Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Division of Sarangani
Alabel National Science High School
Regional Science High School for Region XII
Alabel
Submitted by:
NEOUO MCLAREN S. TEJADA
VENICE SOPHIA V. FUYONAN
ALYZIA M. TADIAMAN
AIRON C. DAGO-OC
Submitted to:
MARY JANE O. MEDRANO
Research Adviser
January 2022
DESCRIPTION
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most commonly grown hydroponic vegetables.
“salads” and contains about 6-19% mineral elements on the dry weight basis. Among
other vegetables, it is the richest source of calcium and the second greatest source of
nutrients after spinach. The most important crop in the group of leafy vegetables is
be the largest plant family with between 23,000 and 30,000 species (Bayer & Starr,
1998).
soil is gradually dwindling. Soil degradation has become a major ecological and
agricultural problem in both urban and rural areas. Soil erosion is the most common and
well-studied type of soil degradation in the Philippines, yet estimates of the rate of soil
loss are very diverse due to the various approaches utilized and the various
As the world’s population expands, so does the need for various things, particularly
food products. A food crisis is projected in the future years as a result of this rising
demand. Other approaches, such as farming methods and food sources, must be used
to avoid such catastrophes (Gashgari et al., 2018). Hydroponics has been proven to be
well as ornamental plants like herbs, roses, freesia, and foliage plants. The demand for
hydroponically grown produce has exploded in recent years as a result of the methyl
1
Hydroponic food production, or growing food without soil, is increasing worldwide and
seems to have a positive overtone as consumers are becoming more aware of the
environments, independent of soil quality, making it ideal for growing food closer to
consumers (Bellows et al., 2003). The hydroponic system has various advantages,
pesticide use (Resh & Howard, 2012). Additionally, hydroponic fruits and vegetables
have been documented in the literature as having higher nutritional value and more
desirable sensory attributes compared to soil grown produce (Buchanan & Omaye,
2013; Gichuhi, et al., 2009; Selma et al., 2012; Sgherri et al., 2010).
Plants can be cultivated solely in a nutrient solution (liquid culture) or with the help of
an inert media (aggregate culture). All of the nutritional requirements of the plants are
met in both systems by irrigation water (Kaiser & Ernst, 2016). Currently, soilless
film technology (also known as NFT) – or aeroponics are used in around 3.5 percent of
the global area grown under tunnels and greenhouses for vegetable production
(Hickman, 2016).
According to growers, hydroponic systems help them in expanding their ability for
continuous production in a short growing period, require less space, and plants can be
produced anywhere, i.e., in small spaces with a controlled growth environment. Growers
often reply that hydroponics always allows them to have higher productivity and yields
without any constraints of climate and weather conditions . In addition, growers often
2
claim that the quality of hydroponic produce is superior because it uses a highly
controlled environment and enables a more homogeneous production without any loss
The researchers must make it clear that the purpose of this study is to determine if
to be superior. The impacts of hydroponics will be determined in this study, which may
aid those living in poverty and, in the long run, address family famine in the Philippines.
3
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES
The Philippines has a diverse range of products and resources. However, hunger
and poverty continue to be a major problem in the country today. According to a poll
conducted by the Social Weather Stations (SWS), an estimated 3.1 million Filipino
families experienced hunger at least once in the fourth quarter of 2016. (Gavilan, 2016).
With this, the researchers seek to focus on the effects and differences of growing
lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in hydroponics and soil in terms of number height. The
hydroponics set-up will be built using recycled materials, while the soil set-up will be
grown in seedling bags. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study will aid society by
assisting in the resolution of hunger and poverty issues in the Philippines by providing
a. Compare the growth of Iceberg Lettuce in Soil setup and Kratky setup
(Hydroponics setup)
4
METHODOLOGY
Materials
The following materials will be used in this study: Seeds of Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca
Sativa), Nutrient Solution, Net pots, water, coco noir, clay pebbles, pH meter, plastic
The preparation of the materials used will be done at Purok Progressive, Maribulan,
Alabel Sarangani Province including the planting of the lettuce seeds(Iceberg Lettuce),
the collection of data, and the synthesis of the results. This study will be conducted from
Research Design
This study will focus on the comparison of the growth of Iceberg Lettuce plants grown
in soil and Kratky systems under the same seed type and growing conditions. The
height will be measured to determine the growth of the lettuce plants. This study will be
5
Preparation of Soil Based Planting System
For the soil-based planting system, there will be three replicates. The researchers
will use three similar-sized pots filled with soil wherein each will have one lettuce seed
planted about 1 cm inside. Every three days, 3 mL of water will be added to the
replicates. After three weeks, the replicates will be introduced to water containing
The researchers will use a rectangular pot filled with soil. Three lettuce seeds will be
planted and will be grown in the same manner as the replicates for the soil system.
They will be exposed to plain water only. The seeds will be transplanted after three
weeks, and only then will they be introduced to the Kratky system.
6
Preparation of Kratky Planting System
For the Kratky planting system, there will be three replicates. Three equal-sized
plastic bottles will be cut in half. The bottom halves of the bottles will be used, with each
containing one seedling. The researchers chose coco coir and clay pebbles as the
hydroponic substrate of the lettuce seedlings. The net pot will be positioned halfway into
the bottle, filled with the growing medium and the transplanted lettuce. The upper
portion of the growing media will be coco coir, while the lowest portion will be clay
pebbles. The researchers will only fill the bottle partly with nutrient solution, up to a level
where the clay pebbles are. The lower part of the roots will be immersed in nutrient
solution, where it will collect water and nutrients, while the upper part will be exposed to
7
Transplantation of Iceberg Lettuce Seedlings to Kratky Planting System
The researchers will remove the lettuce seedlings from the soil after three weeks.
Following that, the roots will be dipped in water to remove any remaining soil. Following
that, neem oil will be used to remove any existing pests. The researchers will transplant
the seedlings into separate net pots filled with coco coir after the roots are free of soil.
The researchers will be using Yamasaki Nutrient Solution, which must be purchased
online. According to the specification, the NPK ratio of Solution Part A is 14.8-0-20.5,
while the NPK ratio of Solution Part B is 8.8-9.2-28.2. As per the solution's instructions,
the researchers will add 2.0 ml of Solutions A and B equally, which is the suggested
amount for leafy plants, with 3 ml water to create the nutrient solution. After three
weeks, the nutrient solution will be used for the replicates in both planting systems. The
nutrition solution for the Kratky planting system replicates will be changed every 7 to 10
The pH of the nutrient solution, which is composed of Solutions Part A and B mixed
with water, should be between 5.5 and 6.5. A pH meter will be used to measure the pH
level. Every three days, the pH of the nutrient solution used for the replicates in the soil
planting system will be monitored. The pH of the nutrient solution used for the Kratky
researchers will add mainly water to regulate the pH level of the nutrient solution.
8
Measuring the Height of Iceberg Lettuce Plants
There are two types of planting systems in the study. Each planting system has
three replicates. The replicates in both planting systems will go through different
planting procedures but will be exposed to the same experimental settings in the study
site. After three weeks, the researchers will introduce the nutrient solution to the
replicates in both planting systems. The height of the plants will be measured only after
the replicates have been exposed to the solution. The researchers will measure the
Synthesis of results
The data from the three replicates from each planting scheme will be collected and
combined to present the findings. The data of soil-grown lettuce plants will be compared
to the data of hydroponically grown lettuce plants, with the aim to conclude from the
findings.
9
WORK PLAN
Table No. 1
Timeline of Activities
Activity 2-8 9-15 16-22 23-26 1-7 8-14 15-21 22-28 1-7 8-14 15-31
Gathering of Materials
Planting of Iceberg
Lettuce Seeds
Growing of Iceberg
Lettuce seeds
Transplanting seedlings
to Kratky setup
Growing of Iceberg
Lettuce seedlings
applied with nutrient
solution
Collection of data
Synthesis of results
With the ongoing pandemic, strict health protocols were issued by the government,
thus the researchers apportioned their time with the goal by finishing by the end of April
2022.
Table No.1 discusses the different activities to be conducted by the group, as well as
its duration and target dates for completion. As shown in the said table, the first four
weeks will be spent on project proposal making and gathering of materials. Another
three weeks will be spent on planting and growing of the iceberg lettuce seeds and
transplanting the pre planted iceberg lettuce seeds to the Kratky setup. Lastly will be a
month for growing iceberg lettuces in both setups and every end of the week will be
measuring, collecting data for the height of iceberg lettuces and synthesis of results
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agius, C. (2015). The yield and quality of lettuce crop, grown in different growing media.
Carlos Agius.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314121919_The_yield_and_quality_of_
lettuce_crop_grown_in_different_growing_media
Estefânia V. R. Campos, J. L. (2016 ). Neem Oil and Crop Protection: From Now to the
Future. (S. Araújo, Ed.) Sorocaba, Brazil.
http://www.jbiopest.com/users/lw8/efiles/vol_5_0_72_76f.pdf
Gashgari, R., Alharbi, K., Mughrbil, K., Jan, A., & Glolam, A. (2018). Comparison
between Growing Plants in Hydroponic System and Soil Based System.
Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and
Material Engineering, Madrid, Spain. doi: 10.11159/icmie18.131
Imai, H. (1987) . AVRDC non-circulating hydroponic system. Pp. 109-122. In: C.C. Tu
And T.F. Sheen (eds.) Proc. Symposium on horticultural production under
structure. Taiwan Agr. Res. Inst. Taichung.
Kratky, B.A. (2009). Three non-circulating hydroponic methods for growing lettuce.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soilless Culture and
Hydroponics. Acta. Hort. 843:65-72.
Sanjai J. Parikh, B. R. (2012). Soil: The Foundation of Agriculture. (S. J. Parikh, Ed.)
California, Maryland. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-the-
foundation-of-agriculture-84224268/
S. Ghosh, S. N. (2021). Neem oil as natural pesticide: Pseudo ternary diagram and
computational study (Vol. 98). India: Elsevier B.V.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019452221000881.
11
S. M. Nuruzzaman Manik, G. P. (2019). Soil and Crop Management Practices to
Minimize the Impact of Waterlogging on Crop Productivity. (I. Arduini, Ed.)
Australia, China. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2019.00140/full
APPENDICES
12
APPENDIX A
CHAPTER I
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is one of the most commonly grown hydroponic vegetables.
“salads” and contains about 6-19% mineral elements on the dry weight basis. Among
other vegetables, it is the richest source of calcium and the second greatest source of
nutrients after spinach. The most important crop in the group of leafy vegetables is
be the largest plant family with between 23,000 and 30,000 species (Bayer & Starr,
1998).
soil is gradually dwindling. Soil degradation has become a major ecological and
agricultural problem in both urban and rural areas. Soil erosion is the most common and
well-studied type of soil degradation in the Philippines, yet estimates of the rate of soil
loss are very diverse due to the various approaches utilized and the various
As the world’s population expands, so does the need for various things, particularly
food products. A food crisis is projected in the future years as a result of this rising
demand. Other approaches, such as farming methods and food sources, must be used
to avoid such catastrophes (Gashgari et al., 2018). Hydroponics has been proven to be
13
a practical way of growing vegetables (tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and peppers) as
well as ornamental plants like herbs, roses, freesia, and foliage plants. The demand for
hydroponically grown produce has exploded in recent years as a result of the methyl
and seems to have a positive overtone as consumers are becoming more aware of the
environments, independent of soil quality, making it ideal for growing food closer to
consumers (Bellows et al., 2003). The hydroponic system has various advantages,
pesticide use (Resh & Howard, 2012). Additionally, hydroponic fruits and vegetables
have been documented in the literature as having higher nutritional value and more
desirable sensory attributes compared to soil grown produce (Buchanan & Omaye,
2013; Gichuhi, et al., 2009; Selma et Al., 2012; Sgherri et al., 2010).
Plants can be cultivated solely in a nutrient solution (liquid culture) or with the help of
an inert media (aggregate culture). All of the nutritional requirements of the plants are
met in both systems by irrigation water (Kaise & Ernst, 2016). Currently, soilless
film technology (also known as NFT) – or aeroponics are used in around 3.5 percent of
the global area grown under tunnels and greenhouses for vegetable production
(Hickman, 2016).
According to growers, hydroponic systems help them in expanding their ability for
continuous production in a short growing period, require less space, and plants can be
14
produced anywhere, i.e., in small spaces with a controlled growth environment. Growers
often reply that hydroponics always allows them to have higher productivity and yields
without any constraints of climate and weather conditions. In addition, growers often
claim that the quality of hydroponic produce is superior because it uses a highly
controlled environment and enables a more homogeneous production without any loss
The researchers must make it clear that the purpose of this study is to determine if
to be superior. The impacts of hydroponics will be determined in this study, which may
aid those living in poverty and, in the long run, address family famine in the Philippines.
15
Objectives of the Study
a. Compare the growth of Iceberg Lettuce in Soil setup and Kratky setup
(Hydroponics setup)
a. Alternative Hypothesis
The planting system has a significant influence on the height of Iceberg lettuce
plants.
b. Null Hypothesis
The planting system has no significant influence on the height of Iceberg lettuce
plants.
This study will greatly benefit the community, especially the gardeners who are just
starting to grow plants in either Soil or Hydroponics system, since many people are
already doing gardening as their hobby while we are in the midst of the pandemic, thus,
giving some advice to those who are starters when it comes to growing plants.
16
Scope and Delimitations
The focus of this study will be on comparing the growth of Iceberg lettuce plants
produced in soil and Kratky systems under the same seed type and growing
circumstances in both soil and Kratky systems. The effectiveness of the fertilizer
solution will be determined by examining the growth of the lettuce plant. From February
to March 2022, this research will be carried out in Maribulan, Alabel Sarangani
Definition of Terms
Hydroponics
Kratky Hydroponics
in an aqueous solvent.
growth
plants.
18
Iceberg lettuce, also known as grows best in cool climates and requires
crisphead lettuce, has pale green leaves a long winter season to grow fully
19
APPENDIX B
CHAPTER II
Soil method
Throughout human history, our relationship with the soil has affected our ability to
cultivate crops and influenced the success of civilizations. This relationship between
humans, the earth, and food sources affirms soil as the foundation of agriculture. Of
these resources, soil and water have provided humans with the ability to produce food,
By lowering the demand for new agricultural acreage, appropriate soil and crop
management strategies improve soil quality and crop output by improving ecological
and economic flexibility. (Setter and Belford, 1990; Tilman et al., 2002; Shaxson and
Barber, 2003).
Lettuce is able to grow on different types of soil, from light sand to heavy clay soils.
Preferably the soil pH should be between 5.5 and 7 for optimum growth. Also ideally
lettuce should be grown on soils with a high-water holding capacity and adequate
drainage, for proper root growth and plant performance. A loam-to-clay loam textured
soil is considered as the best soil for lettuce production, since sandy soil will require
higher levels of irrigation if the same lettuce production level is considered. Good
water retention capabilities but not be excessively heavy, as this may prevent machines
from planting, cropping, or harvesting in the field. It may be necessary to irrigate and
fertilize very light soils on a regular basis (Finch & Lane , 2014).
According to the study of (Resh & Howard, 2012) one important factor to consider when
choosing a system is labor cost. Soil-grown produce is more often cited for having
Neem Oil
Bitter principles of neem oil have proven activity against agricultural pests. The neem
oil is also reported for its potential insecticidal and mosquito repellency properties. As
active principles of a non-edible neem oil cannot be separated from oil itself, formulating
microemulsions of neem oil have a promising future. Microemulsions are preferred over
conventionally used pesticide systems like for their long-term thermodynamic stability,
safety, low viscosity, cost economy and aesthetic appeal (S. Ghosh, 2021).
Neem oil contains at least 100 biologically active compounds. Other components
present include meliantriol, nimbin, nimbidin, nimbinin, nimbolides, fatty acids (oleic,
stearic, and palmitic), and salannin. The main neem product is the oil extracted from the
seeds by different techniques. The other parts of the neem tree contain less
azadirachtin, but are also used for oil extraction (Nicoletti et al., 2012).
It has been suggested that the content of azadirachtin in the seeds can be increased
Neem has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of conditions such as
malaria, ulcers, cardiovascular disease, and skin problems. Despite the limited
existence of clinical trials to support therapeutic claims, the use of neem has expanded
21
developed in India about 7000 years ago; Girish and Shankara Bhat, 2008; Ogbuewu et
al., 2011).
Neem has acquired commercial recognition due to its various beneficial properties,
chemicals, which are generally persistent in the environment and highly toxic, botanical
2016).
and a wonder tree for its unique pest control properties. These exert pronounced
major limonoid exerting antifeedant effect. The effect varies with insect species and is
dose dependent. The growth-regulating effects are more consistent on insects. Neem is
safe for mammals with low toxicity to predators and parasitoids used for biocontrol of
pests. Neem combines well with chemical, botanical, and microbial pesticides and is
(Roychoudhury, 2016)
Hydroponics
Soilless culture is a technique of providing water and nutrients to plants that does
not require the use of soil. In response to ongoing researches, many types of soilless
method of growing plants in which the roots are immersed in nutrient solution, either
with or without the use of a soilless growing medium (Sardare & Mamta, 2013). As
22
traditional soil planting can limit plant growth due to pests, diseases, and a lack of fertile
and limitations over traditional soil planting. Compared to traditional soil planting,
hydroponics distributes nutrients to plants faster, allowing them to grow more quickly.
This planting technique also prevents the risk of soil-borne pests and diseases, as well
as the development of weeds (Sardare & Mamta, 2013). It is also less expensive, takes
up less space, and does not require soil for the plants to grow (Gashgari, et al., 2018).
Plants grown in hydroponics can also be of greater quality and yield more when
nutrients are controlled efficiently (Sardare & Mamta, 2013). Some studies have also
observed no significant difference between hydroponically grown plants and soil grown
development. Limitations include the frequent changing of pH levels, and the thorough
maintenance of the system. It is also more expensive to set up at first, and plants are
more vulnerable if nutrient delivery is not properly regulated (Sardare & Mamta, 2013).
System failure or root rot can also pose a threat to the development of the plants.
Although hydroponics has limits when compared to traditional soil planting, the
limitations of hydroponics are expected to improve over time with the use of ongoing
Kratky Hydroponics
A Cuboid shaped container with an open top growing system is filled with 4-8
liters of nutrient solution per plant prior to its planting (Kratky, 2009). Plant is either
seeded or transplanted to the net pots tapered in the cover of the container
23
containing a growing medium (Kratky, 2009). The containers are supported by the
tank cover such that their lower portion is initially immersed in nutrient solution.
Plants are automatically watered, because the net pots are moisturized by capillary
action (Kratky, 2009). Plants growth reduces the nutrient solution, thus creating an
expanding moist air space (Kratky, 2009). Direct capillary wetting of the substrate is
no longer possible at some point, but the growing root system can take nutrient
solution from the tank. Roots occupying the moist air space above the solution have
been described as oxygen roots whose main function is aeration; these roots
experience vigorous lateral and branching growth (Imai, 1987). Roots extending into
the nutrient solution are considered to be water and nutrient roots that have limited
elongation capabilities, because the oxygen content of the nutrient solution becomes
progressively lower with depth (Kratky, 2009). The nutrient solution level may
remain the same or be lowered, but it should not be raised because submerging the
Related Studies
demand and need for different products, especially food products, grow as well.
Because of this growing demand, there will be an expected food crisis in the coming
years. To prevent that crisis from happening, other methods -farming methods- and
seem to have a positive overtone as consumers are becoming more aware of the
conditions regardless of soil quality, making hydroponics advantageous for growing food
closer to the consumer (Bellows et al., 2003). The hydroponic system has several
24
advantages such as; conserving water, allowing for year-round production, increasing
APPENDIX C
CHAPTER III
Materials
The following materials will be used in this study: Seeds of Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca
Sativa), Nutrient Solution, Net pots, water, coco noir, clay pebbles, pH meter, plastic
The preparation of the materials used will be done at Purok Progressive, Maribulan,
Alabel Sarangani Province including the planting of the lettuce seeds(Iceberg Lettuce),
25
the collection of data, and the synthesis of the results. This study will be conducted from
Research Design
This study will focus on the comparison of the growth of Iceberg Lettuce plants grown
in soil and Kratky systems under the same seed type and growing conditions. The
height will be measured to determine the growth of the lettuce plants. This study will be
For the soil-based planting system, there will be three replicates. The researchers
will use three similar-sized pots filled with soil wherein each will have one lettuce seed
planted about 1 cm inside. Every three days, 3 mL of water will be added to the
replicates. After three weeks, the replicates will be introduced to water containing
The researchers will use a rectangular pot filled with soil. Three lettuce seeds will be
planted and will be grown in the same manner as the replicates for the soil system.
They will be exposed to plain water only. The seeds will be transplanted after three
weeks, and only then will they be introduced to the Kratky system.
26
Preparation of Kratky Planting System
For the Kratky planting system, there will be three replicates. Three equal-sized
plastic bottles will be cut in half. The bottom halves of the bottles will be used, with each
containing one seedling. The researchers chose coco coir and clay pebbles as the
hydroponic substrate of the lettuce seedlings. The net pot will be positioned halfway into
the bottle, filled with the growing medium and the transplanted lettuce. The upper
portion of the growing media will be coco coir, while the lowest portion will be clay
pebbles. The researchers will only fill the bottle partly with nutrient solution, up to a level
where the clay pebbles are. The lower part of the roots will be immersed in nutrient
solution, where it will collect water and nutrients, while the upper part will be exposed to
27
Transplantation of Iceberg Lettuce Seedlings to Kratky Planting System
The researchers will remove the lettuce seedlings from the soil after three weeks.
Following that, the roots will be dipped in water to remove any remaining soil. Following
that, neem oil will be used to remove any existing pests. The researchers will transplant
the seedlings into separate net pots filled with coco coir after the roots are free of soil.
The researchers will be using Yamasaki Nutrient Solution, which must be purchased
online. According to the specification, the NPK ratio of Solution Part A is 14.8-0-20.5,
while the NPK ratio of Solution Part B is 8.8-9.2-28.2. As per the solution's instructions,
the researchers will add 2.0 ml of Solutions A and B equally, which is the suggested
amount for leafy plants, with 3 ml water to create the nutrient solution. After three
weeks, the nutrient solution will be used for the replicates in both planting systems. The
nutrition solution for the Kratky planting system replicates will be changed every 7 to 10
The pH of the nutrient solution, which is composed of Solutions Part A and B mixed
with water, should be between 5.5 and 6.5. A pH meter will be used to measure the pH
level. Every three days, the pH of the nutrient solution used for the replicates in the soil
planting system will be monitored. The pH of the nutrient solution used for the Kratky
researchers will add mainly water to regulate the pH level of the nutrient solution.
28
Measuring the Height of Iceberg Lettuce Plants
There are two types of planting systems in the study. Each planting system has
three replicates. The replicates in both planting systems will go through different
planting procedures but will be exposed to the same experimental settings in the study
site. After three weeks, the researchers will introduce the nutrient solution to the
replicates in both planting systems. The height of the plants will be measured only after
the replicates have been exposed to the solution. The researchers will measure the
Synthesis of results
The data from the three replicates from each planting scheme will be collected and
combined to present the findings. The data of soil-grown lettuce plants will be compared
to the data of hydroponically grown lettuce plants, with the aim to conclude from the
findings.
29
APPENDIX D
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Agius, C. (2015). The yield and quality of lettuce crop, grown in different growing media.
Carlos Agius.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314121919_The_yield_and_quality_of_
lettuce_crop_grown_in_different_growing_media
Estefânia V. R. Campos, J. L. (2016 ). Neem Oil and Crop Protection: From Now to the
Future. (S. Araújo, Ed.) Sorocaba, Brazil.
http://www.jbiopest.com/users/lw8/efiles/vol_5_0_72_76f.pdf
Gashgari, R., Alharbi, K., Mughrbil, K., Jan, A., & Glolam, A. (2018). Comparison
between Growing Plants in Hydroponic System and Soil Based System.
Paper presented at the 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and
Material Engineering, Madrid, Spain. doi: 10.11159/icmie18.131
Imai, H. (1987) . AVRDC non-circulating hydroponic system. Pp. 109-122. In: C.C. Tu
And T.F. Sheen (eds.) Proc. Symposium on horticultural production under
structure. Taiwan Agr. Res. Inst. Taichung.
Kratky, B.A. (2009). Three non-circulating hydroponic methods for growing lettuce.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Soilless Culture and
Hydroponics. Acta. Hort. 843:65-72.
Sanjai J. Parikh, B. R. (2012). Soil: The Foundation of Agriculture. (S. J. Parikh, Ed.)
California, Maryland. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-the-
foundation-of-agriculture-84224268/
S. Ghosh, S. N. (2021). Neem oil as natural pesticide: Pseudo ternary diagram and
computational study (Vol. 98). India: Elsevier B.V.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019452221000881.
31
APPENDIX E
BUDGETARY PROPOSAL
1 Pots - 39.75
Total 857.25
32