkicda, rom miTi (rogorc TxrobiTi teqsti) arsebiTad
ritualuri teqstia, radgan miTologiuri gadmocemebi ritualuri (anu
ganmeorebadi) ambis ilustraciaa.
es Tvalsazrisi kidev ufro gaaRrmaves b. malinovskim da misma mimdevrebma, e.w.
`funqcionaluri Teoriis~ warmomadgenlebma. axla ukve miTsa da rituals Soris
cocxali kavSiri damtkicda (b. malinovskis `miTi pirvelyofil fsiqologiaSi~, 1926).
gairkva, rom arqaul sazogadoebaSi, anu iq, sadac miTi `gadmonaSTi~ ar aris, miTi
wminda praqtikul funqcias asrulebs. igi kulturis mdgomareobis,
sicocxlisunarianobis pirobaa, akodificirebs azrs, ganicdeba `gvaris wminda
werilad~ da aseT funqcias miTi adamianuri ganviTarebis nebismier etapze inarCunebs
iq, sadac SemorCenilia e.w. tradiciuli sazogadoeba.
konkretulad eposismcodneobisaTvis aq mniSvnelovani iyo imis garkveva, rom
miTosuri msoflgancda ara cnobs istoriul (e.w. `profanul`) dros, drois
Seuqcevadobas; rom ritualebSi periodulad meordeba wminda (`sakraluri~) dro da
imavdroulad qreba istoriuli dro. es ki aRniSnul droTa ciklurobas iwvevs, xolo
es cikluroba (ambis mravaljer ganmeoreba) Tavad ambavs sinamdviled aqcevs, radgan
istoriuli drois dinebaSi Cakarguli adamiani (amis gamo istoriisadmi mtrulad rom
aris ganwyobili), ritualSi Tavisi arsebobis maradiul azrs Seicnobs (m. eliade)
ritualuroba (anu drois cikluri koncefcia), am Teoriis Tanaxmad, bunebrivi
da socialuri wesrigis magiuri qmedebebiT SenarCunebis mcdelobebia. da rac
mTavaria:
miTisa da ritualis erTianobisa da tradiciuli adamianis sicocxleSi
(TavgadasavalSi) ritualuri ambis (epizodebis) arsebobis mtkicebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada e.w. `tradiciuli eposis~ (erTplaniani eposis) struqturis myari ucvlelobis
damtkiceba, Tumca ver moxerxda eposis struqturis Semadgenel ambavTa (epizodebis)
zusti raodenobis dadgena. miuxedavad amisa, es garemoeba arc iTvleba naklad. mas
axsna adamianuri cxovrebis (Tavgadasavlis) araerTgvarovnobaSi eZebneba, risi
mxatvruli Txrobac aris sazogadod xalxuri eposi. qarTul sinamdvileSi
optimalurad miCneulia (kiknaZe 2001: 14)holandieli folkloristis ian de frizis
10-epizodiani modeli, sadac aseTi epizodebia gamoyofili: I. gmiri isaxeba, II. ibadeba,
III. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba, IV. izrdeba, V. uZlevelia, VI. ebrZvis gveleSaps da
sxva urCxulebs, VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT moipovebs sacoles, VIII. Cadis
qvesknelSi, IX. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoaZeves da amarcxebs mters, X. kvdeba. (kiknaZe
2001:14_15).
maS, aseTia met-naklebad im eposis gmiris Tavgadasavlis (siuJetis) struqtura,
romelsac `tradiciul eposs~ uwodeben. magram sakvlevaZiebo sakiTxis-erekles
eposis struqturis gamovlenisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs im mecnierul Sedegebs,
rasac struqturalistebTan, gansakuTrebiT ki r. bartTan vxvdebiT.
struqturalizmis mizani, rogorc cnobilia, aRweriT-empiriul meTodze uaris
Tqma da faqtebis erT mniSvnelobaze dayvaniT erTmniSvnelobiani abstraqtuli
modelis Seqmna iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, teqstis kvlevaSi pirvel safexurze am
teqstis (rogorc erTi mTelis) struqturuli elementebis gamovlena, Semdeg ki maTi
ganzogadeba da erTmaneTTan Sedareba iyo. erTi sityviT, struqturalistebisaTvis
teqstSi mTavari iyo ara ambavi, aramed struqtura (ambis realizebis nageboba).

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 cnobilia isic, rom literaturaTmcodneobis (da amdenad folkloristikisac)
sferoSic imave princips (meTodikas, meTodologias) iyenebdnen, rasac
lingvistikaSi.
struqturalistebis mixedviT, lingvistikaSi fonema SeiZleba aRiweros, magram
TavisTavad (calke) arafers niSnavs. igi srul mniSvnelobas maSin iZens, roca sityvis
SemadgenlobaSi Seva, anu misi nawili gaxdeba, sityva ki maSin, _ roca winadadebaSi
Seva, anu misi nawili gaxdeba.
ase rom, winadadebis aRwera ramdenime doneze xdeba: esaa fonetikis,
morfologiis, konteqstis doneebi.
yovel dones sakuTari erTeulebi aqvs. es erTeulebi nakrebebs qmnian. am
nakrebebSi erTeulebi erTmaneTs sakuTari wesebiT ukavSirdebian, anu SekavSirebis
sakuTari wesebi aqvT. amasTan teqstis verc erTi done ver warmoaCens teqstis srul
Sinaarss sxva doneTa dauxmareblad. yoveli donis erTeuli mniSvnelobas maSin iZens,
roca zeda donis erTeulis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, anu fonema _ sityvaSi, sityva _
winadadebaSi.
struqturalistebma literaturaTmcodneobaSic sami done gamoyves (doneebis
Teoriac ki Seiqmna).15 (benevenisti 1974: 392). esenia: `funqciaTa done~, `moqmedebaTa
done~, `Txrobis done~. es sami done am sferoSic erTmaneTs integraciiT ukavSirdeba:
yoveli funqcia azrs personaJis moqmedebaTa doneze iZens, xolo moqmedeba maSin
azriandeba, roca masze vinme mogviTxrobs, roca is sakuTari kodis mqone TxrobiTi
epizodis obieqti xdeba. (barti 1987:393).
amitom teqstis azri ambis bolos ki ar vlindeba, aramed mTels teqstSi. es azri
yovelTvis xelisgulze devs da mainc maSinve sxlteba xelidan, rogorc ki erT
sibrtyeze davuwyebT Zebnas. (barti 1987: 393).da vfiqrob, es umniSvnelovanesi
dakvirvebaa, rasac aucileblad unda gaewios angariSi xalxuri eposis kvlevaSi.
Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT, struqturalisturi kvleva-Zieba ucnauri da
garkveuli azriT paradoqsulia imdenad, ramdenadac jer modelis (Teoriis) Seqmnas
gulisxmobs, Semdeg am modelis mixedviT teqstis siRrmeSi SeWras. magram Tu r. barts
verwmunebiT, es meTodi naratologiaSi miRebulia da farTod aris gavrcelebuli.
rogoria aRniSnuli principebis r. bartiseuli xedva? misi fiqriT, pirvel
(funqciaTa) doneze unda gamoiyos TxrobiTi teqstis erTeulebi, radgan yovel
TxrobiT teqsts garkveuli sistema (struqtura) aqvs. es sistema (struqtura)
erTeulebad da erTeulTa klasebad iyofa. yovel erTeuls Tavisi funqcia aqvs, anu
raime azrs Seicavs. funqcia swored azris gamoxatvis unaria (c. tomaSevskis darad).
yovel erTeulSi raRac Teslia garinduli. igi Txrobas axali elementiT
anayofierebs. es Tesli an imave doneze mwifdeba an sxva doneze. am erTeulebs
formalur klasebSi aerTianeben, gaerTianebas ki sxvadasxva doneze axdenen, erTni
erT doneze urTierToben, sxvani _ sxva donesTan.
erTdoniani erTeulebis (igive funqciebis) klasi distributiulia,
sxvadasxvadoniani-integraluri (r. bartTan erTdoniani (distributuli) funqciebi
imave Sinaarsisaa, rogoric v. propTan).
erTeulebi calke klasebSi gaerTianebis Semdegac (anu klass SigniTac)
inarCuneben TavianT konkretul funqciebs. yovel klassac Tavisi funqcia aqvs.
TxrobiTi teqstis mTliani struqtura ki qronologiasa da logikas (anu
movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobas da mizezobriv svlas) Seicavs, _ fiqrobs r. barti. Tumca
unda vivaraudoT, rom gadamwyveti misTvisac logikaa da ara qronologia, radgan ara
marto r. barti, aramed saerTod struqturalistebi (k. levi-strosi, greimasi,
bremoni, todorovi, sxvanic) TxrobiTi teqstis `deqronologizebas~ da
`logicirebas~ cdilobdnen miznis misaRwevad _ TxrobiTi teqstis raobis
gasarkvevad.
aseTia uzogadesad struqturalistebis xedva da midgoma mxatvruli
nawarmoebisadmi, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nawarmoebis struqtura
warmoaCens mis raobas, masSi Cadebul saTqmels. amasTan maT gamoavlines am
struqturis agebulebis Sinagani meqanizmi. mocemul konkretul SemxvevaSi mTavari
da mniSvnelovani am struqturis agebis principebis codnaa, radgan misi
gaTvaliswinebac xels Seuwyobs erekles eposis struqturis mikvlevas. marTalia, es
xalxuri eposi dRemde isea moRweuli, rogorc Tavis droze cocxal zepirsityvier
tradiciaSi dafiqsirda _ fragmentebad, imitom, rom yvela xalxuri epikuri teqstis

149
msgavsad igi xalxis mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi (virtualurad) iyo mTliani. magram
struqturalistebis mikvleuli TxrobiTi teqstis struqturis principuli
gaTvaliwineba mogvcems im `iaraRs~, romelic am fragmentebiT mTliani teqstis
aRdgenas SegvaZlebinebs. aq verc is garemoeba SegviSlis xels, rom struqturalizmi
kvlevas mTelis (mTliani teqstis) daSla-danawevrebiT iwyebs, erTeulebis
gamovleniT. erekles eposis moRweuli fragmentebi umravles SemTxvevaSi swored am
eposis struqturuli erTeulebia. es erTeulebi ki erTmaneTTan r. bartiseuli
integraciiT erekles eposis struqturas avlenen. amitom unda CavTvaloT, rom
xalxurma mxatvrulma cnobierebam (da ufro mexsierebam) ukve Seasrula samuSaos
nawili _ epikur teqstSi erTeulebi gamoyo. axla am erTeulebis
struqturalisturi logikiT gamTlianeba am eposis mTlian struqturas gamoavlens.
es faqti (eposis erTiani teqstis virtualurad, xolo xsovnaSi fragmentebad
arseboba) Teoriis aspeqtSic ar aris interesmoklebuli, radgan TavisTavad
struqturalistebis TxrobiTi teqstis Seswavlis ara marto siswores, aramed
bunebriobasac cxadyofs kidev erTxel.
struqturalizmis TeoriulsafuZvelze damyarebuli kvleva xalxuri eposisa
aseve ganvlili etapia. amJamad kvlevebi mimdinareobs komunikaciuri lingvistikis,
konkretulad teqstisa da korpusis lingvistikebis Teoriul-meTodologiur
safuZvlebze. komunikaciur lingvistikas, rogorc Tanamedrove humanitarul
mecnierebaTa Teoriul-meTodologiur safuZvels, folkloristikis
sferosaTvisac aqvs wanamZRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT cikluri struqturis eposis
SeswavlaSi, romlis teqstic, arsebiTad, megateqsts an teqstis korpuss warmoadgens,
magaliTad, iseTs, rogoric `erekles eposis~ teqstia (jagodniSvili 2005).

damowmebani:

barti 1966: Introduction a lanalyse struoturale des tecits communications. 8, Paris: 1966.
barti 1987: Барт Р. Введение в структурный анализ повествовательного текста. В сборнике: Зарубежная эстетика
и теория литературы Х1Х-ХХ вв. М.: 1987.
benevenisti 1974: Беневенист Э. Уровни лингвистического анализа. в книге : Общая лингвистика. М.: 1974.
veselovski 1940: Веселовский А. Н. Историческая поэтика. М.: 1940.
kiknaZe 2001: kiknaZe z. qarTuli xalxuri eposi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `logos presi~, 2001
propi 1984: propi v. zRapris morfologia. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1984.
propi 1928: Пропп В. Морфология сказки. Л.:1928.
propi 1976: Пропп В. Фольклер и действительность. М.: 1976.
xalanski 1895: Халанский М. Великорусские былины киевского цыкла. Варшава: 1895.
hegeli 1971: Гегель Г. В. Ф. Эстетика в четырех томах . т. III, М.: 1971.
jagodniSvili 2005: jagodniSvili T. erekles eposi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `teqnikuri universiteti~,
2005.

SeniSvnebi:

1 XX saukuneSi eposs, aRniSnulis garda, miakuTvnes: istoria, drama, komedia, pantomima, vitraJi,
kinematografi, mxatvruli tilo, komiqsi, sagazeTo saubari Tu yofiTi saubari (barti 1987: 338).
2 am Sinaarsis gadmocemaSi vemyarebi hegeliseul Tvalsazriss, rogorc gamokveTilad sruls,
Tanmimdevruls da myars (dReis TvalsazrisiTac yavlgausvlels, Tanac
literaturaTmcodneobasTan erTad esTetikis sibrtyidan gaanalizebul-Sefasebuls. Sinaarss
gadmovcem hegelis Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT (hegeli 1971).
3 hegeli am niSniT eposs dramasac amsgavsebs, radgan dramaSic centraluri momenti kerZo ambavia da
igi gmiris miznidan gamomdinareobs. magram eposs dramisagan movlena da gmiris qceva ganasxvavebso.
4 swored rom biografiaao,-amtkicebs hegeli, radgan misi azriT, eposis gmiri Tavis TavgadasavalSi
iseve icvleba, rogorc adamiani cxovrebis grZel gzaze (dabadeba, davaJkaceba, xandazmuloba,
sikvdili...) es garemoeba saerTod eposis arsebobis pirobac ki aris, radgan gmiri eposis
dasasrulsac rom iseTi iyos, rogoric ambis dawyebamde iyo, maSin eposis kerZo ambebs Soris kavSiri
gawydeboda da eposi nawilebad daiSlebodao. am azris mixedviT, Tavsgadamxdari ambavi gmirs
sibrZnes, gamocdilebas sZens. erTi kerZo ambidan gamosuli ukve sxvagvaria (Wkuanaswavlia). axali
kerZo ambavic (epizodic) axali safexuria misi Tavgadasavlis epikuri dinebebis gzaze, anu gmiri axal
safexurzea asuli da ase meordeba eposis saerTo ambis gasrulebamde.
5 da hegelis es dakvirveba aq im principul mniSvnelobas iZens, rac xalxuri eposis Semdgom SeswavlaSi
(gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis meore naxevarSi) erTgvarad gzasayarad iqca. eposis ambis mTlad mTavari
gmiris Tavgadasavalze dayvanam, eposis mTavari ambavi mxedvelobis miRma datova. amis gamo eposis
siuJeti erTplaniani mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturaze davida. amiT `mouxelTavi~ gaxda
rTulsiuJetiani (e.w. ciklursiuJetiani) xalxuri eposi, romelic epikuri mxatvruli azrovnebis
ganviTarebis gviandeli donis produqtia da romelic eposis saerTo ambis (istoriuli faqtisa Tu

150
 movlenis) da mTavari gmiris ambis (Tavgadasavlis), rogorc saerTo ambavTan Sefardebuli kerZo
ambis mimarTebis mxriv rTul (mravalplanian) epikur siuJetur struqturas qmnis da romlis
arseboba dadasturebulia erTi mxriv, v. propTan (magaliTad, vladimiris, igive kievis ciklis
rusuli erovnuli eposi), meore mxriv, struqturalistebTan (magaliTad, r. barti.)
6 hegeli am niSniT `nibelungebis simRerasac~ ki mkvdar eposs uwodebs, radgan am eposSi asaxul
idealebsa da sakuTar Tanamedroveobas Soris kavSirs gawyvetilad Tvlis. igi fiqrobda, rom misi
Tanamedrove germanelebisaTvis troas gmirTa Tavgadasavali ufro axlos iyo, vidre nibelungebis
bedi. maTTvis nibelungebi istoria iyo. es maSin, roca `nibelungebis simReras~ TiTqos arc
substanciuri Sinaarsi aklia (ojaxi, colqmruli siyvaruli, vasaluri urTierTobebi), arc epikuri
sivrce. amis miuxedavad, hegelisaTvis am eposis mTeli kolizia ufro dramatul-tragikulia, vidre
sakuTriv epikuri (hegeli 1971: 484).
7 saerTodac, XIX saukune WeSmaritad folklorisa da folkloristikis `oqros xanaa~. umTavresad am
dros gamovlinda zepirsityvaobis cocxal tradiciul yofaSi misi cxovrebis formebi da Sinaarsi. am
saukuneSi gasrulda umTavresad misi Caweris praqtikuli samuSaoebi. XX saukuneSi Catarebulma
praqtikulma folklorul-SemkreblobiTma praqtikam ZiriTadad wina saukuneSi dafiqsirebul
teqstebis mexsierebaSi myarad Semonaxvis faqtebi daadastura. manamde ucnobi (da axlac, anu
sakuTriv XX saukunisa) Zalze mcire gamovlinda da esec kanonzomieri iyo. XX saukune
zepirsityvierebis, gamokveTilad ki xalxuri eposis, dasasrulis, istoriaSi gadasvlis xanad
warmosdga).
XIX saukuneSive gamovlinda erovnuli xalxuri eposis ZeglTa umetesoba da teqstologiuradac amave
drosve gamTlianda. XX saukunes am mxrivac Zalian cota darCa gasakeTebeli.
8 sruliad aSkaraa e.w. rusul-sabWouri folkloristikis am debulebis siaxlove evro-amerikuli
eTnologiis (gansakuTrebiT ritualur-miTologiuri da funqcionalur TeoriaTa) mtkicebasTan
amave sakiTxzec. sxvaoba ufro terminologiuria, vidre Tundac Sinaarsobrivi (erTSi: rwmena-
warmodgenebi, meoreSi:-ritualebi). amasve amtkicebs is garemoebac, rom tradiciuli eposis teqstSi
igive motivebi, ritualuri ambebi da epizodebi gamoavlines evropelma da amerikelma eTnologebma
(b. malinovski da sxv.). ise, kacma rom Tqvas, sxvanairad verc moxdeboda, radgan eposSi adamiani, rac ar
unda Taviseburad azrovnebdes da Seimecnebdes garesamyaros, am samyaroSi ki Tavis adgils, mainc
Tavis cxovrebas mouTxrobs msmenels. da rac ar unda gasaocari fantazirebis unariT iyos
dajildoebuli, es fantazia mainc adamianis bio-fiziologiuri sazRvrebiT aris zRvardadebuli.
amitomac aris, rom erTi SexedviT realobas daSorebuli zebunebriv-fantastikuric ki mWidrod aris
mibmuli adamiansa da mis yofaze. amaSi sul ufro metad Tanamedroveobis (Cveni civilizaciis
marTlac, fantastikuri miRwevebic gvarwmunebs bunebismcodneobasa Tu Cveni samyaros saerTo
SecnobaSi). aba sxva ra unda davarqvaT im faqts, rom rumineTSi miakvlies maradiul yinulebSi
SemorCenil cecxlismfrqvevel gveleSaps-xalxuri eposis am Zvelsa da yvelaze Znelad sarwmuno
personaJs! Turme marTla arsebula da piridan cecxlic ufrqvevia (sayovelTaod cnobili da
popularuli telearxis `diskoveris~ 2005 wlis TebervalSiramdenimegzis gadacemuli programis
mtkicebiT).
9 azri ufro dakonkretdeba, Tu vityviT: cxovrebis wesisa da am wesis adamianis mier gaazrebidan.
rusul-sabWouri folkloristikis es mosazreba qmnis principul gansxvavebas evropuli da
amerikuli eTnologiisagan.
10 v. Jirmunski sagmiro zRapridan amozrdilebad moiazrebs iseT xalxur eposebs, rogorebicaa: Sua
aziuri alpamiSi, germanuli simRera zigfridze da sxva.
11 `ciklis~ cneba, rogorc cnobilia, folkloristikaSi sxvadasxvanairad aris gaazrebuli. erTni
Tavdapirvelad gafantuli zepirsityvieri nawarmoebebis gaerTianebas (erT mTelad) uwodeben,
meoreni-erTi kuTxis, regionis simRerebs, sxvani `ciklis” cnebas erTi gmiris Sesaxeb Seqmnili
simRerebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneben.
v. propi `ciklSi~ aerTianebs simRerebs im gmirebze, romlebic erT xelmwifes emsaxurebian. amasTan am
simReraTa siuJetebi erTmaneTTan yovelTvis ar aris dakavSirebuli. TiToeuli simRera raime
mTliani da dasrulebuli teqstia. amis miuxedavad, erTi samsaxuriT gaerTianebuli es gmirebi
icnoben erTmaneTs da xvdebian kidevac (ix. v. propis dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 62.
12 ase Tvlidnen rusi istorikosebi, magaliTad akademikosi b.grekovi (В.Д. Греков, Киевская Русь), v. propi
aseT Tvalsazriss Secdomad miiCnevda (propi 1984: 64).
13 v. propi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: kievis epoqis gandidebiT xalxi kievis ruseTis restavraciisaken ki ar
miiltvoda, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobisaken; im erTianobisaken, rac kievis ruseTma daiwyo
da bolomde ver miiyvana ( propi1984: 64).
14 Tumca amis Taobaze sapirispiro azric arsebobda. magaliTad, m. xalanskim ufro adre aseTi azric
gamoTqva: saerTo rusuli eposis arseboba iseTive fiqciaa, rogoric saerTo Zveli rusuli enisao
(xalanski 1895: 212). v. propma SeZlo sapirispiros damtkiceba.
15 (benevenisti 1974: 392) . man doneebis Teoriis Sinaarsi ase gamoikveTa:
k. levi-strosma gamoavlina miTologiuri diskursis (epizodis) erTeulebi (miTemebi) da budeebad
daajgufa. amasTan daadgina, rom miTemebi Sinaarss budeebSi iZenen, budeebi ki erTmaneTTan
kombinireben.
c. todorovma ori msxvili done gamoyo: a) istoria (Txrobis obieqti), romelic personaJebis
qcevebsa da maT Soris arsebul sintaqsur kavSirebs moicavs, b) TxrobiTi diskursi (epizodi),
romelic TxrobiTs droebs, saxeebsa da kiloebs Seicavs.

Temur Jagodnishvili

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 Models of Study of Folk Epos

Summary

This work presents an overview and analysis of conceptual models confirmed in the research of folk epos.
It is shown that one of the early models developed by F.V. Hegel formed the basis for the study and analysis of
functional-semantic layer of the text of epos. Several directions emerged, the Russian study of folklore being one
of them. Here the model of Vl. Propp appeared to be especially productive, according to which the study of the
text of folk epos was based on the identification of functions of characters and the analysis of interrelationships.
Through the principle of structurization of epos texts Vl. Propp strongly related to structuralism (K. Levi-
Strauss), although differed from them through the recognition of historical (ideological) conditionality of epos
and the search for its historical roots. Despite this, Vl. Propp was able to develop a model of epos which
characterizes this genre after the departure from the so-called “Traditional Epos” field, or as a model depicting
complex, cyclical structure. He demonstrated the Russian epos of Vladimir, as well as that of Arthur, etc., is of
such structure.
One direction in the study of folk epos was found in Euro-American field. Here the study shifted
entirely to the text of epos – on the identification of its structure. In this respect the work analyses the concepts
of J. Boas, J. Freiser, E. Djurk-Heim, Van Genepi, F. Raglan, S. Heiman, and Jan De Fritz. The structuralistic
concept (the theory of levels) by R. Bart is reviewed relatively broadly.
It is indicated that on the basis of the concepts of Vl. Propp and R. Bart it becomes possible to determine
complex, so-called cyclical structure of epos texts. On this basis did the Author of this work identify the text of
the Erekle II epos and determined the existence of heroic-historical epic works in Georgian folk epos.
The work mentions that the discussed conceptual models represent the history of the study of epos,
since contemporary study of epos is performed on the basis of communicational linguistics, specifically, on the
basis of the study principles of linguistics of text and structure, on theoretical-methodological basis.

152
 sagmiro poezia

mariam bakuriZe

TuSuri sagmiro poeziis tradicia giorgi boWoriZis

Caweril leqsebSi

TuSeTi Taviseburi da mdidari folkloruli tradiciis mqone kuTxea, romlis

zepirsityvierebis nimuSTa Sekrebis saqmeSi didi roli Seasrula am kuTxis mkvidrma
_ eTnografma giorgi boWoriZem.
giorgi boWoriZe im avtorTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelnic drois
ukuRmarTobis gamo sicocxleSi ver moeswrnen TavianTi naRvawis xilvas. misi wigni
`TuSeTi~ samzeoze misi gardacvalebidan 56 wlis Semdeg miiRo qarTvelma erma.
madlierebiT movixseniebT giorgi cocaniZesa da nanuli azikurs, romelTac didi
wvlili miuZRviT mis gamosacemad momzadebaSi. wigni gamoica 1993 w.
wigni Sedgeba ori nawilisagan. pirvel nawilSi warmodgenilia unikaluri masala
TuSeTis materialuri kulturis Sesaxeb, romelic avtors 1935 wels Seukrebia.
meore nawili moicavs TuSeTis sulieri pulturis da socialuri yofis amsaxvel
masalas. aqvea folkloruli teqstebic _ poeziis nimuSebi da legenda-gadmocemebi.
wignis es nawili qveyndeba pirvelad da ZiriTadad eyrdnoba saqarTvelos
centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi dacul giorgi boWoriZis piradi fondis
masalebs (f. 1753), nawilobriv ki _ mis saojaxo arqivs. masalebi Segrovilia
sxvadasxva dros (1902-1930-iani wlebi).
interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, rom mokled gavecnoT eTnografis _ giorgi
boWoriZis biografias.
giorgi Tadeozis-Ze boWoriZe daibada 1884 wels TuSeTSi, sofel nacixarSi. am
sofelSi dasaxlebula giorgis papa, romelic raWidan iyo da TuSeTSi diakvnad
muSaobda. mis Svils _ mRvdel Tadeozs colad SeurTavs TuSis qali _ Tamar qaaZe da
maTi Svilebi ukve TuSur adaT-wesebze izrdebian.
giorgis dawyebiTi ganaTleba TelavSi miuRia, Semdeg ki TbilisSi seminariaSi
gaugrZelebia swavla. muSaobas iwyebs maswavleblad matanSi, sagarejoSi da
yandauraSi. 1912 wels ki Sedis sasuliero uwyebaSi da mRvdlad ganwesebulia sofel
kaWreTSi.
1917 wels giorgi Tavs anebebs mRvdlobas da swavlas iwyebs Tbilisis axlad
daarsebul universitetSi istoriis mimarTulebiT. swavlis periodSi 1918-21 wlebSi
muSaobs saqmis mwarmoeblad saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi. 1921 wlidan ki muSaobs
saqarTvelos centralur arqivSi. am wlebSi man umZimesi da udidesi Sroma gaswia
sxvadasxva adgilas gafantuli arqivebis erTad Tavmosayrelad. am dros iwyebs igi
farTo mecnierul da sazogado moRvaweobasac.
giorgi boWoriZis Cawerili folkloruli masalidan Cveni yuradReba miiqcia
sagmiro TuSurma leqsebma. am kuTxis xalxuri poeturi qmnilebebi metyveleben
TuSebis gmirul sulsa da vaJkacobaze. Tavisufleba Seadgens mTis SvilTa siamayis
sagans.
im dros, roca giorgi boWoriZe masalas iwerda kavkasiuri omebis eqo jerac ar
iyo miyuCebuli da xalxic ZiriTadad am STabeWdilebebis qveS iyo. aman ganapiroba
sagmiro poeziis primati giorgi boWoriZis CanawerebSi.
cnobilia, rom saukuneTa manZilze TuSebs suls uxuTavda momZlavrebuli
lekianoba, qistebisa da TaTrebis TareSi. es garemoeba naTlad aisaxa TuSur sagmiro
leqsebSi, ise rogorc saistorio leqsebis did nawilSi, am mware sinamdvilesTan aris
dakavSirebuli samSoblos dacvis Tema. saistorio leqsebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac
samSoblos dacvis idea did istoriul movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli, sagmiro
leqsebSi es Tema kerZo ambebiTaa warmodgenili.
giorgi boWoriZis Cawerili leqsebi SegviZlia davajgufoT Semdegi siuJetebis
mixedviT:

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 1. moTareSe mtrebis moulodneli Tavdasxma sofelze da gmiris brZola maT
winaaRmdeg.
2. gmiris gamosarCleba ucxo tomTa mier gatacebuli qalebisadmi.
3. moTareSeTa Tavdasxma mwyemsebze.
TuSi xalxi gmiruli TavdadebiT egebeboda mtris jars, radgan darwmunebuli
iyo gamarjvebaSi:

`ver maSineben lekebi,

ara var mSiSaraTao,
arca sad wavlen diklodan
vinc ginda waxvideTao,
Cem mama-papa gmirT saflavs
arc davanebeb Tavsao,
verca Cem salocavebsa
wminda giorgis jvarsao~ (boWoriZe 1993: 393).

TuSeTis gmirebi xalxur sityvierebaSi udidesi siyvaruliT arian garemosilni

da xalxis xsovnaSi ganagrZoben sicocxles, radgan maT Tavi aqvT gadadebuli
mamulisaTvis da es Tavganwirva qebiTaa Semkuli:

`omai gamaroiZe
iremi dadga gzazeda
gadmovlen samercxloSia
gza aq gvaqv lekebisao~.

ai, aseTi gmirebi arian Rirsni siyvarulisa da pativiscemisa. droTa viTarebaSi

maT legendarul samoselSi xveven da Taobidan Taobas gadascemen, rogorc simbolos
mamuliSvilobisa. vaJkaci qveynis mterTan da ubedurebasTan brZolaSi Tu saxels ar
iSovnis, Sin dabrunebas samarcxvinod unda Tvlides, samagierod gmirulad
valmoxdili vaJkaci, brZolaSi mokluli, xalxSi mowiwebuli pativisa da
Tayvaniscemis sagnadaa gadaqceuli. TuSi xalxi aseT vaJkacs dastiris, cdilobs
gaapatiosnos is, rogorc amas qveynis adaTi moiTxovs.
gmiri, upirveles yovlisa, Temis adaTebisa da survilebis mixedviT unda
moqmedebdes, icavdes, rogorc mTlianad Temis, ise misi TiToeuli wevris interesebs.
`igi _ wers vaJa-fSavela _ Temidan gamodis, Tems emsaxureba, imis gulisTvis
ibrZvis, gmiris maRali zneoba da sagmiro saqmeni Tems dastrialebs Tavzed~ (vaJa
1956: 66).
giorgi boWoriZis mier Cawerili leqsebis didi nawili lekebisa da qistebis
winaaRmdeg brZolisadmia miZRvnili. Cven gadavxedoT istoriasac:
cnobili mogzauri karl hainrih emil koxi kavkasiaSi mogzaurobis dros
aRfrTovanebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom SesaZlebloba mieca TuSebis, misive
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am gmiri mcirericxovani xalxis nawili mainc gaecno. lekebs
maTi gansakuTrebiT eSinodaT, _ wers k. koxi da ganagrZobs, _ `ramdenime wlis winaT
TuSebma Samilis da maTi momxreebis Tavdasxmebi didi warmatebiT moigeries da maTi
beladi mohamed axtic mokles. lekebi SarSan isev gamoCndnen Suris saZieblad, gars
Semoertynen sofels, magram TuSebma kvlav moigeries~ (koxi... 1981: 25).
ucxo tomebis TareSi mSvidobismoyvare TuS mosaxleobaSi da gmirebis
Tavdadebuli brZola maT winaaRmdeg aris siuJeti Semdegi leqsisac:

`diklos dazrdilan vaJebi,

erTkvadis moSurneebi,
amboben, kvexna rad gvinda,
brZolisa modis dReebi,
aqvaris maRla mTazeda
Cven vaTamaSoT cxenebi,
Tofebic a iq vamReroT,
bansa gvetyvian tyeebi,
tyeebi lekur mTisani,
gamoqvabuli kldeebi,
wyaroni mTaTa nawurni,

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 dakidebuli xevebi,
biWobac iq gamoCndeba,
romelic gulovania.
vaJi guliT uSiSari,
omSi xmaldaxmal wadgeba,
xmalsa daxferavs sisxliTa,
saxelic mas geeTqmeba~ (boWoriZe 1993: 395).

uTanasworo brZolis SemaZrwunebeli suraTia daxatuli g. boWoriZis Caweril

leqsSi, romelic gadmogvcems TuSeTze lekebis Tavdasxmas:

`iWreba TuSi da leki,

codva brundeba bralio,
vera stexaven erTurTsa,
orive umagrdebian.
daxkivla TuSis beladma,
vinc mters uCvenos zurgia
deda SeerTos colada.
isini tye-tye gaiqcnen,
TuS darCa gamarjvebao~ (boWoriZe 1993: 408).

TuSis qali sikvdils amjobinebda, vidre is leks an qists daemorCileboda.

mtrisagan gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil qalebs anugeSebda sagmiro tradiciaze aRzrdil
vaJkacTa gamoCenis imedi. Tanamemamule vaJTa wminda valis aRsrulebaze tyveobaSi
myofi qalis piriTaa gadmocemuli:

`wisqvils mamaswres lekebma,

magra Caketes kario,
Zmac iq momikles TorRvai,
ZirSi damaWres Tmanio.
xel mosWres, ubes Camidves,
imiT matares qalio.
ReleSi amomiyvanes,
ukan gvabrunebs qario,
davlewe sayur-beWedi,
malviT davniSne gzanio.
gadmogdiT daRistanSia,
dawyviteT lekis jario~ (boWoriZe 1993: 421).

giorgi boWoriZe marto teqstebs ki ar iwers, aramed komentarebsac ukeTebs

maT. mas situaciis TvalnaTliv daxatvis mizniT moaqvs momxdar faqtTan
dakavSirebuli gadmocema, raTa gaxazos TuSis qalis daumorCilebloba, TviT
sikvdilis fasad:
`tyved wayvanil qals ori leki yinulze gaucurebia xelis mokidebiT da
TviTonac imaTTan erTad daRupula~:

`ar gadaxyevi lekeTsa,

xel ar ikadre mtrisao,
sulimc ialaRT meqneba,
sad qriste purad zisao~ (boWoriZe 1993: 390).

iyo SemTxvevebi, roca mters marto darCenili qali xvdeboda saxlSi. tradiciis
mixedviT is mamakacebis msgavsad unda gamaspinZleboda momxdurebs. TuSurma poeziam
araerTi gmiri qalis saxeli Semogvinaxa:

`heRoSi cixev maRalo,

SiSiT gaqanebs qaria
gars mteri Semogxvevia
Seyrila qistis jaria
Sin ara daxvdnen Wabukni
gaamagrebda qalia
igre daxoca qistebi,

155
 yored aago mkvdaria~ (boWoriZe 1993: 413).

TuSur poeziaSi didi paTosiT JRers leqsebi mSromeli xalxis SvilTa

brZolebze mwyemsebze Tavdamsxmel TaTarTa da lekTa winaaRmdeg. TuSebi Tavisi
cxovrebis did nawils cxvarSi atarebdnen. ucxo tomebic xom maT dasawiokeblad da
nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad ibrZodnen:

`mindors davarda ambavi orpirad modis cxvaria,

moatans gaTurelT binebs, bakebs gauRes karia,
Cavida lekis wyalzeda, daalevina wyalia,
Sehyivla, Semoabruna, cxvaro moZove xamia.
TaTrebis molodini aqvT, gzazed uWiravT Tvalia.
ara qmnil SuadRis xani, SemoCnda TaTris jaria,
cxvar Semoabrun TaTarma, ar daaneba Tavia,
Tofi saCqarod moabrun, gulman ara hqmna SiSia,
isev moaswro beriZem, gaxvia Tofis alSia~ (boWoriZe 1993: 361).

giorgi boWoriZis mier fiqsirebuli sagmiro leqsebi gvamcnobs TuSeTSi

gmiruli tradiciis mdgomareobas, am kuTxeSi mcxovrebTa Seupovrobasa da
Tavganwirvas.
TuSuri tradiciuli leqsebis mixedviT SegviZlia vimsjeloT im zogad
suraTze, romelic saqarTvelos mTaSi iyo da romelTa Sesaxeb Tavis droze werdnen
folklorist-eTnografebi. fSav-xevsureTis, xevisa da mTiuleT-gudamayris sagmiro
leqsebi erT saerTo suraTs amkvidrebs da xatavs im sinamdviles, ramac es xalxi
dRevandelobamde moiyvana.

damowmebani:

boWoriZe 1993: boWoriZe g. TuSeTi. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1993.

koxi... 1981: koxisa k. da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. germanulidan
Targmna, Sesavali da komentarebi daurTo londa mamacaSvilma. Tb.: 1981.
vaJa 1956: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. VII, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1956.

Mariam Bakuridze
Tradition of Tush Heroic Poetry
(according to the poems written doun by George Botchoridze)

Summary

Collecting ,,Tusheti”s oral material a great and important role was played by the ethnographer Giorgi
Bochoridze, the native of this side (country).
His book ,,Tusheti” was issued in 1993 after 56 years of his death.
From Giorgi Bochoridze’s folk-lore material our attention was paid by the heroic poems.
The heroic poems of this side expresses Tusheti dwellers heroic soul and bravery.
That time when Giorgi Bochoridze was collecting the material, the echo of the Caucasuan Wars had not
been forgotten yet, and the people were under the impression.
It made the advantage of ,,Tusheti’s” poetic creations in Giorgi Bochoridze’s collections.

156
 legenda

solomon tabucaZe

legendis kvaldakval

70 —ian wlebSi raWaSi, sofel mravalZalSi, sergo iobaSvilisagan erTi legenda

Caviwere. zafxulis erT Takara dRes, mravalZlis wm. giorgis eklesiis ezoSi, molze
wamovsxediT da sergo babuam, Sublze qudis CamoweviT, gaRma, Wolevis kldisaken
gamaxeda, _ ai, ase gadmosula Sah-abasi da e kldeze daRupvia jario...
mogvianebiT, studentobisas am legendis variantsac mivakvlie.
kacma rom Tqvas, misakvlevic araferi iyo. 1894 wels, gazeT `iveriaSi~
gamoqveynebul publikacias xels awers `qarTveli osebSi~_ am fsevdonimiT cnobili
sasuliero moRvawe nestor bakuraZe. es varianti Tqmulebisa ufro srulyofilia:
`erTxel, Tamaris mefobis Semdeg, rodesac osmalos jars saqarTvelozed
gamoelaSqra, mravalZalis mTasac mohxvedroda misi uwminduri fexi; gadmoevloT
mTazed da surdaT Turme... mravalZalSi Casvla da misi akleba... rodesac osmalos
jari dauaxlovda Turme im sofels oris versis manZilzed, erTbaSad dabnelda,
nisl-burusis zewari gadaefara im are-mares da jari veRarafers hxedavda. aeriaT
gza-kvali. daiwyes ugzoukvlod xetiali da gadaadgnen uzarmazar Wolevis kldes,
romlis ZirSic, erT alagas, Waobiani tba aris... Wolevis kldidan ramdenime
jariskaci gadacvidnen da, radganac TvaliT veRaras hxedavdnen bevri gadayvnen
erTierTmaneTs. bolos SeniSnes, rom jariskacni midian da sadRac scvivian, erTbaSad
Sesdgnen da dauwyes gzas frTxilad sinjva... aRar icodnen saiT gamobrunebuliyvnen.
swored RvTis gangebaao. aq swored wm. giorgis salocavi unda iyoso. am fiqris Semdeg
osmalos jarma daiwyo locva: _ dagvixsen am gansacdlisagan, vevedrebiT Sens
didebas, davsdebT aRTqmas da sadamdinac Seni zaris xma miaRwevs, iq Citsac ar
avafrenTo. am locvis Semdeg, erTbaSad gadaiyara janRma da mravalZalis are-maresac
moefina Cveulebrivi dRis sinaTle. jariskacT gadixedes da dainaxes cota
moSorebiT saydari... mividnen eklesiazed. erTi dRe da Rame am eklesiis galavanSi
dahyves jariskacT da SesTxoves: _ wm. giorgi Zliero, radganac gadagvarCine, am
gansacdels dagvixseni da egreTi saswaulT moqmedi xar, hqmen saswauli da am Sens
galavanSi moiyvane is Zroxa da xari, romelic imyofeba Cveni zRvis pirzed da ufro
metad dagvimtkice Seni Zlierebao. Zroxa da xari gareuli yofiliyvnen, saSineli,
uzarmazari, romelTac Tumca hxedavdnen, veravin bedavda maT daxocvas. amiT
undodaT gamoecadaT Zliereba xatisa. meore dRes xari da Zroxa, marTlac,
misuliyvnen da eklesiis karebs misdgomodnen. es xari da Zroxa advilad dahnebda
jars dasaklavad. marjvena rqebi xarisa da Zroxisa mravalZalis eklesias Seswires.
yanwebi ferad wiTeli sisxliviT aris... yanwebi bunebiT aris ase wiTeli.
eklesiaSi, rogorc amboben, osmalos jariskacTagan aris Semowiruli...
jariskacis veeberTela rkinis qudi, Cafxuti da xmali, romelsac uwodeben xvarasnis
xmals; agreTve Subi da sxva~.
mravalZalis saomari saWurvlis Sesaxeb `cnobismoyvareTaTvis saintereso
epizodebs~ platon ioselianis wignSi _ `didimouravis, giorgi saakaZis
cxovrebaSic~ wavawydiT: `Sah-abasma SeniSna, luarsab mefis bedze molaparakebis
dros imereTis elCebi giorgi saakaZes wm. giorgis saxeliTa da misi saswaulmoqmedi
xatiT aficebdnen imereTis daba mravalZalSi... es rom Seityo, Sahma imereTis
didebulebs mdidrulad Semkuli Tavisi xmali gadasca da sTxova, es saCuqari taZris
kedelze dahkideTo. geografi vaxuSti aRniSnavs, rom xmali mravalZalis eklesiaSi
Camohkides, rogorc Sah-abasis didi saCuqario da dasZens: `ara Tu sarwmunoebiT,
aramed hscnan rameTu xmali hkidavs mun~.
am cnobas v. pottoc adasturebs me-19 saukunis bolos gamosul Tavis wignSi
`saqarTvelo da misi istoriuli warsuli dro~, sadac igi wers, rom Sahma imereTis
didebulT aCuqa Tavisi Zvirfasi, oqroTi SeWedili xmali da sTxova, rom es xmali,
rogorc saCuqari, mravalZalis wm. giorgis eklesiis kedelzed daekidaT.

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 platon ioselianis wignis `saintereso epizodTagan~ kidev erTi unda
gavixsenoT, romelic amjerad ukve erTawmindis taZars exeba. Sahs, romelsac giorgi
saakaZisgan Seutyvia erTawmindis taZris mniSvneloba qarTveli xalxisaTvis, taZris
dangrevis brZaneba gaucia. `jariskacebi avardnilan taZris gumbaTze da ngreva
dauwyiaT. qristianuli salocavis siZulviliT gamsWvalul Sah-abass, uecrad
mxedvelobis TandaTan dasusteba ugrZvnia. am moulodneli ambiT SeZrwunebul Sahs
verafriT auxsnia yovelTvis maxvil da utkivar TvalTa dakargva. mas dauZinia da
sizmarSi raRac uxilavi Zala ugrZvnia, romelic ubedurebas uqadda. sizmriT
gaRviZebuls verc sizmris mniSvneloba auxsnia. _ me vnaxe SubiT SeiaraRebuli
bumberazi, _ uTqvams Sahs, _ romelic mkerdis gangmirviT memuqrebodao. Sahis
sizmari sparseTis samefo taxtis astrolog sizmris amxsnelsac ver auxsnia. maSin
Sahis winaSe wamdgara giorgi saakaZis amalaSi myofi, erTawmindis mkvidri, TeTrwvera
moxuci, gaubedavs, dauCoqia SahisTvis da uTqvams, dasustebuli mxedveloba
dagibrundeba, Tu saswaulmoqmedi taZris ngrevas SeaCerebo. is bumberazi, romelic
sizmarSi gamogcxadebia, wminda estate ariso. Sahs SeuCerebia taZris ngreva, moxucs
ki igi maSinve miuyvania taZarSi da uCvenebia kedelze daxatuli wm. estate. Sahi
SemkrTala, radgan igi zustad miumsgavsebia sizmarSi gamocxadebulisaTvis. didia,
_ uTqvams Sahs moxucisaTvis,_ Tqveni winaswarmetyvelio. iqve gadaucia erT-erTi
didebulisTvis Tavisi aRmosavluri, TvalmargalitiT mooWvili xmali. efesi da
buniki mouxsnevinebia da taZrisTvis Seuwiravs. Sahs maSinve dabrunebia mxedveloba
da uxvad daujildovebia moxuci qarTveli astrologi~.
mokled, qristianuli taZrebisadmi mtrisa da momxduris amgvari `morCilebis~
magaliTebi, gansxvavebuli formebiTa da motivebiT, sxva TqmulebebSic iCens Tavs.
folklorSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli Canacvlebis principidan gamomdinare,
mniSvneloba ara aqvs `Sah-abasi~ iqneba qveynis damaqceveli Tu, zogadad, `osmalo~.
erTi ki cxadia, rom istoriuli Tqmulebebisa da legendebis saZirkveli realurad
momxdar movlenebSi iskvneba da gmirebic, anu ideis personifikatorebic realurni
da istoriulad cnobilni arian. tradiciuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi momxdari bevri
faqti da movlena salegendo da `saarako~ ar gamxdara da es sruliad bunebrivia,
vinaidan xalxis mexsiereba warsuli cxovrebis mxolod Taviseburad mniSvnelovan
faqtebs gamoarCevs xolme. am gamorCevis upirveles safuZvlad Tavisi bedisweruli
niSniT aRbeWdili movlenebi unda miviCnioT.
Sah-abasis saxeli, marTlac imdenad sabedisweroa qarTvelTa SegnebaSi, rom igi
zogadad mtris sinonimad iqca. rogorc Teimurazi moixseniebs, am `mZlavri da
uwyalo mefis, qristianTa mtanjvelisa da ubralos sisxlis mCqefelis~ saxelma
sruliad SeZra adamianTa Segneba da sindisi. amitomac aisaxa igi realurad anu
legendarulad. `realobaSi~ faqtografia rom vigulisxmoT, sruliad avcdebiT Cvens
safiqrals; aq, upirvelesad, wuTisoflur ZvraTa xalxis cnobierebaSi adeqvatur
asarkebas vgulisxmobT, ris Taobazec wers mirCa eliade: _ moqmedeba imdenad aris
realuri da namdvili, ramdenadac is hbaZavs arqetips.
swored am poziciidan SevyurebT movlenebs, rodesac vambobT, rom tradiciuli
sazogadoebis Segneba obieqturad asaxavs istoriulad momxdars. amgvari asaxvisas
sruliad dawmendilia emociuri nakadi da amitom ar cdilobs legenda mtris
damcirebulis saxiT warmoCenas. amasTanave, mtris uZlevelobis imgvari ganzogadeba
xdeba, rom momavlis TvalSi kidev ufro fasdeba momxdurTan Setoqebisas daRvrili
sisxli. ase xdeba, sazogadod, TqmulebebSi, magram Cvens mier moxmobili legendebi
arc Setakeba-Serkinebas asaxavs da arc TvalisTvis saCino bataliebs. aq mterTan
dapirispireba sxva ganzomilebaSi xdeba.
TvalnaTlivia, magram mainc davazustebT, rom saqme gvaqvs erTi legendis or
variantTan. erTgan _ sizmari da meoregan _ `nislaburusis zewari~, poeturad
mniSvnelovani erTeulebia da uxilav samyaroTa mijnas, gina zRvrul situacias
aRniSnavs. legendis erTawmindul variantSi zRvruli viTareba adamianis sulis wiaR
moiazreba, xolo mravalZalurSi mtarvalis momZlavreba TiTqos bunebasac aZrwunebs
da win aRudgeba momxdurs. mtris svla kosmiur masStabSi moiazreba da samyaros kide-
gans aryevs, nislis siTeTreSi Cakarguli jari arsebiTad sibneleSia da amdenad _
dabrmavebuli. es aris `sibecis~ mdgomareoba, rodesac brma mzes ver xedavs, magram
mze aTbobs mas. jari am mdgomareobaSia manam, vidre ar miayuradebs `RvTis xmas~.
momxdurs intuicia ar Ralatobs. Sinagani mobilizebis wyalobiT xvdeba, rom es

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gansacdelia da misgan Tavis daRwevis gza im Zalis aRiarebaa, garemoSi rom meufebs.
aki Sehvedra kidec `osmalom~ Tu `Sah-abasma~, ris Semdegac janRmac gadaiyara da
jarmac dRis sinaTle ixila. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom es ar unda iyos `Cveulebrivi dRis
sinaTle~. igi logosis naTelsac unda niSnavdes da RvTis gamovlinebasac.
nisleuli siTeTridan (igive sibnelidan), `TeTri amindidan~ _ rogorc poeti
ityvis, _ TavdaRweva xelaxla Sobaa, vizioneruli unaris SeZenaa. am unarma
gadaarCina SaveTSi moxvedrili jari.
erTawmindasTan dakavSirebiT sergi makalaTias naSromic gasaxsenebelia, sadac
igi wers: `is adgili, sadac axla eklesia dgas, tyiT yofila dafaruli da irmis jogi
Tavisuflad dadioda. erTi TaTari aq iremze sanadirod mosula; mas mSvild-isari
moumarjvebia da iremi niSanSi amouRia, magram am dros irmis rqaze naTeli jvari
gamosaxula. amis danaxvaze TaTari SeSinebula, iaraRi xelidan gaugdia da uTqvams _
qriste miwamebiao~. esec iseTive vizionia, romlis Semdegac mtruli da gveluri Zala
sakuTari budidan amovardeba, amaRldeba Tavis arsze da damxvduri sazogadoebis
poziciidan aRarc aRiqmeba mtrad.
ase iTrguneba devuri buneba da aRorZindeba adamianuri.
imis Tqmac sagulisxmoa, rom mtris Semosevebi xels uwyobda adamianTa
konsolidacias da ganamtkicebda sakralur SuagulSi. mravalZaluri legendis
mixedviT `aqaur mcxovrebT dResac wmindaT swamT is azri, rom am soflidan
gadasaxleba sacxovreblad sxva sofelSi ar SeiZleba, radganac salocavi
dahmizezavs da ar uyabulebs sxvagan gadasaxlebaso~.
saerTo warsulis xsovnis gareSe, sazogadoeba ar iwodeba sazogadoebad. xsovna
kravs da amTlianebs sociums. sazogadoebis samyofeli teritoriis mocile mter-
macili iTrguneba mis sakralur velSi moxvedriT. es sakraluri sicariele da
landSafti moicavs sazogadoebis sulsa da gonebas. amitom landSaftis, niadagis
xsovna aregulirebs adamianTa wuTisoflur yofas.
wmindani (wm. giorgi, wm. estate) Tavisi ZlierebiT gamoixsnis miwa-wyals
mosalodneli daRupvisagan, mfarvelobs adamianebs, maTs erTobas da samkvidrodan
gasvlas ar `uyabulebs.~
legendis fabulur konteqstSi naTlad igrZnoba dasabamier-arqaul motivTa
pulsireba. am TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs TqmulebaTa sagnobriv
samyaros. aq yvela nivTi Tavisi daniSnulebiTi, funqciuri Rirebulebis garda `ucxo
ram elvis~ damtevicaa. mxedvelobaSi maqvs eklesiisadmi Sewiruli `rkinis qudi,
Cafxuti da xmali, romelsac uwodeben xvarasnis xmals~, agreTve sxva saomari
saWurveli da xar-Zroxis rqebi.
arqauli cnobierebisaTvis sagani aris ara oden mosaxmari ram, ara instrumenti
mxolod, aramed igi Tavisi arsiT aWarbebs praqtikul daniSnulebas. rogorc ar
SeiZleba vilaparakoT Tasze, rogorc mxolod sasmisze, aseve ar SeZleba saWurvelSi
misi mxolod sabrZolo daniSnuleba davinaxoT. is aris misi mflobelis arsSi
wildebuli. gmiris davlaTianoba Tu nawilianoba mis saWurvelSic Zevs. is aris niSani
_ mflobelis arsis aRmniSvneli. amdenad saWurveli _ farTo gagebiTa da
mniSvnelobiT _ teqstad warmogvidgeba. es aris teqsti, romelic Tavisi grafikuli
monaxaziTa Tu funqciuri elementebiT aRagznebs sazogadoebis suls da STaagonebs
Tu Caagonebs (sugestia) mas. sagulisxmoa, rom markirebuli nivTebi Sesabamis
suliskveTebas badebs arqaul cnobierebaSi da ibadeba legenda urjulo momxduris
`moqcevis~ Sesaxeb. sazogadoeba cdilobs `axsnas~ mizezi saganTa mis TvalsawierSi
moxvedrisa da arsebobisa. mis SegnebaSi pulsirebs kiTxva, romelic pasuxs moiTxovs.
pasuxi ki legendis formiT warmoiSvis; legendisa, romelic Semdgom gadadis
TaobebSi, daimatebs socialurad mJRerad nakads da imsWvaleba eTosiT, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, aris erT-erTi garanti Tqmulebis TaobaTa wiaR gaRwevisa. is ritualuri
birTvi, romelic adamianis anTropologiur arsSi Rvivis, TqmulebaSi ar gamosCans,
magram `gonebis TvaliT~ damkvirveblisaTvis Sedegidan mizezis moxelTeba mainc
xerxdeba da xorcSesxmul legendaSi wminda ideis wyarosTvali anu arqetipi iCens
Tavs. amitom, legendis sagnobriv samyaroze dakvirvebis gareSe saerTod ver avxsniT
mis arss, anu ver gaviTvalsaCinoebT mxatvruli teqstis warmoSobis meqanizms.
zemoTxsenebuli nivTebis eklesiaSi moxvedris, vieTTa mier Sewirvisa Tu
naalafaris motanis faqtebi xalxis mexsierebis miRma rCeba. sazogadoebam araferi
uwyis ucxouri warmoSobis saomari saWurvlis wminda salocavSi moxvedris Taobaze

159
da amitomac am `informaciuli vakuumiT~ gulwyebuli adamianebis sulSi amoifineba
legenda urjulo mtris damorCilebisa da salocavisaTvis daymevebisa.
legendis dabadeba ufro TvalsaCinovdeba Tu faqtobriv, istoriul cnobebsac
gavadevnebT mzeras. iaraRis warmomavloba ki dokumenturadaa cnobili da amdenad,
Cven, tradiciul sazogadoebasTan SedarebiT `momgebian~ poziciaSi vimyofebiT.
viciT legenda da vuwyiT sinamdvilec. sinamdvile ki aseTia: arc Sah-abass da arc
osmaloebs qristianuli eklesiebisaTvis araferi SeuwiravT. ucxouri warmoSobis
saWurveli Tu sxva ram nivTebi, sul sxva gziT xvdeboda eklesia-monastrebSi. isini
trofeebia upirvelesad.
Tedo Jordanias `qronikebSi~ motanil amirejibTa gvarovnuli sigelidan
vigebT, rom qarTvelebi jalal-edinis jars `mindors SevebeniT da amovswyviteT,
mivarTviT droSa da Tavi TavTan maRlis sulTanisa da gvyo wyaloba da gviboZa
jildod rac viajeT... da droSaca (am omSi naSovni — T.J.) SevwireT mexoiSnesa Cvensasa
(e.i. rusudan mefes — T.J.) da Taji mraval Zalas~. rogorc am dokumenturi masalidan
Cans, jalal-edinis Taji mravalZalisTvis Seuwiravs qucna amirejibs. raimegvari
aRreva rom ar gamoiwvios, SevniSnavT, rom Taji igive Calmaa. mravalZaluri legendis
saWurvelSi ki rkinis Cafxuti anu muzaradia moxseniebuli. amis Taobaze
saWurvelmcodne kote ColoyaSvili aRniSnavs, rom `amirejibebi `ZaRlis sulTnis~
muzarads Tajs uwodebdnen~.
dampyroblis muzaradis salocavSi Sewirvis wesi sayovelTaod iyo
gavrcelebuli. vaJa-fSavela afxuSobis dReobis aRwerisas ambobs, rom `RaWaura
saxalxo gmiria, romelsac mouklavs erTi xani da imis muzaradi afxuSos xatisTvis
Seuwiravs. afxuSos dReobisas am muzaradiT didi da patara RaWauras Sesandobars
svamso~. sagulisxmoa, rom muzaradi aq Tasis funqciiTaa Canacvlebuli. nivTma
dakarga sruliad konkretuli, sabrZolo funqcia da SeiZina ritualuri statusi.
SeiZleboda asec gveTqva, rom igi sadagi yofidan maRal, gina WeSmarit realobamde
amaRlda...

damowmebani::

ioseliani 1973: p. ioseliani. didi mouravi giorgi saakaZis cxovreba. Tb.: gamocemloba `merani~,
1973.
potto 1884: v. potto. saqarTvelo da misi istoriuli dro. Tb.: 1894.
Jordania 1967: T. Jordania. qronikebi. III. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1967.

Solomon Tabutsadze

How a Legend is Born

Summary

In the seventies of the last century, in Racha, in the village of Mravaldzali, it happened so that I recorded a
legend. The narrator, Sergo Iobashvili, told me with a great excitement about Shah-Abbas’s intrusion to Georgia,
namely to Mravaldzali, his crossing to Cholevi cliff and a story how an enemy army perished.
Later, being a University student I came upon the variant of this legend. In 1894, there was published an
article in the newspaper Iveria signed by “Kartveli Osebshi” (a Georgian missioner to the Ossetian villages – the
pen-name of the known religious figure Nestor Bakuradze). This variant of the legend appeared to be more
complete.
The reference on various military armaments can be also found in other sources, namely in Platon
Ioseliani’s “Life of Great Commander Giorgi Saakadze”.
This fact is also mentioned by a Georgian geographer Vakhushti. V.Pottie also confirms this circumstance
in his book published at the end of the 19th century “Georgia and its Historical Past”.
One more fact can be recalled from Platon Ioseliani’s book “On Interesting Episodes” which concerns the
Ertatsminda church.
The pulsation of initial archaic motifs is clearly felt in the fable context of the legend. From this viewpoint
of essential significance is material world of sayings. Here all subjects, apart from their functional value, can
contain additional meaning.
For archaic consciousness, material thing is not only something one can utilize but by its essence it goes
beyond practical application. It is in the spirit of its owner. The hero’s charity or mercy is in his armament too.

160
Thus, the armament in the broad sense of the word is represented as a text. This is the text which by its graphic
design or functional elements excites the soul of the society and inspires it (suggestion). It is interesting to note
that the labeled subjects gave origin to corresponding aspiration in archaic consciousness and thus the legend
about conversion of unbeliever is born. A society tries “to explain” the reason of appearance of these subjects in
the range of vision and its consciousness is pulsed with question which requires an answer. And the answer
originates in the form of a legend which passes from generation to generation, joins socially voiced stream which
in its turn guarantees the transition of the saying throughout generations. Ritual core in the saying is not seen but
for the observer with “mind eye” the finding of cause from the reason happens and the archetype is manifested in
personified legend. Therefore without analysis of subjective world of the legend it is impossible to explain its
essence, i.e. we fail to demonstrate the mechanism of origination of artistic text.
The real facts of the appearance of the above mentioned subjects in the church, sacrifice or animal
sacrifices remain beyond people’s memory. The society is not aware of the appearance of the strange armament
in the church and therefore dissatisfied with such “information gap”, and a legend is born in man’s soul as to
how the unrighteous oppressor has been subordinated and turned into friend respecting the oppressor’s belief.

161
 marine turaSvili

warRvnis motivi qarTul xalxur poeziaSi

qarTulma xalxurma sityvierebam droTa ganmavlobaSi didi cvlileba ganicada.

leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi... sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis SecvlasTan erTad
icvleboda. yoveli mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlena gamoZaxils poulobda
mTqmelTa SemoqmedebaSi. aseT faqts warmoadgenda qarTvelebis mier qristianobis
miReba. man didi gardatexa moaxdina qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi. warmoiSva axali
Sinaarsis leqsebi, romelTa Tematika religiuri xasiaTisa iyo.
kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi didi adgili uWiravs biblias, wminda werils.
igi aTasi ZafiTaa dakavSirebuli mravali xalxis sulierebasTan. misi gavleniT
yalibdeboda TaobaTa warmodgenebi, ena da adaTebi. radgan biblia, rogorc
werilobiTi Zegli, saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebis mxolod garkveuli
nawilisTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi, amitom religiuri xasiaTis teqstebis gavrcelebis
centrebs saqarTveloSi monastrebi da sxva sakulto adgilebi warmoadgendnen.
bibliis ganxilva folklorTan, xalxur sityvierebasTan mimarTebaSi kvlevis
uaRresad saintereso sferoa. es sakiTxi aqtualur problemad dgas rogorc
bibliis, aseve folkloris SemswavlelTaTvis.
qarTul xalxur SemoqmedebaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia bibliuri siuJetis
folkloruli versiebi. Cveni kvlevis mizania warmovadginoT bibliuri warRvnis
siuJetis gaxalxurebuli qarTuli variantebi, maTi mimarTeba literaturul
wyarosTan, bibliasTan da amasTanave is xalxuri inovaciebi, rac bibliisgan
damoukideblad, xalxis wiaRSia warmoSobili.
qarTul folkloristikaSi bibliuri siuJetis xalxuri variantis Seswavlis
pirveli cda gvxvdeba al. xaxanaSvilTan, romelic mimoixilavs bibliis zepir
tradiciaSi gavrcelebis mizezebs (xaxanaSvili 1917).
m. Ciqovani bibliur siuJetze Seqmnil leqsebs Janrobrivad sam jgufad yofs:
epikuri (`adam da eva~, `iobi~, `abraami~, `solomon brZeni~), lirikul-epikuri
(`jojoxeTSi vin aris~, `naTlis mcemeli da xalxi~, `suleTis leqsi~) da lirikuli
(`noe~, `qriste~ da sxv.). mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom aRniSnuli leqsebi umTavresad
bibliuri warmoSobisaa da maT siuJetebs vxvdebiT Zvel an axal aRTqmaSi (Ciqovani
1968).
v. barnovi mokled mimoixilavs ra Zveli da axali aRTqmis leqsebsa da
legendebs, aRniSnavs: `amgvari leqsi Tu ambavi uxvad exveva gars uricxv eklesiis
nangrevebs, niSs da wminda adgils... xalxis mexsierebaSi aRbeWdilia mTeli saRmTo
istoria Zveli da axali aRTqmisa... ers mTeli es masala sakuTari ZaliT aqvs
damuSavebuli da gardaqmnili~ (barnovi 1919: 73-74).
ap. canavas mosazrebiT mestvireebma didi roli Seasrules Zveli da axali
aRTqmis calkeuli epizodebis galeqsvis saqmeSi da amave dros maT SeqnaSic miuRiaT
monawileoba (Ciqovani 1968).
msoflio warRvna, romelic aRwerlia Sesaqmis VI, VII, VIII da IX TavebSi,
mogviTxrobs, rom adamis pirvelCadenili codva, mTeli siZlieriT amoqmedda SeTis
modgmaSi, romelsac axali kacbrioba unda daefuZnebina. adamidan meaTe Taoba _ noes
Taoba, imkis dasabamSi daTesil mosavals. `dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata
adamianTa ukeTurebam amqveynad~ (dab. VI, 7), inana RmerTma, rom Seqmna adamiani da Tqva:
`miwis pirisagan aRvgvi adamians, romelic Sevqmeni. adamianidan dawyebuli
pirutyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob, rom gavaCine~ (dab. VI,
7). kacobriobis dacemasTan erTad dacemula cxovelTa samyaroc. am dacemul
kacobriobaSi RmerTma erTaderTi noe gamoarCia, radgan `marTali, sruli kaci iyo
noe Tavis TaobaSi; RmerTTan dadioda noe~ (dab. VI, 9) da iwyeba warRvnisTvis mzadeba.
RvTis CagonebiT warRvnis gmiri _ noe agebs xis kidobans (sigrZe iyo 300 wyrTa, sigane
_ 50, simaRle _ 30), romliTac unda gadaerCinaT Tavi. igi Tavisi coliTa da sami ZiT
TavianTi colebiTurT, agreTve oTxfexa, qvewarmavalTa da frinvelTa TiTo wyviliT
avida kidobanSi. Svidi dRis Semdeg daiwyo kokispiruli wvima, romelic ormoc dRe-
Rames gagrZelda. wyali zeviT-zeviT iwevda da bolos mTeli dedamiwa dafara.
sicocxlis niSan-wyali aRarsad darCa. warRvnam STanTqa yvelaferi, mxolod noes
kidobani dacuravda uvneblad ukidegano wylis zedapirze. Sewyda wvima. gavida as

162
ormocdaaTi dRe da xmeleTi ar gamoCenila. meSvide Tves kidobani somxeTis mTis _
araratis wverze SeCerda. meaTe Tves ki garSemo mdebare mTaTa mwvervalebic
gamoCndnen. noem kidev ToTxmeti dRe icada, mere sarkmlidan yorani gamoafrina,
romelic male dabrunda ukan. Svidi dRis Semdeg mtredi gauSva, magram imanac versad
ipova TavSesafari da male dabrunda ukan. Svidi dRis Semdeg noem kvlav gauSva
mtredi. frinveli saRamos mobrunda da Tan niskartSi gaCrili zeTisxilis rto
moitana. es imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom warRvna TiTqmis dasrulda. noem kidev daicada
Svidi dRe da mtredi mesamed gauSva. frinveli ukan aRar dabrunebula, radgan
dedamiwa gamSrali iyo. noe gamovida kidobnidan, gauSva kidobnis mkvidrni, aago
sakurTxeveli, raTa RmerTisTvis xsnis samadlobeli msxverpli Seewira. RmerTma
caze Svidferi cisartyela gamosaxa yvela cocxal arsebasTan dadebuli maradiuli
zavis niSnad: `aha, gidebT aRTqmas, rom aRar aRgvis xorciels warRvna da aRar mova
warRvna qveynis dasaRupavad~ (dab. IX, 11).
dedamiwis yvela eri, romelTac epikuri folklorisa da saRmTo teqstebis
tradicia gaaCniaT, ar iviwyebs msoflio gigantur warRvnas. globaluri
wyaldidobis aRweris bibliiseuli elementebi aRmoaCines aseve: 59 _
Crdiloamerikuli tomis, 46 _ centraluri da samxreT amerikis, 17 _ afrikis da
axlo aRmosavleTis, 23 _ aziis, 37 _ avstraliis kunZulebisa da 31 _ evropis
eTnikuri jgufebis Zveli binadrebis folklorebSi. naTelia, rom mTeli
kacobriobis mexsiereba inaxavs gadmocemas erTi da imave movlenis Sesaxeb. Tumca,
sxvadasxva saxis zepir gadmocemebSi, aRniSnulma gadmocemebma transformacia
ganicada garkveuli saxiT da folkloruli elementebi SeiZina.
qarTuli warRvnis leqsis yvelaze adrindeli Canaweri daculia petre
umikaSvilis arqivSi saTauriT “noe”. teqsti Cawerilia nino baraTaSvilis/baraTovis
mier sof. marabdaSi. igi uTariRoa, magram SeiZleba daaxloebiT Caweris drois
gansazRvra. im koleqciis masalebi, sadac CvenTvis saintereso leqsia moTavsebuli,
umTavresad 1870-75 wlebiT TariRdeba. amitom, isic am wlebSi unda iyos Cawerili.
leqsi Sinaarsobrivad ar aris srulyofili. gaurkvevelia warRvnis mizezi, vin axdens
mas, ramden xans grZeldeba, rogor sruldeba da a. S. leqsi ase iwyeba:

`wminda noem ra icoda, dajda, Tala kidobani;

SigniT, gareT gamoTala, sagangebod aayvava,
Sig Seasxa dedal-mamali, kari magra dauyara~.
(Ciqovani 1973: 109; fauf 200∗).

Cans, rom bibliuri warRvnis gmiris msgavsad xalxuri leqsis gmiric agebs
kidobans da Sehyavs dedal-mamali suldgmuli, Tumca ar Cans visi miTiTebiT akeTebs
amas. Semdeg iwyeba warRvna, magram ar Cans warRvnis xangrZlivoba. warRvnis
dasrulebis gasagebad xalxuri lqsis gmiri uSvebs yvavs, romelic bibliuri
warRvnisgan gansxvavebiT ukan ar brundeba. am variantSi Cans gmiris mier mtredis
mxolod erTxel gaSvebis epizodi, romelic identuria bibliuri noes mier mtredis
meored gaSvebisa da ukan zeTisxilis rtoTi mobrunebisa. gaurkvevelia xalxuri
leqsSi ukan mobrunebuli mtredi ratom iyo ugunuri, sawyali da ratom darCa
mgloviare?
folkloris arqivSi daculia 1961 wels qarTlSi Cawerili warRvnis leqsis
SedarebiT vrceli varianti. leqsi ase iwyeba:

`adre rom warRvna movida,

Zirs dedamiwa casa hkra...~
(faq79 gv63∗∗; Ciqovani 1973: 107)

am variantSi warRvnis momavlineblad gamoyvanilia qriste-RmerTi. is warRvnis

Semdeg xalxs aTvalierebs, guTansac ukeTebs, raTa bevri xnan da bevri Teson. mere
qars daavalebs zRvidan wylis amotanas da wyaroebis gakeTebas, rom xalxs ar

∗
fauf = SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis folkloris ganyofilebis arqivis umikaSvilis fondi.
∗∗
faq = SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis folkloris ganyofilebis arqivis qarTlis eqspediciis
masalebi.

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moswyurdes. daayenebs mewisqviles, magram eSmakebi xalxs ar uSveben da qriste
RmerTi ebrZvis maT:

`qriste-RmerTi mobrZandeba,
xo xelSi daiWers xmalsa,
zogi geeqca kldeebSi,
gaukeTebs xorbal-Rarsa~.
(faq79 gv63*; Ciqovani 1973: 108)

es xalxuri leqsi biblias exmaureba mxolod kidobnis agebiT da vazis

daarsebiT. vazs imitom aarsebs qriste RmerTi, rom xalxs ziareba unda. gaugebaria
leqsis bolo TerTmeti taepi, sadac gadmocemulia, rom qriste RmerTi mRvdlad
ayenebs eSmaks, romelic wawymedilia.
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloris arqivSi
SifriT fav2/2 gv. 513 (ID - 17968) da faa5993 arsebobs warRvnis siuJetze Seqmnili
SedarebiT vrceli da srulyofili variantebi. Tumca maTSi ar Cans warRvnis mizezi
da vin axdens mas, magram bibliur warRvnasTan es variantebi yvelaze ufro
miaxlovebulia. leqsSi kargadaa gadmocemuli kidobnis ageba, yvavis da mtredis
gaSveba da misi zeTisxilis rtoTi ukan mobruneba, rac warRvnis dasrulebis niSani
iyo. mxolod am variantebSi Cans noes mier warRvnis dasrulebis Semdeg kidobnis
binadarTa gaSveba:

`...qveynebi damyarebula
aha xili msxmobieri
maSin noeman gauSva
dedal-mamali
yvela sulgmuli~.
(fav2/2 gv513∗; ID - 17968; Ciqovani 1973: 107-108)

1961 wels sof. yudroSi Cawerilia xalxuri leqsi saTauriT “uwin arca eSmak
iyo”, romelic gamoqveynebulia “qarTuli xalxuri poeziis” meore tomSi. leqsi ar
aris Zveli da warRvnis ambavs ar gadmogvcems, magram gvawvdis amomwurav informacias
warRvnis gmiris vinaobis Sesaxeb:

“uwin arca eSmak iyo,

arca bati, arca RmerTi,
noe iyo Cveni mama
qveyanaze kaci erTi.
imis garda arvin iyo,
marto idga rogorc sveti,
noes sami Svili xyvanda:
semi, qami, iafeti”.
(faq47 gv118; Ciqovani 1973: 109-110)

Semdeg mTqmeli cdilobs socialuri motiviT axsnas rogorc warRvnis ambavi,

ise adamianTa urTierToba. is icnobs “qarTlis cxovrebas”, sadac gadmocemulia
qarTvelTa gvartomobis istoria. mTqmeli leqsSi amxels cxovrebis mZime pirobebs,
kerZod, Tavadebis usamarTlobas:

`dabatondes Tavadebi,
maindomes samsaxuri,
glexebs swavla dagviSales,
aRar iyo saamuri.
RmerTiao, moigones,
gamagzavnes mociquli.
CemTvi ver movinaqmede,
siRaribem damwva guli.
me glexi or, Tavadebis

∗
fav = folkloris arqivis varlam macaberiZis fondis masalebi.

164
 damwvari da dadaguli!~
(faq47 gv118*; Ciqovani 1973: 110)

warRvnis siuJetze Seqmnil xalxur leqsebSi sainteresoa kameCis epizodi:

`kameCi modis, yloyinobs:

noe, mec Semiyvaneo~.
(fav2/2 gv513*; ID - 17968; Ciqovani 1973: 109)

aseve:
`kameCi ukan mihdevda,
aqeT-iqiT gadaxamfra.
kameCi ZirSi Cavida,
fexi hkra da iq gamagrda~.
(faq79 gv63*; Ciqovani 1973: 107-108)

warRvnis legendaSi kameCis xseneba pirvelad daviT guramiSvilTan gvxvdeba

“mxiarul zafxulSi” (Ciqovani 1955). rogorc Cans, poetis wyaro am SemTxvevaSi
ueWvelad qarTuli zepirsityviereba iyo.
Tu Cven msjelobas SevajamebT, cxadia, rom qarTveli xalxi ar iviwyebs saSinel
msoflio warRvnas. Tumca, zepirma gadmocemebma transformacia ganicada garkveuli
saxiT da folkloruli elementebi SeiZina.
zemoT ganxiluli teqstebi da, sazogadod, bibliur siuJetze Seqmnili xalxuri
leqsebis umravlesoba qarTl-kaxeTSi unda iyos Seqmnili, radgan maTi umetesoba
swored aqaa Cawerili. SesaZloa, rom saxalxo dReoba-dResaswaulebi farTo asparezs
qmnida amgvari leqsebis gasavrceleblad xalxSi.
bibliuri warRvnis siuJetze Seqmnili xalxuri leqsebis pirvel wyarosTan
Sedareba saintereso suraTs iZleva. mTqmeli erT SemTxvevaSi zustad imeorebs
pirvel wyaros (mag.: informacias warRvnis gmirze _ noeze; gadmogvcems
warRvnisTvis mzadebas _ kidobnis agebas, kidobnis binadarTa vinaobas, warRvnis
dasrulebas da frinvelebis gaSvebas), anda, klasobrivi motivebi, iyenebs
Taviseburad epizodebs. masSi Seaqvs sakuTari tendenciebi: socialuri
dapirispirebis amsaxveli Tema da a. S.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom samRvdeloebam da
saerTod eklesiam xeli Seuwyo bibliuri siuJetebis gavrcelebas xalxSi, romelTa
galeqsvac unda momxdariyo cnobili meleqseebis da saxalxo mTqmelebis mier.
bibliuri warmoSobis siuJetebs saxalxo mTqmelebi gardaqmnidnen, ukavSirebdnen
imdroindel ra TavianTTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebs da ase avrcelebdnen mTel
saqarTveloSi.

damowmebani:

barnovi 1919: barnovi v. qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi. Tb.: qSwg saz-bis
gamomcemloba, 1919.
biblia ... 1983: biblia. Zveli da axali aRTqma. Tb.: saqarTvelos sapatriarqo gamomcemloba, 1989.
kiknaZe 1979: kiknaZe z. saubrebi bibliaze. Tb.: gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1979.
mWedliZe 1990: mWedliZe s. saRmrTo istoria Zveli da axali aRTqmisa. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`xelovneba~, 1990.
Ciqovani 1955: Ciqovani m. daviT guramiSvili da xalxuri poezia. Tb.: saq. mecn. akad. gamomcemloba,
1955.
Ciqovani 1968: Ciqovani m. (redaqtori). qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedeba. t. II. Tb.:
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1968.
Ciqovani 1973: Ciqovani m. (redaqtori). qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. II. Tb.: gamomcemloba
`mecniereba~, 1973.
xaxanaSvili 1917: xaxanaSvili al. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria. Tb.: gamomcemloba v. a. ruxaZis
stamba, 1917.

Marine Turashvili

“Motif of the Flood in the Georgian Folk Poetry”

165
 Summary

Christianization of Georgians was a turning-point for the Georgian Folklore. Were created verses having a
new content religious thematics.
Georgian people do not forget the terrible Deluge. Although the Flood legends were transformed in some
dereqtions and acquired folk elements.
In Petre UmikaSvili’s collection there are kept the earliest records of the Flood poetry entitled “Noah”
written down by Nino Baratashvili/Baratov in village Marabda. It has not date, bat we can define the time of its
record. Matterials of the collection, where the verse-legend of our interestis kept belongs to 1868-80 years. The
verse, from the poetic point of view is not full: there is not mentioned reason of the Flood, its duration and so on
we think that the most of the verses having Biblical plot must be created in Kartl-Kaxeti, as the most of them are
recorded there. It is possible that the Folk Festival created a vide field for their expansion through the population.
Comparison of the Folk poetry having Biblical plot with the Bible original gives an interesting picture.
Narrator, Improvisator from one side, repeats the original source (e. g. information on the Flood hero-Noah, on
preparation for the Flood-building of the Ark, on the residents of the Ark, the and of the Flood, sending of birds)
from the other side tells these episodes in his own way.
Clergy, Church favored the spread of the Biblical plats among population, folk poets and narrators
converted them into poetry including topical questions of that time.

166
 masalebi leqsikonisaTvis

rusudan ColoyaSvili

masalebi `qarTuli folkloris leqsikonisaTvis~

alva _ alvis xe _ xalxur poeziaSi gvxvdeba rogorc RvTis karze amosuli

sicocxlis xe da simbolurad ganasaxierebs samyaros xes — samyaros sami sknelis
gamaerTianebels. is sicocxlis, nayofierebisa da janmrTelobis momniWebelia.
miTologiur poeziaSi gvxvdeba, agreTve oqros SibSebmuli alvis xe.

alaverdi _ qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zegli, erT-erTi udidesi saeklesio

nageboba saqarTveloSi. mdebareobs alaznis velze sof. alaverdTan (axmetis r.).
alaverdis monasteri VI s. Sua xanebSi daaarsa ioseb alaverdelma. XI s. dasawyisSi
kvirike kaxTa mefem alaverdis wm. giorgis patara eklesiis adgilas aago didi
sakaTedro taZari.

bardaveliZe vera (1899-1970) _ qarTuli eTnografiuli skolis TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori (1958 w.), profesori (1966 w.), me-
20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan mxarSi edga g. Citaias da saqarTveloSi eTnologiis
kvleva maT axal safexurze aiyvanes _ organizebuli saxe misces. v. bardaveliZe
samecniero-pedagogiur moRvaweobas eweoda saqarTvelos sax. muzeumSi, enimkis
institutSi, Tbilisis sax. universitetSi eTnografiis kaTedraze, iv. jaavaxiSvilis
sax. istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutSi.
man gamoikvlia qarTveli xalxis adrindeli socialur-ekonomiuri
mdgomareobisa da sulieri kulturis problemebi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTielTa sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba, maTi sameurneo cxovreba, jvar-xatebis
samamulo mflobeloba da sxva. daadastura, rom socialuri urTierTobisa da rwmena-
warmodgenebis erTobliobaSi SeswavliT dadgenilia qarTveli tomebis poliTeizmi
da Zveli qarTuli panTeonis ganviTarebis safexurebi. v. bardaveliZe iyo uZvelesi
rwmenebis istoriis Seswavlis damwyebi saqarTveloSi. is ikvlevda qarTuli
warmarTobis fesvebs. mniSvnelovania misi moRvaweoba qarTveli xalxis sulieri
kulturis sferoSi, sadac bevr sakiTxs Tavisi adgili miuCina. am sferosTan
dakavSirebiT man Seadgina kiTxvari, rac faqtiurad iyo programa
specialistebisaTvis. didi amagi dasdo xalxuri sakulto Zeglebis Seswavlas.
sulieri kulturis sferoSi man Seiswavla: astraluri rwmena-warmodgenebi,
RvTaebaTa panTeoni, nayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli kultebi da ritualebi,
qarTvelTa xalxuri dReobaTa kalendari, xalxuri ornamenti, saweso grafikuli
xelovneba, sicocxlis xe, micvalebulTa kulti, agreTve _ iseTi kultebi, rogoric
aris: basila, batonebi, beri, baxusi, aseve, xaxmatis jvari, iaxsris xati, kviria,
kopala, kviracxovlobis xati, laSaris jvari, lomisoba, pircecxlis xati, nana,
samZimari, lazaroba, qorbeRela, telefinusi, lifanali, kalanda, aguna da sxva.
v. bardavelibis gamokvlevebi: `qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi religiuri rwmena-
warmodgenebi da saweso grafikuli xelovneba~, `droSa lem~, `qarTuli religiuri
ornamenti~, `qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbal-babar)~,
`svanuri xalxuri dReobaTa kalendari, axali weli~ da sxvebi, qarTuli folkloris
genezisis Sesaswavlad umniSvnelovanesi naSromebia.

lit.: gegeSiZe m., v. bardaveliZis cxovreba da moRvaweoba, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis,

1972, t. 16-17; Todua r., v. bardaveliZis Sromebis bibliografia, iqve.

batonebi _ bavSvTa infenqciur sneulebaTa (qunTruSa, yviTela, yivanaxvela,

wiTela) saerTo xalxuri saxelwodeba. uZvelesi rwmeniT am avadmyofobebs iwvevdnen
angelozebi, romlebic batonebad iwodebodnen. isini avadmyofis organizmSi
saxldebodnen da bavSvs aavadebdnen. amdenad, avadmyofi batonebis gansaxierebad
iTvleboda da yvela misi survili unda Sesrulebuliyo. ojaxis wevrebi batonebs

167
gansakuTrebuli ridiTa da pativiT iRebdnen. avadmyofi, misi oTaxi, axloblebi
naTeli ferebiT (TeTri, wiTeli) imosebodnen da irTvebodnen; maT sapativcemulod
idgmeboda tkbileuliT gawyobili tabla; irTveboda `batonebis xe~, sruldeboda
sabodiSo ferxuli xis irgvliv SemovliT. teqstebSi naxseneb batonebis baRSi amosul
saswaulebriv xes gankurnebis Zala miewereboda. sagaloblebis ucvleli atributebi
iyo ia da vardi. mebodiSe qalebi yvavilebis Taiguls miarTmevdnen batonebs da ise
moubodiSebdnen; avadmyofis ojaxSi garkveul aRkveTebs icavdnen. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi avadmyofoba garTuldeboda; yvelieris orSabaT dRes batonebis saxelze
bevrgan uqmobdnen saqarTveloSi da maT saxelze loculobdnen.

lit.: В. Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и образовое графическое искусство грузинских племен,
Тб., 1957; giorgaZe m. qarTuli sawesCveulebo poezia, Tb., 1982.

batoniSvili (bagrationi) ioane _ daibada 1768 w. 16 maiss TbilisSi,

gardaicvala 1830 w. 15 Tebervals peterburgSi. TvalsaCino saxelwifo moRvawe,
ganmanaTlebel-enciklopedisti, mwerali, mecnieri, leqsikografi; Svili qarTl-
kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-isa. monawileobda samSoblos dasacavad
gamarTul omebSi da vaJkacobiTa da TavganwirviT araerTxel isaxela Tavi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia misi Tavdadeba krwanisis omSi (1795 w.). brZolebSi nacadi
da gamowrTobili ioane giorgi mefem artileriis feldceixmeisterad daniSna.
1799 w. ioanem Seadgina da Tavis mamas warudgina saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis
farTo reformebis proeqti _ `sjuldeba~, romelic Sedgenili iyo mowinave
evropuli saxelmwifoebis proeqtebisa da saqarTvelos sinamdvilis
gaTvaliswinebiT. proeqti ar ganxorcielebula giorgi XII-is gardacvalebisa da
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis gamo. samefos gauqmebis samzadisSi imperatorma
pavle I 1801 w. 9 marts sxva qarTvel batoniSvilebTan erTad ioane batoniSvilic
ruseTSi gaiwvia. peterburgSi Casuli ioane ukan aRar gamouSves, igi samudamod
ruseTSi darCa.
ioane batoniSvilis kalams ekuTvnis ara erTi mxatvruli da mecnieruli Sroma,
romlebsac dRemde ar daukargavs istoriul-literaturuli mniSvneloba.
samecniero Sromebidan gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia: `kalmasoba~, `saqarTvelos
istoria~, `sjuldeba~, `qarTuli enis gramatika~, `bunebis metyveleba~, `maTematika~,
`saartilerio wigni~, `yrmaTa enciklopedia~, `qarTuli leqsikoni~, `rusul-qarTuli
leqsikoni~, qarTuli vokaluri da instrumentuli niSnebis Sesaswavli
saxelmZRvanelo da sxva. aRsaniSnavia misi intensiuri mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobac.
mas dawerili aqvs, agreTve, originaluri nawarmoebebi: `patara edemiT ganZeba~,
`aRsareba~ da ramdenime leqsi. is mxatvaric yofila.
misi memkvidreobidan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva enciklopediuri xasiaTis
naSromi `kalmasoba~ (1813-1828 ww.). TxzulebaSi erTmaneTSi Serwymulia, erTi mxriv,
cnobebi XVIII s. mecnierebis (sabunebismetyvelo da humanitaruli) dargebidan da,
meore mxriv, avtoris Tanamedrove cxovrebis amsaxveli mdidari masala. aRniSnuli
naSromi metad faseulia folkloristikis TvalsazrisiTac, rameTu ioane
bagrationi kargad icnobda qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebas, ris Sesaxebac
sayuradRebo cnobebi mogvawoda. magaliTad, aq sagangebodaa ganxiluli
sawesCveulebo leqsebi da simRerebi: `Zeobis leqsebi~, akvnisa da safexrulo
simRerebi; xalxuri leqsis poetika. amasTanave aq vxvdebiT araerTi xalxuri Janris
nimuSs, ris safuzvelzec ioane batoniSvili iTvleba maT pirvel Camwerad, rogoric
aris: Sairi, andaza, araki, xumroba, `tarieliani~. amasTanave `kalmasobaSi~ cnobebi
gvxvdeba sasaxlis mgosan-Semsruleblebis, mestviruli poeziis Sesaxeb. agreTve, aq
saubaria misnur Cvevebsa da winaswarmetyvelebaze. `kalmasoba~ anu, rogorc TviT
avtori uwodebs `xumarswavla~, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ukanaskneli da axali
qarTuli literaturis pirveli TvalsaCino nawarmoebia.

lit.: a. canava, i. bagrationis `kalmasoba~ da xalxuri sityviereba, literaturuli Ziebani, V, Tb.,

1949; m. Ciqovani, qarTuli xalxuri sityvierebis istoria, Tb., 1952; al. baramiZe, ioane
batoniSvilis biografiidan, mis wignSi: narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, III, Tb.,
1952; g. miqaZe, bagrationi, wignSi: qarTuli literaturis istoria, II, Tb., 1966; l. quTaTelaZe,
ioane bagrationis qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1976.

168
 berdenka _ erTvazniani SaSxana Tofi. ixmareboda me-19 saukunis ukanasknel
meoTxedsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. saxelwodeba miiRo gamomgonebel berdanis
gvaris mixedviT.

bosloba _ nayofierebis RvTaeba boselis kultTan dakavSirebuli moZravi

xalxuri dReoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Zvelad saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi unda
yofiliyo gavrcelebuli (es rituali sruldeboda saqonlis gamravlebisa da
janmrTelobis, agreTve mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT). boslobis mTavari wesi
sruldeboda boselSi. ixdidnen ianvarSi an TebervalSi.

lit.: bardaveliZe v. qarTuli (svanuri) saweso grafikuri xelovnebis nimuSebi, Tb., 1953; soxaZe a.
qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoeba da mis gadmonaSTebTan brZolis istoriidan, Tb., 1964.

gogoWuri daviT (1922_2000) — gamoCenili qarTveli folkloristi,

filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, saxelmwifo premiis laureati. misi Seswavlis
sagani ZiriTadad iyo xevsuruli poezia da gvevlineba, rogorc xevsuruli poeziisa
da poeziasTan dakavSirebuli tradiciebis saukuTeso mcodne da mkvlevari. am
sakiTxs eZRvneba misi monografiebi: `meleqseoba xevsureTSi~ (1974 w.) da `xevsuruli
sagmiro poezia da gmirebi~ (1977 w.). am naSromebSi mecnieri mogviTxrobs xevsuruli
poeziis Seqmnis, Sesrulebis, gavrcelebisa da sazogadoebrivi funqciis
tradiciebze. agreTve, mocemuli aqvs xevsuruli poeziis ZiriTadi sawesCveulebo
Janrebisa da Tematikis mimoxilva. Seswavlili aqvs: satrfialo, samonadireo, sagmiro
poezia; stumarmaspinZluri simRerebi; galeqseba-gaSaireba; agreTve, wes-
CveulebasTan dakavSirebuli arqauli Janrebis (qadagobani, xucobani, ferxulebi,
mTiblurebi, xmiTnatirlebi) taepTa strquturuli analizi. mkvlevari xevsur
SemsrulebelTa da msmenelTa auditorias or ZiriTad jgufad yofs: I. sakulto-
religiuri xasiaTis TavSeyrebi xatobebis, saRvToebisa da RamisTevebis dros da II.
sayofiero-sameurneo wes-Cveulebebi: qorwili, mTibel-mamkali. garda amisa,
gvixasiaTebs xevsurul instrumentebs da sxva. mocemuli aqvs xevsuruli sagmiro
poeziis istoriul-Janrobrivi mimoxilva; gacocxlebuli hyavs ramdenime saxalxo
gmiris saxe, rogorebic arian: sula da kurdRela, xogais mindia, TorRva Zaganis Ze,
xirCla babulauri da sxvebi. gaSuqebuli aqvs xalxuri sityvierebisadmi qarTveli
mwerlebis: al. WavWavaZis, vaJa-fSavelas, m. javaxiSvilis, g. leoniZis
damokidebuleba. amasTanave d. gogoWuri werilebis krebulSi `es umReria mamasa~
(1990 w.) ikvlevda andrezis Janrobriv Taviseburebebs, warmarTobisa da qristianobis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs, Zvel samonadireo rwmenebsa da poezias, tradiciaTa
mniSvnelobas, Catarebuli aqvs miTologiuri dakvirvebebi. werilebi miuZRvna
migraciis problemebs da sxva. agreTve, krebda da aqveynebda xalxuri sityvierebis
margalitebs. misi Sedgenilia krebuli `leqso, amogTqom oxero~ (1975 w.).
mniSvnelovani Rvawli miuZRvis qarTuli xalxuri poeziis mravaltomeulis
momzadebisa da gamocemis saqmeSi, rogorc saredaqcio kolegiis wevrsa da erT-erT
Semdgenels, risTvisac daimsaxura saxelmwifo premia (sxvebTan erTad).
mis kalams ekuTvnis, agreTve, moTxrobebi da romani `gamocda~ (1989 w.). rogorc
mwerals miniWebuli hqonda vaJa-fSavelasa da giorgi leoniZis saxelobis premiebi.

gorda — mokle, uvado, moxrili da drekadi xmali. gviani feodaluri xanis

saqarTveloSi gorda farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi Semonaxulia rogorc adgilobrivi warmoebis, ise XVI-XVII ss. italiuri
gorda xmlebi.

etiologiuri gadmocema _ axsna-ganmartebiTi xasiaTis moTxroba, romelSic

miTologiurad gasulierebuli formiT aris warmodgenili esa Tu is movlena, esa Tu
is arseba ki adamianis saxesa da Tvisebas atarebs. am tipis nawarmoebebSi
moTxrobilia, Tu rogor gaCnda qveyanaze: mTebi, xevebi, mze, mTvare, ca, miwa, Weqa-
quxili, elva, setyva, Tovli, wvima, zRvebi, mdinareebi, tbebi, cxovelebi, frinvelebi,
mcenareebi.
cxovelebisa da frinvelebis warmoSoba tabus darRveviT an magiuri ZaliT
xdeba. zogjer ki oriveTi erTad. adamiani sxva arsebad iqceva, roca saamisod TviTon

169
Seqmnis saTanado pirobebs. sxva arsebad gadaqceva zogjer sasjelad moevlineba
adamians, zogjer ki xsnad da RvTis wyalobad.
im etimologiur gadmocemebSi, romlebSic ama Tu im arsebis garegnobaze da
gansakuTrebul Tvisebebzea laparaki, Cans, rom ara marto adamianebisagan
warmoiSobian esa Tu is arsebani, aramed maTi Taviseburebebis ganxilvac, ZiriTadad,
adamianebTan mimarTebaSi xdeba.
adamiani cdilobs axsnas is, rac ukvirs. am gadmocemaTa mixedviT, ki ukvirs, rac
misgan gansxvavebulia da rac mas ar axasiaTebs. uZvelesi adamiani ar gamoyofs ra
Tavis Tavs bunebisagan, yvela arsebasa da sagans miawers iseTsave unarsa da Tvisebas,
rac TviTon aqvs. amave dros, xsnis imas _ ra gansxvavebasac amCnevs Tavis Tavsa da mas
Soris. etiologiur gadmocemebSi moTxrobilia im arsebaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic,
garkveuli msgavsebis miuxedavad, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian adamianisagan. aq am
gansxvavebis axsnis cdaa, rac misi Semqmnelis codnasa da rwmenas eqvemdebareba.

lit.: r. ColoyaSvili, etiologiuri gadmocemebi, qarTuli folklori, XIV, 1984.

verZi _ zodiaqos erT-erTi Tanavarskvlavedi.

Zvel berZnul miTologiaSi tyavi (bewvi) verZisa, romelmac orqomenosis (elada)
mefis, aTamasis qal-vaJi hele da friqse ganarida av dedinacvals da aiis qveyanaSi, anu
kolxeTSi gadaxvewa. mefe aietma Seivrdoma friqse, verZi msxverplad Seswires zevss,
xolo misi oqrosbewviani tyavi, e. w. oqros sawmisi aresis WalaSi Camokida da darajad
marad fxizeli, cecxlismfrqveveli urCxuli miuCina. oqros sawmisi eladaSi
daabrunes argonavtebma.
jadosnuri zRapris Wabuki gmiri ganicdis verZad metamorfozas. garda amisa,
zRaparSi verZis tyavSi gaxveuli avadmyofi ganikurneba.

virsalaZe elene bagratis asuli (1911—1977) _ folkloristi, filol. mecn.

doqtori (1964), profesori (1971), mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe (1965),
naratiuli folkloris saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis wevri (1974), saxelmwifo premiis
laureati (1988). daamTavra: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis
fakulteti (1930), 1935 w. _ leningradis literaturis, enisa da filosofiis
institutis aspirantura m. azadovskis xelmZRvanelobiT. iqve daicva sakandidato
disertacia: `qarTuli zRapris genezisis problema~ (1936), romlis oponentic iyo v.
propi. 1937-1942 ww. iyo represirebuli. gadaasaxles karlagSi. misi sakandidato
naSromi am wlebSi daikarga. ganTavisuflebis Semdeg erTi weli ar hqonda samSobloSi
dabrunebis ufleba da Sua aziaSi cxovrobda. gadasaxlebidan erT-erTi pirveli
dabrunda akademikosebis: s. janaSiasa da d. janeliZis daxmarebiT.
1936 wlidan muSaobda SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis
institutSi. kiTxulobda leqciebs: Tbilisis sax. universitetSi, gorisa da Tbilisis
pedagogiur institutebSi. 1976 wlidan xelmZRvanelobda Tbilisis sax.
universitetis folkloris kaTedras. ikvlevda: miTologiis problemebs, zRaprul
eposs, xalxur lirikas, folklorul-literaturul urTierTobebs,
folkloristikis istorias, sawesCveulebo poezias, xalxuri leqsTwyobis sakiTxebs.
1948 wels aRmoaCina da gamoaqveyna bernarde neapolelis mier me-17 saukuneSi
Cawerili ori xalxuri zRapari. Seadgina qarTuli zRapris siuJetebis saZiebeli,
aarne-andreevis sistemis mixedviT (cxovelTa eposi, 1961 w.). damsaxureba miuZRvis
zepirsityvierebis nimuSTa Sekrebisa da gamocemis saqmeSi: gamokvlevebiTa da
mecnieruli komentariT gamosca `rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi~ (I da II _ 1949,
1958), qarTvel mTielTa zepirsityviereba (mTiuleT-gudamayari, 1958). monawileobas
iRebda `qarTuli xalxuri poeziis~ mravaltomeulis SeqmnaSi (t.: 6,7); moskovSi
gamosca `Грузинские народные предания и легенды~, 1973 w.; f. zandukelTan da m.
gogiCaiSvilTa erTad moamzada `qarTuli folkloris mokle anotirebuli
bibliografia (1829-1901)~, Tb., 1973.

Txz.: qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tb., 1964; Грузинский охотничий миф и поэзия, M., 1976.
lit.: j. bardaveliZe, el. virsalaZe, qarTuli folklori, IX, Tb., 1979.

170
 TeTri manguri _ samonadireo eposis `TeTri manguris~ mTavari gmiri _
monadire. erTxel jixvze nadirobisas dalis gamoqvabulSi daaRamda, iq cecxli
daanTo da jixvis mwvadi Sewva. am dros dali movida, romelsac misi daRupva daenana
da monadires siyvaruli SesTavaza _ gaWirvebaSi Cemi saxeli axsene da gamogadgebi,
jixvsa da arCvs ar gamogilevo, oRond es ambavi ar gaamxiloo. meore dRes svavebi
daecnen saxlSi mimaval TeTr mangurs, dauwyes cema. TeTrma mangurma xmali iSiSvla,
magram ver sZlia da axsena dalis saxeli. manguris sayvareli dali ifnis rtoTi
daeria svavebs, erTic ar gadaurCa. mangurs ki frTa mousva, Wriloba mourCina da
jansaRi gauSva saxlSi.

ivane qvacixiseli _ daRupuli monadiris ciklis Tqmuleba `ivane qvacixiselis~

mTavari gmiri. TviT nawarmoebi erT-erTi uZvelesi da Rrmad originaluri Zeglia
qarTuli folklorisa. bevri misi varianti saferxulo tipis Zveli simReraa.
monadire ivane qvacixisels yornis gaCenili lekvi yurSa upovia da gauzrdia.
jixvebis kvals gadevnebul ivanes Tovlisgan gaukeTebia safexurebi kldeze
asasvlelad. ukan wamosvlisas ki naxa, rom safexurebi damdnariyo (miwa iZra da
garSemo klde CamoirRva) da veRar Camodioda. SimSiliT Sewuxebulma dakla Tavisi
yurSa da ver SeWama (zogi variantis mixedviT _ SeWama). kldeze dacurebuli da fexiT
Camokidebuli monadire axloblebma ipoves, magram ver uSveles. maSin mihgvares
sacole, romelmac Searcxvina. ivane gadmoxta kldidan da daimtvra. mas didi qva
gadmohyva. am qvas uwodes qvacixe, monadires ki _ qvacixiseli. rogorc monadiris,
aseve yurSas saxes sakmaod aqvs SerCenili miTosuri plastebi.

lit.: el. virsalaZe, qarTuli samonadireo eposi, Tb., 1964; Е. Б. Вирсаладзе, Грузинский охитничий миф и
поэзия, М., 1976; al. Rlonti, qarTuli xalxuri novela, Tb., 1989.

kalandaZe giorgi (1912—1976) _ poeti, literaturaTmcodne, mecnierebaTa

doqtori (1974). mniSvnelovania misi filologiuri gamokvlevebi: eg. ninoSvilis, g.
leoniZis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebebze. folkloristuli TvalsazrisiT ki aRsaniSnavia
naSromi: `qarTuli xalxuri balada~ (1957).
folkloristul naSromSi mecniers Seuswavlia saerTod baladisa da kerZod,
qarTuli baladis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebi; qarTuli baladis
klasifikacia da cal-calke ganuxilavs masSi Semavali jgufebi: sagmiro baladis
(`moyme da vefxvi~, `Semomeyara yivCaRi~, `soloRas leqsi~, `Savlego~, `Satils
gadidda xoxobi~...); satrfialo (`Tavfaravneli Wabuki~, `ia mTazeda~); samonadireo
(`avTandil gadinadira~, `beTqili~, `TeTri manguri~, `monadire Corla~);
sayofacxovrebo (stumar-maspinZlobisadmi miZRvnili, `coli gamixda avada~...);
socialuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg brZolis amsaxveli (`Siola da mTrexeli~,
`TorRva~); omisa da saldaTobisadmi miZRvnili (`solomon buturaSvili~...); saweso-
sarwmunoebrivi xasiavisa (`orSabaTobiT aSenda~, leqsebi `RvTisSvilTa~ _ kopalasa
da iaxsarisadmi miZRvnili) da xalxur Tqmulebebze agebuli (`suramis cixe~, `Suris
cixe~...). garda amisa mkvlevarma Seiswavla baladaSi gamoyenebul poeturi xerxebi
(stili, epiTeti, Sedareba, hiperbola...); aseve literaturul poeziaSi xalxuri
baladis motivebi.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom g. kalandaZem germanuli enidan Targmna da
komentarebi daurTo islandiuri miTologiuri da sagmiro simRerebis krebuls
`ufrosi eda~.

Txz.: g. kalandaZe, qarTuli xalxuri balada, Tb., 1957; ufrosi eda, Zveli islandiuri simRerebi
RmerTebsa da gmirebze, germanulidan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo g. kalandaZem, Tb.,
1971.

kdini _ mTvaris kalendriT ianvris mesame kvira. am kviras da mis momdevno

xorcis kviras eSmakebi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurdebian _ adamianebTan Sexvedras da
xelSi Cagdebas _ Wkuidan SeSlas cdiloben.

lit.: g. boWoriZe, TuSebi, Tb.,1993, gv. 324; g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde, Tb., 1990,
gv. 81-92.

171
 kidobani _ fexebze mdgari da saxuraviani didi xis yuTi _ xalxuri avejis erT-
erTi uZvelesi saxeoba. Sig inaxavdnen: marcvleuls, gamomcxvar purs, sursaT-
sanovages. agreTve iyenebdnen tansacmlisa da iaraRis Sesanaxad. saqarTveloSi
sakulto daniSnulebis `wminda kidobnebis~ arsebobac dasturdeba. masSi sakmevels,
bambasa da cvils (sanTlis dasamzadeblad) inaxavdnen. kidobans Zvelad saqarTveloSi
sakraruli mniSvneloba hqonda da sadResaswaulo ritualis Sesrulebisas
TvalsaCino adgili ekava. mag.: anTebuli sanTlebi ojaxis ufross unda miekra wminda
kidobnisaTvis; ojaxis wevrebi am kidobnis win Camwkrivdeboddnen da loculobdnen.
ioane SavTeli ki kidobans ixseniebs RvTismSoblis simbolod.

lit.: l. bedukiZe, xalxuri aveji aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, Tb., 1973; n. sulava, XII-XIII
saukuneebis qarTuli himnografiis mxatvruli specifika, Tb., 1997.

kiknaZe grigol (1909-1974) _ literaturaTmcodne, Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profesori (1961). mis kalams ekuTvnis monografiebi: `qarTuli
satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoria~ (1953 w.), `metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebi~
(1957), `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba~ (1957); gamokvlevebi: n. baraTaSvilis, v.
orbelianis, il. WavWavaZis, ak. wereTlis, d. kldiaSvilis, g. tabiZis, g. leoniZis, a.
kalandaZis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebebis Sesaxeb.
misi mTeli rigi literaturuli Ziebani folkloristikis TvalsazrisiTac
mniSvnelovania, mag.: `vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis~ Semdeg TavebSi: `bunebis vaJaseuli
gagebis sakiTxi~, `gvelis mWameli~, `vaJa-fSavelas xalxuroba~ Cans gr. kiknaZis
damokidekidebuleba xalxuri sityvierebisadmi. aq mecnieri pasuxobs saliteraturo
kritikaSi arsebul mosazrebas, TiTqos vaJa-fSavelas Sexeduleba samyaroze
warmarTulia da pirvelyofili adamianis warmodgenaTa msgavsi. am mosazrebaTa
gasaqarwyleblad mkvlevari gvaZlevs uZvelesi rwmenebis (animizmis, panTeizmis,
anTropofizmisa da sxvaTa) daxasiaTebas. Semdeg ki vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebidan
calkeuli magaliTebis ganxilviT uCvenebs am mosazrebaTa usafuZvlobas. rogorc
gr. kiknaZe miuTiTebs, vaJas warmarTad miCneva ganapiroba misma midrekilebam Tavis
SemoqmedebaSi xalxur TqmulebaTa da gadmocemaTa gamoyenebisaken da yvelafris
gasulierebulad Tu adamianisdagvarad warmodgenis tendenciebma.
mecnieri am naSromSive saubrobs literaturis xalxurobis sakiTxze. agreTve,
literaturisagan gansxvavebiT xalxuri qmnilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze:
1. didi moculobis folkloruli nawarmoebisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo yvela
epizodis urTierT-SeTanxmeba; 2. folklorisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gulubryviloba; 3. iseTi motivi gvxvdeba xalxur TxzulebaSi, romlisTvisac ar aris
Semzadebuli niadagi. aq ar Cans, vin aris personaJi, an riTia ganpirobebuli esa Tu is
qmedeba. 4. xalxuri poeziisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli detaluri Txroba, gmiris
sulieri moZraobis Cveneba.
xolo satirasa da iumorze msjelobisas ganixilavs vedrebis, locvisa da
Selocvis, wyevlis genezisis sakiTxebs. saubrobs: xalxuri Semoqmedebis iseT
Taviseburebaze, rogoric aris xalxuri sityvierebis uSualoba da gulubryviloba;
im mxatvrul saSualebebsa da xerxebze, romelTa meoxebiTac xalxuri Semoqmedeba
aRwevs satirul-iumoristuli STabeWdilebis Seqmnas: 1. `SemTxveviTi~ anu nebismieri
dakavSirebani. am xerxs eyrdnoba SairTa umravlesoba, agreTve, gvxvdeba zRaprebSi; 2.
Sedareba da gadaWarbeba, roca masSi mJRavndeba damcirebis tendencia. 3. `leqsikuri~
satira da iumori; 4. skabrezuli satira, roca skabrezuli metyveleba gamoyenebulia
abuCad agdebisa da mware dacinvis saSualebad. agreTve Seiswavlis satirasa da
iumors xalxur andazebsa da gamocanebSi.

kumulaciuri zRaprebi _ zRaprul eposSi kumulaciuri zRaprebi kompoziciis

mixedviT arian gamoyofilni calke jgufad. am tipis zRaprebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia kumulaciuri Txroba _ jaWvuri asxma siuJetebisa, rac met-
naklebad zRapris yvela qvejgufisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. is gvxvdeba rogorc
cxovelTa eposSi, aseve jadosnur da novelistur zRaprebSi. am tipis zRaprebia:
`rwyili da WianWvela~, `erTi-cida qmari da ori-cida coli~, `glexi da qila erbo~,
`Txa da venaxi~, `erTi xeladis ambavi~ da sxva.

172
lit.: Пропп В. Я. Фольклор и действителность, М., 1976; qurdovaniZe T., qarTuli kumulaciuli zRapari,
`macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 1980, ` 2; ColoyaSvili r., kumulaciuri zRaprebi,
qarTul folklorSi, 15, 1985.

koka _ garkveuli tipis jadosnur zRaprebSi zRapris gmiri pirveli rasac

akeTebs, es aris, wyalze kokiT mimaval qals qviT kokas gautexs. qali vaJs ar
daswyevlis, raxan dediserTaa, magram etyvis: `Senamc gulSi Cagvardnia iseTi qalis
siyvaruli, adamianis naSobi ar iyoso~. marTlac, vaJi am qalis siyvaruliT daavaddeba
da Semdeg mTeli zRapari mis Ziebas eZRvneba.

lerwmis qali _ jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiria. gaaCnia metamorfozis

unari: wyalSi iqceva Tevzad, xmeleTze _ lerwmis xed, xis nafotad da isev qalad.
gaskdeba lerwmis xe da iqidan gamova mSvenieri qali, romelic xelmwifis vaJma
waiyvana colad mamamisis sasaxleSi. gzaSi qal-vaJma akrZalva daarRvies da maTi
bednierebac damTavrda. gamoCnda moZalade cru gmiri, romelmac isini erTmaneTs
daaSora _ arabis qalma lerwmis qali gadakarga, TviTon ki misi adgili daikava _
xelmwifis vaJs colad gahyva. samjeradi metamorfozis Semdeg lerwmis qali
dedabers eSvila da misi daxmarebiT zRapris dasasruls dakarguli meuRle ipova,
simarTle gairkva da kanonzomiereba aRdga _ arabis qali daisaja, TviTon ki
aRidgina xelmwifis Svilis colis mdgomareoba. sami dis siuJetis mqone zRaprebSi
lerwmis qals arabis nacvlad ufrosi da mtrobs.

mzeTunaxavi _ jadosnuri zRapris upopularulesi gmiri. am termins ormagi

gageba aqvs da niSnavs mzis unaxavs da mzisgan unaxavs. swored aseTi gaazreba
esadageba koSkSi gamomwyvdeul asuls. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mze mamrobiTi
RvTaebaa, mzis unaxavoba da mzisgan unaxavoba mamakacis unaxavaobas niSnavs.
zRapruli mzeTunaxavi mze unaxavia mzeWabukis xilvamde. aseTi gagebis Semcveli
saxelwodeba zRapris gmirisa mxolod qarTulma zRaparma SeinarCuna, magram sxva
xalxTa zRaprebSic imave funqcias asruleben misi gmiri qalebi, rasac qarTulSi.
mzeWabuki bolos mainc moipovebs qaliSvils da qorwindeba masze. mzeTunaxavi mzis
RvTaebas ukavSirdeba mxolod rogorc misi mewyvile qorwinebisas.
jadosnuri zRapris mzeTunaxavi Rame irgvliv anaTebs samyaros da genetikurad
nayofierebis mdedrobiTi RvTaebis iseT kults ukavSirdeba, rogoric iyo Zvel
egvipteSi izida, babilonSi _ iSTari, Zvel saberZneTSi _ artemide da sxva,
romlebsac mTvaris kultis uZveles religiur da miTologiur warmodgenebTan
hqondaT kavSiri.

lit.: karbelaSvili m., `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetis miTologiuri interpretaciisaTvis,

literaturuli Ziebani, 1983; ColoyaSvili r., uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis kvali xalxur
zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004; Бардавелидзе В. В., Древнейишие религиозные верования и образовое
графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тб., 1957; Тихая-Церетели М. Г., Женский образ mzеtunaxav-и
грузинских сказок, в сб.: Тристан и Исольда. От героини любви феодальной Европы до богин матриархальной
Афревразии, М.-Л., 1932.

mzeWabuki _ jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiria. is mudmivad mzeTunaxavs

daeZebs, romelic xan ukarfanjro koSkSia (mTaSia) gamomwyvdeuli, xan gveleSaps
(devs) hyavs motacebuli. moipovebs da qorwindeba masze. oqrosqoCriani mzeWabuki
genetikurad mzis RvTaebas ukavSirdeba, msgavsad veduri RvTaeba indrasi, babilonis
mardukis, Sumeruli Tamuzis da sxva. mziuri bunebidan gamomdinare es saxe
genetikurad mokvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RvTaebisgan momdinareobs. zRapris
mzeWabuks, msgavsad solaruli RvTaebebisa uxdeba gveleSapis, devis, Tu sxva boroti
arsebis damarcxeba. gveleSapis damarcxebis Zala mxolod mzis RvTaebas Seswevs. isic
umetesad urCxulTan brZolaSia da klavs mas. gveleSepis mkvleli mzis RvTaeba
gveleSapisganve aris Sobili. gveleSaps swored is klavs, visac aqvs Zala da buneba
gvelisa. gveleSapisgan Sobili mzea, msgavsad amiranisa, da swored es mze aris misi
mkvleli.

lit.: ColoyaSvili r., uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004;
Пропп В. Я., Исторические корни вольшебной сказки, Л., 1946; Франк-Каменецкий И., Грузинская параллель
к древне-египетской повести "О двух братьях", Яфетический Сборник, IV, 1926.

173
 mzis deda _ jadosnuri zRapris epizoduri personaJia. is xelmwifis Svilis
cols aZlevs mzis pirisnabans dRisiT mkvdari meuRlis gasacocxleblad. sxva
siuJetis mqone zRaprebSi mzis deda, devis dedis msgavsad, mfarvelobs zRapris
mTavar gmirs da mzes mas umalavs, rom ar dawvas. mzis deda mzis kalosac gvis yovel
dRe.

natvris beWedi _ jadosnuri sagania, romlis saSualebiTac garkveuli tipis

jadosnur zRaprebSi mTavari gmiri asrulebs yvela rTul davalebas, romelic
sacolis mosapoveblad mimavals dabrkolebebiT aRsavse gzaze xvdeba. natvris beWeds
SeuZlia uswrafebad Seasrulos patronis yvela natvra, mag.: xelmwifis Svilis
samyofelsa da sasimamros sasaxles Soris gasdos xidi, romlis aqeT-iqiTac Cayris
iseT xexils, rom rigi mwifdes, rigi yvaodes, rigic Camodiodes; am xeebze ki iadoni da
bulbuli galobdes da sxva.
natvris beWdis mflobeli mxolod is SeiZleba iyos, visac Seswevs Zala im
araCveulebrivi arsebis damorCilebisa, romlis organizmSic aris es beWedi. zRapris
gmiri misi saSualebiT mizans aRwevs, _ moipovebs xelmwifis asuls colad, magram es
bedniereba droebiTia, radganac is beWeds kargavs da masTan erTad _ yovelgvar
sikeTes. Tumca zRapari mainc keTilad Tavdeba — xelmwifis vaJi qomagi arsebebis
meSveobiT (ZaRli, kata, Tagvi, Tevzi) ibrunebs beWedsac da adrindel
mdgomareobasac.
sxva SemTxvevaSi mzis qali aZlevs gmirs natvris beWeds: miwaze dadeb _ sufra
gaiSleba, sufraze dadeb _ sasmel-saWmeli Camorigdeba, Camoitan qveviT, WurWeli
darigdeba. mzis qalis qmari mefes dapatiJebs sadilze, romelic colis warTmevas
moundomebs da rTuli davalebis Sesasruleblad gzavnis saiqioSi dedasTan. mzis
qalis qmari sabolood am davalebas asrulebs da xelmwifis taxtic mas rCeba.

nacarqeqia _ qarTuli zRapruli eposis popularuli gmiria. is novelisturi

zRapris `nacarqeqias~ mTavari personaJia, romelic miuxedvad imisa, rom zarmacia,
arafris maqnisi da buxarSi nacris qeqvis mets arafers akeTebs, zRapris dasasruls
araCveulebriv warmatebas aRwevs _ devebs SeaSinebs, maT qonebas daisakuTrebs da
yvelaferi ojaxSi rZalTan miaqvs. am gamarjvebas is gonebis ZaliT aRwevs _
moxerxebiT, sazrianobiT da ara fantstikuri arsebebisa, Tu jadosnuri sagnebis
daxmarebiT. zRapar `nacarqeqiaSi~ Cans Tavis gonebriv SesaZleblobebSi
darwmunebuli mTavari gmiris _ nacarqeqias ironiuli damokidebuleba yvelasTvis
saSiSi zRapruli arsebis _ devis mimarT, rac Semdgomi gamarjvebis sawindaria.
amasTanave nacarqeqia uZvelesi tradiciebis damcvelia, mag.: mTeli dRe
cecxlTan jdomiT is icavs keriis kults; agreTve, ojaxidan gandevnis ritualiT
Tavis Tavze iRebs ojaxis ganmwmendis funqcias, rasac didi sikeTe moaqvs am
ojaxisaTvis da marTlac, zRaparSi ojaxidan gagdebuli da devebis samflobeloSi
namyofi gmiri didi dovlaTiT datvirTuli brundeba ukan.

naxevarqaTama _ zRapris mTavari gmiri, araCveulebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone

naklulovani arseba. naxevarqaTamam gadaylapa: melia, mgeli, daTvi da zRva. dauwyo
xelmwifes Sewuxeba. daiWires, Seagdes jer saqaTmeSi, mere _ sabateSi, sacxvreSi. iq
naxevarqaTamam muclidan amouSva: jer melia, mere _ mgeli, daTvi, romlebmac
gawyvites: qaTmebi, batebi, cxvrebi. gabrazebulma xelmwifem isev daaWerina
naxevarqaTama, moaxrakvina da SeWama, magram is mucelSi gacocxlda, daiwyo xtunva da
simRera. xelmwifem is gamouSva Tavisi sxeulidan. daedevnen mosaklvad, magram
naxevarqaTamam piridan amouSva zRva da xelmwife da nazir-vezirebi daaxrCo.

oqroSiZe Tamar (1909-1979) _ cnobili folkloristi. moRvaweobda qarTuli

literaturis istoriis institutis folkloris ganyofilebaSi. mravalmxrivia misi
mecnieruli interesi. ikvlevda: folkloristikis istorias (`qarTvelTa Soris wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis folkloristuli moRvaweoba~, `akakis
krebulis~ zepirsityvieri masalebi), folkloris moamageTa Rvawls (Tedo saxokias
damsaxureba), folklorul etimologias (daadgina Selocvis uZvelesi termini
`saxrva~; agreTve, poetis aRmniSvneli xalxuri termini `xaxare~), literaturul-

174
folklorul paralelebs, jadosnur zRapars _ kerZod mis personaJebs:
mzeTunaxavi, raSi, xari, dedaberi, sami da.
umniSvnelovanesia misi monografia: `qarTuli xalxuri Sromis poezia~ (1963 w.).
aq Seswavlilia Sromis poeziis saxeebi: guTnuri, naduri, xelxvavi, samkali, kalouri,
mTibluri, savenaxo, safeiqro, sawyalzedo, metivuri, urmuli; agreTve Sromis
poeziis mxatvruli ena, misi adgili Zvel mwerlobaSi da Seswavlis mdgomareoba. aq
aris saubari pirvelyofili sazogadoebis koleqtiuri Sromis Taviseburebebze.
aRniSnulia, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurze melodiaSi sityvieri
masala mcirea da rom warmoebisa da enis ganviTarebasTan erTad viTardeba sasimRero
teqsti, romelic gundurad sruldeboda. erTxmiani simRera iyo: urmuli, saqsovi,
barvis. T. oqroSiZe sistematurad eweoda xalxuri sityvierebis nimuSTa Sekrebas.
misi Sedgenilia `qarTuli xalxuri poeziis~ me-10 tomi _ Sromis poezia (f.
zandukelTan erTad). xelaxla gamosca l. aRniaSvilis zRaprebis krebuli.
garda amisa, mis kalams ekuTvnis: mogonebebi, narkvevebi, Targmanebi.

lit.: g. WeliZe, T. oqroSiZe, qarTuli folklori, X, 1980.

sminaoba _ kdinis kviras (n.) TuSebi `sminaobis~ kviras eZaxian. am kviras an

momdevno xorcis kviris romelime saRamos (ufro SabaTsa da kviras) soflis gogoebi
(dasaojaxeblebi Tu daojaxebulebi) `sminaobad dasxdebodnen~. romel ojaxsac
wyliT, zvaviT, an iaraRis daRupuli hyavda, imis patroni ritualSi ar iRebda
monawileobas (im mkvdars im qveyanaSi awvalebeno), es axalgazrdebi eSmakebis saxelebs
dairqmevdnen: SuSanqals, haSuras, hagundas, CefSitas, zerebas... da SeRamebulze
Segrovdebodnen romelime saxlSi, saxlidan ukuRma gamovidodnen, soflis ganapiras
dasxdebodnen da ayuradebdnen soflidan gamomaval xmebs. Tu vinmes saxlidan lxinis
xma moismoda, iq im wels qorwili iyo mosalodneli, Tu vinmes saxlidan Tofi
gavardeboda, ojaxs ubedureba daatydeboda Tavs da a. S. aq gagonil ambavs gogo-
biWebi Tavisianebs etyobdnen da yvela gagonilis axdenas eloda. sminaobis xmebis
utyuarobisa axlac sjeraT.

lit.: g. boWoriSvili, TuSeTi, Tb., 1993, gv. 325; g. cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde, Tb., 1990,
gv. 85.

suleTis RmerTi — micvalebulTa sulebis adgilsamyoflis, saiqios RmerTi.

`suleTis RmerTo madlianoo,

mamenebai saubrisao~ (qxp, gv. 102).

umcrosi da _ jadosnuri zRapris mTavari gmiri sami dis ciklis zRaprebSi.

flobs maqciobis unars, SeuZlia: Tevzad, alvis xed, nafotad metaforfoza.
xelmwfiis Svili SeirTavs colad. qali oqrosqoCrian qal-vaJs gaaCens, magram
ufrosi debi umtroben, bavSvebs gadauyrian mdinareSi, mas ki sasaxlidan gaaZeveben.
qali metamorfozis ZaliT gadarCeba _ bolos daibrunebs qalis saxes da dakargul
qmar-Svils. zRapari ganaxlebuli qorwinebiT Tavdeba.

lit.: r. ColoyaSvili, uZveles rwmena warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004.

umcrosi Zma _ xalxisaTvis usayvarlesi da amdenad mudam gamarjvebuli gmiri

jadosnur zRaparSi. Tu erTi ar aris vaJi gmiri, is xSirad umcrosia sam Zmas Soris. is
Tavidan sulelis STabeWdilebas tovebs. Zmebs damcirebuli da abuCad agdebuli
hyavT. zRapris msvlelobisas ki fericvalebas ganicdis _ amarcxebs: gveleSapebs,
devebs, icavs mamamisis saflavs, sam rTul davalebas warmatebiT daZlevs, moipovebs
mzeTunaxavs, romelsac ufrosi Zmebis Ralatis wyalobiT kargavs, magram isev
ibrunebs da xelmwifis taxtsac isakuTrebs.

lit.: r. ColoyaSvili, uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004.

qaCal-mebate _ garkveuli tipis jadosnuri zRaprebis mTavari gmiri _

oqrosqoCriani Wabuki Tavze cxvris faSvgadakruli xelmwifis sasaxleSi

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mojamagired dadgeba. xelmwifis umcrosi qali masSi gmirs amoicnobs da saqmrod
amoirCevs maSin, rodesac ufrosi debi didgvarovan qmrebs isurveben. xelmwifis sam
rTul davalebas swored qaCalmebate Seasrulebs vinaobis gaumxelad. davalebebis
Sesrulebas ufrosi siZeebi iCemeben, umcros siZes ki niSans (yuris bibilos...) aZleven.
oqrosqoCrian Wabukad gardasaxuli mebate qveyanaze Semoseul mtris jarsac
amarcxebs. bolos gairkveva misi namdvili vinaoba, adrindeli gmirobebis ambavic da
xelmwifis taxti mas rCeba.

Rlonti aleqsandre (1912-1999) _ gamoCenili enaTmecnieri da folkloristi,

filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli
moRvawe. saqarTvelos literaturismcodneobis akademiisa da erovnuli akademiis
namdvili wevri, saxelmwifo premiisa da vaJa-fSavelas premiis laureati.
al. Rlonti Seiswavlida: qarTuli xalxuri prozauli Semoqmedebis, qarTvelur
enaTa leqsikisa da struqturis, leqsikologiisa da leqsikografiis, toponimikisa
da anTroponimikis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. fuZemdebelia qarTuli onomastikisa,
Seqmna qarTul kilo-kavTa leqsikoni, Seadgina qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis
krebulebi.
folkloristikis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania misi Ziebani qarTuli xalxuri
eposis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebisadmi, rogoric aris: xalxuri novelis specifika,
struqtura, Tematika, Tu ZiriTadi motivebi da siuJeturi ciklebi, xalxuri novelis
mimarTeba xalxuri prozis sxva JanrebTan, misi klasifikacia, am Janris nawarmoebTa
Sekreba-publikaciis mdgomareoba, misi kvali Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi.
mecnieri xalxur novelas Tvlis sayofacxovrebo Temaze Seqmnil nawarmoebad,
misi siuJeti iSleba realur garemoSi, sadac moqmedeben cocxali adamianebi da misi
Sinaarsi adamianis yoveldRiurobas exebao. xalxuri eposis klasifikacias is axdens
mxatvruli formis mixedviT da novelis garda gamohyofs xalxur moTxrobasa da
xalxur romans.
garda amisa, al. Rlonts ganxiluli aqvs xalxuri prozis ena da stili. xalxuri
prozis enis specifika naCvenebi aqvs literaturuli prozis monacemebTan
SepirispirebiT. mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba xalxuri prozis enis mxatvrul-
esTetikur mxareTa gamovlenas, tropis, dialogisa da misi elementebis
TaviseburebaTa Cvenebas. Seswavlili aqvs rTuli sintaqsuri konstruqciebis
genezisis problema, sakuTar saxelTa sistema xalxur prozaSi da sxva.
folkloristi gverds ver auvlis mis monografiebs: `qarTuli xalxuri novelis
sakiTxebi~, `xalxuri prozis enisa da stilis sakiTxebi~, folklorul krebulebs:
`guruli folklori~, `qarTuli zRaprebi da legendebi~, `qarTuli Sairebi~
(narkvevi, teqstebi, SeniSvnebi), `qarTuli xalxuri eposi~, `qarTuli xalxuri novela~
sam tomad, `rCeuli qarTuli andazebi da sityvis masalebi~, `qarTuli xalxuri
zRaprebi~.

SaveTis meufrose (mebatone) _ fSav-xevsurTa micvalebulTa samyaros — saiqios

ufrosi, batoni. igulisxmeba RmerTi. iseve rogorc arsebobs `suleTis RmerTi~.

`SaveTis meufrosesa
samjer daukar Tavia.
Samahxveviyvnen ukloni,
win erTi kelaptaria~ (qxp, II,- gv. 72).

an: `SaveTis mebatonesa

samjer daukar Tavia,
uklueb gamaarCia
Sin narCevebi ymania...~ (qxp, II, gv. 217).

Sengelaia demna (1896—1980) _ gaxldaT XX saukunis gamoCenili mwerali.

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1969). avtori romanebisa:
`sanavardo~ (1924), `baTa qeqia~ (1928), ganZi (1958) da sxva. misi nawarmoebebi mdidaria
qarTuli miTosiTa da folkloriT. d. Sengelaias kalams ekuTvnis folkloristikaSi
didad mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi: `sami skneli~, `vaSa~, `mzeTunaxavi~, `amiranis
garSemo~, `armazi~, `qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi~, `irmis naxtomi~. mwerali

176
amiranis eposs ganixilavda rogorc miTologiur eposs, sagmiro eposisagan
gansxvavebiT, rogorc maSin miaCndaT; ikvlevda `vefxistyaosnis~ xalxurobis sakiTxs.
werda samonadireo poeziis, Sumeruli da qarTuli miTosuri samyaros
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebze, `eTerianze~ da sxva. is iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,
vinc saqarTveloSi literaturis miTosur safuZvlebs ikvlevda. am TvalsazrisiT
damuSavebuli hqonda: vaJa-fSavelasa da al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mis mier zogadi msjelobis safuZvelze miRebuli mTeli rigi
daskvnebi Semdgomi periodis folkloristuli kvlevebis Sedegebma daadastura, mag.:
`amiranianis~ gasagebad is iSveliebda samonadireo poeziis nimuSebs; amiranis mTasa da
amirantas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan; zRapars `Txam SeWama venaxi~ dionisesadmi
miZRvnil himnad Tvlida. cxovelTa Sesaxeb zRapris personaJebSi xedavda adamians da
sxva.

lit.: JRenti b., mwerloba da Tanamedroveoba, t. 1, Tb., 1976; Wilaia s., meoce saukunis qarTuli
mwerloba, t. 3, Tb., 1962; el. virsalaZe, demna Sengelaia _ qarTuli miTologiis mkvlevari,
qarTuli folklori, t. 8, Tb., 1979; T. CxaiZe, mibruneba warmarTobisaken, Tb., 2000.

canava apolon (1919—2003) _ fil. mecn. doqtori, profesori. 1945 wlidan

moyolebuli moRvaweobda SoTa rusTavelis sax. qarTuli literaturis institutis
folkloris ganyofilebaSi, iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
folkloristikis kaTedris profesori, eweoda folklorul SemkreblobiT
saqmianobas. Seiswavla: mestviruli poezia, satirisa da iumoris sakiTxebi xalxur
sityvierebaSi, xalxuri maxvilsityvaobis mimarTeba `sibrZne sicruesTan~, galeqseba-
gaSaireba da fSauli kafia, qarTuli zepirsityvierebis sakiTxebi megruli masalebis
mixedviT, miTosi da folklori Tanamedrove qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi.
araerTi naSromi uZRvna qarTuli miTologiis Seswavlis sakiTxs. mas saqarTvelos
yvela kuTxeSi aqvs dafiqsirebuli calkeuli miTebisa da Tqmulebebis, gadmocemebis,
warmarTuli RvTaebebis Sesatyvisi nimuSebi. qarTuli miTologiis tipologiuri
paralelebi aqvs daZebnili berZnul Tu Sumerul miTologiaSi da sxva. a. canavam
gamosca xalxuri sityvierebis araerTi saintereso krebuli: poeziis, zRaprebis,
miTebis, Tqmulebebis, maxvisityvaobis nimuSebisa.

Citaia giorgi (1890-1986) _ gamoCenili eTnologi, saqarTvelos ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1969). qarTuli eTnografiuli skolis
fuZemdebeli. man daaarsa iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis, arqeologiisa da
eTnografiis institutSi eTnografiis seqtori; Tbilisis sax. universitetis
eTnografiis kaTedra; xalxuri xuroTmoZRvrebisa da yofis muzeumi Ria cis qveS.
misi xelmZRvanelobiT muSavdeboda `saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli
atlasi~. aniWebda ra did mniSvnelobas savele eTnografiuli masalis Sekrebas,
SeimuSava savele muSaobis `kompleqsur-intensiuri meTodi~, romlis gamoyenebiTac
SesaZlebeli gaxda yoveli eTnografiuli nivTisa da movlenis kompleqsuri Seswavla
struqturis, teqnikisa da funqciis mixedviT istoriul aspeqtSi. gansakuTrebuli
gulisyuriT ekideboda samuzeumo saqmianobas.
g. Citaia Teoriuli sakiTxebis garda ZiriTadad materialur kulturas
swavlobda, magram roca am sagnebs sulier kulturasTan hqondaT kavSiri, am
sferosac exeboda. sulieri kulturis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania misi naSromebi
da dakvirvebebi: xevsurul ornamentze, sicocxlis xis motivze lazur ornamentSi;
sam insigniaze, lifanalis mxatvrobaze, savarZelze, micvalebulTa sulebze; fetvis,
xaris, vazis, mzis kultze, berikaobaze, gudanis jvarze, datirebaze da sxva. savele
muSaobis dros is iwerda: gadmocemebs, Tqmulebebs, leqsebs, romelTac iyenebda
Tavis naSromebSi. is Tavisi redaqciiT aqveynebda zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs, mag.:
saqarTvelos eTnografiis masalebis me-3 tomSi daibeWda: `sulis xucobis~, `ZaxiliT
tirilis~ nimuSebi (1940). misive xelSewyobiT gamoqyvenda T. saxokias `qarTuli
xatovani sityvaTqmani~ (1954-1955 ww.). is specialuri recenziiT pirveli gamoexmaura
evropeli mecnieris aqsel olrikis naSroms, romelSic amiranis eposia ganxiluli
berZnul, iranul, irlandiur miTebTan erTad.

lit.: m. gegeSiZe, g. Citaia, Tb., 1980; Todua r., g. Citaias dabeWdili Sromebis bibliografia,
masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, 1963, t. 12-13; iToniSvili v., Rvawlmosili mecnieri,

177
 mnaTobi, 1981, 1; Wyonia i., saqarTvelos eTnografiis Tavkaci, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis...
seria, 1981, 2; Брегадзе Н. А., Гегешидзе М. К., Чачашвили Г. А., Читая Г. С. (К 70-летию со дня рождения),
Советская этнография, 1961, № 6.

`wiqara~ _ am zRapris qomagi cxoveli _ xari wiqara jadosnuri zRaprisaTvis

Cveulebrivi tipisaa, magram es nawarmoebi struqturulad ar aris jadosnuri
zRapari, radganac fragmentulia. am zRapris dasasruls iRupeba rogorc zRapris
mTavari gmiri, ise misi qomagi wiqara. e. i. zRapari iq Tavdeba, sadac unda iwyebodes
iniciaciis ritualgamovlili jadosnuri zRapris gmiris qmedeba. masSi ara Cans
sacolis mosapoveblad gadatanili sirTuleebi, romelic zRapris mTavari gmiris
qorwinebiT Tavdeba. amdenad, es finali xelovnuria.
zRapari `wiqara~ sxvamxrivac gamorCeulia, mas ar gaaCnia ramdenadme faseuli
varianti.

lit.: r. ColoyaSvili, uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi, Tb., 2004;
RviniaSvili a., narkvevebi qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis istoriidan; Tb., 1962; oqroSiZe T.,
qarTuli fantastikuri zRapris personaJi (xari), qarTuli folklori, III, 1969.

Rusudan Cholokashvili

Materials for “Georgian Folklore Dictionary”

Summary

The work touches upon the part of the material for the perfection of the two-volume “Georgian Folklore
Dictionary” (1974, 1975). Many folklore terms are explained. The work presents some primary data about the
Georgian folklorists and other scientists working in the field of folklore.

178
 gaxseneba

amagdari kolega

qarTulma filologiurma sazogadoebam seriozuli

danaklisi ganicada, gardaicvala amagdari mecnieri, cnobili
literaturaTmcodne da folkloristi, filologiis
mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori arCil sparsiaSvili. is
ZiriTadad moRvaweobda Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis
universitetSi da gaxldaT mravali Taobis aRmzrdeli. didi
rudunebiTa da siyvaruliT udgeboda yvela saqmes, rasac xels
hkidebda. icnobda ra zedmiwevniT Zvel, axal Tu Tanamedrove
literaturas, misi kvlevis sfero ZiriTadad literaturul-
folkloruli urTierTobebi iyo. am kuTxiT hqonda
damuSavebuli: d. guramiSvilis, il. WavWavaZis, galaktionis
Semoqmedebani, `vefxistyaosani~. specialurad ikvlevda qristianobis mimarTebas
Cvens mwerlobasTan; folklorul-bibliuri da bibliur-literaturuli
urTierTobebis problemebs. is sistematiurad awarmoebda savele SemkreblobiT
samuSaoebs da ara erTi saintereso folkloruli masala aqvs moZiebuli. rogorc
wesi monawileobas iRebda folkloristTa samecniero konferenciebSi.
bolo periodSi baton arCils, rogorc qarTuli literaturis institutis
sadisertacio sabWos wevrs, SedarebiT xSirad uwevda TbilisSi CamobrZaneba. mudam
siTbosa da siyvaruls afrqvevda da TviTonac igives imkida yvelasgan. qarTuli
literaturis instituti mSobliuri iyo misTvis. am dawesebulebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli misi warmatebebi samecniero sferoSi. aq bevri megobaric hyavda,
gamorCeviT batonebi: m. Ciqovani da j. bardaveliZe, romelTac zeciur saqarTveloSi
Sexvdeba.
b-ni arCilis — naTeli, Tbili, uangaro pirovnebisa da qarTuli sityvis didi
qomagis saxe samudamod darCeba misi kolegebisa da aRzrdilTa xsovnaSi, visac
uzomod daswyvita guli. naTelSi amyofos misi suli RmerTma.
arCil sparsiaSvilis gamokvlevebia: `daviT guramiSvilis poezia da xalxuri
Semoqmedeba~ (1985); `qarTuli literaturis swavlebisaTvis~ (1988); `folklori da
galaktioni~ (1989); `iakob gogebaSvili da xalxuri Semoqmedeba~ (1990); `folklorul-
literaturuli homofonia~ (1994); `eTeriani da vefxistyaosani~ (1997); `bibliuri
moZRvari~ (1998); `ilia marTlis mcnebani~ (I nawili, Sesavali, 1999); `giorgi leoniZe
TelavelTa mogonebaSi~ (2000); `andaza da aforizmi `daviTianSi~ (2001); `ilia marTlis
mcneba~ (2001); `ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis folkloruli wyaroebi~ (2001); `roca
biblias vkiTxulob~ (2001); `qristianuli kultura da qarTuli folklori~, I, (2002);
`saubrebi ilia WavWavaZis `kacia-adamianze~ (2002); `qristianoba da Cveni mwerloba~
(XIX s.), wigni I (2003); `qristianoba da Cveni mwerloba~ (XIX s.), wigni II (2003);
`qristianoba da Cveni mwerloba~ (XIX s.), wigni III (2005); `etiudebi galaktionis
lirikidan~ (2004); `galaktioni da Cveni mwerloba~ (2005); `erekle meore da qarTuli
mwerloba~ (XIX s.) (2005); `galaktioni da xalxis xelovneba~ (2006); `SoTa niSnianiZis
poezia~ (2006); `Ziebani~, I (TanaavtorobiT) (2006); `Ziebani, II (TanaavtorobiT), (2006);
`isev etiudebi galaktionis lirikidan da...~ (2007); `Ziebani~, III (TanaavtorobiT)
(2007); `ilia WavWavaZis publicistikis folklorul-literaturuli wyaroebis
Ziebani~ (TanaavtorobiT), (2007), `vefxistyaosnis xalxuri mozaika~ (2008).

rusudan ColoyaSvili

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 megobris xsovnas

qarTvel folkloristTa rigebs gamoaklda didad

erudirebuli, poeturi suliTa da mecnieruli alRoTi
dajildoebuli mkvlevari. is daibada TbilisSi 1941 w. 1963 w.
daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiis
fakulteti. 1963-1970 ww. muSaobda kibernetikis institutis
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo ganyofilebaSi, 1970 wlidan
sicocxlis bolomde ki _ SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli
literaturis folkloris ganyofilebaSi.
mis kvlevis sagans ZiriTadad Seadgenda qarTuli xalxuri
poeziis mniSvnelovani sfero _ qebis leqsi. am mizniT
damuSavebuli hqonda sawesCveulebo, sagmiro, satrfialo
poeziis nimuSebi. Seiswavla: saxotbo leqsis Janruli Taviseburebani, misi
klasifikacia, struqtura, funqcia, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, saxotbo poeziis
tradicia qarTul folklorSi. mniSvnelovania am tipis nawarmoebTa miseuli kvleva
istoriuli poetikis TvalsazrisiT, aseve maTi mimarTeba literaturis iatoriasTan.
m. koWlavaSvili aseve ikvlevda simbolikis sakiTxebs. damuSavebuli hqonda:
vardis da saerTod yvavilTa simbolika; muxis, alvis kultebi da xe-mcenareebi; xaris,
cxovelTa, ricxvis simbolka. Seswavlili aqvs epiTeti qarTul xalxur lirikaSi,
stumar maspinZlobis tradicia xalxur poeziaSi. garda poeziisa is ikvlevda
jadosnur zRaparSi natvris TvalTan, gamoqvabulTan, qvis kultTan dakavSirebul
motivebs da sxva.
garda samecniero gamokvlevebisa, man sxva mxrivac daamCnia kvali Cvens dargs _
es aris pirvel rigSi misi savele-SemkreblobiTi moRvaweoba _ axali folkloruli
masalis mopoveba misTvis mTeli siamovneba iyo, raSic exmareboda misi gamorCeuli
unari adamianebTan advilad daaxloebisa. mniSvnelovania agreTve misi Rvawli
folkloris ganyofilebis saarqivo masalis damuSaveba _ sistematizaciaSi, rasac
Cveuli pasuxismgeblobiTa da rudunebiT ekideboda.
q-ni mayvala gaxldaT mwerlobisa da mxatvrobis, saopero xepovnebis trfiali
da utyuari Semfasebeli. mweral margo TomaZisa da istorikos aleqsandre
koWlavaSvilis ojaxSi aRzrdili, cnobili literatoris _ nodar ebraliZis meuRle
Rirseulad agrZelebda da aviTarebda ojaxis tradiciebs. profesiuli
TvalsazrisiTac igi iyo aRzrdili da umcrosi mefobari cnobili qarTuli
fokloristuli skolis iseTi Rirseuli warmomadgenlebisa, rogorebic iyvnen: el.
virsalaZe, qs. sixaruliZe, T. oqroSiZe, f. zandukeili, m. Ciqovani, a. canava, j.
bardaveliZe da sxvebi.
yvelafrisadmi gamorCeulad yuradRebiansa da mzrunvels arc Tavad dahklebia
siTbo da Tanadgoma misi cxovrebis mZime dReebSi, magram ulmobelma senma yvela
dagvamarcxa.
msubuqi iyos misTvis saficari qarTuli miwa.

r. ColoyaSvili

180
 sarCevi

miTi, rituali, simbolo

Myths, Rituals, Symbols
qeTevan elaSvili
xeTametyveleba
Ketevan Elashvili
Tree Language------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5
xaTuna TavdgiriZe
`sawyisTan dabrunebis~ qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTo-ritualuri modelebi
Khatuna Tavdgiridze
,,Mythical Age~, ,,Mythical Space” and ,,Returing To The Origin Of The Universe~ ----------- 9

qeTevan sixaruliZe
evropa da kavkasia — miTologiuri Studiebi
Ketevan Sikharulidze
Europe and Caucasus – Mythological Studies---------------------------------------------------------- 29
lia wereTeli
Sios marani
Lia Tsereteli
"Shios marani" (shio's cellar)------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
eka CxeiZe
iremi, nadiroba da sivrcis aTviseba miTosSi
Eka Chkheidze
Deer, Hunting and Space Creation in Myths------------------------------------------------------------- 40

nino balanCivaZe
RvTiSvilis samosis feri da misi simboluri mniSvneloba
Nino Balanchivadze
Color of God Children Clothes and its Symbolic Meaning-------------------------------------------- 43

zRaparTmcodneoba
Folk Tale Study
xvTiso mamisimediSvili
naqadagrebi
Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili
Religious texts delivered by a sermonizer (preachings) ------------------------------------------------ 46

propi v. i.
jadosnuri zRapris istoriuli fesvebi (mariam karbelaSvilis Targmani)
Propp V.
Historical Roots of the Fairy Tales (Translation by Mariam Karbelashvili)------------ 51

rusudan ColoyaSvili
warmarTuli RvTaebebis kvali afxazur zRaprebSi
Rusudan Cholokashvili
Traces of Pagan Deities in Abkhazian Fairy Tales ----------------------------------------------------- 87

dalila bedianiZe
qarTul-germanuli folkloruli paralelebidan
Dalila Bedianidze
From Georgian - German Folk Paralels ----------------------------------------------------------------- 90

181
 folklori da literatura
Folklore and Literature
nestan ratiani
ori folkloruli motivi `vefxistyaosanSi~
Nestan Ratiani
Two Motives from Folk-lore in “The Knight in the Panther Skin” ----------------------------------- 95
Teimuraz qurdovaniZe
rwmena _ rituali _ legenda _ moTxroba (`samSeneblo msxverpli~)
Teimuraz Kurdovanidze
Belief - Ritual – Legend – Story (`Offering for building~) -------------------------------------------- 100

Tamar xvedeliani
`mis gamo kocna mominda...~ (mboba tarielisagan lom-vefxvis daxocvisa)
Tamar Khvedeliani
And for her... I strpove to caress her
(Tariel tells of the killing of the Lion and the Panther) ------------------------------------------------ 107
irma yvelaSvili
goderZi Coxelis moTxrobis `werili naZvebs~ miTosur-folkloruli
plastebi
Irma Kvelashvili
Mythic-folklore layers in G. Chokheli short story “Letter to a Fir-tree” --------------------------- 112

lali TibilaSvili
miTi da rituali (Sio aragvispirelis mxatvruli prozis mixedviT)
Lali Tibilashvili
Myth and Ritual (According to Shio Aragvispireli’s fiction) ---------------------------------------- 115
manana kvataia
Taurmcenaris paradigmidan maradiuli dabrunebis ideamde
Manana Kvataia
From the Paradigm of Primordial Plant to the Idea of Eternal Returning -------------------------
119
tristan maxauri
vaJa-fSavelas poema `daWrili vefxvi~ da samonadireo miTosi
Tristan Makhauri
Vazha-Pshavela’s poem “A wounded tiger” and a hunting myth ------------------------------------ 125

manana kakabaZe
qarTuli folklorisa da evropuli romantizmis tipologiuri aspeqtebi
Manana Kakabadze
Typological Aspects of Georgian Folklore and European Romanticism ---------------------------- 129
nino sozaSvili
folkloruli aspeqtebi sandro SanSiaSvilis dramaSi `latavra~
Nino Sozashvili
Folk-lore aspects in Sandro Shanshiashvili drama “Latavra” --------------------------------------- 137

eposi
Epos

Temur jagodniSvili
xalxuri eposis kvlevis konceptualuri modelebi
Temur Jagodnishvili 141
Models of Study of Folk Epos ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

182
 sagmiro poezia
Heroic Poetry
mariam bakuriZe
TuSuri sagmiro poeziis tradicia giorgi boWoriZis Caweril leqsebSi
Mariam Bakuridze
Tradition of Tush Heroic Poetry
(according to the poems written doun by George Botchoridze)--------------------------------------- 153

legenda
Legends
solomon tabucaZe
legendis kvaldakval
Solomon Tabutsadze
How a Legend is Born -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 157

marine turaSvili
warRvnis motivi qarTul xalxur poeziaSi
Marine Turashvili
Motif of the Flood in the Georgian Folk Poetry --------------------------------------------------------- 162

masalebi leqsikonisaTvis
Materials for Dictionary
rusudan ColoyaSvili
masalebi `qarTuli folkloris leqsikonisaTvis~
Rusudan Cholokashvili
Materials for ~Georgian Folklore Dictionary~ ------------------------------------------------ 167

gaxseneba
Remembrance
amagdari kolega
In loving memory of my friend ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179
megobris xsovnas
Merited colleague-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180

183