Chapter - 05 - Lecture Mod PDF

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION
PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE
Introduction to Reactions
in Aqueous Solutions 5
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY
Slide 1 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Introduction to Reactions
in Aqueous Solutions
CONTENTS
6-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
6-2 Precipitation Reactions
6-3 Acid–Base Reactions
6-4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions:

Some General Principles
6-5 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction

Equations
6-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Co(OH)2 blue precipitate
6-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in
Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
Colorless CoCl2 + colorless NaOH mix

5.1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
Water
• Inexpensive
• Can dissolve a vast number of substances
• Many substances dissociate into ions
Aqueous solutions are found everywhere

• Seawater
• Living systems

5.1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
Strong electrolyte is completely ionized.

Good electrical conduction.
Weak electrolyte only partially ionizes.
Fair conductor of electricity.
Non-electrolyte does not dissociate.
Poor conductor of electricity.

5-5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Two graphite rods called electrodes
are placed in a solution. The external
source of electricity pulls electrons
from one rod and forces them onto
the other, creating a positive charge
on one electrode and a negative
charge on the other (right). In the
solution, positive ions (cations) are
attracted to the negative electrode,
the cathode; negative ions (anions)
are attracted to the positive electrode,
the anode. Thus, electric charge is
carried through the solution by the
migration of ions.
FIGURE 5-2
Conduction of electricity through a solution

In (a), there are no ions present to speak of—only molecules. Methanol (methyl alcohol),
CH3OH, is a nonelectrolyte in aqueous solutions. In (b), the solute is present almost entirely as
individual ions. MgCl2 is a strong electrolyte in aqueous solutions. In (c), although most of the
solute is present as molecules, a small fraction of the molecules ionize. CH3CO2H is a weak
electrolyte in aqueous solution. The CH3CO2H molecules that ionize produce acetate
ionsCH3CO2- and H+ ions, and the ions attach themselves to water molecules to form
hydronium ions,
H3O+. Figure 5-4
Three Types of Electrolytes

▪ Essentially all soluble ionic compounds and only a relatively few
molecular compounds are strong electrolytes.
▪ Most molecular compounds are either nonelectrolytes or weak
electrolytes.
A strong electrolyte:
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
A weak electrolyte:
→ CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)
CH3CO2H(aq) ←
A non-electrolyte:
CH3OH(aq)

The simple hydrogen ion, H+, does not exist in aqueous solutions. Its actual
form is as hydronium ion,H3O+, in which an ion is attached to an H2O
molecule. The hydronium ion, in turn, interacts with the water molecules
surrounding it to form additional species, such as those shown in the figure.
Figure 5-5
The hydrated proton

Relative Concentrations in Solution
MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
In 0.0050 M MgCl2:
Stoichiometry is important.
[Mg2+] = 0.0050 M [Cl-] = 0.0100 M [MgCl2] = 0 M

5 - 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
5-2 Precipitation Reactions
• NaCl is soluble in water but AgCl is
insoluble
• Soluble ions can combine to form an
insoluble compound. The rex is called
precipitation rex
• A test for the presence of chloride ion in

water.
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
Figure 5-6
Qualitative test for Cl- in tap water
Add AgNO3 to NaCl, AgCl will be precipitated

Predicting Precipitation Reactions
AgNO3(aq) NaI(aq) AgI(s)

Na+(aq) NO3-(aq)
Figure 5-7
Na+ and NO3- are not reactants of precipıtation rex
A precipitate of silver iodide
Net Ionic Equations
“whole formula form”:

AgNO3(aq) +NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq)
ionic form: Spectator ions
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s) +

+ Na
Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Net ionic equation:
Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s)

That includes only the actual participants in the rex. A net ionic eq.
must be balanced.
Predicting Precipitation Rex
AgNO3 (aq)+ KBr(aq) ?
Write ions, see the possibilties.
Two possibilitites: 1) a precipitate occurs or 2) no rex
To predict use the table below (without doing experiment)

Al(OH)3 (s) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
5 - 16
Both soluble no precipitate
Ca (NO3)2(s) + PbI2 (s)
Example 5.2
Practice Example B
Na3(PO4) + AlCl3 Al(PO4)3 (s)

Al(SO4)3 + BaCl2 Ba(SO4)2 (s)
(NH4)2(CO3) + Pb(NO3)2 Pb(CO3) (s)

5-3 Acid-Base Reactions
Latin acidus
Sour taste
Arabic al-qali
Bitter taste
Acid-Base theory
Svante Arrhenius 1884
Brønsted and Lowry 1923
Figure 5-9
An acid, a base, and an acid–base indicator
Acids
Arrhenius acids provide H+ in aqueous solution.
Strong acids completely ionize:
HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Weak acid ionization is not complete:
CH3CO2H(aq) ←
→ H+(aq) + CH3CO2-(aq)
Brønsted Lowry acids are proton donors.
H+ is transffered from one to another
HCl(aq) + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

Bases
Arrhenius says Bases provide OH- in aqueous solution.
Strong bases:
NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

H2O
Weak bases:
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ←
→ OH-(aq) + NH4+(aq)
Brønsted Lowry bases are proton acceptors. Water behaves as

proton donor (B-L acid)
Most basic substances
Slide 20 of 43
are weak bases.
General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Acidic and Basic Solution
Pure water is partially ionized.
In pure water [H+]water= [OH-]water= 1x 10-7 M
An acidic sol has grater [H+] than [H+] of

water
Basic sol has greater [OH-] than [OH-] of
water
Slide 22 of 43
Neutralization:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Acid and base react with each other to form water and
soluble ionic compound, salt
Switching to the ionic forms;

HCl + NaOH H20 +NaCl (aq)
Eliminate spectators, the net neutralization rex:
H+(aq) + -OH(aq) H2O(l)

The net netralization involved with weak base:
NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq) + Cl- (aq)
The net ionic eq;
H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4+

Recognizing Acids and Bases
Acids have ionizable hydrogen atoms.

CH3CO2H or HC2H3O2
What about methane?
Bases are often indicated by combination of hydroxide ion

with various metal cations.
KOH (CH3CH2OH- ethanol ?)
or can be identified by chemical equations

Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)→ HCO3-(aq) + 2 Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Slide 25 of 43
General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
More Acid-Base Reactions
Milk of magnesia Mg(OH)2 insoluble in water
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Also rex with weak acids:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 CH3CO2H(aq) →
Mg2+(aq) + 2 CH3CO2-(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

More Acid-Base Reactions
Limestone and marble.
CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2CO3(aq)
But: H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Very unstable
CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Erosion of marble status

Erosion of marble status
This marble statue has

been eroded by acid
rain. Marble consists
primarily of CaCO3.
Acids react with and
dissolve marble
through the reaction
described on the
previous slide
Figure 5-10
Damage caused by acid rain

Table 5.3 lists several common anions and one cation that produce gases in acid–
base reactions.

5-4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions:
Some General Principles
Hematite is converted to iron in a blast furnace.

D
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 22 Fe(l)
Fe(l) +
+ 33 CO
CO2(g)
Oxidation and reduction always occur together.

Fe3+ is reduced to metallic iron.
CO(g) is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(l)
Figure 5-11
Thermite Reaction

Oxidation State Changes
Assign oxidation states:

3+ 2- 2+ 2- 0 4+ 2-
D
Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(l) + 3 CO2(g)
Fe3+ is reduced to metallic iron.
CO(g) is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

Oxidation and Reduction Half-Reactions
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Figure 5-12
An oxidation-reduction reaction
The reaction represented by two half-reactions.
Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e-
Reduction: Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- → Cu(s)
Overall: Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)

Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation
O.S. of some element increases in the reaction.
Electrons are on the right of the equation
Reduction
O.S. of some element decreases in the reaction.
Electrons are on the left of the equation.

5-5 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction
Equations
In balancing chem eq for redox rex

1. The number of atoms of each type
2. The number of electrons transffered
3. Total charges on reactants and products

The Half-Equation Method
• Write and balance separate half-equations

for oxidation and reduction.
• Adjust coefficients in the two half-equations
so that the same number of electrons appear
in each half-equation.
• Add together the two half-equations
(canceling out electrons) to obtain the
balanced overall equation

Disproportionation Reactions
The same substance is both

oxidized and reduced.
Some have practical significance
Hydrogen peroxide
2 H2O2(aq) → H2O(l) + O2(g)
Sodium thiosulphate
2 S2O3(aq) + H+(aq) → S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)

Figure 5-14
Antiseptic action of hydrogen peroxide solution

5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents.
An oxidizing agent (oxidant)

• causes another substance to be oxidized
• contains an element whose oxidation state
decreases in a redox reaction
• gains electrons (electrons are found on the left
side of its half-equation)
• is reduced

5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents.
A reducing agent (reductant)

• causes another substance to be reduced
• contains an element whose oxidation state
increases in a redox reaction
• loses electrons (electrons are found on the right
side of its half-equation)
• is oxidized

Figure 5-15
Oxidation states of nitrogen: Identifying oxidizing and reducing agents

1
Oxidizing agent Reducing agent
2
Hydrazine Oxidizing agent
3
Phenol ozone oxidizing agent
Thiosulfate reducing agent

Figure 5-16
Bleaching action of NaOCl(aq) is important oxidizing agent

5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions: Titrations.
Titration
Carefully controlled addition of one solution to
another.
Equivalence Point
Both reactants have reacted completely.
Indicators
Substances which change colour near an
equivalence point.

How to do Titration in laboratuary:
Watch the video:
Setting up and Performing a Titration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFpFCPTDv2w

FIGURE 5-17
A few drops The “endpoint”

5.0 mL CH3CO2H (close to the equivalence point)
phenolpthalein Add 0.1000 M NaOH
(a) A 5.00 mL sample of vinegar, a small quantity of water, and a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to a flask. (b) 0.1000 M
NaOH from a previously filled buret is slowly added. (c) As long as the acid is in excess, the solution in the flask remains colorless. When
the acid has been neutralized, an additional drop of NaOH(aq) causes the solution to become slightly basic. The phenolphthalein indicator
turns a
light pink. The first lasting appearance of the pink color is taken to be the equivalence point of the titration.
An acid–base titration—Example 5-9 illustrated

General Chemistry
Principles & Modern Applications
10th Edition
Petrucci/Herring/Madura/Bissonnette
Chapter 5
Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous
Solutions
Dr. Wendy Pell

University of Ottawa
Copyright © 2011 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc. Slide 64 of 25
Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following two solutions, when mixed,
likely result in a precipitate?
1. NaCl(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
2. NH4Cl(aq) + NaBr(aq)
3. AgNO3(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
4. MgCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq)
5. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + AgOOCCH3(aq)
Copyright © 2011 Slide 65 of 25

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following two solutions, when mixed,
likely result in a precipitate?
1. NaCl(aq) + MgCl2(aq)
2. NH4Cl(aq) + NaBr(aq)
3. AgNO3(aq) + NaNO3(aq)
4. MgCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq)
5. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + AgOOCCH3(aq)

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following two compounds, when mixed
together, do not form a precipitate?
1. NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq)
2. K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)
3. Mg(ClO4)2(aq) + NaOH(aq)
4. Na3PO4(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
5. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaI(aq)

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following two compounds, when mixed
together, do not form a precipitate?
1. NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq)
2. K2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)
3. Mg(ClO4)2(aq) + NaOH(aq)
4. Na3PO4(aq) + NH4Cl(aq)
5. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaI(aq)

Pearson Canada Inc.
You have three beakers each containing 200 ml of water. To the first you add
0.2 moles of solid LiCl, to the second you add of 0.4 moles AgNO3 and to the
third you add of solid 0.1 moles MgSO4. Which species will you find when you
mix the three beakers ?
a) Li+, Cl-, Ag +, NO32-, Mg2+, SO42
b) AgCl, Ag2SO4
c) Li+, NO32-, Mg2+, AgCl, Ag2SO4
d) Li+, Cl-, Ag +, NO32-, Mg2+, SO42, AgCl, Ag2SO4

Pearson Canada Inc.
You have three beakers each containing 200 ml of water. To the first you add
0.2 moles of solid LiCl, to the second you add of 0.4 moles AgNO3 and to the
third you add of solid 0.1 moles MgSO4. Which species will you find when you
mix the three beakers ?
a) Li+, Cl-, Ag +, NO32-, Mg2+, SO42
b) AgCl, Ag2SO4
c) Li+, NO32-, Mg2+, AgCl, Ag2SO4
d) Li+, Cl-, Ag +, NO32-, Mg2+, SO42, AgCl, Ag2SO4

Pearson Canada Inc.
The net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when a
solution of sodium iodide (NaI) is dripped into a solution of
lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2).
1. Na + (aq) + I − (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) → NaI(s) + Pb(NO3 ) 2 (s)
2. NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3 ) 2 (aq) → NaNO3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
3. 2Na + (aq) + 2I − (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) → 2NaNO3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
4. Na + (aq) + NO3− (aq) → NaNO3 (s)
5. Pb2+ (aq) + 2I − (aq) → PbI 2 (s)

Pearson Canada Inc.
The net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when a
solution of sodium iodide (NaI) is dripped into a solution of
lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2).
1. Na + (aq) + I − (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) → NaI(s) + Pb(NO3 ) 2 (s)
2. NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3 ) 2 (aq) → NaNO3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
3. 2Na + (aq) + 2I − (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3− (aq) → 2NaNO3 (s) + PbI 2 (s)
4. Na + (aq) + NO3− (aq) → NaNO3 (s)
5 . P b 2+ (a q ) + 2 I − (a q ) → P b I2 (s)

Pearson Canada Inc.
While changing the battery in a car, a
mechanic spills ~100 mL of sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) on the floor. The sulfuric acid in
a car battery is approximately 6 M.
Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) can be used to neutralize the
acid spill. If the mechanic has a 3 M
solution of baking soda, what volume is
required to neutralize the acid? (Do not
use a calculator)
1. 100 mL
4. 400 mL
2. 200 mL
5. 500 mL
3. 300 mL

Pearson Canada Inc.
While changing the battery in a car, a
mechanic spills ~100 mL of sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) on the floor. The sulfuric acid in
a car battery is approximately 6 M.
Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3) can be used to neutralize the
acid spill. If the mechanic has a 3 M
solution of baking soda, what volume is
required to neutralize the acid? (Do not
use a calculator)
1. 100 mL
4. 400 mL
2. 200 mL
5. 500 mL
3. 300 mL
2 NaHCO3 + H2So4 Na2So4(aq) + 2 H2O + 2 CO2

Pearson Canada Inc.
In the pictures to the right, what are the probable A
contents in each of the beakers?
1. A) H2O(l), B) NH3(aq), C) NaOH(aq)
2. A) HCl(aq), B) H2O(l), C) CH3COOH(aq)
3. A) HCl(aq), B) NH3(aq), C) H2O(l)

B
4. A) NaOH(aq), B) HCl(aq), C) H2O(l)
5. A) NH3(aq), B) CH3COOH(aq), C) HNO3(aq)

Pearson Canada Inc.
In the pictures to the right, what are the probable A
contents in each of the beakers?
1. A) H2O(l), B) NH3(aq), C) NaOH(aq)
2. A) HCl(aq), B) H2O(l), C) CH3COOH(aq)
3. A) HCl(aq), B) NH3(aq), C) H2O(l)

B
4. A) NaOH(aq), B) HCl(aq), C) H2O(l)
5. A) NH3(aq), B) CH3COOH(aq), C) HNO3(aq)

Pearson Canada Inc.
The contents of the first beaker to the right is
water which is a non-electrolyte. As you are
aware the net ionic equation for the reaction
of a strong base such as NaOH and a strong
acid such as HCl is
H + (aq) + OH − (aq) → H 2O(l)

True or false, the contents of the second
beaker to the right could be 300 ml each of NaOH(aq) H2O
2.0 M NaOH and 2.0 M HCl? +
1. True HCl?
2. False

Pearson Canada Inc.
The contents of the first beaker to the right is
water which is a non-electrolyte. As you are
aware the net ionic equation for the reaction
of a strong base such as NaOH and a strong
acid such as HCl is
H + (aq) + OH − (aq) → H 2O(l)

True or false, the contents of the second
beaker to the right could be 300 ml each of NaOH(aq) H2O
2.0 M NaOH and 2.0 M HCl? +
1. True HCl?
2. False

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following statements best explains the
KMnO4
observations to the right?
1. The NaNO2 solution dissolves KMnO4 better, leaving
no color.
2. The NO3- in the first solution oxidizes the MnO4-

leaving a purple color.
3. The MnO4- oxidizes the NO2- in the second solution

leaving no purple color.
4. The MnO4- reduces the NO2- in the second solution NaNO3 NaNO2
5. The NO3- in the first solution reduces the MnO4- leaving a purple color.

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following statements best explains the
KMnO4
observations to the right?
1. The NaNO2 solution dissolves KMnO4 better, leaving
no color.
2. The NO3- in the first solution oxidizes the MnO4-

leaving a purple color.
3. The MnO4- oxidizes the NO2- in the second solution

4. The MnO4- reduces the NO2- in the second solution NaNO3 NaNO2
5. The NO3- in the first solution reduces the MnO4- leaving a purple color.

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the statements below is true about the
following redox reaction occurring in aqueous
KMnO4(aq)
solution.
5Fe2+ + MnO4− + 8H + → 5Fe3+ + Mn 2+ + 4H 2O
1. MnO4- is being oxidized to Mn2+

2. Mn in MnO4- undergoes a change in
oxidation state from -1 to +2.
3. O in MnO4- undergoes a change in
Fe2+(aq)
oxidation state from -1 to -2.
4. H does not change its oxidation state.
5. Fe does not change its oxidation state.

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the statements below is true about the
following redox reaction occurring in aqueous
KMnO4(aq)
solution.
5Fe2+ + MnO4− + 8H + → 5Fe3+ + Mn 2+ + 4H 2O
1. MnO4- is being oxidized to Mn2+

2. Mn in MnO4- undergoes a change in
oxidation state from -1 to +2.
3. O in MnO4- undergoes a change in
Fe2+(aq)
oxidation state from -1 to -2.
4. H does not change its oxidation state.
5. Fe does not change its oxidation state.

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following statements is false about
the thermite reaction?
2Al(s) + Fe2O3 (s) → 2Fe(l) + Al 2O3 (s)
1. The chemical equation given above is balanced.
2. The oxidation state of Fe in Fe2O3 is +3.
3. The oxidation state of Al in Al2O3 is +2.
4. Fe in Fe2O3 is reduced to elemental iron.
5. The oxidation state of O remains unchanged.

Pearson Canada Inc.
Which of the following statements is false about
the thermite reaction?
2Al(s) + Fe2O3 (s) → 2Fe(l) + Al 2O3 (s)
1. The chemical equation given above is balanced.
2. The oxidation state of Fe in Fe2O3 is +3.
3. The oxidation state of Al in Al2O3 is +2.
4. Fe in Fe2O3 is reduced to elemental iron.
5. The oxidation state of O remains unchanged.

Pearson Canada Inc.
In the presence of acid nitrate ion (NO3-) oxidizes
solid copper to Cu2+. The by-product is gaseous
NO2(brown). The balanced half reaction for NO3-
reacting to form NO2 is
1. NO3− (aq) → NO2 (g) + H 2O + e −

2. NO3− (aq) → NO2 (g) + e −
3. NO3− (aq) + 2H + + e− → NO2 (g) + H 2O
4 . N O 3− ( a q ) + H 2 O → 2 N O 2(g ) + 2 H +
+ e −
5. 2NO3− (aq) + 4H + + e− → 2NO2 (g) + 2H 2O

Pearson Canada Inc.
In the presence of acid nitrate ion (NO3-) oxidizes
solid copper to Cu2+. The by-product is gaseous
NO2(brown). The balanced half reaction for NO3-
reacting to form NO2 is
1. NO3− (aq) → NO2 (g) + H 2O + e −

2. NO3− (aq) → NO2 (g) + e −
3 . N O 3− ( a q ) + 2 H +
+ e− → N O 2 (g ) + H 2O
4. NO3− (aq) + H 2O → 2NO2 (g) + 2H + + e −
5. 2NO3− (aq) + 4H + + e− → 2NO2 (g) + 2H 2O

Pearson Canada Inc.
50 mL of solution containing Cl- is
titrated to the endpoint with 10 mL
of 0.050 M AgNO3. What was the Catch: Figure 4-1 on p. 112
concentration of Cl- in the sample?
1. 1.0x10-3 M
2. 5.0x10-3 M
3. 1.0x10-2 M n=0.05 mol/L x 10*10-3 L
4. 5.0x10-2 M Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)
5. 1.0x10-1 M
M= n/V= 5*10-4 /50*10-3

Pearson Canada Inc.
50 mL of solution containing Cl- is
titrated to the endpoint with 10 mL
of 0.050 M AgNO3. What was the Catch: Figure 4-1 on p. 112
concentration of Cl- in the sample?
1. 1.0x10-3 M
2. 5.0x10-3 M
3. 1.0x10-2 M
4. 5.0x10-2 M
5. 1.0x10-1 M

Pearson Canada Inc.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Slide 1 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

6-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions

6-2 Precipitation Reactions

6-3 Acid–Base Reactions

6-4 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions:

6-5 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction

6-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Colorless CoCl2 + colorless NaOH mix

Slide 2 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Aqueous solutions are found everywhere

Slide 3 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Strong electrolyte is completely ionized.

Slide 4 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 6 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 8 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 9 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

MgCl2(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)

[Mg2+] = 0.0050 M [Cl-] = 0.0100 M [MgCl2] = 0 M

Slide 10 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

• A test for the presence of chloride ion in

Qualitative test for Cl- in tap water

Add AgNO3 to NaCl, AgCl will be precipitated

AgNO3(aq) NaI(aq) AgI(s)

“whole formula form”:

ionic form: Spectator ions

Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s) +

Net ionic equation:

Ag+(aq) + I-(aq) → AgI(s)

Slide 15 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Na3(PO4) + AlCl3 Al(PO4)3 (s)

Slide 17 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Arrhenius acids provide H+ in aqueous solution.

Strong acids completely ionize:

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

Slide 19 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Arrhenius says Bases provide OH- in aqueous solution.

NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Brønsted Lowry bases are proton acceptors. Water behaves as

An acidic sol has grater [H+] than [H+] of

Switching to the ionic forms;

Eliminate spectators, the net neutralization rex:

H+(aq) + -OH(aq) H2O(l)

NH3(aq) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq) + Cl- (aq)

The net ionic eq;

H+ (aq) + NH3 (aq) NH4+

Slide 24 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Acids have ionizable hydrogen atoms.

Bases are often indicated by combination of hydroxide ion

or can be identified by chemical equations

Milk of magnesia Mg(OH)2 insoluble in water

Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

Also rex with weak acids:

Slide 26 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Limestone and marble.

CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

But: H2CO3(aq) → H2O(l) + CO2(g)

CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Erosion of marble status

Slide 27 of 43 General Chemistry: Chapter 5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.