maka elbaqiZe

vefxistyaosnis Janris gansazRvrisaTvis

Janris Teoriis Tanaxmad, literaturuli nawarmoebis Janrobrivi

klasificireba ramdenime ucilebeli principis gaTvaliswinebiT xorcieldeba. pirvel
yovlisa, esaa teqstis gvar-saxeobrivi dayofa (epikuri, dramatuli, lirikuli),
romlis farglebSic xdeba diferencireba e.w. “esTetikuri tonalobisa” (komikuri,
tragikuli, elegiuri, satiruli da a.S) da moculobiTi (romani, moTxroba,
novela), struqturul-kompoziciuri (mag. soneti, rondo, trioleti), Tematuri
(mag. romani fsiqologiuri, avanturuli, sayofacxovrebo) da istoriul-
nacionaluri (xalxuri eposi, heroikuli poema) principebis mixedviT. ase rom,
nebismieri Janri unda ganvixiloT, rogorc formis TaviseburebaTa konkretuli
erTianoba, romelic gulisxmobs specifikurobas kompoziciis, saxeTa sistemis,
mxatvruli enisa Tu ritmis TvalsazrisiT (Tumca, imavdroulad,
gasaTvaliswinebelia yoveli calkeuli teqstis individualuri Janrobrivi
Tavisebureba, romelic damokidebulia rogorc konkretul istoriul epoqaze, ise
avtorze).

sakiTxis dasmisTvis

vefxistyaosnis Janrobriv specifikaze msjelobisas, faqtiurad, yvela

mkvlevari eyrdnoba rusTvelis mier prologis me-17 strofSi Camoyalibebul
Tvalsazriss: “moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad”, romelic Sairobis
Teoriis erTgvar Semajamebel debulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT me-13 (“marT agreTve
meleqsesa leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva”) da me-16 (“didsa ver mohkvlen, xelad aqvs
xoca nadirTa mcireTa”) strofebSi gamoTqmul TvalsazrisTa gaTvaliswinebiT.
cxadia, rom mocemul konteqstSi “leqsTa grZelTa Tqma da xeva” da “grZelad Tqma”,
iseve, rogorc me-16 strofis “didis mokvla” antonimuria frazebisa “leqsi cotai”
da “xoca nadirTa mcireTa”, romlebic, pirvel yovlisa, moculobiT (formiT)
vrceli nawarmoebis upiratesobis konstatirebas gulisxmobs (rasakvirvelia, aq
gasaTvaliswinebelia Txzulebis ideur-Tematuri siRrme da mxatvrul-esTetikuri
srulyofac). vinaidan prologSi leqsis (poeturi formis teqstis) Sesaxeb aris
saubari, vefxistyaosnis TiTqmis yvela mkvlevarma daadastura rusTvelis mier
“grZeli leqsis”, anu epikuri Janris upiratesobis aRiareba “cotai” Tu “mcire”
leqsTan, anu lirikul JanrTan mimarTebiT (“rusTveli, saerTod, uaryofiTad
axasiaTebs lirikuli Janris leqsebs, lirikos poetebs igi cxadi aTvalwunebiT
uyurebs... igi upiratesobas aniWebs epikur Janrs. misi SexedulebiT, didi Temis
gaSla, didi poeturi ambis damuSaveba SesaZlebelia epikuri Janris farglebSi”
(baramiZe: 1975: 24-25); “poetis azriT, vrceli epikuri tilos Seqmna yvelaze
sapatio da amasTan Znelad dasaZlevi saqmea. mcire formis Txzulebebs is (rusTveli
m.e) msubuq Janrad miiCnevs” (naTaZe, caiSvili 1966: 103). gasarkvevi rCeba, did
epikur formaTagan (epopea, simRera, romani, poema, balada) romels gulisxmobs
rusTveli grZel leqsSi, Sesabamisad, romel literaturul Janrs miakuTvnebs igi
Tavis Txzulebas? Tu am sakiTxis garSemo rusTvelologiaSi dRemde gamoTqmul
mosazrebebs gaviTvaliswinebT (SexedulebaTa da TvalsazrisTa nairgvarobas ki
swored Txzulebis Janrobrivi specifikis dadgena iwvevs), vefxistyaosani aris:

1. nacionaluri eposi (g. deetersi, g. peCi);

2. nacionalur-romantikuli eposi (n. uruSaZe);
 3. romantikuli poema an romantikuli moTxroba (n. mari);
4. romantikul-gmiruli poema (al. cagareli, al. baramiZe);
5. filosofiuri poema (S. nucubiZe);
6. kurtuazuli literaturis nimuSi (k. beineni);
7. saraindo romani (m. baura, z. avaliSvili, h. huperti, stivensoni);
8. leqsiTi rainduli romani (e. meletinski);
9. romani, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT (n. naTaZe).

mimovixiloT es Tvalsazrisebi cal-calke:

eposis, rogorc Janris, specifika Txrobis maorganizebel funqciazea

damokidebuli: naratori gadmogvcems ukve momxdar, gardasul ambebs, romelTac
Txrobis procesSi “amdidrebs” moqmedebis garemosa da personaJTa mxatvruli
saxeebis aRweriT. naratiuli plasti epikur nawarmoebSi bunebrivad urTierTqmedebs
personaJTa monologebsa da dialogebTan. is dominirebs teqstSi, rogorc asaxulis
gamamTlianebeli faqtori, Tumca misi ZiriTadi funqcia momxdari faqtis gancxadebaa,
vinaidan Txrobis mimdinareobasa da asaxul moqmedebas Soris arsebobs garkveuli
droiTi distancia. “epikosi poeti mogviTxrobs movlenis, rogorc misgan
damoukideblad arsebulis Sesaxeb” (aristotele 1957: 45), amave dros, epikur
nawarmoebSi mTxrobeli aris erTgvari Suamavali asaxul realobasa da msmenels
(mkiTxvels) Soris, Sesabamisad, is gvevlineba momxdaris TviTmxilvelad da
Semfaseblad. umravles SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvelma araferi icis naratoris bedis,
personaJebTan misi urTierTobis, “Txrobis” garemoebaTa Sesaxeb. gansakuTrebiT es
iTqmis sagmiro eposTan mimarTebaSi, romlis mTavari maxasiaTebelia personaJsa da
mTxrobels Soris distanciis “absolutizacia”. naratori aRWurvilia
TavdaWerilobis, auRelveblobisa da yovlismcodneobis atributebiT, amitom
TavisTavad es garemoeba aniWebs naracias maqsimaluri obieqturobis kolorits.
eposi Tavisi klasikuri formiT xotbas asxams istoriul pirebsa da movlenebs, is
moicavs yofierebas plastikur moculobaSi, dro-sivrcul ganfenilobaSi da
movlenaTa simravleSi. istoriuli realiebis asaxva eqvemdebareba tradiciul
siuJetur sqemebs, xandaxan gamoiyeneba ritualur-miTologiuri modelebic
(enciklopedia 1987: 513-514).
literaturis TeoriaSi eposis 6 ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli gamoiyofa:
1. mTavari personaJis impozanturoba, misi erovnul-saerTaSoriso Tu
istoriul-legendaruli mniSvnelovnoba;
2. moqmedebis vrceli areali;
3. sagmiro saqmeni, romelnic zeadamianur mamacobas moiTxovs;
4. moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi zebunebriv ZalTa (RmerTebi, angelozebi,
demonebi) CarTva;
5. Txrobis maRalfardovani stili;
6. naratoris obieqturi pozicia.
vfiqrobT, mocemul maxasiaTeblebze (gansakuTrebiT me-2 da me-3 punqtebze)
dayrdnobiT (da TiToeuli maTganisTvis niSandoblivi specifikis gauTvaliswineblad)
zogierTi mkvlevari mivida im daskvnamde, rom vefxistyaosani “qarTveli xalxis
iseTive nacionaluri eposia, rogorc homerosis iliada berZeni xalxisTvis da dante
aligieris RvTaebrivi komedia _ italielebisTvis. pirvelTan msgavsebis mixedviT da
meoresTan gansxvavebiT, igi qarTveli xalxis sagmiro nacionaluri eposia” (uruSaZe
1960: 45). n. uruSaZis azriT, vefxistyaosnis Janrul specifikas gansazRvravs
Txzulebis “farTo socialuri diapazoni, misi Sinaarsisa da kompoziciis mTlianoba,
amasTan erTad lirikuli subieqtivizmi, romelic igrZnoba rusTvelis poemaSi
yoveli sakiTxis da gansakuTrebiT siyvarulis motivis gaSuqebaSi”. yovelive
zemoTqmulze dayrdnobiT da, aseve, im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom “vefxistyaosani
mxatvrulad asaxavs istoriuli sinamdvilis ambebs”, n. uruSaZe rusTvelis
Txzulebas “nacionalur-romantikul eposad” miiCnevs (uruSaZe 1960: 45-46).
aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi erTgvari ganviTarebaa g. deetersis mosazrebisa, romelsac
vefxistyaosani, aseve, nacionalur eposad miaCnda (baramiZe 1965).
vefxistyaosnis Janrobrivi specifikis Sesaxeb msgavsi mosazreba aqvs niko mars
(romantikuli poema), oRond mTavar aqcents igi avtoris (naratoris) poziciaze
akeTebs: «Творец «Витязя в барсовой коже», романтической поэмы, в самой поэме чужд
совершенно субъективного настроения, в ней он по бесстрастности – эпик»( mari 1917:
427).
aRniSnuli mosazrebebis sapirispirod al. baramiZe savsebiT samarTlianad
SeniSnavs, rom jer erTi, vefxistyaosani “ar aris agebuli qarTvelobis istoriul
gadmocemebze anda istoriul ambebze sazogadod” (baramiZe 1975: 115), da, rac
mTavaria, “epikuri Janris farglebSi rusTveli Zlier amJRavnebs Tavis piradul,
subieqtur ganwyobilebas”. igi “epikuri simSvidiT ver mihyveba Txrobis (Tundac
gmiris Txrobis m.e.) mimdinareobas da Tavisi avtoriseuli CareviT (avtoruli
remarkiT) swored subieqturi, lirikul-emociuri suliskveTebiT msWvalavs
nawarmoebs”. Sesabamisad, “personaJis da avtoris Txrobani erTmaneTs erwymis”
(“leqsTa mkiTxvelno, Sennimca Tvalni cremlisa mRvrelia! / gulman, glax, ra qmnas
ugulod, Tu guli gulsa elia?!”) ... “rusTvelis individualoba, rogorc avtorisa,
Tavs iCens poemis calkeuli situaciebisa da personaJebisadmi damokidebulebis
sakiTxSi... rusTveli ar malavs Tavis subieqtur ganwyobilebebs, gulRiad gamoxatavs
Tavis lirikul gancdebs, vefxistyaosans Tavidan bolomde msWvalavs Zlieri
lirizmi” (baramiZe 1975: 107-109). mecniers mohyavs araerTi magaliTi imisa, rom
vefxistyaosnis yvela “ambavi” avtoris “monawileobiT” (“aw ambavi sxva daviwyo,
ymasa wavhyve wamavalsa”, str. 813), misi komentarebiTa (“ese mikvirs, sisxli misi
asre viTa moipara”, str. 1117) Tu subieqturi poziciis gaTvaliswinebiT (“miT
vxedav, bolod sofelsa oxrad Cans yovli, sad are”, str. 1213) aris gadmocemuli,
rac gamoricxavs vefxistyaosnis nacionaluri Tu nacionalur-romantikuli
eposisadmi kuTvnilebas (aRaras vambobT Txrobis rusTveliseul stilsa da maneraze
da zRaprul-fantastikur elementTa funqciis minimalizaciaze m.e).
marTalia, al. baramiZe uaryofs vefxistyaosnis Janrobrivi kuTvnilebis
Sesaxeb n. maris mosazrebas, magram, amave dros, eTanxmeba al. cagarelis mier
“SemTxveviT naxmar formulas” _ romantikul-gmiruli poema, radgan,
vefxistyaosanSi, misi mtkicebiT, “araCveulebrivi harmoniulobiT erwymis da eqsoveba
erTmaneTs siyvaruli da Zmoba-megobroba, romantika da heroika da es Sinaarsobriv-
azrobrivi Tviseba gansazRvravs Txzulebis Janrobriv bunebas” (baramiZe 1975: 116).
Cveni azriT, verc am formulirebaSi (romantikul-gmiruli poema) aisaxeba
srulad da Tanmimdevrulad vefxistyaosnis Janrobrivi specifika. poema germanuli,
franguli Tu inglisuri poetikis mixedviT mokle an grZel lirikul leqss
niSnavs, xolo rusuli da qarTuli literaturaTmcodneoba mas TxrobiTi an
lirikuli siuJetis mqone did leqsiT nawarmoebad miiCnevs. poemas, aseve, uwodeben
Zvel da Suasaukuneebis eposs, usaxelos an avtoriseuls, romelic Seqmilia an
lirikul-epikuri simRerebisa da Tqmulebebis ciklizaciis (n. veselovski), erTi an
ramdenime xalxuri gadmocemis gafarToebis (a. xoisleri) an folkloris
istoriuli arsebobis procesSi uZvelesi siuJetebis rTuli modifikaciis (a.
lordi, m. pari) meSveobiT (enciklopedia 1987: 294). isic unda iTqvas, rom
lirikuli da epikuri elementi poemaSi TiTqmis TanabarmniSvnelovania. poema ufro
galeqsili moTxrobaa (albaT amiT aixsneba n. maris erTgvari orWofoba _
romantikuli poema Tu romantikuli moTxroba?), vidre galeqsili romani, Tumca
mTlad zusti arc es gansazRvrebaa, radgan poemisTvis arsebiTi niSania liro-
epikuroba, rac moTxrobas ar axasiaTebs. amiT mxolod imas esmeba xazi, rom poemas
ufro moTxrobiseuli samyaros SemosazRvruloba axasiaTebs, vidre romanis epikuri
samyaros totaloba, yovlismomcveloba. garda amisa, poemas hyavs lirikuli gmiri da
aqvs lirikuli xedva, rac vefxistyaosanSi ar dasturdeba (miuxedavad rusTvelis
erTgvari lirikuli subieqtivizmisa, is mainc ar gvevlineba vefxistyaosnis
lirikul gmirad). aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela ucxoeli mecnieri, romelsac
vefxistyaosnis Sesaxeb raime dauweria, rogorc wesi, mis mimarT termin poemas
(Cveneburi gagebiT) ar iyenebs da rusTvelis Txzulebas erTxmad miiCnevs romanad _
leqsiT an saraindo _ umetesoba ki am ukanasknel formulirebas aniWebs
upiratesobas.
moris bauras azriT, rusTvels “yvela monacemi” hqonda imisa, rom Seeqmna
wminda sagmiro eposi, magram igi poeziaSi sxva gziT wavida. “rusTvelamde sagmiro
poeziis ra didi tradiciac ar unda yofiliyo qarTul literaturaSi, rusTvelis
Semdgom igi aSkarad Secvala axali tipis sasiyvarulo poeziam, romelsac bevri ram
axasiaTebs iseTi, rac niSandoblivia Sua saukuneebis franguli romantikuli
poeziisTvis. miuxedavad poemis saocari dinamikurobisa, miuxedavad masSi aRweril
amaRelvebel sabrZolo suraTTa simravlisa da Taviseburi Semaqcevari iumorisa,
vefxistyaosani mainc ar aris sagmiro poeziis nimuSi, radgan masSi aRwerili
sagmiro saqmeni is xarkia, romelsac mijnuri raindi misTvis aRmafrenis mimcemi
Zalis, siyvarulis winaSe ixdis da ara Tavis Seqceva sakuTari mamacobisa da
rainduli qvelobis gamovleniT... aseTi gadasvla sagmiro poeziidan romantikulze
Zalze bunebrivi movlenaa feodaluri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis im etapze, roca
Zveli, tradiciuli normebi iwyebs rRvevas da xdeba Semobruneba raRac axlisken,
rac ufro rTuli da ufro amaRlebulia (rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi 1976:
350-351). Tavis mosazrebas mecnieri Semdeg argumentebze dayrdnobiT ayalibebs: 1.
siyvarulis upiratesi roli; 2. ori mTavari gmiris Tavdadebuli megobroba; 3.
TiTqmis SeuZlebel saqmeTa aRsruleba; 4. bataluri scenebis aRwera; 4. bunebis
suraTebis, gansakuTrebiT Soreuli da ukacrieli miwa-wylis mkafiod daxatva; 5.
simdidris gageba da keTilSobiluri stumarTmaspinZloba (rusTaveli msoflio
literaturaSi 1976: 358-359). imavdroulad moris baura yuradRebas amaxvilebs
rusTavelis “originalobasa da damoukideblobaze”, rac, misi azriT, vlindeba 1.
siyvarulis axlebur gagebaSi _ rusTvelisTvis siyvaruli “adamianis gulSi sikeTis
gamomavlinebeli da sxvadasxva juris vaJkacTa da diacTa qcevis normebis damdgenia”;
2. zebunebriobisa da irealuris uaryofaSi _ “am TvalsazrisiT vefxistyaosani
TiTqmis realisturia, magia aq araviTar rols ar asrulebs... aq erTmaneTs
upirispirdeba rusTvelis Zlieri, saRi adamianurobis grZnoba da frangebis
tendencia _ yvelaferi abstraqciad da alegoriad aqcion”; 4. personaJTa mxatvrul
saxeTa xatvaSi _ “rusTvelis personaJTa xasiaTebi, miuxedavad maTi SesaniSnavi
idiosinkraziisa, ufro axlos dgas Cveni warmodgenis adamianebTan” (rusTaveli
msoflio literaturaSi 1976: 359-361). mecnieri askvnis, rom vefxistyaosani iseTi
qarTuli nawarmoebia, “romelic aRmosavleTsac da dasavleTsac erTnairad gascqeris
da mainc igi wminda erovnuli xasiaTisaa” (rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi 1976:
363).
TiTqmis msgavs mosazrebamde mividnen z. avaliSvili _ vefxistyaosnis
“evropuli paraleli saraindo galeqsil romanSi unda veZioT” (avaliSvili 1931:
144), hugo huperti _ rusTvelis Txzuleba “garegnuli formiT im tipis rainduli
romania, rogorsac dasavleT evropaSi icnobdnen” (rusTaveli msoflio
literaturaSi 1976: 235), Ggertrud peCi _ “rusTvelis eposs jer kidev Sua
saukuneTa saraindo romanis kvali atyvia” (rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi
1976: 247), robert stivensoni _ man vefxistyaosnis inglisurenovani Targmanis
saTaurSi swored termini “rainduli romani” (A Georgian Romance of Chivalry)
gamoitana (stivensoni 1977) kulemans beineni _ “vefxistyaosani mainc kurtuazuli
romania imis gamo, rom gmirebisTvis mamoZravebelia maTi satrfoebis siyvaruli”
(beineni 2006: 56), da araerTi rusi Tu qarTveli mecnieri.
eleazar meletinskis azriT, vefxistyaosani leqsiTi rainduli romania, rac
ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli: sasiyvarulo grZnobebis
gamoxatva; idealizacia amaRlebuli siyvarulisa (msgavseba siyvarulis provansul
doqtrinasTan) da qalis kulti. «Витязь в тигровой шкуре», имеет отчетливую печать
арабо-персидских влиянии, но своеобразное представление Руставели о любви и
рыцарстве, в сущности гораздо ближе к куртуазным идеалам западного средневековья в
порядке «конвергенции» и что изображение любовных переживании, так же как во
французской куртуазной поэзии, не лишено известной целосности, т.е. что личный опыт
Руставели, каков бы он ни был, скрещивается в «Витязе в тигровой шкуре» с уже
ритуализованными светскими нормами поведения» (meletinski 1983: 207). mecnieris
azriT, mijnuroba rusTavelTan aris raindis kurtuazuli etiketis poeturi
gamoxatuleba da amave dros gmirebis sulieri cxovrebis aRweris enac da araa
SemTxveviTi, rom amave “eniT” aRiwereba siyvarulic, megobrobac da vasaluri
erTgulebac (meletinski 1983: 208). Tumca, imavdroulad, mecnieri SeniSnavs, rom
rusTavelis genialuri poema gansxvavdeba rogorc franguli, aseve sparsulenovani
romanebidan da aris originaluri qarTuli varianti romanuli eposisa, romelic
Tavsdeba “maRali Suasaukuneebis” CarCoSi.
vladimer SiSmariovis mosazrebiTac, “SoTa rusTavels, rogorc poets, ver
akmayofilebs Zveli epikuri simRera. mas ufro Tanamedrove, moqnili formebi
esaWiroeba, magram, imave dros, igi aRzrdilia Tavis mSobliur tradiciaze,
romelsac ise advilad ver moswydebi. saero poezia, romelzec igi ocnebobs, mis
warmodgenaSi mtkiced aris SekavSirebuli garkveul formebTan, motivebsa Tu
saxeebTan, romelTa ukugdeba ar Rirs, radgan am tradiciis bevrma elementma
TandaTan ukve sxvagvari moxazuloba da azri miiRo, Tanamedroveobis moTxovnaTa
Tanaxmad” (rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi 1988: 349). Sesabamisad, mecnieri
srul analogias xedavs vefxistyaosansa da dasavleT evropis raindul romans
Soris. pirvel yovlisa, es mJRavndeba siyvarulis rusTvelursa da kurtuazul
koncefciebSi (“oqros xana is dro iyo, rodesac Caisaxa axali formula
siyvarulisa, kulti am siyvarulisa da qalisa, romlis erTguli vasalic gaxda
amieridan mijnurad qceuli yma” (rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi 1988: 352); ise
ZiriTad personaJTa mxatvrul saxeebSi (“Cveni gmirebi ara marto yma-raindebi arian,
aramed moyme-Zmobilebi compagnons, rogorc rolandi da olivie... isini Zmobas
eficebian erTmaneTs, rogorc Tavis droze xevsurebi an fSavelebi debdnen fics
vercxlze…iseve rogorc “ymis” SemTxvevaSi, Cven aqac vxvdebiT erTgvar Zvel
tradicias, romelic Sua saukuneTa safrangeTis kompanionaJsac gvagonebs”
(rusTaveli msoflio literaturaSi 1988: 355).
kulemans beineni vefxistyaosnis paralels kurtuazul literaturasTan or
arsebiT sakiTxSi xedavs. esenia: 1. sasiyvarulo samsaxuri _ “ori mTavari gmiri
mamakaci, avTandili da tarieli, socialurad maTze aRmatebuli qalebis
brZanebisamebr moqmedeben maTi keTilganwyobis mopovebis mizniT” da 2. emociebis
hiperbolizirebuli gadmocema _ “poemis dasawyisSi tarieli cremlebis mdinareebs
Rvris, xolo Semdeg, poeis dasasruls, cremlebSemSrali aTavisuflebs nestan-
darejans. misi ucremlo Tvalebi gviCvenebs, rom axla es aris gmiri, romelic
srulad akontrolebs sakuTar emociebs, rac, Cveulebriv, aRemateba ubralo
mokvdavTa Zalebs” (beineni 2006: 40).
aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis msgavsi mosazreba aqvs viqtor
Jirmunskis (Jirmunski: 1946). misi TvalsazrisiT, vefxistyaosanSi kurtuazuli da
epikuri (aRmosavluri) elementebis Tanaarseboba miuTiTebs, rom is gardamavali
etapia epikuridan kurtuazul literaturaze.
marTebulad SeniSnavs nodar naTaZe, rom vefxistyaosani sadevgmiro
moTxrobis, samijnuro epikisa da sakaro saxotbo poeziis tradiciaze amozrdili
nawarmoebia da rogorc Tavis saerTo aRnagobaSi, ise gamosaxvis formisa da ideuri
Sinaarsis calkeul detalebSi am Janrebis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs imeorebs.
magram, misi azriT, vefxistyaosani arsebiTad arc erT am Janrs ar ekuTvnis, aramed
romania am sityvis sruli Tanamedrove azriT, e.i. nawarmoebi, romelic Tavis TavSi
tragediisa da eposis Tvisebebs aerTianebs... eposTan vefxistyaosans Txrobis
garegnuli manera da, nawilobriv, sadevgmiro elementi akavSirebs... odiseisgan,
Sahnamesagan da sxva naklebi xarisxis eposisagan gansxvavebiT vefxistyaosans saxeSi
aqvs ara konkretuli (realuri an legenduri) ambebi, aramed zogadi Rirebulebebi,
ganzogadebuli saxeebi, romelTac, sxvaTa Soris, swored TavianTi am zogadobis
wyalobiT, poemis ZiriTad teqstSi srulebiT arxsenebuli piris _ Tamar mefisa da
misdami idealuri trfobis “qeba” ekisrebaT” (naTaZe 1974: 182-183). vefxistyaosnis,
rogorc romanis, Taviseburebebze saubrisas mecnieri gamoyofs iseT mniSvnelovan
momentebs, rogoricaa siuJetis Sekruloba da dinamiuroba, moqmedebis bunebrioba,
fantastikis nakleboba da, rac mTavaria, personaJTa socialuri, fsiqologiuri,
biologiuri Tu sxva rigis Taviseburebebisadmi avtoriseuli midgoma da maTi
mxatvruli saxeebis Zerwvis miseuli manera, rac, erTi mxriv, romanis Janrobrivi
maxasiaTebelia, meore mxriv ki, avtoris ideuri samyaros gamovlenis erTi ZiriTadi
saSualeba (naTaZe 1974: 183).
sakiTxis arsSi jerovnad gasarkvevad da saTanado daskvnis gamosatanad
aucileblad migvaCnia romanis, rogorc Janris, specifikis gansazRvra gradaciis
principis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinaidan ganviTarebis yovel calkeul etapze
(msoflmxedvelobriv-ideologiuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri Sexedulebebis
cvlilebis kvaldakval) transformirdeboda romanis siuJetur-kompoziciuri
principebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi Tu xerxebi. Sesabamisad, evropul-amerikuli
literaturaTmcodneoba ganarCevs or gansxvavebul Janrs, romelTagan pirvels
Seesabameba sityva Romance, meores ki _ Novel (ing.), novella (ital.), novela (esp.),
nouvelle (frang.). Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, am JanrTagan sakuTriv romels miekuTvneba
vefxistyaosani da gavmijnoT isini ucxour terminTa Sesabamisi qarTuli
Sesatyvisebis dadgenis Sedegad (vinaidan qarTul da rusul enaSi ar arsebobs am
terminTa aRmniSvneli ori gansxvavebuli sityva, sakiTxze msjelobisas visargeblebT
inglisuri terminologiiT).

Romance da Novel

Romance, rogorc literaturuli fenomeni, ZiriTadad yovelTvis

asocirebulia Suasaukuneebis mwerlobasTan. adreul SuasaukuneebSi es termini
aRniSnavda xalxur, sasaubro enas (romanuli enebi), sapirispirod im e.w. samecniero
enisa, romladac laTinuri iyo miCneuli. ase rom, sityvebi _ enromancier, romançar,
roman _ aRniSnavda wignebis SeTxzvas sasaubro enaze. Sesabamisad, Zvel safrangeTSi
terminebSi romant, roman igulisxmeboda “kurtuazuli romani leqsad”,
sityvasityviT _ “saxalxo wigni”, ufro zustad ki _ am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
“xalxuri” da “aristokratiuli” elementebi. Romance-s Tema iyo kurtuazuli
(vinaidan masSi imTaviTve dominirebda romantikul-heroikuli da avntiuruli
elementebi), ena ki _ yvelasTvis gasagebi.
Suasaukuneebis Romance, rogorc Janri, gancalkevebiT idga eposisa da
alegoriisagan, Tumca, imavdroulad, orives elementebs Seicavda (iseve rogorc
warmarTuls, qristianulsa da klasikurs). Janri saSualebas iZleoda istoriuli
realobisa da saswaulis bunebrivi urTierTqmedebisa. siyvaruli da Tavgadasavali aq
warmodgenili iyo, rogorc qcevis ritualizebuli kodi (daxvewili manerebi,
aristokratizmi, keTilSobileba), romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebda iracionalur
impulsebsa da gauTvaliswinebel qmedebebs da daunaneblad sTavazobda mkiTxvels
rogorc faseulobaTa sakuTar sistemas, ise kompleqsur fsiqoanalizs, gadauSlida
Tvalwin usasrulobas, romelic, rogorc wesi esazRvreboda Suasaukuneebis
alegoriis oTxsafexurovan (bukvaluri, alegoriuli, tropologiuri da anagogiuri)
sistemaze Zaldautaneblad warmosaxul samyaros (teqstis mxatvrulobis ZiriTad
kriteriumad swored alegoria iyo miCneuli) (biari 1970: 17-19).
vinaidan Romance-m Tavis literaturul wyarod antikuri literatura da
folklori airCia, mis siuJetebSi organulad Seerwya erTmaneTs berZnul-romauli
stilistika da keltur-anglo-saqsuri Tu franguli kulturuli tradiciebi, magram
Tu Janris ganviTarebis adreul etapze aqtualuri iyo istoriuli Tematikis
gadamuSaveba (romani troaze, Tebeze, eneasze, brutussa Tu aleqsandreze), mogviano
periodSi (XII saukunis 70-90-iani ww) yalibdeba mxatvruli sinamdvilis asaxvis
axali koncefcia, romelic gulisxmobs narativis maqsimalur daSorebas realobasTan
da amiT “axali (idealuri) realobis” Seqmnas. amieridan Romance-s moqmedeba iSleba
mefe arturis karze, romelic yvelaze naTlad warmouCens mkiTxvels misi yofis,
misi garemomcveli samyaros maqsimalur polarulobas im maRali idealebisa da
zneobis sauflosTan, romelsac britebis mefis kari warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare,
arturis popularoba XII saukuneSi araordinarul fenomenad iqceva.
Suasaukuneobrivi tradicia aRmoaCens or gansxvavebuli aspeqts arturis saxeSi _
istoriulsa da miTiurs, ase rom, arturis legenda, erTgvari kombinacia istoriisa
da miTisa, savsebiT misaRebi xdeba miTologiisadmi midrekili sazogadoebisaTvis.
amgvari sazogadoebis formireba moxda eleonora aqvitanelisa da misi
qaliSvilis, mariam Sampanelis karze, sadac SemuSavda kurtuazuli siyvarulis eTika
_ Romance-s mTavari moralur-esTetikuri kodeqsi. isesxa ra terminebi
samarTlidan da religiidan (kerZod, maTi sofizmi da eqstazi), kurtuazulma
siyvarulma SesamCnevad gadaajgufa maTi mniSvnelobis polusebi. arsebiTi
urTierTobebi axla Camoyalibda ara adamiansa da sazogadoebas, ara adamiansa da
RmerTs, aramed qalbatonsa da masze Seyvarebul mamakacs Soris. mariam Sampanelis
karis mRvdelma andreas kapelanma SeimuSava im epoqisTvis revoluciuri, 31
punqtisgan Semdgari “siyvarulis kodeqsi” _ De Arte Honeste Amandi _ romelmac
daangria feodaluri sazogadoebis faseulobebi, radgan aqcenti gadaitana iseT
siyvarulze, romelic ar iyo damyarebuli merkantilizmsa da utilitarizmze, qals
dominanturi funqcia mianiWa misi individualizmis win wamoweviT, mamakacs ki
daakisra “axali siuzerenis” _ qalis _ Tayvaniscema da misi usityvo morCileba.
Romance-s yvelaze TvalsaCino avtori, kretien de trua aRtacebas ver faravda im
samyaroTi, romelSic rainduli orTabrZolebisa da turnirebis heroikul ideals
erwymoda daxvewili, romantikuli urTierTobebi. mis warmosaxvaSi gacocxlebuli
idealuri samyaro im yofierebis anarekli iyo, romelic mis winaSe iyo gadaSlili
da TavisTavad mowodebuli iyo kurtuazuli siyvarulis, cxovrebis kurtuazuli
wesis idealizaciisaken. aseT situaciaSi folkloruli (magiuri, jadosnuri) da
istoriuli elementebi martivad gadaejaWva orTabrZolebis romantikas, Tumca
qalis, rogorc personaJis rolis gazrdisa da seqsualur siyvarulze aqcentirebis
Sedegad heroika ukve veRar asrulebda Romance-s centraluri krizisis funqcias.
rogorc fridrih hiri aRniSnavs, Romance-Si Zalumad Cqefs sicocxle, masSi win
aris wamoweuli e.w. “siRmiseuli fsiqologia”, riTac avtori Cxreks pirovnulobis
siRrmiseul plastebs. aq gamoyenebuli motivebi, erTi mxriv, warmogviCens TaobaTa
Soris garkveul komunikacias (mag. gmiris damokidebulebas winaprebTan), meore mxriv
ki, personaJTa iseT urTierTdapirispirebas, romelic Tanamedrove mkiTxvels iungis
gamokvlevebsac ki moagonebs (hiri 1962: 144). swored am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT
gviandeli Suasaukuneebis Romance-s araerTi mkvlevari saubrobs personaJTa
mxatvruli saxeebis fsiqologizmze.
Romance-s ideur-Tematuri Tu mxatvrul-esTetikuri qsovilis cvlilebam
TavisTavad moitana cvlilebebi mis organizebaSi. Camoyalibda Romance-s sruliad
axleburi struqtura (am TvalsazrisiT novatorad kretien de trua aris miCneuli),
romlis definiciisTvis cnobilma medievistma qlaiv sTeiflz luisma Semoitana
termini “polifoniuri narativi”, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom polifoniuri musikis
msgavsad romanis narativSi CarTuli arian gansxvavebuli personaJebi da epizodebi,
romlebic, marTalia, TavisTavadobas inarCuneben, Tumca imavdroulad erTmaneTSi
arian gadaxlarTulni, raTa Seadginon kongruentuli mTlianoba. moqmedeba aris
CaxlarTuli, xSirad ukiduresadac ki, magram polifoniuri forma niSnavs, rom
daZabuloba SegrZnebebzea damyarebuli (naTeli ferebi, bgerebi, scenebis swrafi
cvla, momxibvleli qalebi, arqiteqturul ZeglTa Tu CuqurTmaTa skrupulozuri
aRwera da a.S). iSviaTad es aris siuJetis kulminaciuri daZabuloba. sakvanZo
epizodebi gadmocemulia imave naratiuli toniT, romliTac peizaJis aRwera (biari
1970: 20-21).
Tumca, miuxedavad am polifoniurobisa, Romance-s centrSi erTi mTavari
gmiri dgas (Sesabamisad, erTia konfliqtic), romlis garSemoc koncentrirdeba
narativis mTeli moqmedeba. erTia magistraluri siuJetic _ moraluri harmoniis
maZiebeli axalgazrda gmiri-raindi (mixailovi, 1976: 117; 132). Sesabamisad,
kurtuazul siyvarulTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, qcevis kurtuazul moralTan erTad
Romance-s warmmarTveli motivia Zieba, xetiali (mogzaurobis romantika), romelic
gmiris srulyofil pirovnebad formirebiT (da borotze keTilis gamarjvebiT)
gvirgvindeba. am TvalsazrisiT gasaTvaliswinebelia narativis qronotopis
specifikurobac, rodesac dro-sivrculi ganzomilebani personaJis xasiaTsa da misi
cxovrebis weszea damokidebuli (baxtini 2000, 101). erTi gmirisa da erTi
konfliqtis arsebobis miuxedavad, am Janris specifikur mxared (vgulisxmobT
Romance-s maRalganviTarebul formas _ kretien de trua, volfram fon eSenbaxi da
a.S) miCneulia orsafexurovani sintagmaturi struqtura (meletinski 1983: 111),
meorenairad nawarmoebis “mcire” da “did” romanad dayofis tendencia (mixailovi
1976: 118), romlis wiaRSic isaxeba ZiriTadi koliziuri uTanxmoeba siyvarulsa da
raindobas Soris.
Romance, romlis ayvavebis xanad XII saukunis meore naxevaria miCneuli, Zalze
popularuli iyo me-14-16 saukuneebSic (“ser goveni da mwvane raindi”, meloris
“arturis sikvdili”, ariostos “Smagi rolandi”), miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi
gamoCnda Janris pirveli prozauli nimuSebi (mag. Coseris “kenterberiuli
moTxrobebis” ori ambavi prozad aris dawerili), elisabedis epoqaSic (tasos
“gaTavisuflebuli ierusalimi”, spenseris “feriebis dedofali”) da me-18
saukuneSic (ana redklifis “siciliuri romani” da “tyis romani”), roca
ganxorcielda Romance-sa da Novel-is TandaTanobiTi polarizacia, vidre pirvelma
sabolood ar Caanacvla meore.
ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa maT Soris?
Novel-is daniSnulebaa aRweros da moaxdinos realuri, cnobadi samyaros
interpretireba, Romance ki xiluls xdis am samyaros dafarul zmanebebs. Romance
sanukvar “survilTa asrulebis” naraciaa, risTvisac iyenebs sxvadasxva formas _
heroikuls, pastoralurs, egzotikurs, mistikurs, romantikuls. sazogadod, is
metwilad damokidebulia epoqis stilsa da modaze da yovelTvis exmianeba epoqis
Sablonebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Romance iyenebs ZiriTad sazogadoebriv impulsebs,
is xSirad gacilebiT ukeTes rakursSi warmoaCens Tavisi periodis specifikur
formebsa da winaaRmdegobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, is efemerulia da maneruli, ris
gamoc ramdenadac is mimzidvelia Tavisi epoqis mkiTxvelisTvis, imdenad uaRresad
mosawyenia momavali TaobebisTvis (biari 1970: 10-12). Novel mogviTxrobs calkeuli
personaJis bedze misi formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi, is asaxavs
individualur da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, rogorc damoukidebel stiqiebs,
romlebic arc amowuraven da arc gadafaraven erTmaneTs. Sesabamisad, individualuri
bedis istoria iZens saerTo, substanciur azrs (enciklopedia 1987: 329-330). Norton
Frye Tavisi wignis “In the Anathomy of Criticizm” (“kritikis anatomia”) erT-erT TavSi
“Janrebis Teoria”, romelic romanis naratiul meTodebs ikvlevs, aRniSnavs:
“Romance cdilobs, Seqmnas ara imdenad “realuri adamianebi”, ramdenadac
stilizebuli figurebi, romlebSic gamoyenebulia fsiqologiuri arqetipebi.
Romance asxivebs pirovnuli siZlieris naTels, romelic aklia Novel-s” (frai 1957:
196).
raoden gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos Novel-is Tematika, moculoba,
kompoziciuri principebi Tu Txrobis manera, Janris farglebSi gamoiyofa ramdenime
stiluri dominanta: 1. intriga, romelsac eniWeba sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris
konfliqtis arekvlisa da, imavdroulad, personaJis qcevis mastimulirebeli da
maorganizebeli funqcia (imavdroulad, gansxvavebiT Romance-sgan, Novel-is intriga
yovelTvis rodi amoiwureba kvanZis gaxsnis dros, radgan siuJeturi sisrule yvela
Novel -isTvis rodia damaxasiaTebeli); 2. struqturuli dualizmi _ erTi mxriv,
“gaxsnili”, eqstensiuri struqtura (sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mravalferovnebis
asaxva, mTavari gmiris xasiaTis evolucia, uamravi meorexarisxovani personaJi,
movlenaTa siWrele da a.S), meore mxriv _ “daxuruli”, intensiuri,
koncentrirebuli mxolod erT personaJsa da erT konfliqtze (oRond is arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba rogorc Romance-s orsafexurovani sintagmaturi struqturisgan, ise
konfliqtis motivirebisa Tu gmirTa xasiaTebis specifikisgan. es aris, ZiriTadad,
fsiqologiuri romani, romelic, Janruli specifikidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba
uyrdnobodes personaJis mxatvruli saxis erTxel SemuSavebul modelsa Tu sqemas).
3. kompoziciuri specifika _ marTalia, Novel sesxulobs Romance-sgan garkveul
kompoziciur elementebs (SeuzRudavobasa da mravalferovnebas, erT personaJTan
dakavSirebuli ramdenime Tavgadasavlis arsebobis princips, Txzulebis geografiuli
lokalis sifarToves da a.S), Tumca isini maqsimalurad transformirdeba rogorc
formis, ise Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT (momdevno epoqis romanis e.w. demokratiul
principebze jer kidev haine saubrobda), rodesac Romance-s e.w. “romantikul
fantastikas” cvlis cxovrebiseuli proziT gaJRenTili fantasmagoria.
 yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SuasaukuneebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebi (am
SemTxvevaSi vefxistyaosani) ver iqneba “romani am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT”
(rogorc amas nodar naTaZe amtkicebs), rac ar unda “zogad Rirebulebebs,
ganzogadebul saxeebs” xatavdes igi, an “namdvilad arsebulis TvalsaCino asaxvasa
da sinamdvilis STabeWdilebis Seqmnas” isaxavdes miznad (naTaZe 1974: 183; 187).
mocemuli formulirebis sasargeblod verc is debuleba metyvelebs, rom “rusTvels
adamiani ainteresebs ara marto rogorc saintereso ambis moqmedi piri, aramed
TavisTavadac, ambavTan damokidebulebis gareSe _ swored rogorc adamiani misi
rTuli bunebiT da mkveTri, sxva tipis adamianTagan gansxvavebuli vinaobiT” (naTaZe
1974: 184). samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis aris SeniSnuli, rom personaJTa
xatvis amgvari manera (adamianis, rogorc individuumis, xasiaTis Strixebisa Tu
fsiqologiuri bunebis win wamoweva, misi siZlierisa da gansakuTrebulobis
demonstrireba da a.S _ niSandoblivi renesansuli azrovnebisTvis), romelic
aRorZinebis epoqis dadgomamde TiTqmis ori saukuniT adre gvxdeba vefxistyaosanSi,
metyvelebs rusTvelis SemoqmedebiT individualobasa da novatorobaze (rom am
avtorma Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiTa Tu esTetikuri SexedulebebiT gauswro Tavis
epoqas) da ara Suasaukuneebis ZeglSi Tanamedrove romanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
principebis arsebobaze. marTalia, vefxistyaosanSi nawilobriv moxsnilia adrindeli
Suasaukuneebis Rrma pirobiToba _ simbolur-alegoriuli azrovneba, Tumca Semdgomi
epoqebis literaturuli stilisagan gansxvavebiT misi mxatvruli sinamdvile mainc
pirobiTia (idealuri personaJebi, maTi Tvisebebis hiperbolizireba, gansxvaveba
ZiriTad/meorexarisxovan personaJTa mxatvruli saxeebis sisrulis TvalsazrisiT da
a.S) (xinTibiZe 1993: 43), Sesabamisad, vefxistyaosani Tavisi epoqisTvis niSandobliv
tendenciebs asaxavs (Tumca, vadasturebT maTSi renesansuli elementebis arsebobasac)
da Zalze Sors dgas Tanamedrove romanisgan.

da mainc, romel literaturul Janrs unda mivakuTvnoT vefxistyaosani?

vefxistyaosani _ Suasaukuneebis rainduli romani

zemoT CamoTvlili principebis gaTvaliswinebiT (gansakuTrebiTYki Romance-

sa da Novel-s Soris arsebiTi xasiaTis msgavseba-gansxvavebaTa mimoxilvis
safuZvelze) SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom vefxistyaosnis struqturul-kompoziciuri
organizeba (moqmedebis metad farTo sivrculi areali, deskrifciuli faqtoris
specifikuroba, narativis “polifoniuroba”, specifikuri qronotopi _ “avantiuruli
dro” (m. baxtini) da Caketili/gaSlili sivrce, kompoziciis wriuloba,
xetialis/Ziebis mxatvruli funqcia da a.S), ideur-Tematuri motivebi (politikur-
ideologiuri foni _ feodaluri kari, socialuri garemo da personaJTa wre _
rainduli sazogadoeba, vasalitetis instituti; mijnurobis koncefcia _ wodebrivi
xasiaTi, samsaxuris ( servir-is) principebi; konvenciuri motivebi _ siSmage-sixele,
sisxlis cremlebis Rvra, sasiyvarulo tanjva, sikvdilis natvra, velad gaWra da
a.S) da kompoziciuri elementebi sakmao msgavsebas amJRavnebs JanrTan, romelsac
evropuli da amerikuli literaturaTmcodneoba Romance-s saxeliT icnobs. Tu
terminze SevTanxmdebiT, Cveni azriT, rogorc leqsikologiuri, ise etimologiuri
TvalsazrisiT Romance-s SeiZleba Suasaukuneebis rainduli romani vuwodoT,
gansxvavebiT meore terminis _ Novel-isgan _ romani _ romelic am Janris momdevno
periodis (maT Soris Tanamedrove) teqstebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
 miuxedavad amisa, uciloblad unda aRiniSnos, rom vefxistyaosani ar aris
Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis (miT ufro, kurtuazuli literaturis) tipuri
nimuSi. TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba mTeli rigi specifikuri mxareebi, romlebic Janris
ganviTarebis gacilebiT maRal doneze migvaniSnebs:

1. evropuli rainduli romanisgan gansxvavebiT vefxistyaosani ar icnobs

koliziur uTanxmoebas grZnobasa da movaleobas, Seyvarebulsa da mebrZols
Soris, Sesabamisad aq ar xdeba iseTi Rrma interiorizacia konfliqtisa,
rogorsac raindul romanSi vawydebiT; arada swored es Sinagani konfliqti
iwvevs rainduli romanis moqmedebis “gaorebas”, orsafexurobani sintagmaturi
struqturis Camoyalibebas, rac, ori mTavari gmiris arsebobis miuxedavad,
daZleulia vefxistyaosanSi. rusTvelis Txzulebis struqtura erTiania da
ganuyofeli, Txrobis ritmi _ dinamikuri da uwyveti, minimumamdea dayvanili
brZolaTa, turnirTa Tu mogzaurobaTa deskrifciuli mxare, samagierod,
gazrdilia, amgvar pasaJTa informaciuli funqcia;
2. romanis mTavar personaJTa urTierTobas (patronymuls, samijnurosa Tu
megobruls) gansazRvravs esTetikur-emociuri faqtori (uzado silamaziT
moxibvla _ mowoneba (ix. xinTibiZe 1993: 129-166); siyvarulis dominanturi
roli _ valdebulebis (vasali/siuzereni; megobrebi) mijnurobiT Canacvleba);
3. inovacia siyvarulis koncefciis kurtuazul modelSi _ konvenciebSi
fsiqologiuri motivaciis Setana, maTi tropis funqciamde dayvana;
sasiyvarulo samsaxuris “kurtuazuli safuZvlis” paralelurad moraluri
safuZvlis win wamoweva; sasiyvarulo gancdaTa dramatizireba fsiqo-emociuri
faqtoris xarjze;
4. alegoriuli planis realuri planiT Secvla (fantastikuri elementebis
minimalizacia; literaturuli abstraqciis konkretizeba; idealuri sqemebis
(personaJebi) transformireba maTSi fsiqologiuri sizustisa da simarTlis
Setanis gziT (ix. naTaZe 1965)
5. personaJTa individualizacia _ tradiciul masalaSi novatoruli elementebis
Setana; gmiris xasiaTis fsiqologiuri, emociuri Tu moraluri mxaris
paralelurad inteleqtualuris (goneba) win wamoweva; qal-personaJTa
dominanturi roli (ix. karbelaSvili 1996) da maTi funqcionaluri
kategoriis gaRrmaveba masSi axali elementebis Setanis gziT
(warmgzavni/adresati/obieqti).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

vefxistyaosani Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT aris Suasaukuneebis rainduli romani
(Romance), romelic e.w. “gardamavali droSi” (gviandeli Suasaukuneebi/renesansi)
ganaxlebuli konstruqciis, gamomsaxvelobiTi formebisa (narativis plastikuroba da
mravalplanianoba) Tu konceptualuri principebis kvalobaze Janris gradaciis axal
etapad, mis maRalganviTarebul formad unda miviCnioT.
 damowmebani:

avaliSvili 1931: avaliSvili z. vefxistyaosnis sakiTxebi, parizi: 1931

aristotele 1957: Аристотель, Об искусстве поэзии, Москва: 1957
auerbaxi 1953: Auerbach E. Mimesis, Princeton: 1953
baramiZe 1965: baramiZe a. qarTuli literaturis istoria germanul enaze, gaz.
“literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 9. 4. 1965
baramiZe 1975: baramiZe a. SoTa rusTaveli, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
Tb.: 1975
baxtini 2000: Бахтин М. Эпос и роман, Санкт-Петербург: изд. «Азбука», 2000
beineni 2006: beineni k. adiulteri da mkvleloba SoTa rusTavelis vefxistyaosanSi,
J. qarTvelologi, # 13, Tb.: 2006, gv. 34-58
biari 1970: Beer G, The Romance, Methuen and Co Ltd, 1970
enciklopedia 1987: Литературный энциклопедический словарь, М.: Советская
энциклопедия, 1987
karbelaSvili 1997: Karbelashvili M. The Conception of Woman in the Aspect of the Grail
Symbolics (Georgian Parallels for the Problem), Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences,
156, N 1, 1997
mari 1917: Марр Н. Грузинская поэма «Витязь в барсовой коже» Шоты из Рустава и новая
культурно-историческая проблема, ИАН, 1917
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формы, М.: Наука, 1983
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в средневековой литературе, Москва: 1976
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1965, # 2,^ gv. 131-154
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проблема сравнительного литературоведения, Труды юбилейной сессий ЛГУ: секция
филологических наук, Ленинград: 1946, стр. 153-178
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maka elbaqiZe
vefxistyaosnis Janris gansazRvrisaTvis
reziume

vefxistyaosnis Janrobriv specifikaze msjelobisas, faqtiurad, yvela

mkvlevari eyrdnoba rusTvelis mier prologis me-17 strofSi Camoyalibebul
Tvalsazriss: “moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis vinca grZelad”, romelic Sairobis
Teoriis erTgvar Semajamebel debulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. vinaidan prologSi
leqsis (poeturi formis teqstis) Sesaxeb aris saubari, vefxistyaosnis TiTqmis
yvela mkvlevarma daadastura rusTvelis mier “grZeli leqsis”, anu epikuri Janris
upiratesobis aRiareba “cotai” Tu “mcire” leqsTan, anu lirikul JanrTan
mimarTebiT. gasarkvevia did epikur formaTagan (epopea, simRera, romani, poema,
balada) romels gulisxmobs rusTveli grZel leqsSi.
evropul-amerikuli literaturaTmcodneoba ganarCevs or gansxvavebul Janrs,
romelTagan pirvels Seesabameba sityva Romance, meores ki _ Novel (ing.), novella
(ital.), novela (esp.), nouvelle (frang.). Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, am JanrTagan sakuTriv
romels miekuTvneba vefxistyaosani.
statiaSi gamokveTilia, rom vefxistyaosnis struqturul-kompoziciuri
organizeba, ideur-Tematuri motivebi da kompoziciuri elementebi sakmao msgavsebas
amJRavnebs JanrTan, romelsac evropuli da amerikuli literaturaTmcodneoba
Romance-s saxeliT icnobs. miuxedavad amisa, uciloblad unda aRiniSnos, rom
vefxistyaosani ar aris Suasaukuneebis rainduli romanis (miT ufro, kurtuazuli
literaturis) tipuri nimuSi. TxzulebaSi gvxvdeba mTeli rigi specifikuri
mxareebi, romlebic Janris ganviTarebis gacilebiT maRal doneze migvaniSnebs. esenia:
vefxistyaosnis struqturuli Tavisebureba, personaJTa xatvis rusTveliseuli
manera, alegoriuli planis realuri planiT Secvla da a.S. am faqtorTa
gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom vefxistyaosani Janrobrivi TvalsazrisiT
aris Suasaukuneebis rainduli romani (Romance), romelic e.w. “gardamavali droSi”
(gviandeli Suasaukuneebi/renesansi) ganaxlebuli konstruqciis, gamomsaxvelobiTi
formebisa (narativis plastikuroba da mravalplanianoba) Tu konceptualuri
principebis kvalobaze Janris gradaciis axal etapad, mis maRalganviTarebul formad
unda miviCnioT.