ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 12TH STD

QUESTION BANK(MLM) WITH

ANSWERS

Prepared under the guidance of our honorable

CEO mam of thiruvallur district.

Guided by: Mrs.Tiruvalarselvi

Chief Educational officer
Thiruvallur

Prepared by: R.Sridhar

PG teacher-Chemistry
Govt Girls Higher sec. school
Mogappair East
Ch-37
 11.HYDROXY DERIVATIVES
2 & 3 Marks
 Explain Kolbe’s reaction

2.What is Williamson synthesis?

When an alkyl halide is heated with an alcoholic solution of sodium alkoxide, the
corresponding ethers are obtained. The reaction involves SN2 mechanism.
CH3 -ONa + Br-C H3 CH3 -O-C H3 + NaBr

3. What is Coupling reaction?

Phenol couples with benzene diazonium chloride in an alkaline solution to form p-

hydroxy azobenzene(a red orange dye).
4.What is Hydroboration?

Antimarkonikov’s addition of alkenes to diboranes

5.Explain Lucas test?

6.What is Saytzeff’s Rule?

During intramolecular dehydration, if there is a possibility to

form a carbon – carbon double bond at different locations, the
preferred location is the one that gives the more (highly)
substituted alkene i.e., the stable alkene.

7.What is Swern Oxidation?

In this method, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is used as the
oxidising agent, which converts alcohols to ketones / aldehydes.
8.How TNG is prepared?

9.How Acrolein is prepared?

10.What is Dow’s process?

11.Convert Benzene to cumene and Cumene to Phenol?

12.Convert Phenol to Benzene?

13.What is Schotten-Baumann reaction?

14.Give the test for phenol?

i. Phenol gives violet coloration with neutral FeCl3.
ii. Phenol decolourises Bromine water to give 2,4,6 tri
bromophenol.
15.Write the Oxidation and Reduction reactions of Phenol?
5 Marks Questions:
1.Explain the Various Dehydration reactions of Glycol?
16.Explain Victor meyer test?
12.CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
2 & 3 Marks:
1.Convert but2ene into ethanal

2.Write notes on Stephen’s reaction?

When alkyl cyanides are reduced using SnCl2 / HCl , imines are
formed, which on hydrolysis gives corresponding aldehyde.

3.What is Etard reaction?

4.What is Gattermann-Koch reaction?

Here Benzene is converted into benazaldehyde.
5.Write notes on Friedal craft acetylation?

6.How Urotropine is prepared? Write its structure and uses?

Formaldehyde reacts with ammonia to form hexa methylene

tetramine, which is also known as Urotropine.
7.What is Popoff’s rule. Give example?

8.Write notes on i.Clemmenson reduction ii.Wolf-kishner reduction?

i. Clemmenson Reduction:

ii.Wolf-Kishner reduction:

9.Convert Acetone to Pinacol?

10.Write notes on Haloform reaction?
Acetone reacts with Cl2 in presence of NaOH gives Trichloro acetone
which on reacts with NaOH gives choloroform.

11.Write notes on Claisen-Schmidt reaction?

12.What is Cannizaro reaction?

13. Write notes on i. Perkin reaction ii. Knoevenegal reaction iii.

Schiff’s base formation
i. Perkin reaction
ii. Knoevenegal reaction:

iii. Schiff’s base formation:

14.Give the test for Aldehydes?

Tollen’s test:
Tollens reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. When an
aldehyde is warmed with Tollens reagent a bright silver mirror is
produced due to the formation of silver metal. This reaction is also
called silver mirror test for aldehydes.

Fehling’s solution test:

When aldehyde is warmed with Fehlings solution deep blue colour
solution is changed tored precipitate of cuprous oxide.

15. Write notes on Kolbe electrolytic reduction?

16. What is HVZ reaction?

17. Explain the reducing action of Formic acid?

18.What is trans esterification?

5 Marks:
1.What is aldol condensation? Give the mechanism Aldol condensation?
In presence of dilute base NaOH, or KOH, two molecules of an aldehyde or ketone
havingα - hydrogen add together to give β- hydroxyl aldehyde (aldol) or β -
hydroxyl ketone (ketol).The reaction is called aldol condensation reaction.
2.Explain the mechanism of Cannizaro reaction?
13.ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
1. How will you distinguish between primary secondary and tertiary alphatic
amines.

2.What is Nef carbonyl synthesis?

3.Write notes on Hoffmann Bromamide reaction?

4.Write notes on Gabriel phthalime synthesis?

5.Write notes on Sabatier-Mailhe method?

When vapour of an alcohol and ammonia are passed over alumina, WO 2 5(or) silica
at400 C, all types of amines are formed.
0

6.Write notes on Schotten-Baumann reaction?

7.Write notes on Carbylamine reaction?

Aliphatic (or) aromatic primary amines react with chloroform and alcoholic KOH to
give isocyanides (carbylamines), which has an unpleasant smell. This reaction is
known as carbylamines test. This test used to identify the primary amines.
8.What is Mustard oil reaction?

9.What is Hoffmann-Mustard oil reaction?

10.Write notes on Sandmeyer reaction?
On mixing freshly prepared solution of benzene diazonium chloride with cuprous
halides(chlorides and bromides), aryl halides are obtained. This reaction is called
Sandmeyer reaction.

11.What is Gattermann reaction?

12.What is Baltz-Schiemann reaction?

13.Convert Aniline to phenol?

14.Write notes on Gomberg reaction?

15.Write notes on coupling reaction?

16.What is Thrope nitrile condensation?

17.Arrange the following in increasing order of solubility in water,

C6H5NH2,,(C2H5 )2 NH,C2H5NH2

The more extensive the H−bonding, the higher is the solubility.

C2H5NH2 contains two H-atoms whereas (C2H5)2NH contains only one
H-atom. Thus, C2H5NH2 undergoes more extensive H−bonding than
(C2H5)2NH. Hence, the solubility in water of C2H5NH2 is more than that
of (C2H5)2NH .
Further, the solubility of amines decreases with increase in the molecular
mass. This is because the molecular mass of amines increases with an
increase in the size of the hydrophobic part. The molecular mass of
C6H5NH2 is greater than that of C2H5NH2 and (C2H5)2NH .
Hence, the increasing order of their solubility in water is as follows:
C6H5NH2 < (C2H5 )2 NH < C2H5NH2
5 Marks
1.Explain the various reduction products of Nitrobenzene in basic
medium?

2. Account for the following

i.Amines are more basic than amides

Comparing the basicity of alkylamines to amides. With an alkyl amine the lone
pair electron is localized on the nitrogen. However, the lone pair electron on an
amide are delocalized between the nitrogen and the oxygen through resonance.
This makes amides much less basic compared to alkylamines.
ii.Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is preferred for synthesising primary amines.
Secondary or tertiary amines are not formed in this synthesis. thus, the pure
primary amine can be obtained. Therefore, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis is
preferred for synthesising primary amines

iii.Ethylamine is soluble in water whereas aniline is not

Ethylamine when added to water forms intermolecular H−bonds with water. And
therefore it is soluble in water. But aniline does not form H−bond with water to a
very large extent due to the presence of a large hydrophobic −C6H5group. Hence,
aniline is insoluble in water.
 14. BIOMOLECULES
2 and 3 marks:

1.What type of linkages hold together monomers of DNA?

The two strands of the DNA are held together by weak
hydrogen bonds that form between the nitrogen bases.

2.Give the differences between primary and secondary structure

of proteins.
The main difference between primary secondary and tertiary
structure of protein is that the primary structure of a protein is
linear and the secondary structure of a protein can be either
an α-helix or β-sheet .
The primary structure comprises the amino acid sequence.
Hydrogen bonds formed between amino acids are responsible for
the formation of the secondary structure of a protein .
3. Name the Vitamins whose deficiency cause i) rickets ii)
scurvy
Rickets—Vitamin D deficiency
Scurvy--- Vitamin C deficiency

4. Write the Zwitter ion structure of alanine

5. Give any three difference between DNA and RNA

6. Write a short note on peptide bond

The carboxyl group of the first amino acid react with the amino
group of the second amino acid to give an amide linkage
between these amino acids. This amide linkage is called peptide
bond.

7. Give two difference between Hormones and vitamins

8. Write a note on denaturation of proteins
The process of a protein-losing its higher order structure without
losing the primary structure, it called denaturation. When a
protein denatures, its biological function is also lost.
Since the primary structure is intact, this process can be reversed
in certain proteins.
Example: coagulation of egg white by action of heat.

9. What are reducing and non – reducing sugars?

A reducing sugar is a sugar that has a free aldehyde or ketone that can
act as a reducing agent. A non-reducing sugar does not have a free
aldehyde or ketone, so it cannot act as a reducing agent.

10. Why carbohydrates are generally optically active.

Almost all carbohydrates are optically active as they have one or
more chiral carbon. The number of optical isomers depends on
the number of chiral carbons.

11. Classify the following into monosaccharides,

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
i) Starch—Polysaccharides
ii) fructose --- Monosaccharides
iii) sucrose--- Disaccharides
iv) lactose---- Disaccharides
v) maltose---Disaccharides
12. How are vitamins classified?
Vitamins are classified into two groups based on their solubility
in water and in fat.
Fat soluble vitamins: These vitamins absorbed best when taken
with fatty food and are stored in fatty tissues and livers. These
vitamins do not dissolve in water. Hence they are called fat
soluble vitamins. Vitamin A, D, E & K are fat-soluble vitamins.
Water soluble vitamins: Vitamins B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7,
B9 & B12) and C are readily soluble in water. On the contrary to
fat soluble vitamins, these can’t be stored. The excess vitamins
present will be excreted through urine and are not stored in our
body.

13. What are harmones? Give examples

Hormone is an organic substance (e.g. a peptide or a steroid)
that is secreted by one tissue into the blood stream and induces a
physiological response (e.g. growth and metabolism) in other
tissues. It is an intercellular signalling molecule.
Chemically, hormones may be classified as either protein (e.g.
insulin, epinephrine) or steroids (e.g. estrogen, androgen).
Hormones are classified according to the distance over which
they act as, endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormones
14. Write the structure of all possible dipeptides which can be
obtained form glycine and alanine?

15. Define enzymes

Enzymes are biocatalysts that catalyse a specific biochemical
reaction. They generally activate the reaction by reducing the
activation energy by stabilising the transition state.
E + S [ES]
Enzyme substrate complex

[ES] E + P

16. Write the the structure of D (+) glucophyranose

17. What are different types of RNA which are found in cell
RNA molecules are classified according to their structure and
function into three major types
i. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ii. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
iii.Transfer RNA (tRNA)

18. Write a note on formation of α -helix .

α-Helix
In the α-helix sub-structure, the amino acids are arranged in a
right handed helical (spiral)structure and are stabilised by the
hydrogen bond between the carbonyl oxygen one amino acid
(nth residue) with amino hydrogen of the fifth residue (n+4th
residue).

19. What are the functions of lipids in living organism.

1. Lipids are the integral component of cell membrane. They are
necessary of structural integrity of the cell.
2. They act as protective coating in aquatic organisms.
3. Lipids of connective tissue give protection to internal organs.
4. Lipids help in the absorption and transport of fat soluble
vitamins.
5. Lipids act as emulsifier in fat metabolism.
20.Explain DNA finger printing?

i.In this method, the extracted DNA is cut at specific points along the strand
with restriction enzymes resulting in the formation of DNA fragments of
varying lengths which were analysed by technique called gel
electrophoresis.
ii.This method separates the fragments based on their size.
iii.The gel containing the DNA fragments are then transferred to a nylon
sheet using a technique called blotting. Then, the fragments will undergo
autoradiography in which they were exposed to DNA probes
iv. A piece of X-ray film was then exposed to the fragments, and a dark
mark was produced at any point where a radioactive probe had become
attached.
v. The resultant pattern of marks could then be compared with other
samples.
 15.CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

2&3 Marks:
1.Which chemical is responsible for the antiseptic properties of
dettol.
The two main constituents of dettol composition for its
antiseptic property are Chloroxylenol & Terpineol.

2. What are antibiotics?

The medicines that have the ability to kill the pathogenic
bacteria are grouped as antibiotics. Antibiotic drugs:
amoxicillin, ampicillin,cefixime, cefpodoxime,
erythromycin,tetracycline etc

3. Name one substance which can act as both analgesic and

antipyretic? Acetaminophen or Paracetamol

4. Write a note on synthetic detergents

Synthetic detergents are formulated products containing either
sodium salts of alkyl hydrogen sulphates or sodium salts of long
chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids. There are three types of
detergents.
Anionic detergent: Example--Sodium Lauryl sulphate (SDS)
Cationic detergent: Example-- n-hexaadecyltrimethyl
ammonium chloride
Non-ionic detergent: Example-- Pentaerythrityl stearate.

5. How do antiseptics differ from disinfectants?

Antiseptics and disinfectants are effective against micro-
organisms. However, antiseptics are applied to the living tissues
such as wounds, cuts, ulcers, and diseased skin surfaces, while
disinfectants are applied to inanimate objects such as floors,
drainage system, instruments, etc. Disinfectants are harmful to
the living tissues.
Iodine is an example of a strong antiseptic. Tincture of iodine (2
- 3 percent of solution of iodine in alcohol - water mixture) is
applied to wounds.
1 percent solution of phenol is used as a disinfectant.

6. What are food preservatives?

Preservatives are capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the
process of fermentation, acidification or other decomposition of
food by growth of microorganisms. Acetic acid is used mainly
as a preservative for the preparation of pickles and for preserved
vegetables. Sodium metasulphite is used as preservatives for
fresh vegetables and fruits.

7. Who do soaps not work in hard water?

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. When soaps
are dissolved in hard water, these ions displace sodium or
potassium from their salts and form insoluble calcium or
magnesium salts of fatty acids. These insoluble salts separate as
scum. This is the reason why soaps do not work in hard water.

8. What are drugs? How are they classified

A drug is a substance that is used to modify or explore
physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of
the recipient. It is used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention,
cure/relief of a disease.
Classification of drugs:
Drugs are classified based on their properties such as chemical
structure, pharmacological effect, target system, site of action
etc.

9. How the tranquilizers work in body.

Tranquilizers
They are neurologically active drugs.
Transquilizers acts on the central nervous system by blocking
the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

10.Write the structural formula of aspirin.

11. Which sweetening agent are used to prepare sweets for a

diabetic patient?
Those compounds that are used like sugars (glucose, sucrose)
for sweetening, but are metabolised without the influence of
insulin are called sugar substituents.
Eg. Sorbitol, Xylitol,Mannitol.

12. What are narcotic and non – narcotic drugs. Give examples
Analgesics (Non –narcotic)
Analgesics reduce the pain without causing impairment of
consciousness. They alleviate pain by reducing local
inflammatory responses
i. Anti inflammatory drugs
Example-Acetaminophen or paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Asprin.
ii.Antipyretics
Example-Salicylates Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin),
Acetaminophen or
Paracetamol
iii. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Example:Ibuprofen
Opioids (Narcotic Analgesics)
Relive pain and produce sleep. These drugs are addictive. In
poisonous dose,these produces coma and ultimately death.
Examples- Morphine, codeine

14. What are anti fertility drugs? Give examples.

Antifertility drugs
These synthetic hormones that suppresses ovulation/fertilisation.
Synthetic oestrogen - Ethynylestradiol, Menstranol
Synthetic Progesterone -Norethindrone,Norethynodrel

15. Write a note on co –polymer

A polymer containing two or more different kinds of monomer
units is called a copolymer. For example, SBR rubber (Buna-S)
contains styrene and butadiene monomer units. Co-polymers
have properties quite different from the homopolymers.

16. What are bio degradable polymers? Give example?

The materials that are readily decomposed by microorganisms in
the environment are called biodegradable.
Examples:
Polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB)
Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Polylactic acid (PLA)
17. How is terylene prepared?

18. Write a note on vulcanization of rubber

Natural rubber is mixed with 3-5% sulphur and heated at 100-
150˚C causes cross linking of the cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains
through disulphide (-S-S-) bonds. The physical properties of
rubber can be altered by controlling the amount of sulphur that
is used for vulcanization.

19. Classify the following as linear, branched or cross linked

polymers
a) Bakelite—Cross linked polymers
b) Nylon ---Linear polymers
c) polythene--- Linear polymers
20. Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting.
21.Explain the mechanism of addition polymerization or free radical
polymerization?

22.Explain agonist and antagonist type of drugs?

In medicines, an agonist attaches to a receptor site and causes a response

whereas an antagonist works against the drug and blocks the response.
While agonists stimulate an action, antagonists sit idle, doing nothing.