Submitted by:-

Jatin garg
Overview
 Background
 Introduction
 Projected biomaterial trends
 Properties
 Environmental impacts
 Types
 production
 Uses
 Carbon cycle
Background

 About 140 million tons of plastic are consumed every

year worldwide, which necessitates the processing of
approximately 150 million tons of fossil fuels and
directly causes immense amounts of waste that can
take thousands of years to naturally deteriorate, if it
degrades at all . Consequently, bioplastics are a feasible
alternative in that they are not based on fossil
resources and can easily be biodegraded.
 Why bioplastic ?
 Plastics derived from crude oil(such as petroleum) rely
more on scarce fossil fuels.

 When plastics made from petroleum are burned, they

release the carbon dioxide contained in the petroleum into
the atmosphere, leading to global warming.

 Due to lack of proper disposal of these plastics, these effect

wild life and aquatic life.
 Introduction
Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from
renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and
oils, corn starch, pea starch or microbiota.

 some of these are…thermoplastic starch, Polylactic acid

(PLA) plastics, Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
 Projected Biomaterials
Trends Production
Global Capacity
Production
of bioplastics was of bio-based
plastics is projected
1.5 to increase from
million 360,000 tonnes
tonnes in 2007 to about
by 2011. 2.3
up from 262,000 MILLION tonnes
tonnes in 2007. by 2013.
(European (European
Bioplastics) Bioplastics)
Projected Biomaterials
Trends
Bioplastics will still only be
1.5% of the approximate 150 million tonnes
of plastics will be in use.
Bioplastic Properties
 Some are stiff and brittle.
 Some are rubbery and moldable.
 Properties may be manipulated by blending polymers
or genetic modifications.
 Degrades at 185°C.
 Moisture resistant, water insoluble, optically pure,
impermeable to oxygen.
 Must maintain stability during manufacture and use
but degrade rapidly when disposed of or recycled.
Environmental impacts
 Bioplastics are designed to biodegrade. Bioplastics
which are designed to biodegrade can break down in
either anaerobic or aerobic environments, depending
on how they are manufactured.

 Bioplastics are environmentally friendly because their

production results in the emission of less carbon dioxide,
which is thought to cause global warming.

 They are also biodegradable, meaning that the material

returns to its natural state when buried in the ground.
Types of Bioplastics
 Starch-based plastics
constituting about 50 percent of the bioplastics
market, thermoplastic starch, currently represents the
most widely used bioplastic. Pure starch possesses the
characteristic of being able to absorb humidity,
therefore Flexibiliser and plasticiser such as sorbitol
and glycerine are added so the starch can also be
processed thermo-plastically.

Packaging peanuts made from

bioplastics
 Cellulose-based plastics
Cellulose bioplastics are mainly
the cellulose esters, (including
cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose)
and their derivatives, including
celluloid.
packaging blister made
 Some aliphatic polyesters from cellulose acetate

The aliphatic biopolyesters are mainly

polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB), Polylactic acid (PLA) plastics etc.
1. Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a transparent plastic produced
from cane sugar or glucose.
Enzymes are used to break starch
in the plants down into glucose,
which is fermented and made into
lactic acid. This lactic acid is
polymerized and converted into
Mulch film made of PLA
a plastic called polylactic acid.
These are used in the plastic processing industry for
the production of foil, moulds, cups and bottles.
2. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
The biopolymer poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a
polyester produced by certain bacteria processing
glucose, corn starch or wastewater. It produces
transparent film at a melting point higher than 130
degrees Celsius, and is biodegradable without residue.
3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA)
These are linear polyesters produced in nature by
bacterial fermentation of sugar . They are produced by
the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial
production, the polyester is extracted and purified
from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the
fermentation of sugar. These plastics are being widely
used in the medical industry.
 Bio-derived polyethylene
The basic building block of polyethylene is ethylene. This
is just one small chemical step from ethanol, which can
be produced by fermentation of agricultural feedstock's
such as sugar cane or corn. Bio-derived polyethylene is
chemically and physically identical to traditional
polyethylene – it does not biodegrade but can be
recycled. It can also considerably reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. It is used in packaging such as bottles and
tubs.
Production process for polylactic
acid (PLA)
 PLA is the most common bioplastic in use today. First,
corn or other raw materials are fermented to produce
lactic acid, which is then polymerized to make PLA.
Bioplastics are expected to make major contributions
to environmental protection, because they reduce CO2
and because they are biodegradable. The range of
applications for bioplastics is growing, from materials
used in automobile interiors to packaging for foods
and cosmetics, to agricultural sheeting, to household
appliances.
There are two methods for manufacturing PLA from
lactic acid: the first method uses the cyclic lactic acid
dimer called lactide as an intermediate stage; the
second method is direct polymerization of lactic acid.
The method using the lactide intermediary yields PLA
with greater molecular weight.
Uses of Bioplastic
 In electronic industries
1. Mitsubishi Plastics has already succeeded in raising the
heat-resistance and strength of polylactic acid by
combining it with other biodegradable plastics and filler,
and the result was used to make the plastic casing.

2. NEC Corp., meanwhile, is turning its attention to kenaf,

a type of fibrous plant native to tropical areas of Africa
and Asia that is known to grow more than five meters in
just half a year.
A mixture of polylactic acid and kenaf fibre that is 20%
fibre by weight allows for a plastic that is strong enough
and heat resistant enough to be used in electronic goods.
 Packaging
1. The use of bioplastics for shopping bags is already very
common.

2. After their initial use they can be reused as bags for organic
waste and then be composted.

3. Trays and containers for fruit, vegetables, eggs and meat,

bottles for soft drinks and dairy products and blister foils
for fruit and vegetables are also already widely
manufactured from bioplastics.

Flower wrapping made of

PLA-blend
 Catering products
1. Catering products belong to the group of perishable
plastics.

2. Disposable crockery and cutlery, as well as pots and

bowls, pack foils for hamburgers and straws are being
dumped after a single use, together with food-leftovers,
forming huge amounts of waste, particularly at big
events.

Drinking straws made of

PLA-blend
 Gardening
1. Within the agricultural economy and the gardening
sector mulch foils made of biodegradable material
and flower pots made of decomposable bioplastics
are predominantly used due to their adjustable
lifespan and the fact that these materials do not
leave residues in the soil.

2. This helps reduce work and time (and thus cost) as

these products can simply be left to decompose, after
which they are ploughed in to the soil.

3. Plant pots used for flowering and vegetable plants can

be composted along with gardening and kitchen litter.
 Medical Products
1. In comparison to packaging, catering or gardening
sectors, the medical sector sets out completely
different requirements with regards to products
made of renewable and reabsorbing plastics.

2. The highest possible qualitative standards have

to be met and guaranteed, resulting in an extremely
high costs, which sometimes exceed 1.000 Euro per kilo.

3. The potential applications of biodegradable or reabsorbing

bioplastics are manifold.
 Sanitary Products
1. Due to their specific characteristics, bioplastics are used
as a basis for the production of sanitary products.

2. These materials are breathable and allow water

vapour to permeate, but at the same time they are
waterproof.

3. Foils made of soft bioplastic are already used as diaper foil,

bed underlay, for incontinence products, ladies sanitary
products and as disposable gloves.
Biodegradation
 Fastest in anaerobic sewage and slowest in seawater
 Depends on temperature, light, moisture, exposed
surface area, pH and microbial activity
 Degrading microbes colonize polymer surface & secrete
PHA depolymerases
 PHA  CO2 + H2O (aerobically)
 PHA  CO2 + H2O + CH4 (anaerobically)
 Carbon Cycle of Bioplastics
CO2
Photosynthesis H2O
Biodegradation

Recycle
Plants

Plastic Products
Carbohydrates

Fermentation
PHA Polymer
Thanks..