Estudiante: Ferreyra Ríos, José Ángel Matrícula: 1850141 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE NUEVO LEÓN

Materia: Sistemas electrónicos de Grupo: 005 Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica

aeronaves y laboratorio Ingeniería en Aeronáutica
Evidencia: TRANSISTOR No. evidencia: 2
Fecha:
Comentarios: Puntaje:

Transistor connected to forward biased and the collector-

base junction is connected in reverse bias
The transistor is a semiconductor device which which offers a high resistance.
transfers a weak signal from low resistance
circuit to high resistance circuit. The words
trans mean transfer property and istor mean
resistance property offered to the junctions. In
other words, it is a switching device which
regulates and amplify the electrical signal likes
voltage or current.
A transistor is a miniature electronic
component that can do two different jobs. It can
work either as an amplifier or a switch:
When it works as an amplifier, it takes in a tiny
electric current at one end (an input current)
and produces a much bigger electric current
(an output current) at the other. In other words,
it's a kind of current booster. That comes in There are two types of transistor, namely NPN
really useful in things like hearing aids, one of transistor and PNP transistor. The transistor
the first things people used transistors for. which has two blocks of n-type semiconductor
material and one block of P-type
Transistors can also work as switches. A tiny semiconductor material is known as NPN
electric current flowing through one part of a transistor. Similarly, if the material has one
transistor can make a much bigger current flow layer of N-type material and two layers of P-
through another part of it. In other words, the type material then it is called PNP transistor.
small current switches on the larger one. This The symbol of NPN and PNP is shown in the
is essentially how all computer chips work. figure below.
The transistor consists two PN diode
connected back to back. It has three terminals
namely emitter, base and collector. The base is
the middle section which is made up of thin
layers. The right part of the diode is called
emitter diode and the left part is called
collector-base diode. These names are given
as per the common terminal of the transistor.
The emitter-based junction of the transistor is
The arrow in the symbol indicates the direction
of flow of conventional current in the emitter
with forward biasing applied to the emitter-base
junction. The only difference between the NPN
and PNP transistor is in the direction of the
current.
Transistor Terminals
Emitter – The section that supplies the large
section of majority charge carrier is called
emitter
Collector – The section which collects the
major portion of the majority charge carrier
supplied by the emitter is called a collector.
Base – The middle section of the transistor is
known as the base. The base forms two
circuits, the input circuit with the emitter and
the output circuit with the collector.
Working of Transistor
Usually, silicon is used for making the
transistor because of their high voltage rating,
greater current and less temperature
sensitivity. The emitter-base section kept in
forward biased constitutes the base current
which flows through the base region. The
magnitude of the base current is very small.
The base current causes the electrons to move
into the collector region or create a hole in the
base region.
The base of the transistor is very thin and
lightly doped because of which it has less
number of electrons as compared to the
emitter. The few electrons of the emitter are
combined with the hole of the base region and
the remaining electrons are moved towards the
collector region and constitute the collector
current. Thus, we can say that the large
collector current is obtained by varying the
base region.
History
The invention of the transistor was an
unprecedented development in the electronics
industry. It marked the beginning of the current
age in the electronics sector. After the
transistor's invention, advances in technology
became more frequent, the most notable of
which was computer technology. The three
physicists who invented the transistor; William
Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain
were awarded with the Nobel Prize.
Considering the inventions that the transistor
paved the way for, one could argue that it was
the most important invention of the twentieth
century.
Applications
They are used as amplifiers and switching
apparatus. As the amplifiers, they are used in
high and low level, frequency stages,
oscillators, modulators, detectors and in any
circuit need to perform a function. In digital
circuits they are used as switches. There are a
huge number of manufacturers approximately
the world who produces semiconductors
(transistors are members of this family of
apparatus), so there are exactly thousands of
different types. There are low, medium and
high power transistors, for functioning with high
and low frequencies, for functioning with very
high current and or high voltages.
The first commercial applications for transistors
were for hearing aids and “pocket” radios
during the 1950s.
 semiconductors replaced tubes in the
construction of computers. By replacing bulky
and unreliable vacuum tubes with transistors,
computers could now perform the same
functions, using less power and space.

Solved Problems

-Vintage Universal Transistor Radio-

By far the most common application of

transistors today is for computer memory chips
—including solid-state multimedia storage
devices for electronic games, cameras, and
MP3 players—and microprocessors, where
millions of components are embedded in a
single integrated circuit. Here the voltage
applied to the gate electrode, generally a few
volts or less, determines whether current can
flow from the transistor’s source to its drain. In
this case the transistor operates as a switch: if
a current flows, the circuit involved is on, and if
not, it is off. These two distinct states, the only
possibilities in such a circuit, correspond
respectively to the binary 1s and 0s employed
in digital computers.

Conclusion
It's been called the most important invention of
the 20th century. Transistors are used in our
day to day lives in many forms which we are
aware of as amplifiers and switching
apparatus. As amplifiers, they are being used
in various oscillators, modulators, detectors
and nearly in any circuit in order to perform a
function. In a digital circuit, transistors are used
as switches.
Transistors transformed the world of
electronics and had a huge impact on
computer design. Transistors made of
Referencias
[1] Woodford, C., 2020. How Transistor Work. [online]
Explainthatstuff. Available at:
<https://www.explainthatstuff.com/howtransistorswork.ht
ml> [Accessed 26 September 2020].

[2]S. Sattel, "How Transistor Changed Electronics

Forever", EAGLE, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blo.
[Accessed: 26- Sep- 2020].

[3]"Different Types of Transistors and Its

Applications", ElProCus - Electronic Projects for
Engineering Students, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.elprocus.com/different-types-of-transistor-
and-their-functions/#:~:text=Transistor%20is%20an
%20active%20component,need%20to%20perform%20a
%20function. [Accessed: 26- Sep- 2020].

[4]M. Riordan, "transistor | Definition &

Uses", Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020. [Online].
Available:
https://www.britannica.com/technology/transistor.
[Accessed: 27- Sep- 2020].

[5]m. ScienCentral, "An Outline of the History of the

Transistor", Pbs.org, 2020. [Online]. Available:
http://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/#:~:text=On
%20December%2016%2C%201947%2C%20they,with
%20a%20slab%20of%20germanium. [Accessed: 27-
Sep- 2020].

***SOLVED PROBLEMS***

[6]A. S. SEDRA and K. C. Smith, Circuitos

Microelectrónicos, 5th ed. EE Dept., KSU: Turki Almadhi,
2013, p. 3.