AF 3. SDOF General forced response example report.

José Ángel Ferreyra Ríos 1850141

Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
Ingeniería en Aeronáutica.
Aeroelasticidad, 002, Ing. Diego Fransisco Ledezama Ramírez, 23/09/2021

Abstract— In this electronic document, it is tried to realize and to analyze single degree of freedom systems by means of the harmonic
response like behavior.

I. INTRODUCTION
In engineering practice, we are almost invariably interested in predicting the response of a structure or mechanical system
to external forcing. For example, we may need to predict the response of a bridge or tall building to wind loading,
earthquakes, or ground vibrations due to traffic. Another typical problem you are likely to encounter is to isolate a
sensitive system from vibrations. For example, the suspension of your car is designed to isolate a sensitive system (you)
from bumps in the road. Electron microscopes are another example of sensitive instruments that must be isolated from
vibrations. Electron microscopes are designed to resolve features a few nanometers in size. If the specimen vibrates with
amplitude of only a few nanometers, it will be impossible to see! Great care is taken to isolate this kind of instrument
from vibrations. That is one reason they are almost always in the basement of a building: the basement vibrates much
less than the floors above.
We have 3 types of cases of the response of forced vibrations. We will again use a spring-mass system as a model of a
real engineering system. As before, the spring-mass system can be thought of as representing a single mode of vibration
in a real system, whose natural frequency and damping coefficient coincide with that of our spring-mass system.

External Forcing models the behavior of a system which has a time varying force acting on it. An example might be an offshore
structure subjected to wave loading.

Base Excitation models the behavior of a vibration isolation system. The base of the spring is given a prescribed motion, causing
the mass to vibrate. This system can be used to model a vehicle suspension system, or the earthquake response of a structure.

Rotor Excitation models the effect of a rotating machine mounted on a flexible floor. The crank with small mass rotates at
constant angular velocity, causing the mass m to vibrate.

Figure 1: Forced vibration system types.

We will also have 3 types of forces that can act on the systems and that will generate a forced response.
  Impulse: It is a force applied infinitely in an extremely small time.
 Impact: It is a non-periodic force that is applied for a very small time, not as small as the impulse.
 Random vibration: It is a non-periodic vibration during a certain time, there is no similarity between a period, they are
completely unpredictable entries in time.
II. RESOLUTION OF THE PROBLEMS.
Solve the following exercises. Perform all the necessary steps, validate your assumptions, and provide enough reasoning for your
solution.
1. A bird strike on the engine of an airplane can be considered as an impulse. If the stiffness and damping coefficient of the
engine mount are given by k = 60,000 N/m and 1300 N-s/m, and the engine mass is m = 450 kg, find the response of the
engine. Assume the mass of a small bird between 0.5-3 kg, and the velocity of the airplane between 300-500 km/hr. (choose
one value for mass and speed). Plot the response of the system.

Figure 2: Engine of an airplane representation as SDOF.

We take the next data:

𝑁
• Stiffness of the engine 𝑘 = 60000
𝑚
𝑁−𝑠
• Damping coefficient of the engine 𝑐 = 1300
𝑚
• Engine mass 𝑚 = 450 𝑘𝑔
• Bird mass 𝑚𝑏 = 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑚 1000𝑚 1ℎ 𝑚
• Velocity of the airplane 𝑣 = 400 ( )( ) = 111.111
ℎ 1𝑘𝑚 3600𝑠 𝑠
The force acting at the system must be consider as a impulse by the bird strike and it is considered inelastic, therefore, the mass of
the bird will bounce, it does not adhere to the mass of the system.
The response equation of the engine must be as following:
𝐼
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑑 𝑡)
𝑚𝜔𝑑
Where I must be the impulsive force given by the bird mass and its velocity:
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑏 𝑣
As the velocity of the airplane is higher than the bird velocity, we can consider the velocity of the airplane as the velocity for the
impulsive force:
𝑚
𝐼 = (2 𝑘𝑔) (111.111 )
𝑠
𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝐼 = 222.222
𝑠
Finding the natural frequency of the engine we use the equation as following:
𝑁
𝑘 √60000 𝑚
𝜔𝑛 = √ =
𝑚 450 𝑘𝑔
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑛 = 11.547
𝑠
Now we can calculate the damping ratio as following, using the equation:
 𝑐
𝜁=
2𝑚𝜔𝑛
𝑁−𝑠
1300
𝜁= 𝑚
𝑟𝑎𝑑
2(450 𝑘𝑔) (11.547 )
𝑠
𝜁 = 0.125
Calculating the frequency 𝜔𝑑 :
𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑛 √1 − 𝜁 2
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑑 = (11.547 ) (√1 − (0.125)2 )
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑑 = 11.456434
𝑠
Now we can build the response equation of the engine as following:
𝐼
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑡 sin(𝜔𝑑 𝑡)
𝑚𝜔𝑑
𝑘𝑔𝑚
222.222 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑠 )𝑡
𝑒 −(0.125)(11.547 𝑠 sin (11.456434 )𝑡
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠
(450 𝑘𝑔) (11.456434 )
𝑠
ℎ(𝑡) = 0.0431𝑒 −1.443375𝑡 sin 11.456424𝑡
To plot the general forced response of the engine due to bird collision, we must select a time to calculate de value of the impulsive
response. We will work from 0 to 10 seconds in 0.1 second increments, using Matlab to calculate (see Figure 2) and plot the response
we obtain the Graph 1.

Figure 3: Response calculation in time.

Graphic 1: Impulsive response in time.

The frequency is like the natural frequency due to its low damping. As a forced response with relatively low damping, the response
oscillates until it reaches a point where it is balanced again.

2. A turboprop engine is mounted on a stand of stiffness 2E7 N/m. When running, it vibrates as a single degree of freedom
system. If the force acting on it has the spectral density shown in Figure 3 (linear axes) estimate the rms displacement,
velocity, and acceleration of the engine. Assume light damping. Choose the engine mass considering that small turboprop
engines range from approximately 400 to 700 kg. State clearly any assumptions and approximations you make.
 Figure 4: Density in frequency.

We going to take the next data:

𝑁
• Stiffness of the stand 𝑘 = 2𝑥107
𝑚
• Engine mass 𝑚 = 500 𝑘𝑔
To find the natural frequency where the element is in resonance, we can use the following equation:
𝑁
𝑘 √2𝑥107 𝑚
𝜔𝑛 = √ =
𝑚 500 𝑘𝑔
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔𝑛 = 200
𝑠
Using the Figure 3, we must take the middle value of the graph and take the middle value of the spectral density double sided.
𝑁2
Then the double-sided spectral density value must be 𝑆𝑓 = 7.5𝑥106
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
Since the Sistema has a light damping, we know that the damping ratio must be less than 5% (𝜁 < 0.5), we take the value of 4%
(𝜁 = 0.4). Clearing the damping constant from the damping ratio equation we have:
𝑐
𝜁=
2𝑚𝜔𝑛
𝑐 = 2𝜁𝑚𝜔𝑛
Then the damping coefficient must be:
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑐 = 2(0.4)(500𝑘𝑔) (200 )
𝑠
𝑁−𝑠
𝑐 = 80000
𝑚
As the square displacement is by the external force, we take the next equation:
𝜋𝑆𝑓
𝑥̅ 2 =
𝑘𝑐
The mean square displacement response is:
𝑁2
𝜋 (7.5𝑥106 )
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1
𝑥̅ 2 =
𝑁 𝑁−𝑠
(2𝑥107 ) (80000 )
𝑚 𝑚
2 2
𝑥̅ = 0.000014726 𝑚
The displacement must be:
𝑥 = √𝑥̅ 2 = √0.000014726 𝑚2
𝑥 = 0.003837475 𝑚
 III. CONCLUSION
The responses of systems by external forces are more common in areas of vehicle engineering but are exposed to natural forces that
generate a response in time of the structural system. It is very important to understand the bases of the behavior of a system with
forced response because the systems are three-dimensional and will have matrix and vector responses for each of the degrees of
freedom. There are a variety of forced responses but they will simply depend on the type of force that is applied to the system, the
systems can be classified as impulse, impact and noise, the latter being the most complex to study, as they are a generation of non-
periodic oscillations in a This is the time determined by which different analyzes will be needed under different conditions to
generate an average response of the system to noise.
IV. REFERENCES
[1] Autor unknown, “Forced vibration of damped, single degree of freedom, linear spring mass systems.”. Introduction to
Dynamics and Vibration. School of Engineering Brown University.
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En4/Notes/vibrations_forced/vibrations_forced.htm