Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

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Journal of Constructional Steel Research

Seismic collapse assessment of steel plate shear walls considering the

mainshock–aftershock effects
Seyed Alireza Jalali a, Ali Amini b, Iman Mansouri c, Jong Wan Hu d,e,⁎
a
Department of Civil, Architectural and Mechanical Engineering, Shahabdanesh University, Qom, Iran
b
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Civil Engineering, Birjand University of Technology, Birjand, Iran
d
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
e
Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study evaluates the effect of mainshock–aftershock sequences on the collapse of steel plate shear wall
Received 13 January 2021 (SPSW) systems. For this purpose, three 9-, 14- and 20-story SPSWs are selected considering the practical
Received in revised form 1 April 2021 range of heights used in this system. After numerical modeling of the structures, they are initially subjected to
Accepted 3 April 2021
static-pushover analyses to evaluate their plastic behavior in large inelasticity regions. The incremental dynamic
Available online 10 April 2021
analysis is subsequently performed to capture the collapse capacity of the structures under aftershock excitations
Keywords:
preceded by mainshocks that pose various levels of damage expressed in terms of maximum inter-story drift
Steel shear wall (MID). Evaluation of the median collapse capacities under aftershock excitations exhibit the same reduction ra-
Mainshock–aftershock sequence tios at similar mainshock MIDs for the different structures. This reduction is predicted via a quadratic polynomial
Seismic-collapse capacity for given mainshock MID values. Investigation of the mainshock-aftershock effects on distribution of the MIDs
Collapse mechanism and maximum ductility demands at the collapse state shows that the prior mainshock damage mainly affects
Inelastic deformation demand the collapse capacity by consuming the energy-absorption capacity of the infill plates, thus causing strength de-
OpenSees terioration. Irrespective of the mainshock damage level, the structures were found to collapse when their first-
story columns reach a threshold softening level.
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems was published in 1980. The litera-

The seismic excitations that follow a strong earthquake are known
as aftershocks, which can be as strong and as damaging as the
mainshock. The significant damaging effects of aftershocks on struc-
tures have been repeatedly observed, especially most recently in the
Northridge earthquake (1994) [1], Chi-Chi earthquake (1999) [2],
2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China [3], and 2010 Bio-Bio earthquake
in Chile [4].
The potentially damaging effects of aftershocks basically stem from
the vulnerability of structures to seismic excitations after they are dam-
aged by a strong earthquake. In other words, the damages caused by the
mainshock are as important determinants of an aftershock-induced
damage as the magnitude of the aftershock itself. In a sense,
mainshock-induced damages prime the structures for collapse during
aftershocks. The seminal work of Mahin [5] on how a multi-shock se-
quence can affect the ductility demand (DD) of nonlinear single
⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea.
E-mail address: jongp24@inu.ac.kr (J.W. Hu).
ture on SDOF systems was then further expanded by Sunasaka and
Kiremidjian [6], Aschheim and Black [7], Amadio et al. [8], and Nazari
et al. [9]. Sunasaka and Kiremidjian [6] worked on methods to evaluate
structural safety in presence of mainshock-aftershock earthquake se-
quences. Aschheim and Black [7] evaluated the effects of prior earth-
quake damage on response of simple stiffness-degrading structures
and the work by Nazari et al. [9] used the method to study seismic fra-
gility of woodframe buildings. In later years, the effect of existing dam-
ages on the response of steel structures subjected to equivalent static
loading was investigated by [10] using an elastic degraded model.
In [11], the aftershock-resistance capacity of the structures damaged
by a mainshock was studied. The residual capacity of mainshock-
damaged structures was estimated by a nonlinear time-history analysis
(NTHA) using the equivalent static-pushover method. In the research in
[12], a method called aftershock probabilistic seismic-hazard analysis
was proposed to incorporate the aftershock probability into the seismic
risk estimations. In the work in [13], the intensity of an aftershock
was modeled as a probabilistic function of the mainshock. Then, the re-
sponse of two 9- and 20-story steel moment frames to the mainshock–
aftershock sequences was investigated using the enhanced uncoupled

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106688
0143-974X/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
modal response history analysis method to determine the consequent
stochastic structural responses and damage patterns.
In the study in [14], the effect of aftershocks on the collapse and in-
tegrity of wood-frame structures was studied through some experimen-
tal tests. In [15], the inelastic responses of low- to mid-rise reinforced
concrete (RC) frames with and without irregularities to five as-
recorded aftershock–mainshock seismic sequences and 40 synthesized
sequences were analyzed. In [16], the maximum and residual-drift de-
mands of three steel-frame buildings were studied under 64 as-
recorded aftershock–mainshock seismic sequences. Furthermore, in
[17], a probabilistic framework was proposed to generate aftershock–
mainshock seismic sequences. The evaluation of the seismic losses of
light-frame wood buildings subjected to aftershock-mainshock se-
quences generated by this framework demonstrated the substantial
amplifying effects of aftershock on the seismic losses. In [18], the incre-
mental dynamic analysis (IDA) method proposed in [19] was adopted
for the analysis of aftershock excitations. In this method, the structure
was first subjected to a mainshock with a scale factor that would result
in a certain level of maximum inter-story drift (MID) and then to an in-
creasing level of aftershocks in the IDA [20–22].
In 2012, Jeon et al. [23] simulated a mainshock-induced structural
damage by conducting cyclic-pushover analysis for different levels of
maximum roof drift. For each mainshock-damage level, the structure
was then subjected to 80 different ground-motion records that acted as
aftershocks. In [24], the effect of different mainshock-induced damage
levels on the collapse capacity of a four-story steel moment frame was
investigated using repeated, randomized, and as-recorded aftershock–
mainshock seismic sequences. The results of the IDA performed in [24]
following the instruction in [18] demonstrated that a high mainshock-
damage level significantly reduced the capacity of a structure to resist
collapse under an aftershock. Reference [24] study also reported the
low dispersion of the estimated aftershock collapse capacities under re-
peated aftershock–mainshock sequences, the moderate dispersion of
these capacities under randomized sequences, and their large dispersion
under as-recorded aftershock–mainshock sequences. In [25], NTHA was
performed on three-story and six-story non-ductile RC-frame buildings
using 32 as-recorded aftershock–mainshock sequences from the western
United States as well as as-recorded mainshocks followed by different
randomly synthesized aftershocks. The probability of the defined dam-
age states was then approximated based on the estimated peak drift
and acceleration at each story. In [26], bare and masonry-infilled RC
frames were subjected to aftershock–mainshock sequences that were
scaled to specific intensity levels to examine the effect of these sequences
on such a building. The result demonstrated that introduction of the
mainshock on the bare frames significantly reduced the vibration period
and increased the inter-story drifts, but the addition of masonry infills re-
duced these effects. Again, in 2015, [27] employed IDA to analyze four
ductile RC-frame buildings, which found that 4% mainshock–induced
inter-story drift reduced the median collapse capacity (MCC) of the
frames (subjected to an aftershock) by approximately 40%. In [28], an in-
vestigation was carried out to determine how the ground-motion polar-
ity and the vertical component of the ground motion affect irregular
structures with asymmetric plans. According to [28], irregular structures
were more strongly affected by the mainshock and their final residual
drifts were almost twice as much affected by an aftershock as those of
regular structures.
Other investigations on the effect of aftershock–mainshock se-
quences have also been carried out since 2017 which involved various
types of buildings. These studies include [29] which assessed the effect
of modeling assumptions and aftershock hazard level on the seismic re-
sponse of steel-framed buildings. Another study [30] investigated the
effect of an aftershock on steel moment frames designed using a
performance-based approach. One more study was performed by [31]
which investigated the effect of hysteretic behavior of inelastic SDOF
systems on their collapse performance under multi-shock excitations.
Employment of artificial neural network to predict the aftershock–
2
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
mainshock sequences used in seismic assessment of RC structures was
carried out by [32]. Reference [33] investigated the seismic-energy dis-
sipation of RC shear wall-frame structures subjected to single and se-
quential natural records. Furthermore, [34] studied the probabilistic
aftershock–mainshock collapse risk of buckling-restrained braced
frames.
Among the previously mentioned studies, a method for imple-
menting IDA under aftershock excitation was proposed by [18]. To per-
form IDA, each aftershock was introduced on the structure with
increasing scales, which ultimately led to the collapse of the structure.
To investigate the mainshock effect, before the application of each
level of aftershock, the structure was subjected to a mainshock at a scal-
ing factor that introduced a certain MID level. The aftershock intensity
that led to the structure collapse was extracted for the recorded set
and was statistically presented using lognormal fragility.
The steel plate shear wall (SPSW) system has been known as one of
the most effective methods of resisting lateral loads, particularly forces
applied to a structure during seismic events [35–39]. Among the numer-
ous structural systems in which the effect of the aftershock–mainshock
sequence is still not evaluated is the SPSW system. Many experimental
[40–45] and numerical [46–51] studies have been carried out that dem-
onstrate the superiority of the SPSW system in terms of ductility and
energy-absorption capacities. Recent studies have also addressed the
design methods used in the SPSW system ([52–54]). Developments in
the numerical modeling methods used for the system have also been
proposed by studies such as [55,56]. The efficiency of this structural sys-
tem in mitigating seismic lateral drifts has made it an attractive alterna-
tive for medium- to high-rise structures. Owing to these advantages and
with regard to the aforementioned significance of aftershock–
mainshock effects, the seismic collapse of SPSW structures from 9 to
20 stories is evaluated in the current work by considering the aftershock
effects. The non-inclusion of short-rise SPSWs in this study is considered
based on the following factors:
i) The use of the SPSW system for the design of low-rise structures
is not economically justified. In other words, the capacity-based
design of short-rise SPSWs leads to overly large vertical bound-
ary elements (VBEs) that deteriorate the economic aspects of
the system compared with the other alternatives such as the mo-
ment frames.
ii) The high lateral stiffness provided by the SPSW system is re-
quired in structures in which control of lateral drifts is hardly
achieved. However, low-rise structures are not common among
this group of buildings.
iii) Minor P-delta and plasticity effects are suffered by excessively
sized short SPSW structures in their shear-dominated response
under mainshocks. Thus, the multi-shock effects posed on these
structures are expected to have minor importance.
Accordingly, three SPSWs with 9, 14 and 20 stories are selected in
the presented study to assess the collapse performance of the system
when multi-shock effects are accounted for. To sufficiently address the
performance of the studied SPSW structures, the probabilistic aspects
of the mainshock and aftershock records are taken into account,
which are achieved by incorporating the multi-shock IDA method first
proposed by [18]. In addition to the IDA and collapse fragility curves,
the multi-shock effect on the distribution of the structure response at
the collapse state is assessed. For this purpose, the MID and maximum
DD (MDD) parameters are considered.
2. Design and modeling of the structures
As mentioned in the previous section, three SPSW structures with 9,
14, and 20 stories are considered in this study to be evaluated under the
effect of aftershock–mainshock excitations. These structures are taken
from a previous study on seismic-collapse performance of the code-
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

proposed by AISC 341–16 [58] is utilized despite the controversies re-

garding its conservativeness (see [54]). A summary of the values used
for computing the seismic base shears are reported in Table 1 along
with the criterion that determines the design of each structure. Other
details about the building design, including the designed boundary ele-
ment sections and web-plate thicknesses, can be found in [57] and are
excluded here for brevity.
The method used in the nonlinear modeling of the SPSW structures
in OpenSees software [60] is schematically shown in Fig. 2. According to
the symmetry of the plan, the lateral-load-bearing system can be
completely represented by a single two-dimensional SPSW model. To
represent the P-delta amplification effects induced by the gravity
system that exists in the three-dimensional configuration, the leaning-
column concept is employed, as shown in Fig. 2, which shows that an ef-
ficient macroscopic finite element (FE) approach is deployed that allows
for thousands of dynamic analyses required for the performed evalua-
Fig. 1. Plan and vertical configurations of the studied structures. tion. According to this approach, nonlinear modeling of the BEs is
achieved using displacement-based fiber beam-column elements. To
use the macroscopic FE approach to model the infill plates, the “strip
model,” which was first proposed by Thorburn et al. [46], is employed.
Table 1 The strip model uses diagonal truss members that mimic the
Seismic lateral-loading data per ASCE 7–16 [59]. post-buckling formation of tension fields within a thin infill plate. The
Story Design Period Design base Seismic Design Dominant original strip model used the elastic zero-stiffness behavior for the com-
# criterion used, shear weight base shear criterion pression branch and did not account for the buckling strength and ten-
T (s) coefficient, Cs (kN) (kN) sile damage. Later, the Choi–Park model was proposed by [55], which
9 Force 1.003 0.082 2,294,756 189,318 Force considered the buckling strength and used the force-deformation his-
Drift 1.465 0.062 142,438 tory of shell elements observed in a detailed microscopic model. An-
14 Force 1.397 0.067 3,569,621 239,783 Drift
other attempt to represent the hysteresis behavior of thin infill plates
Drift 2.078 0.062 221,571
20 Force 1.826 0.067 5,099,458 342,547 Drift was made by Purba and Bruneau [52]. They attempted to simulate the
Drift 2.572 0.062 316,530 in-cycle degradation caused by plate rupture by adding a descending
branch to the ever-hardening tensile behavior used by previous re-
searchers. However, this model suffered from a high degree of conserva-
tism while also failing to account for the buckling strength and cyclic
complying SPSW system [57]. The plan and elevation of the buildings deterioration of the plate. Cyclic deterioration is responsible for
are shown in Fig. 1 in which the individual walls have a moderate aspect reflecting the damage caused by the energy absorbed in successive cy-
ratio of 1.6. Two SPSW systems resist lateral loads in each direction. De- cles of inelastic deformation. Appropriate account for this mode of dete-
tails on the gravity and seismic lateral loading can be found in [57] and rioration is especially important when the effects of mainshock
are omitted here for brevity. The capacity-based design method excitation on subsequent dynamic analyses are to be assessed.

Fig. 2. Employed nonlinear-modeling method.

3
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
To account for the deficiencies of the previous models, a new hyster-
esis model was proposed by Jalali and Banazadeh [56] in which cyclic
and in-cycle deteriorations were considered in addition to the post-
buckling compressive behavior used in the Choi–Park model. Similar
hysteretic model development for structural members made up of
thin steel plates have also been performed in other studies such as
[61]. The corresponding force-deformation model was implemented in
OpenSees [60] as the SPSW02 uniaxial-material object and is schemati-
cally shown in Fig. 2. This model is employed in the current study to rep-
resent the force-deformation behavior of the diagonal truss elements.
The in-cycle degradation of the infill plate is reflected by assuming a
ductility capacity equal to 20 in this model. Upon reaching this
tensile-strain limit (equal to 20 times the yield value), a descending
branch, which has a negative slope with a magnitude equal to 10% of
the initial slope, starts. The cyclic deterioration is also included by as-
suming a total energy-absorption capacity equal to 120 times the strain
energy absorbed at the yield point. These values are considered accord-
ing to the sensitivity results provided by [57] and by making decisions
that are inevitable in the absence of appropriate experimentally derived
values. More details on the Jalali– Banazadeh model and the nonlinear-
modeling method can be found in [56,57] respectively.
To validate the numerical modeling method, the result of the cyclic
static test performed by [62] on a single-story SPSW specimen is
regarded. Details of the specimen dimensions and properties are pro-
vided in Fig. 3a. The comparison of the OpenSees model prediction
with the experimental result is presented in Fig. 3b and shows the ac-
ceptability of the modeling method used in this study.
3. Static-pushover results
After nonlinear modeling of the structures following the approach
mentioned in the previous section and before investigating the effect
of consecutive earthquakes via conducting the IDAs, static pushover
analyses are performed on structures using a linear lateral load pattern.
These analyses were performed using a displacement-controlled
Fig. 3. Model validation against the experimental results presented by [62].
4
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
Fig. 4. Pushover curves of the different structures.
method in which a 10% global drift was targeted. It is worthy to note
that the target drift is not regarded here as the performance point in
which the capacity of the structure should be estimated. Rather, it is
used as the upper bound drift limit that includes all the potential target
drifts likely to be assessed. Analysis convergence needed particular con-
sideration especially after the descending load-displacement regime
started and the p-delta effects accumulated rapidly. To address this, an
automatic determination of the imposed displacement step was utilized
based on an iterative program written in the analysis script. This script
also performed a recursive checking of the various nonlinear analysis al-
gorithms including Newton, modified Newton, Newton with line
search, Broyden and BFGS [60].
Using these pushover analyses, a preliminary evaluation is made of
the plastic behavior of the structures at various stages of lateral defor-
mation. The normalized base shear versus global drift curves obtained
through these analyses are compared in Fig. 4 for the different struc-
tures. Because of the P-delta effects and the consideration of in-cycle
deterioration in the stress–strain curve of the web plates, the base
shear experiences a descending branch after a threshold ductility is
reached. To study the performance of the structures in states where
the nonlinear behavior is close to the final resistance of the structures,
the ultimate load-bearing condition defined by FEMA P695 [63] is
initially considered. According to this definition, the ultimate state of
the structure in withstanding static lateral loading is where the struc-
ture loses 20% of its maximum base shear. For a detailed study, the
distribution of two response variables including the inter-story drift
and ductility demand (DD) is investigated throughout the structures.
The DD parameter refers to the ratio between the current
deformations created in an element to its yield deformation. For the
distributed-plasticity fiber elements, this represents the maximum of
the values observed in the different fibers distributed across the fiber
section and along the element's integration points.
The results of these parameters at the FEMA P695's ultimate state of
the different structures are shown in Fig. 5. By considering the drift-
distribution diagrams in this figure, we can infer that the limit state pro-
posed by FEMA P695 corresponds to a MID value of approximately 0.05
in SPSW structures. A previous study by Berman [64] also suggested a
5% MID value to determine the collapse state of the SPSW structures.
To more accurately evaluate the distribution of the DD values at this
performance level, the maximum values experienced by the different
members at each floor of the different structures are calculated and
shown in Fig. 6. According to these plots, the maximum DD of the plates
varies from about 50 for the 9-story structure to about 40 for the 20-
story SPSW and is inversely related to the height of the structures. Sim-
ilarly, the maximum DD of the horizontal boundary elements (HBE) is
reduced from about 20 for the 9-story structure to about 10 for the
20-story structure. In contrast, the maximum DD of the vertical bound-
ary elements (VBE) is directly related to the height of the structures and
increases from about zero for the 9-story SPSW to approximately five
for the 20-story structure.
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

Fig. 5. Story drifts and DD contours of the different structures at the FEMA P695 performance point.

Fig. 6. Maximum story DDs of various members at the ultimate state suggested by FEMA P695.

Despite the significant plasticity undergone by the web plates and
HBEs, the maximum DD experienced by the VBEs remains in a small
range. This is due to the fact that the computed DDs reflect the maxi-
mum strain values of the sections and are only experienced at very
few points across them. That is while the effective yielding of the sec-
tion, and thereby the element, occurs at DD values that are well in
excess of unity and reach about 10 or higher. To obtain a quantitative
criterion for determination of the threshold DD corresponding to effec-
tive yielding in the VBEs, an obvious softening in the story that leads to
global instability in the structure should be considered. According to the
drift profiles computed at this state, story softening and the resulting
drift concentration are still not reached. As a result, the overall

5
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
Fig. 7. Story softening and subsequent plasticity distribution in structures with a) low, and b) high number of redundancies at the stories.
assessment is that the FEMA P695's suggestion is not a good criterion for
predicting the ultimate state of SPSW structures.
Because of the non-occurrence of severe plasticity in the VBEs in the
ultimate state proposed by FEMA P695, the structural behavior should
be investigated in a state closer to the collapse state. Therefore, a state
corresponding to a 10% global drift is considered. It may be said that
the numerical results obtained at a global drift as much as 10% might re-
quire experimental approval since it may seem as an overly large value.
While this fact is not neglected here, it should be added that the thor-
ough modeling of the plasticity and damage mechanisms in current
study are believed to support the obtained results. In other words, all
the damage sources that may prevent reaching a 10% global drift in
the real structures are also simulated here except the local buckling of
the columns. As mentioned earlier in section 2, the compactness of the
utilized column sections heavily designed to remain elastic after com-
plete yielding of all the web plates and the beams is able to prevent to
prevent their local failure at very large lateral drifts. To further validate
this, the DD values reported at the coming graphs can be regarded. Ac-
cording to those results, the maximum DD undergone by the columns at
a 10% global drift does not exceed 15 value. As mentioned before, such
value is corresponding to an effective section ductility demand of
about 5. Regarding the experimental findings and the ductility capacity
estimates provided by previous researchers [65], local failure of the sec-
tions used in this study occur at ductility demands that are larger than 5.
This indicates that occurrence of the non-simulated failure modes is in-
directly prohibited in this study and the estimated collapse capacities
can be considered reliable.
Before examining the nonlinear behavior of structures at this condi-
tion, we need to describe how such large lateral drift capacities can be
provided by SPSW structures. For this purpose, we should first note
that the load-bearing mechanisms provided by the different floors in a
building form a series system together. In other words, the loading
mechanism imposed on each floor can be considered as a ring of a
chain, as shown in Fig. 7. With this concept, application of a lateral de-
formation to the roof of a structure will result in distribution of defor-
mations in different stories according to their flexibilities.
In the elastic-behavior range, the distribution of deformations is a re-
sult of the elastic design procedure and can be almost uniform. How-
ever, with the increase in the global deformations, one of the stories
will eventually reach its yield point earlier than the others. At this
stage, the shape of the nonlinear force deformation of the yielding
story will significantly affect the building-wide distribution of the defor-
mations at the following steps of the loading process. Fig. 7(a) shows
that if the strength of a story is supplied by a few elements with sudden
yielding behavior, the overall force-deformation diagram of that story
6
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
will also suffer from sudden softening at the yield point. In this case,
after the yielding of that story, its softness will be significantly reduced
compared with that of the other stories. As a result, the increase in the
roof displacement will lead to a considerable concentration of deforma-
tions in that story. This phenomenon is known in the literature and in
guidelines as a soft-story formation. In contrast, Fig. 7(b) shows that
the story strength can be provided by a significant number of elements
that act in parallel to one another using a rigid-enough interface. In this
case, the resisting force of the story will be the sum of the forces of these
elements, and the successive yielding of these elements will lead to a
gradual softening in the force-deformation curve of the story. Conse-
quently, the softening process of this story is associated with a relatively
large range of deformations in which other stories will also have the op-
portunity to enter the inelastic range. As a result, no large difference ap-
pears between the flexibility of the different stories, and a relatively
uniform deformation distribution will be achieved over the height of
the structure.
These explanations show that the uniform distribution of deforma-
tions over the height of SPSW structures and the more economical use
of the load-bearing capacity of the stories than the other systems such
as moment frames and bracing systems are attributed to the following
factors:
1) existence of multiple resisting elements and a high strength re-
dundancy in the story, which is provided by the continuous
area of the plate;
2) anchorage provided by the high-stiffness columns that allow op-
timal contribution of different areas of the plate in a parallel
mechanism; and
3) differences in the length of the diagonal strips representing the
plate after its buckling; these differences provide the strips
with various yield strengths so that an optimal yield sequence
and gradual softening is achieved.
The drift distribution diagram and the DD distribution contour over
the height of the different structures are demonstrated in Fig. 8 for the
limit state corresponding to a 10% global drift. By considering these
plots, we can see that an almost 12% MID has been reached in this
state indicating a 20% increase with respect to the applied global drift
of 10% which denotes the average of the story drifts. The relatively uni-
form distribution of the drifts and the prevention of plasticity localiza-
tion in one or more specific stories indicates that the soft-story
mechanism does not occur even in this large lateral drift. Regarding
the maximum values of DDs shown in Fig. 9 for various member types
and in different stories, rupture of web plates is implied by the observed
large DDs in all stories. The large DDs observed for the beams should be
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

Fig. 8. Story drifts and DD contours at the suggested failure point of the different structures.

Fig. 9. Maximum story DDs of various members at global drift = 10%.

still cautiously interpreted since these values do not reflect response of
the entire fiber sections, but the fibers with the maximum strains across
the section. Regarding the column DDs, values as large as 20 are ob-
served for the 9-story SPSW that are decreased for the taller buildings
and reach as low as 10 for the 20-story structure. Considering the afore-
mentioned fact and the lack of story mechanism observation in the
structures, it can be said that columns are still in the safe side of their
behavior.
4. Multi-shock IDA results
The methodology used for investigating the effects of mainshock-
induced damage on the collapse capacity of the studied structures are
presented in more details in this section. An important aspect of this
methodology is how the uncertainties associated with the spectral
shape and intensity of the mainshock-aftershock sequence is addressed.
Another source of variability is the number of aftershock excitations to

7
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
be applied on a structure. However, most of the studies in this field have
limited the number of sequential excitations to two to avoid too much
complication.
Previous studies have utilized four different methods for consider-
ing the uncertain spectral shape of the record pairs. One method was
to randomly and independently choose the mainshock and aftershock
records from a set of pre-selected natural records. An alternative
method was to generate artificial records in the emulation of naturally
observed relationships between the mainshock and aftershock. A third
approach assumed that the spectral shapes of the mainshock and after-
shock records were fully correlated or the mainshock records were re-
peated in the aftershock. However, the most popular approach was to
use as-recorded mainshock-aftershock pairs. The popularity of this
method originated from the fact that it encompasses the geological
variables that inherently affect the spectral shape of the mainshock-
aftershock pair.
The intensity of the aftershock–mainshock pair is also an important
source of uncertainty. As described in Section 1, a universally accepted
method is to scale the mainshock to various damage levels while
conducting IDA using the aftershock. IDA is used to assess the variations
in the aftershock intensity, and the results are used to determine the
Fig. 10. IDA curves obtained in three of the considered aftershock–mainshock scenarios.
8
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
capacity of the structure under the aftershock excitation triggered on a
presumed mainshock-damage level. Whereas scaling the mainshock
to a specific intensity level is easy, scaling it to produce a given damage
level is not straightforward. This process requires another IDA using the
mainshock record to establish the response-intensity relationship. By
considering the MID to represent the mainshock damage, the intensities
corresponding to various damage levels are then interpolated using the
IDA data. The use of this relationship facilitates scaling of the mainshock
for structural analysis. After imposing the mainshock and before apply-
ing the aftershock, a free-vibration analysis is performed to have the
structure at its residual stage when it is excited by the aftershock. The
free-vibration phase should be sufficiently long until an acceptably
low MID vibration amplitude is reached. Previous studies have made
use of either a constant value or a multiple of the mainshock duration
as the free-vibration time. However, the required free-vibration time
is a function of the damping possessed by the structure and the peak re-
sponse recorded during the mainshock phase. Thus, ensuring the ade-
quacy of the selected duration for all structures and for every record
pair is difficult. On the other hand, lengthy free vibrations can also be
detrimental to the efficiency of the analyses and should be avoided.
To address these requirements, a programmatic technique suggested
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

Fig. 11. Comparison of median IDA curves and fragilities of the different aftershock–mainshock scenarios.

Fig. 12. Correlation between MCC and the mainshock MID level. a) MCC values. b) MCC reduction factors.

by [66] is used for accurate determination of the free-vibration time
after each mainshock excitation. This method involved customized
response-recording capabilities in the OpenSees software. These abili-
ties allowed the definition of drift recorders that reported the maximum
and minimum values of the response during the last desired seconds of
the analysis. The software modification included the addition of a new
command that directly invoked response values and eliminated time
consumption in opening and closing the response-data files.
A remarkable parameter that should also be regarded when apply-
ing an aftershock after a mainshock has been posed, is the polarity of af-
tershock. Regarding polarity effect, turning the aftershock direction by
180 degrees will cause different results in the already inclined structure.

9
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
Fig. 13. Distribution of the PISDs at the aftershock-induced collapse state under different mainshock MID levels.
To address this variability, a conservative approach is regarded, as in the
previous studies, and the direction causing the larger response is used in
the IDAs.
The current study employs 32 aftershock–mainshock pairs ex-
plained by Han et al. in [25] to demonstrate the spectral shape uncer-
tainties. The 32 sequences were recorded from earthquakes in the
West United States. The aftershock with the largest magnitude that oc-
curred within one week after the mainshock was selected. Furthermore,
the sequences were selected in such a manner that the aftershock mag-
nitudes were larger than or equal to five. The site-to-source distance of
all the records was larger than 10 km; thus, the records were termed as
far-field events. The moment magnitudes of the mainshocks and after-
shocks varied in 5.80–7.20 and 5.0–6.70 ranges, respectively. More de-
tails on characteristics of the records are provided in [25].
The adopted response levels to represent the mainshock damage in
this study correspond to 0.007, 0.025, and 0.05 MID values. Additionally,
the damage level of the structure at the collapse threshold (CT) is con-
sidered. CT is defined as the stage in which a stable response is experi-
enced by the structures, but minor increases in the ground motion
scale factor will lead to collapse occurrence. The Hunt–Fill algorithm is
used to perform IDAs [19]. The collapse of the SPSW structures under af-
tershock excitation is identified by considering two criteria. The first cri-
terion addresses the global instability of the structure in the presence of
P-Delta effects and damage of the structural members. To quantify this
criterion, a limit value is set for the slope of the IDA curve following
the FEMA P695 [63] and other relevant guidelines. This limit value is
equal to 20% of the initial slope of the IDA curve. The second criterion
considers the maximum allowable MID value to be experienced by the
SPSW system at the collapse stage. A limit MID value of 10% was pro-
posed by [63] and other references as a rationale-based upper bound
for moment-resisting frames. Although this value was shown in
Section 3 to underestimate the collapse capacity of SPSW structures, it
is also regarded in this study.
The results of IDAs under the aftershock records following the
mainshocks are shown in Fig. 10 for the different structures. In this fig-
ure, because of space limit, the results are shown for only three of the
mainshock and aftershock combination scenarios. To compare the IDA
curves of the structures with different number of stories under different
scenarios of the mainshock-aftershock application, the median values of
the IDA curves shown in Fig. 11 are compared with one another in
Fig. 11. We can generally deduce from this comparison that as the
level of damage caused by the mainshock increases, the capacity of
the structures to withstand the collapse under an aftershock decreases.
This increase in the mainshock damage also leads to a horizontal lag in
the beginning of the IDA curves, resulting from the MID response gener-
ated in the structure at the end of the mainshock excitation. This
10
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
residual response actually appears as an initial state for the structure
at the start of IDA under an aftershock. Because of this initial drift, the
drifts from the aftershock record are larger than or equal to those of
the lag.
After extracting the Sa values that correspond to the aftershock col-
lapse, they are used to draw a lognormal fragility curve. These diagrams
are shown in Fig. 11 for the different levels of collapse caused by the
mainshock. The collapse capacity corresponding to a 50% probability is
extracted from these curves and is referred to as the median collapse ca-
pacity (MCC). We can see that the initial damage caused by the
mainshock leads to a reduction in the aftershock MCCs. To quantify
this reduction under varying conditions, the MCC values corresponding
to the different levels of mainshock damage are compared for the differ-
ent structures.
Fig. 12(a) shows the comparison of the MCC values for structures
with different number of stories as well as for different damage levels
caused by the mainshock. Despite the higher collapse capacity of the
9-story structure than that of the two structures with heights of 14-
and 20- stories, the reduction in the MCC value due to the response of
the mainshock follows the same trend in all structures.
To more closely evaluate this trend, Fig. 11(b) shows the MCCs nor-
malized with respect to the capacity computed in absence of mainshock
damage. The normalized values indicate the MCC reduction factor and
also allow for a comparison between mainshock effects in the different
structures.
By plotting the values of these factors against the MID values gener-
ated by the mainshock in Fig. 11(b) and fitting a quadratic polynomial to
the results, we can accurately measure the amount of MCC drop using
Eq. (1). With this equation, predicting the collapse capacity of similar
structures is possible under different levels of mainshock damage and
without the need for multi-shock analyses.
y ¼ −32:022x2 –1:762x þ 0:9194 ð1Þ
5. Collapse-mechanism assessment
In this section, our attempt to study the distribution of nonlinear de-
formations in different parts of the structures at their collapse state
under the aftershock is presented. For this purpose, we examine distri-
bution of two response variables at the collapse and in presence of var-
ious mainshock damage levels. These parameters include peak inter-
story drift (PISD) (equal to the maximum drift experienced by a story
over time) and maximum ductility demand (MDD, which is the maxi-
mum of DD over time).
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688

Fig. 14. Median MDD contours at the collapse state of the different mainshock-aftershock
scenarios (9-story SPSW).

Fig. 15. MDD contours at the collapse state of the different mainshock-aftershock
scenarios (14-story SPSW).
5.1. PISD distribution at collapse

The PISD distribution plots shown in Fig. 13 are the median of the re-
sults obtained using the 32 records described in the previous section.
Regardless of the number of stories, we can state that the effect of
0.007 and 0.025 damage levels imposed by the mainshock on the PISD
distribution graph is insignificant. By increasing the mainshock MID
level to 0.05 or more, a relatively significant change is observed in this
graph. Thus, to derive better conclusions, the studies presented in this
section focus on the three damage levels of zero initial failure (after-
shock only), 0.05, and CT.
As a general observation, the initial damage caused by the
mainshock leads to insignificant changes in the lower stories' PISDs at
the collapse state. For the 14- and 20-story structures, these changes
are also minor in the topmost stories.
The changes in the distribution of PISDs reflect the attempt of the
structures to dissipate aftershock energy in stories that suffer less
from the previous damage caused by mainshock. From a mathematical
perspective, strength deterioration in stories which are damaged by
the mainshock reduces their energy absorption capability; thus, large
deformations accumulate in more intact stories when the structures
are hit by the aftershock. To further describe this, we need to state
that the excitation of the structures by the mainshock reduces the col-
lapse capacity of structures under an aftershock excitation in two man-
ners. The first is the strength deterioration due to the nonlinear
deformations and hysteretic energy dissipation under the mainshock.
The second is the residual plastic deformations at the end of mainshock
excitation, which tend to shift the structure from its intact configuration
to an inclined condition. This initial inclination may align with the polar-
ity of the aftershock record, leading to an increase in the maximum de-
formation of the structure under the aftershock. However, as
demonstrated by the study in [66], the residual deformations in SPSW
structures are easily revertible due to the inherent self-centering char-
acteristic provided by the system. This characteristic is a result of the
pinched hysteresis curves of infill plates that lead to very slight
unloading stiffness. This slight stiffness, accompanied with the signifi- Fig. 16. MDD contours at the collapse state of the different mainshock-aftershock
cant returning forces provided by the surrounding columns, can return scenarios (20-story SPSW).

11
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
the system back near to its original state in the following free-vibration
phase of at the beginning of the aftershock excitation. As a result, we can
state that the main factor responsible for the influence of mainshock on
the behavior of the SPSW structures is the behavioral deterioration due
to the dissipation of hysteretic energy.
5.2. Plasticity distribution at collapse
To study the collapse mechanism of the structures under an after-
shock, distribution of the MDD values in different parts of the structures
is investigated. MDD is the ratio of the maximum element deformation
over time to its yielding deformation. For fiber sections, this value is
maximized at the cross section and along the element. Whereas this
variable indicates the extent of nonlinear response undergone by the
members, it is also a good indicator of the amount of hysteretic energy
damped by the elements. Fig. 14 shows the contours of MDD values ex-
perienced by the 9-story structure at the collapse state caused by after-
shocks when various mainshock damage levels are applied. The
contours represent the median of results obtained using the 32
mainshock-aftershock record pairs. Figs. 15 and 16 also show this con-
tour for the 14- and 20-story structures respectively. We can observe
that the distribution of the MDD values in the collapse state is very sim-
ilar to the distribution of DD values obtained from the pushover analysis
at the 10% global drift state (Fig. 7). In other words, the largest values of
the MDDs undergone by the plates and beams are observed in the last
story and decrease by moving downward. A more detailed study of
the distribution pattern of these values in different stories and members
is possible by referring to the diagrams shown in Fig. 16. In these
Fig. 17. Distribution of the maximum story MDDs in the HBEs, VBEs, and infill plates at the aftershock-induced collapse state.
12
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
diagrams, the maximum MDD values are calculated for the members
of each story, and the graph of the MDD changes through the height is
plotted for different members.
By considering the diagrams shown in Fig. 17, the first significant
point is the similarity of the web plates' MDD distribution to the PISD
distribution diagrams shown in Fig. 13. This similarity testifies that the
deformations experienced by the plates exactly obeys the story drift,
which indicates the perfect anchorage provided by the boundary ele-
ments for the web plates. On the other hand, the distribution of MDDs
in the HEB and VBE members, as will be described, is affected by the dis-
tribution of the plate plasticity over the height. Therefore, in general, the
effect of mainshock damage on the collapse mechanism under the after-
shock follows the explanations mentioned in the previous section re-
garding the PISD variable distribution at the collapse state.
To clarify the relation between the plates MDD and the MDDs under-
gone by the HBEs and VBEs, the statics principles also deployed by the
capacity-based design method should be recalled. In this regard, the
forces undergone by the HBEs are equal to the unbalanced forces applied
by the lower and upper plates connected to it. The plate forces on the
other hand are a function of plate thickness and the strain-related
stresses. Therefore, in addition to the magnitude of the plate MDD, the
difference in the thickness of the upper and lower plates affects the
force demand of each HBE. This force demand in turn leads to yielding
and plastic behavior at the end of the HBE. According to the irregular
trend dominating the plate thicknesses resulted from the design process,
the level of the plasticity experienced by the HBEs also follows an irreg-
ular trend. Despite this irregularity, the overall trend of these changes
shows increase of the plates' plasticity with the increase in height.
S.A. Jalali, A. Amini, I. Mansouri et al.
On the other hand, the axial and flexural forces experienced by each
VBE are result of the forces applied by the connected plates and HBEs
and also those located at the upper floors. According to these consider-
ations, the increase in the force demand and thereby the MDD of the col-
umns by approaching the first floor can be justified. However, the
columns form the last layer of the parallel mechanism resisting the
forces acting on each floor. Therefore, their yielding is accompanied by
a significant softening of the story. As a result, according to the explana-
tions presented in Section 3 and Fig. 7, this softening leads to a signifi-
cant plasticity concentration in the first story. As a result, a remarkable
difference between the MDDs of the first-story columns and those of
the other stories occurs that magnifies as the number of floors increases.
The p-delta effects due to the softening in the columns of the first floor
and the large deformations eventually lead to the failure of this story
and thereby collapse of the whole structure.
We can observe that irrespective of the severity of the damage level
caused by the mainshock, the collapse of the structures is always accom-
panied with column MDDs about 10 in the 9-story structure and around
15 in the 14- and 20-story structures. The reason for the larger column
MDD at the collapse state of the taller structures can be the higher mode
effects. Regarding the HBEs and the web plates, the collapse MDDs vary
in 20–30 and 45–60 ranges, respectively, depending on the level of
damage caused by the mainshock.
6. Conclusions
In this research, the effect of aftershock–mainshock seismic se-
quence on the seismic performance of steel shear wall structures with
9-, 14- and 20-story heights at the collapse level was studied. For this
purpose, four mainshock damage levels corresponding to MIDs values
of 0.007, 0.025, and 0.05 and according to the condition of the structure
on the threshold of collapse were considered. After applying each
mainshock level, the aftershock was applied to the structure using the
IDA method to obtain the collapse capacity of the structure under the af-
tershock. To investigate the probabilistic structural collapse capacity in
presence of the initial damage caused by the mainshock, the IDA results
were represented by the median collapse Sa(T1) called MCC. Evaluation
of the MCC values showed that a similar quadratic polynomial relation-
ship existed between the MCC reduction factor caused by the
mainshock and the MID values representing the mainshock damage
level. This relationship can be used to predict the effect of mainshock
MID on the collapse capacity of similar structures with a high accuracy.
In addition to the investigation of the MCC, the effect of mainshock
damage on the collapse mechanism of the SPSW structures was also in-
vestigated. The result of this study revealed that the strength degrada-
tion in web plates caused by the energy-dissipation under the
mainshock led to a decrease in the collapse capacity of the SPSW struc-
tures. It was also found that in the stories where plates absorbed signif-
icant energy under the mainshock, less participation was provided by
the web plates for absorbing the energy imposed by the aftershock. As
a result, in the collapse state, the distribution of PISD in the stories
was altered due to the prior mainshock damage. Because of this alter-
ation, the location of the story with the maximum drift moved from
the lower stories to the mid-height of the structures.
The distribution of the nonlinear structural response at the collapse
state was also used to investigate the effect of the mainshock on the col-
lapse mechanism of the structures. For this purpose, the MDD was calcu-
lated for different members of various stories. This study showed that the
web plates MDDs were distributed following the pattern of the PISDs dis-
tribution. On the other hand, the load-transfer path from the web plates
to the columns showed the influence of the plate MDDs on the beams
and column values. The distribution of column MDDs over the height
demonstrated that irrespective of the damage level caused by the
mainshock, ultimate collapse of the structures occurred when the first
story columns (which received the greatest force demand) experienced
significant yielding and softening. The resulting accumulation of plastic
13
Journal of Constructional Steel Research 182 (2021) 106688
deformations in the first story eventually led to the collapse of the struc-
ture. The threshold column MDD values at the collapse state were about
10 for the 9-story structure and about 15 for the taller 14- and 20-story
structures. However, the collapse MDDs of the beams and plates varied
in the 20–30 and 45–60 ranges, respectively, depending on the level of
damage caused by the mainshock.
Declaration of Competing Interest
We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships
with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence
our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any na-
ture or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be con-
strued as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the
manuscript entitled, “Seismic collapse assessment of steel plate shear
walls considering the mainshock–aftershock effects” by S.A. Jalali, A.
Amini, I. Mansouri, and J. W. Hu.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by a grant (19CTAP-C152266-01) from
Technology Advancement Research Program (TARP) funded by the
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Korean
government.
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