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25th April 2019

British English edition
Issue Number 352
In this issue
Mariana Trench fish
Ukraine’s new comedy
president
Parthenon Marbles return
request
Airborne plastic pollution
Crusader DNA
Kafka papers ruling
Cleaning up Agent Orange
Living fossil study
‘Phantom’ lakes on Titan
Saint George’s Day
Nuclear fuel removal begins
Guatemala’s mystery magnet
sculptures
The fire at Notre-Dame Cathedral in central Paris, in France Last female Yangtze softshell
turtle

N o t r e -D a m e
Nowadays, people from many countries
visit Paris, France’s capital city. It is a
popular tourist destination. Most go to
the Île de la Cité. This natural island, in
the River Seine, is in the centre of the city.
There, they visit Notre-Dame (Our Lady).
The large Gothic cathedral is a world fa-
mous building. Together with Paris’s Eif-
fel Tower, it is a symbol of France.
As usual, on 15th April, Notre-Dame’s
doors were closed in the late afternoon.
Many people were standing and talking
in the open area outside the building. At
twenty past six, flames were seen on the
cathedral’s roof. They spread quickly.
The police and fire-fighters were quick
to arrive. Visitors were told to leave
the area. They crossed the bridges that
connect the island to the river’s oppo-
site sides. There, thousands of people
watched the whole roof become engulfed
in flames.
tragedy
Easter attacks in Sri Lanka
Wolves return to the
Notre-Dame has two huge stone bell Netherlands
towers. They are on either side of the Massacre centenary in India
building’s main entrance. A tall spire, Summit in Vladivostok
made from wood and lead, rose up from Glossary Crossword and
Wordsearch Puzzle
the centre of the roof. Within a short
time, the whole spire was ablaze. The
onlookers gasped as it collapsed. Many
people cried. Others grouped together Learning
and sang. As the roof continued to burn, English as a
the bells of Paris’s surrounding churches
rang out. News channels, from around foreign
the world, broadcast live images of the language?
burning cathedral.
Around 400 fire-fighters fought the
flames. Another 100 worked to save the Newsademic.com
precious objects and artworks kept in
Notre-Dame. This was dangerous. As Recommended
the fire-fighters worked inside the build-
ing, parts of the burning roof, high above reading
their heads, began to fall. The roof con- for
tained wood from thousands of oak trees.
By eleven o’clock at night, most flames EFL and ESL
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 2
had been put out. The wooden roof
had gone.
Building work on Notre-Dame
began in 1163. Five years ago,
people in France celebrated the ca-
thedral’s 850th anniversary. The
building was not finally completed
until 1345, or almost 200 years later.
Notre-Dame is one of the world’s
largest religious buildings. The ca-
thedral is known for its three great
medieval rose windows. Made of
stained glass, they are a circular
shape. These windows were cre-
ated in the 1200s. Over time, some
of the coloured glass has had to be
replaced. All three survived the fire.
One of the relics kept at the ca-
thedral is a crown made of thorns.
Christians believe that Jesus Christ
is the Son of God. It’s said that this
crown was placed on his head be-
fore he was crucified. The cathedral
also has a small piece of wood. This
is supposed to have been taken from
the cross on which Jesus died.
The French Revolution began
in 1789. Its leaders confiscated the
cathedral from the Catholic Church.
Today, the building is still owned
by the state, or French government.
The revolutionaries damaged the
cathedral. Some statues were de-
stroyed or beheaded and valuable
items stolen. For a time, the build-
ing was used as a warehouse to
store food.
Notre-Dame Cathedral showing roof areas
destroyed by fire (Umbricht)
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 –
1821) was a military and political
leader. He ruled France from 1804
to 1814, and again for around
three months in 1815. Before tak-
ing over as the French leader, Na-
poleon arranged for the interior
of Notre-Dame to be restored. In
1804, he crowned himself em-
peror of France in the cathedral.
Then, the building continued to be
used for religious ceremonies. Yet,
some people described the cathe-
dral as a ‘semi-ruin’.
Victor Hugo (1802 – 1855)
was a famous French novelist. In
1831, he published a book called
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
The hunchback is a deformed man
named Quasimodo. He lives in the
cathedral and works as a bell ringer.
In the story, Quasimodo tries to save
a beautiful young woman called Es-
meralda. He hides her in one of the
cathedral’s bell towers. Hugo was
a great admirer of Gothic buildings
such as Notre-Dame. His book was
a big success. It led to a major resto-
ration project. This was undertaken
between 1844 and 1861.
In recent years, much of Notre-
Dame’s original stonework has
started to crumble. This, experts ex-
plain, is due to acid rain. Recently,
another major restoration project be-
gan. Much of the roof was covered
in scaffolding. A few days before the
fire, a helicopter airlifted 16 copper
statues from the roof. They were
taken away for restoration. If this
had not been done, the fire would
have destroyed them. An investiga-
tion as to how the blaze started has
begun. The cause may be connected
to the current restoration work.
Emmanuel Macron is the
president of France. He visited
Notre-Dame just before the final
flames had been extinguished. The
Notre-Dame’s north rose window, it survived the fire.
following evening, he spoke on live
television. The president described
the fire as a tragedy. Notre-Dame,
he said, would be rebuilt and it
would be ‘more beautiful’ than be-
fore. Paris is due to host the Olym-
pic Games in 2024. Mr Macron said
that he wanted the cathedral to be
fully reconstructed before the games
start. Many people expect the work
to take far longer.
Soon after the fire, some of
France’s most wealthy businessmen
agreed to donate large amounts of
money. It will be used to pay for the
rebuilding work. Thousands of oth-
ers agreed to give small amounts.
Within a few days, the amount do-
nated had exceeded €800 million
(£690 million).
Lord Clark (1903 – 1983) was
a British art historian, museum di-
rector, and broadcaster. In the late
1960s, he produced a famous tel-
evision documentary series. Called
‘Civilisation’, it is about the his-
tory of European art, architecture
and philosophy. At the beginning
of the first programme, Lord Clark
is standing in front of Notre-Dame.
Speaking to the camera he asks
‘What is civilisation?’ He then says,
‘I don’t know, I cannot define it.
But I think I can recognise it when I
see it’. Then, turning to face Notre-
Dame, he adds, ‘And I’m looking at
it now’.  
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 3
Deepest fish
Five years ago, marine scientists
were exploring the Mariana Trench
in the Pacific Ocean. Their under-
water ROV (remote operating vehi-
cle) filmed some unusual fish. They
were at a depth of 8,145 metres
(26,700 feet). The tadpole-shaped
fish are a type of snailfish. They are
the world’s deepest known fish.
Recently, researchers from China
caught some Mariana snailfish.
Their ROV captured them 7,000 me-
tres (23,000 feet) below the surface.
For the first time, the researchers
have completed a study of the unu-
sual creatures’ anatomy and genes.
The deep-sea fish, they say, have
evolved in certain ways. This ex-
plains how they withstand the enor-
mous pressures at this depth.
Mariana snailfish (University of Aberdeen)
The Mariana Trench is in the
western part of the Pacific Ocean. It is
close to the island of Guam. The deep-
est part is called Challenger Deep.
Here, the seabed is 11 kilometres (6.8
miles) below the surface. This depth
is roughly the same distance beneath
sea level as the height at which pas-
senger aircraft fly above the ground.
Mount Everest is the world’s highest
mountain. If it were put at the bottom
of Challenger Deep, the mountain’s
top, or summit, would be 1.6 kilome-
tres (one mile) under water.
The pressure at the bottom of
the Mariana Trench is 1,000 times
greater than at the sea’s surface.
If a person stood at the bottom of
the trench, they would be instantly
crushed. What’s more, water tem-
peratures at this depth are very cold.
Below 200 metres (656 feet), there
is no light. Fish and other marine
creatures that exist at these extreme
depths live in total darkness.
Scientists divide the ocean depths
into five layers, or zones. Different
types of marine creatures live in each
of them. The uppermost layer, or one
closest to the surface, is called the
Epipelagic zone (or sunlight zone).
Down to a depth of 200 metres (660
feet), it is where the most marine ac-
tivity takes place. The deepest ocean
layer is known as the Hadapelagic,
or Hadal, zone. The Mariana Trench
is within this layer. It is named after
Hades. In Ancient Greece, he was
the god of the dead and king of the
underworld, or hell.
There are several deepwater
snailfish species. They have jelly-
like skin and no scales. The deep-
sea creatures feed on small crus-
taceans and bodies of dead fish,
which sink to the bottom of the
sea. The Mariana snailfish caught
by the Chinese researchers are
pink, slimy and about 30 centi-
metres (one foot) long. They have
small sightless eyes, big heads and
eel-like tails. As they are blind, the
snailfish did not react to the bright
lights of the researchers’ ROV.
The snailfish were dissected, or
cut open. The researchers discov-
ered that their skulls contain gaps.
These are probably needed to offset
the water pressure. If they had a
complete hard bony, or ‘fused’, skull
like most fish, it would be crushed.
For the same reason, the snail-
fishes’ bones are softer. They are
made mainly of cartilage. In many
vertebrates (or creatures with back-
bones), cartilage is a ‘connecting
JAPAN
PACIFIC
CHINA OCEAN
Tre n c h
Guam
na
PHILIPPINES ia
M ar
Challenger
Deep
INDONESIA
PAPUA/
NEW GUINEA
AUSTRALIA
tissue’. It is usually found in joints
between bones.
The Mariana snailfish’s scien-
tific name is Pseudoliparis swirei.
The Pseudoliparis part of the name
is its genus. Therefore, all deep-sea
snailfish have this name. The sec-
ond part of the name is the species.
The Mariana snailfish’s ‘swirei’
comes from a British navy officer
called Herbert Swire.
Around 150 years ago, a Brit-
ish navy ship called HMS Chal-
lenger sailed around the world.
Several scientists were on board.
The Challenger’s voyage was
the first global marine scientific
expedition. It made a number of
discoveries. One was the deepest
part of the Mariana Trench. Chal-
lenger Deep was named after the
ship. Swire wrote a book about
the expedition called The Voyage
of the Challenger.  
Comedian president
Ukraine’s presidential elections are
held every five years. The most re-
cent took place on 21st April. The
result surprised people in many other
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 4
countries. Volodymyr Zelensky won
easily. Aged 41, he has never been
a politician before. Mr Zelensky is
best known as a comedian and televi-
sion actor. He stars in a popular tel-
evision comedy called Servant of the
People. The political satire is about a
schoolteacher who, unexpectedly, is
elected as Ukraine’s president.
For many years, Ukraine was
part of the Russian-led Soviet Un-
ion. It became an independent coun-
try in 1991. Many ethnic Russians
live in the east of the country. Most
of them use Russian and not Ukrain-
ian as their first language.
Problems began in Ukraine at the
end of 2013. Then, Viktor Yanuko-
vych was the country’s president. He
came from the Russian-speaking part
of Ukraine. Mr Yanukovych decided
not to sign a trade agreement with
the European Union (EU). Mr Yanu-
kovych announced that a trade deal
would be made with Russia instead.
These decisions led to large demon-
strations in Kiev, the capital city.
Ukraine seemed to be divided.
Roughly, those who lived in the
west wanted Ukraine to work close-
ly with the EU. Many Ukrainian
people in the east thought that it was
more important to increase trade
with Russia. Most protesters in Kiev
were pro-EU and anti-Russian.
Areas which did not take part
in Ukraine’s election
RUSSIA
Kiev
UKRAINE
Black Crimea
Sea
Due to the demonstrations, Mr
Yanukovych left the country. He fled
to Russia. The protesters then set up a
temporary, or interim, government.
They announced that new elections
would be arranged for the country’s
parliament and a new president.
Leaders of the USAand the EU offered
to support the interim government.
Many Russian-speaking Ukrain-
ians were unhappy about these
events. Mr Yanukovych was demo-
cratically elected. It was wrong, they
argued, to depose an elected leader
in this way. Vladimir Putin, the pres-
ident of Russia, said that Ukraine’s
new temporary government was
unlawful. He declared that Russia
was prepared to protect all Russian-
speaking people in Ukraine.
Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukraine’s new president
(Ukrinform TV)
Pro-Russian groups in a part of
Ukraine called Crimea organised a
referendum. Crimea had been part
of Russia long ago. People could
vote if they wanted Crimea to belong
to Ukraine or to Russia. Over 90%
chose Russia. In 2014, Mr Putin
agreed that Russia would annex, or
take over, Crimea. Ukraine’s interim
government was unable to prevent
this from happening. The Russian
takeover angered the leaders of many
other countries such as the USA, the
UK, Germany, and France.
After Russia’s annexation of
Crimea, armed groups began to take
over government buildings in the
east of Ukraine. Ukrainian soldiers
were sent to stop them. Ukraine then
held a presidential election. Petro
Poroshenko won. He had been part
of the Ukrainian government before.
Mr Poroshenko speaks Ukrainian,
Russian and English.
As well as a politician, Mr Po-
roshenko is a successful and wealthy
businessman. One company he
owns makes sweets and chocolate.
Some Ukrainians jokingly call him
‘The Chocolate King’.
After he became president, Mr
Poroshenko, with help from Mr Pu-
tin, organised a ceasefire in eastern
Ukraine. Five years later, it contin-
ues. However, occasionally, some
minor fighting still occurs.
In Ukraine, a person must get
over 50% of the votes to win a
presidential election. If nobody
does, a second, or run-off, vote is
held. The two candidates who got
most votes in the first round con-
test the run-off. This is what hap-
pened in the recent election. The
first vote was held on 31st March.
There were 39 candidates. Mr
Zelensky came top with 30% of the
votes. Mr Poroshenko was second
with 16%. In the second round, or
run-off election, Mr Zelensky won
easily with 73%. When a politician
wins an election by a wide margin,
it’s called a ‘landslide’.
News reporters from other coun-
tries found it difficult to explain Mr
Zelensky’s landslide victory. Many
Ukrainians have been disappointed
by Mr Poroshenko’s presidency.
They complain that pledges Mr Po-
roshenko made before he won five
years ago were not kept. Unemploy-
ment in Ukraine remains high. Food
and fuel prices have gone up. Many
Ukrainians have a poor, or low,
standard of living. Mr Poroshenko
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 5
also failed to reduce government
corruption, or dishonesty.
Politically, Mr Zelensky is un-
known. Many younger people voted
for him. Mr Zelensky is yet to an-
nounce any policies or even set up
a political party. How he plans to
speak with Russia will be important.
Mr Zelensky has said that he would
like Ukraine to join the EU. Yet, the
Ukrainian people, he added, must
make this decision. The ‘unexpect-
ed’ president will officially succeed
Mr Poroshenko before 3rd June.   
Elgin Marbles request
Prokopis Pavlopoulos is the presi-
dent of Greece. On 15th April,
he made a speech at a museum in
Athens, the country’s capital city.
Called the Acropolis Museum, it
opened ten years ago. The museum
is a modern building. Most of its
walls are made of glass. During his
speech, the Greek president asked
the British Museum, in the UK, to
return the Parthenon Marbles.
An acropolis is an ancient cita-
del. These fortified buildings or
complexes were usually on high
ground. Therefore, a citadel would
The Elgin, or Parthenon, Marbles in the British Museum (Andrew Dunn)
Parthenon
Central Athens, including the Acropolis, Parthenon and the Acropolis Museum (Mike451)
dominate the surrounding area. In
Ancient Greek, the word ‘acropo-
lis’ means ‘upper city’. Many cities
built by the Ancient Greeks had an
acropolis. The Acropolis of Athens
is the best known. (Most people call
it ‘the Acropolis’.) This large hill, or
rock outcrop, is near the centre of
modern-day Athens.
The Acropolis is famous for the ru-
ins of its ancient temples. These stone
buildings were constructed around
2,600 years ago. The Parthenon is
the Acropolis’ largest temple. This
building was dedicated to Athena.
She was the Ancient Greek goddess
of: wisdom, courage, law, mathemat-
ics, strength, skill, and victory in war.
Acropolis
Museum
The Parthenon stands on a large
stone platform. It has many col-
umns, or pillars. These are known
as Doric columns. The pillars have
carved vertical concave grooves.
They go from the top to the bottom
of the columns. At each end of the
rectangular-shaped building, on top
of the columns, are triangular stone
pediments, or gables. Today, the
Parthenon and the Acropolis’ other
buildings are ruins.
Around 200 years ago, several
European architects began to copy
parts of the Parthenon’s design. This
is why many large old stone build-
ings and monuments in European
cities have Doric columns and pedi-
ments. This building style, or archi-
tectural design, is known as Greek
Revival architecture. The Parthenon
had a panel, or long line, of sculpted
images. Carved from white marble,
they decorated the pediments and
the upper parts of the building on
each of its four sides. Marble is a
type of hard stone. These sculptures
are known as the Parthenon Marbles.
In the early 1800s, Greece was a
part of the Ottoman Empire. It was
centred on present-day Turkey. Ot-
toman soldiers used the Acropolis
as a military fort. At that time, the
British ambassador to the Ottoman
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 6
Empire was a man called Lord El-
gin. He removed most of the Par-
thenon’s remaining marbles. Lord
Elgin claimed that the Ottoman
authorities gave him permission to
do this. Some people dispute this.
However, many believe that Lord
Elgin wanted to save the marbles
from being stolen or broken up.
Lord Elgin shipped the sculptures
back to the UK. Later, the British
Museum in London, the UK’s capital
city, agreed to buy them from Lord
Elgin. Also known as the Elgin Mar-
bles, they were first displayed in the
British Museum about 200 years ago.
The Parthenon, in Athens (Martin Nemo)
Modern-day Greece became
an independent country in 1832.
Since then, its leaders have fre-
quently asked the British Museum
to return the Parthenon Marbles. So
far, it has always refused. In the past,
British Museum officials said that
there was nowhere in Greece where
the marbles could be kept safely. In
more recent times, they also claimed
that the bad air pollution in Athens
would damage the sculptures.
The new Acropolis Museum re-
placed an older building. It was con-
structed to display ancient items, or
artefacts, from the Acropolis. The
museum includes spaces for the
‘missing’ Parthenon Marbles. Many
people think that the British Mu-
seum’s arguments for keeping the
carvings are now invalid.
Currently, the Acropolis Mu-
seum exhibits copies, or replicas,
of the Elgin Marbles. In the British began to be made from plastic after
Museum, the ‘real’ sculptures are the end of the Second World War
displayed in a long corridor-like in 1945.
room. Windowless, it is illuminated In today’s world, many things
with electric lights. Most of the new are made of plastic. It is used for
Acropolis Museum’s rooms are numerous types of packaging and
light and spacious. containers. As they are inexpensive,
During his speech, Mr Pavlo- plastic items are often thrown away
poulos declared that the Parthe- after use. Plastic is made from oil.
non Marbles should be freed from It is not ‘environmentally friendly’.
their ‘murky’ (or dark) prison in Unlike organic material, plastic does
the British Museum. He asked not break down in the soil and rot.
British Museum officials to visit If it was not recycled, every plastic
the Acropolis Museum. Then, Mr item ever made still exists.
Pavlopoulos added, they would un- Nowadays, about 335 million
derstand why the building was the tonnes of plastic are made every
best place to display the famous year. Around eight million tonnes
sculptures.   are ‘dumped’ into the seas and
oceans every 12 months. Plas-
tic makes up at least 10% of all
Airborne plastic waste produced by humans. Much
of this waste is plastic bottles and
The Pyrenees Mountains form a bags. In landfill sites, plastic bags
natural border between France take between 100 and 400 years
and Spain. Few people live on the to degrade.
mountain range’s upper slopes
and its higher valleys. French re- Bay of
searchers recently carried out a Biscay FRANCE
‘plastic pollution’ survey, or study,
in the mountains. They chose a Toulouse
remote area on France’s side of The
Pyre
the border. nees
SPAIN
The result of the five-month study
was a surprise. It shows that around
Mediterranean
350 very tiny pieces of plastic fell Sea
on each square metre of the ground
every day. The higher areas of the
Pyrenees Mountains were thought Satellite image of the Pyrenees Mountains (NASA)
to be pristine, or plastic-pollution Floating plastic items slowly
free. These minuscule pieces of break up into smaller and smaller
plastic are known as microplastics. pieces. These tiny bits of plastic
They can be carried by the wind. can harm fish, seabirds, and marine
The name plastic comes from the mammals. Thinking that it’s food,
Greek plastikos and the Latin plas- fish and seabirds will eat small pieces
ticus. Both words mean ‘able to be of plastic. They cannot digest them.
moulded’. There are many types of If too many get into their stomachs,
plastic. The first plastic-like materi- the bits of plastic kill them. Pieces
als were created between the 1850s of plastic have been found in fish
and the 1920s. Everyday items that live ten kilometres (6.2 miles)
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 7
Magnified microplastic fibre (Deonie Allen)
below the ocean’s surface. Recently,
two dead whales, with over 20 kilo-
grams (44 pounds) of plastic in their
stomachs, have been found. They
washed up on beaches in the Philip-
pines and Italy.
Most people in the world now
know about the plastic pollution
problem. In many countries, plastic
bottles are now recycled. Plastic bag
use has been reduced and plastic lit-
ter cleaned up. Methods of gather-
ing plastic rubbish, which floats in
the seas and oceans, are being tested.
These plastic problems are visible, or
can be seen. However, few people are
aware of ‘invisible’ plastic pollution.
The microplastics, or very
tiny plastic fibres, the researchers
found in the Pyrenees Mountains
are between 10 and 150 microme-
tres across. A micrometre (sym-
bol μm) is one-thousandth of a
millimetre, or 0.001 millimetres
(0.000039 inches). As a compari-
son, a human hair is about 70
micrometres wide.
These tiny plastic fibres come
from many different plastic ma-
terials. Clothing is one example.
Most of the plastic fibres found in
the Pyrenees were polystyrene and
polyethylene. These types of plas-
tics are used for plastic bags and
single-use packaging. The research-
ers say that recording a lot of micro-
plastic fibres in the ground around
cities is not unusual. Yet, finding
this amount in a remote mountain
area was unexpected.
The Pyrenees study shows that
airborne, or wind-blown, microplas-
tics can travel for long distances.
The researchers are not sure where
the plastic fibres came from. The
closest village is six kilometres (3.7
miles) from the survey site. Tou-
louse, the nearest large French city,
is 120 kilometres (75 miles) away.
The tiny plastic fibres may travel
much farther than this.
The researchers say that trying
to clean up airborne microplastics
would be impossible. The only
long-term solution, they suggest, is
to produce less plastic.  
Crusader DNA
Sidon is a city in Lebanon. On the
coast, Sidon was an important port
in ancient times. Researchers dis-
covered an old burial pit close to the
city. It contains the skeletons of 25
men. They were killed in a battle in
Sidon about 800 years ago. The men
were Crusaders.
Scientists from the UK have man-
aged to extract DNA from nine of the
Crusader burial pit discovered at Sidon, in Lebanon (Claude Doumet-Serhal)
skeletons. It suggests that Crusader
armies may have been more diverse
than previously thought. The DNA
results also reveal that the Crusad-
ers’ ‘genetic influence’ on people
living in this part of the world today
was insignificant, or very small.
In the past, what is now the
modern state of Israel was called
the ‘Holy Land’. It includes Jerusa-
lem, one of the world’s oldest cities.
Jerusalem is an important site for
the Jewish, Christian and Islamic
faiths. All three are monotheistic
faiths, or religions with a single
God. They are also known as Abra-
hamic faiths. Abraham is thought to
have lived about 4,000 years ago.
In Jewish, Christian and Islamic
religious texts, he is an important
historical figure.
For many years, the Holy Land
was part of the Roman Empire. Arab
armies captured it around 1,400
years ago. At that time, many Chris-
tians from Europe went on pilgrim-
ages to Jerusalem (or the Holy City).
The Arabs allowed them to do this.
In 1070, the Seljuk Turks took con-
trol of the Holy Land. They barred
Christians from visiting Jerusalem.
Like the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks
were Muslims. At its most powerful,
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 8
their empire included much of mod-
ern-day Turkey, the Middle East and
parts of Central Asia.
The Crusades were a series of
European military expeditions to
the Holy Land. Their purpose was to
‘recapture’ Jerusalem and the Holy
Land from the Seljuk Turks. There
were several Crusades, or expedi-
tions. The first began in 1095. The
last took place about 200 years later.
Leaders of wealthy Christian
land-owning families in Europe
organised the Crusades. Most of
these families lived in France, Eng-
land and what are now Germany,
the Netherlands and Italy. Then, all
Christians were Roman Catholics.
The pope, or the leader of the Ro-
man Catholics, and other church
leaders encouraged men to become
Crusaders. Anyone, they claimed,
who joined a Crusade would go to
heaven when they died.
The First Crusade was success-
ful. This Crusader army captured
Jerusalem in 1099. During the fight-
ing, Jews living in the city fought
alongside the Muslims against the
Christian invaders. After captur-
ing Jerusalem, the Crusade’s lead-
ers set up four Holy Land ‘states’.
One was called the Kingdom
of Jerusalem.
Saladin (1137 – 1193) was a
famous military leader and the
Krak des Chevaliers, Crusader castle, in Syria (Ergo)
first sultan of Egypt and Syria. His
Muslim forces defeated the Cru-
sader army. Saladin recaptured Je-
rusalem in 1187. Another Crusade
was then organised. Its leader was
England’s king, Richard the First
(1157 – 1199). Even though he led
his army to several victories, Rich-
ard failed to recapture Jerusalem.
Later Crusades were organised, yet
none were successful. Some failed
to get to the Holy Land. During
the Crusades, many terrible things
happened. Both sides often mur-
dered the prisoners that they took.
Thousands of men who joined
the Crusades died of ill health
and disease.
The Crusaders ruled the Holy
Land for 88 years. They built large
European-style stone castles at
strategic sites. Most are now in ru-
ins, but several have been restored.
The best known is called Krak des
Chevaliers. In present-day Syria,
it is close to the country’s border
with Lebanon. The Crusader castle
at Sidon was built on a small island
near the coast. Known as the Sidon
Sea Castle, it was built in 1228.
The DNA from the nine Crusad-
ers’ skeletons show that only three
came from Europe. Four others
were from the Near East (or Turkey,
the Middle East and Egypt). The
other two had mixed ancestors. In
the past, Lebanon was within the
Roman Empire. The scientists say
that the DNA of people who lived
in this part of the world in Roman
times is very similar to the DNA of
today’s Lebanese. Therefore, Euro-
pean (or Crusader) ‘genetic mark-
ers’ are not present in Lebanon’s
modern day population.  
Kafka papers
Literary people believe that Franz
Kafka is one of the most influential
authors of the 20th century. A court
in Switzerland recently made a rul-
ing about some of his handwritten
papers, notes, diaries, and manu-
scripts. For many years, they have
been locked in a Swiss bank vault.
The court ordered that the vault be
opened and the ‘Kafka papers’ sent
to Israel’s national library.
Franz Kafka was born in 1883.
His family lived in Prague. Then,
this city was within the Austro-Hun-
garian Empire. Today, it is the Czech
Republic’s capital. Kafka’s family
were Jewish. His parents probably
spoke Yiddish. At that time, the
many Jewish families who lived in
Eastern Europe spoke this language.
However, as a young student, Kafka
was encouraged to speak and write
in German. Then, in this part of the
world, German speakers were likely
to get better-paid work and improve
their social standing.
Kafka studied law at university. At
the same time, he began to write short
stories. Kafka became friends with
other lawyers and writers, includ-
ing a man named Max Brod. After
finishing his studies, Kafka worked
for several insurance companies. He
spent much of his free time writing.
Kafka suffered from poor health.
He died from TB (or tuberculosis)
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 9
in 1924. This disease affects the lungs.
Kafka was 40 years old. He was en-
gaged, but never married.
Only a few of Kafka’s stories
were published during his short life-
time. Most of his works, or books,
are surreal. One of Kafka’s best
known is called Metamorphosis.
This story is about a man named
Gregor Samsa. To support his fam-
ily, he works long hours for a com-
pany. His job is boring. One morn-
ing, Gregor awakes to discover that
he has turned into a large insect. The
insect, many readers believe, repre-
sents his boring office life and how
the company’s bosses treat him.
Knowing that he was likely to
die, Kafka asked his friend Max
Brod to burn his papers. Brod
was also a writer. He too was
Jewish. Kafka’s papers included
everything that he had written.
Brod ignored his friend’s instruc-
tions. Later, he claimed that Kaf-
ka always knew that he wouldn’t
destroy his papers. Brod insisted
that Kafka had really wanted him
to publish his work.
Amongst Kafka’s papers, Brod
found the manuscripts for three
Franz Kafka aged 23 (Sigismund Jacobi)
Franz’s Kafka’s family grave in Prague, in the
Czech Republic
novels. Called The Trial, The Castle
and Amerika, they were unfinished.
Brod worked to complete them.
Eventually, he arranged for the
novels, together with several other
short stories, to be published. These
books became very popular. Before
his death, Kafka was a little-known
writer of short stories. His fame
grew after he had died.
In 1939, just before the start of
the Second World War, Brod and his
wife fled from Prague to Tel Aviv.
By then, the city had become the
capital of a country called Czecho-
slovakia. German Nazi Party sup-
porters had begun persecuting Jew-
ish people. When Brod and his wife
arrived, Tel Aviv was in Palestine.
In 1948, it became part of a new
state, or country, called Israel. Brod
gave some of Kafka’s papers to the
Bodleian Library, in the UK. It is
Oxford University’s main research
library. Brod kept the papers that
Kafka had directly given to him.
Just before he died in 1968, Brod
gave the papers to Esther Hoffe. She
worked as his secretary. Brod told
her to give the papers to a Bodleian
Library-like institution in Israel
(such as Israel’s national library).
Yet Hoffe never did this. She sold
some of them. Kafka’s original hand-
written manuscript of The Trial was
auctioned in 1988. It sold for over £1
million (US$1.3 million). Hoffe kept
some of the Kafka papers at her home
in Tel Aviv. She arranged for others to
be locked inside a Swiss bank vault.
After Hoffe’s death, in 2007,
her granddaughters insisted that
they owned Kafka’s papers. Isra-
el’s national library disputed their
claim. After a long legal battle, an
Israeli court ruled that the grand-
daughters were not the legal own-
ers. The papers, it said, must be
handed to Israel’s national library.
A Swiss court has now agreed with
the Israeli court’s decision. Literary
scholars suspect that the ‘Switzer-
land papers’ include the endings of
some of Kafka’s unfinished works.
The modern-day word ‘Kaf-
kaesque’ comes from Kafka’s
books. An adjective, it describes
something that becomes very com-
plex and ‘unreal’ due to far too much
bureaucracy. Some people have de-
scribed the legal proceedings about
the ownership of Kafka’s papers as
Kafkaesque.  
Agent Orange clean-up
USAID (the United States Agency
for International Development) is a
part of the American government. It
provides aid and assistance to other
less wealthy countries. On 20th
April, USAID officials began a new
project. Its launch was announced at
the Bien Hoa Air Base, in Vietnam.
Today, the Bien Hoa Air Base is
used by Vietnam’s air force. During
the Vietnam War, it was an Ameri-
can air base. Then, for several years,
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 10
Aircraft spraying Agent Orange in Vietnam (National Museum of the U.S. Air Force)
as the Viet Minh. During the Second
World War, the Viet Minh attacked
the Japanese forces. In 1945, Japan
surrendered to the USA. Soon after-
wards, the Viet Minh declared that
Vietnam was now an independent
communist country.
France’s leaders were unhappy.
They insisted that Vietnam was
still a French colony. Fighting
broke out between French and Viet
Minh forces in northern Vietnam.
In 1954, the Viet Minh managed
to surround thousands of French
troops at a place called Dien Bien
Phu. Eventually, the French were
forced to surrender. After several
more defeats, the French agreed to
leave Vietnam. Peace talks divided
Agent Orange storage drum the country into the (communist)
it was the main storage site for a Democratic Republic of Vietnam
chemical called Agent Orange. Pro- (or North Vietnam) and the (demo-
duced by an American company, cratic) Republic of Vietnam (or
this chemical was a defoliant, or South Vietnam).
herbicide. It was designed to kill North Vietnam wanted to reunite
plants (including food crops) and the country. This was at the time of
make the leaves fall off trees. the Cold War. It was not a real war.
In the past, Vietnam was one of The name is used to describe the pe-
France’s colonies. Japan occupied riod when the USA and the commu-
the country for most of the Second nist Russian-led Soviet Union were
World War (1939 – 1945). Then, enemies. By the 1960s, the USA
several future Vietnamese leaders was worried about South Vietnam.
set up a new communist party in America’s leaders feared that com-
northern Vietnam. It became known munism in South East Asia would
spread if North Vietnam took over
South Vietnam.
The USA began to send more
and more troops to South Vietnam
to help its army. This was the start
of the Vietnam War. Most fighting
was in South Vietnam. Here, the
South Vietnamese army and the
USA fought against Viet Minh guer-
rillas, or rebel forces, known as the
Viet Cong. The Viet Cong included
North Vietnamese soldiers and men
and women from South Vietnam
who supported the North.
Other communist countries, such
as Russia and China, gave weapons
to the Viet Cong. American soldiers
fought with the South Vietnamese
army against the Viet Cong from
1964 to 1973. During the conflict,
the American air force bombed Ha-
noi and many other towns and cities
in North Vietnam. Today, Hanoi is
Vietnam’s capital.
American soldiers withdrew
from South Vietnam in 1973. This
was after a peace agreement had
been signed. Yet the war didn’t fi-
nally end until North Vietnam in-
vaded the South in 1975. The North
then took control of the whole
country. Over one million Vietnam-
ese people (soldiers and civilians)
died during the conflict. Nearly
60,000 Americans were killed in
the fighting.
During the Vietnam War, Ameri-
can forces often found it difficult to
work out where the Viet Cong were.
They hid in the jungles and forests.
To counter the Viet Cong, American
commanders used Agent Orange.
Military aircraft and helicopters
sprayed the chemical mixture over
jungle areas and some farmland. By
killing the vegetation, the Ameri-
cans hoped to make it difficult for
the Viet Cong to move around the
country unseen.
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 11

Between 1961 and 1971, 80 mil-

lion litres (21 million gallons) of
Agent Orange was sprayed over
South Vietnam. After the Americans
left, it was discovered that toxins in
the herbicide could affect people’s
health. Around 150,000 Vietnam-
ese children whose mothers were
exposed to Agent Orange were born
with mental problems and deformi-
ties. Today, Agent Orange is blamed
for the high numbers of people in Coelacanth (Citron)
parts of Vietnam with certain medi-
cal problems such as cancer.
The Bien Hoa Air Base was the
main storage area for Agent Or-
ange. The toxins still exist in the
surrounding soil. One method of
decontamination is to dig up the
soil and then heat it to very high
temperatures. USAID will pay for
the clean-up operation. The cost
is expected to be US$183 million Coelacanth fossil (Alex Giltjes)
(£141 million). unusual brain cavity. Split in half, expert ichthyologist, or scientist
Work on decontaminating an- it is divided by a moveable joint. who studies fish. A few months
other former American Vietnam air Also, the coelacanth’s brain is sur- later, he confirmed that it was a coe-
base at Danang was completed last prisingly small. It takes up only one lacanth, or a living fossil.
year. This project took six years. percent of the fish’s skull, or brain Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
The contamination at Bien Hoa is cavity. The remainder is filled with was the first person to use the phrase
believed to be four times worse than a type of fat. ‘living fossil’. He was a naturalist
at Danang.   In the past, several 400 million- from the UK. Darwin was the first
year-old coelacanth fossils were person to write a book about evolu-
found. Therefore, the fish was swim- tion. He used the name ‘living fos-
Living fossil study ming in the world’s oceans before sil’ to describe animals or plants that
dinosaurs walked on the land. The had not changed over millions of
The coelacanth (pronounced seel- prehistoric fish, scientists thought, years. He believed that this was be-
uh-kanth) is a rare and unusual fish. died out around the same time as the cause the place, or surroundings, in
There are two known species. One dinosaurs, or 66 million years ago. which they lived, had not altered. As
lives close to parts of Africa’s south- In 1938, a fishing boat from nothing had changed, Darwin said,
ern and eastern coasts. The other is South Africa caught a strange look- there was no need for living fossils
found around a few of Indonesia’s ing fish. The curator of a local to evolve to survive.
many islands. Apart from their col- museum knew the ship’s captain. In 1997, while on honeymoon, a
our, the two species are very similar. She collected the fish. About 1.2 scientist and his wife were visiting
The coelacanth that lives near Af- metres (five feet) long, it had four an island in Indonesia. The scientist
rica is a bluish colour. The other one limb-like fins and an unusual tail. saw an unusual fish for sale in a local
is light brown. The fish, which was metallic-blue market. He thought that it was a coe-
Researchers from the UK and with white flecks, was covered in lacanth. Yet the colour was wrong.
Australia have been studying the hard scales. The curator did not It was brown and not blue. The sci-
coelacanth’s skull. The fish have an know what it was. She contacted an entist photographed the fish before
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 12
it was sold. Local people called the
fish a ‘raja laut’ (king of the sea).
The scientist returned to the is-
land a few months later. He spoke
with local fishermen. The scientist
asked them to tell him when they
caught another ‘king of the sea’.
One fisherman contacted him the
following year. The scientist re-
turned to the island to collect the
specimen. It was 1.2 metres (four
feet) long. Soon afterwards, tests
confirmed that it was a second coe-
lacanth species.
Not much is known about these
rare fish. During the day, they seem
to prefer to rest in underwater caves.
At night, the fish swim to shallower
coastal waters. There, they feed
on smaller fish as well as squid. In
1975, it was discovered that, like
sharks, coelacanths give birth to live
young. This is unusual for fish. Due
to its hinged skull, the coelacanth’s
snout can swing upwards. This
means that the fish can take a much
wider-than-expected bite.
Coelacanths have an oil-filled
tube instead of a backbone. Scien-
tists call these tubes notochords. The
notochord is attached to the base of
the brain. In most other vertebrates
(or creatures with a backbone),
an embryo has a notochord. Yet,
bones, or vertebrae, replace it, as the
embryo develops.
The British and Australian re-
searchers discovered that, as the
coelacanth grows, its notochord
expands. It eventually becomes far
bigger than the fish’s brain. As they
evolved over hundreds of thousands
of years, the hinge in other fish
species’ brain cavities disappeared.
However, the coelacanth never
‘lost’ its notochord. Its size, the
researchers explain, has prevented
the fish’s brain cavity from ever
becoming a sold entity, or unit.  
Titan’s ‘phantom’ lakes
Cassini was launched 22 years
ago. At first, the spacecraft was
called Cassini-Huygens. NASA
and the European Space Agency
(ESA) organised the mission. Cas-
sini-Huygens was named after two
astronomers. Both studied the stars
and planets around 320 years ago.
Cassini was French. Huygens came
from the Netherlands. He discov-
ered Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, or
natural satellite.
In 2005, the part of the space-
craft called Huygens landed on
Titan. Cassini continued to or-
bit Saturn for 20 years. It flew
past Titan several times. During
this time, Cassini collected large
amounts of data, or information,
about Saturn, its famous rings
and Titan. The spacecraft ran out
of fuel two years ago. NASA sci-
entists steered it towards Saturn.
After flying through a gap in the
planet’s rings, Cassini vaporised
in Saturn’s upper atmosphere.
As Cassini gathered so much
data, space scientists are still re-
searching it. Some who work at
an American university have been
False-colour composite image of some of Titan’s smaller north polar region methane lakes (NASA)
studying the information collected
during Cassini’s Titan fly-bys.
Recently, they reported that the
data recorded several phantom,
or ghost, lakes. On one Titan fly-
by in 2006, the three lakes were
there. Yet, seven years later, on
another fly past, they had gone.
Titan is the largest of Saturn’s
62 moons. It is the second big-
gest moon in the Solar System.
(The largest is Ganymede, one
of Jupiter’s many natural satel-
lites.) Titan is about one and a
half times the size of the Earth’s
Moon. In Ancient Greek mythol-
ogy, the Titans were gods, or
deities. They were giants with
incredible strength.
False colour image of Titan, recorded by the
Cassini spacecraft (NASA)
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 13
The Earth and Titan have some
similarities. They are the only two
bodies in the Solar System that
have liquids on the surface. Titan
has lakes and seas. On the Earth
the liquid is water. Titan’s lakes and
seas are two liquid hydrocarbons:
methane and ethane. On the Earth,
they are gases, which can catch fire
easily. Methane and ethane are liq-
uids on Titan because it is so cold.
The moon’s surface temperature is
around -180ºC (-292ºF). Water also
exists on Titan, but it is deep frozen
and hard as rock.
Like the Earth’s ‘water cycle’
Titan has a ‘methane cycle’. On
the Earth, water falls as rain. The
rain seeps into the ground and col-
lects in ponds and lakes. It flows
in streams and rivers to the seas
and oceans. The Sun’s heat evapo-
rates some of the water. In the at-
mosphere, water vapour becomes
Alaska
CANADA
USA
GUATEMALA
This map shows countries to which news stories refer in this issue. Visit www.newsademic.com for more detailed world maps.
clouds. The water then falls again.
On Titan, methane follows a simi-
lar process. The moon’s thick hazy
atmosphere is mostly nitrogen. Its
clouds are mainly made of methane
and ethane.
Most of Titan’s lakes are in the
moon’s north polar region. These
lakes contain liquid methane.
While three of the northern lakes
disappeared between Cassini’s fly-
bys, many others did not. The sci-
entists suspect that the phantom
lakes were very shallow. The oth-
ers are far deeper. The two fly-bys
took place at different times of Ti-
tan’s year. The one in 2006 was in
the middle of Titan’s winter. The
flypast seven years later, occurred
during the moon’s spring.
The scientists say that, as winter
became spring, the shallow lakes
may have evaporated. Another pos-
sibility is that their liquid methane
THE NETHERLANDS
CZECH REPUBLIC
SWITZERLAND
UK
UKRAINE
FRANCE
ITALY
TURKEY
CE
E
G RE
seeped into the ground. Areas
around the lakes look similar to
the karst, or limestone, landscapes
found on the Earth. Limestone is
a type of rock that is soluble in
water. Karst regions usually have
many aand sinkholes. These fea-
tures are created, over millions
of years, by water dissolving
the limestone.
No surface channels connecting
the lakes can be seen on Titan.
The scientists theorise that karst-
like underground rivers may con-
nect them. If so, this area of Titan
is also likely to have many caves.
The scientists do not know if the
phantom lakes will reappear. The
only way to find out would be to or-
ganise another space mission. This
would include a Titan orbiter. These
spacecraft, which continually circle
a planet or moon, make many repeat
observations. 
RUSSIA
NORTH
KOREA
LEBANON JAPAN
ISRAEL
INDIA
VIETNAM
Guam
PHILIPPINES
SRI
LANKA
INDONESIA
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 14
Feast of Saint George
People in many European countries
celebrate the Feast of Saint George
on 23rd April. This date is best
known as Saint George’s Day. It is
one of the Christian calendar’s many
feast days. This type of feast is not a
large meal. A feast day is one that is
dedicated to a saint. Usually, it is the
day on which the saint died.
Saint George was born in Lydda
around 1,700 years ago. This city,
which is now in Israel, is called Lod.
Saint George’s father was a Roman
army official. He was a Greek Chris-
tian from an area, or region, called
Cappadocia. This part of the world
is in modern-day Turkey. Saint
George’s mother was a Palestinian
Christian. As a young man, Saint
George became an officer in the Ro-
man army. Then, Diocletian was the
Roman emperor. Saint George was
one of his many guards.
Diocletian worshipped the Ro-
man gods. One day, the emperor
arranged for all Christian soldiers
in the Roman army to be arrested.
Some were told to make a sac-
rifice to the Roman gods. Saint
George refused. He declared that he
would always follow his Christian
faith. Diocletian then ordered Saint
George’s execution. Before he died,
The Cross of Saint George, or the English flag
Saint George gave all his money
to the poor. He was killed on 23rd
April 303 CE.
Saint George’s body was re-
turned to Lydda. Christians began
to visit his grave. They believed
he was a martyr who had died for
his faith. Later, a large church was
built in Lydda. It was dedicated to
Saint George. About 200 years af-
ter his death, the pope, or leader of
the Catholic Church, declared that
George was a saint.
In 1096, Crusaders from Eu-
rope arrived in Lydda. At that time,
Muslim leaders controlled the city
of Jerusalem and the surrounding
area. This was known as the Holy
Land. Wealthy Christian families
in Europe decided to work together
to capture the Holy Land. When the
Crusaders returned home, they took
stories about Saint George back
with them.
Saint George is probably best
known for killing a dragon. The
Crusaders may have invented this
legend. In the story, a dragon stops
people taking water from a spring.
To get the water, they must give the
dragon something to eat. After run-
ning out of sheep, young women,
or maidens, are given to the dragon.
Lots are drawn to choose which
maiden is to be next. One day, a
young princess is selected. As she
walks towards the dragon, Saint
George appears. Protecting himself
with the sign of the cross, Saint
George kills, or slays, the dragon.
Everyone in the city then decides
to become Christians. The story
has a ‘hidden’ meaning. The dragon
represents wickedness, or evil. The
princess is God’s holy truth, or the
Christian faith.
A patron saint is one chosen
to represent a particular group of
people or a nation. Many countries
A picture of Saint George killing the dragon from 1348
have Saint George as their patron
saint. They include: Bulgaria, Por-
tugal, Georgia, Malta, Ethiopia,
Serbia, and Lithuania. St George’s
Day is celebrated in many other
places. Canada, Genoa and Venice,
in Italy, Moscow, the capital of
Russia, Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil,
Catalonia, a region of Spain, and
Beirut, Lebanon’s capital city, are
all examples.
The UK is made up of England,
Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ire-
land. Each has its own patron saint
and flag. In 1327, the then king of
England selected Saint George as his
country’s patron saint. Saint George
is associated with a red cross on a
white background. Called the Cross
of Saint George, it is the English
flag.  

Nuclear fuel removal
Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO)
generates and distributes electricity
for a large area of Japan. On 15th
April, officials from the company
announced that they had begun re-
moving radioactive fuel rods from
a reactor. It is one of six nuclear
reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi
power plant.
In 2011, there was a powerful un-
dersea earthquake off Japan’s north
east coast. Earthquakes around the
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 15
world were first measured and re-
corded about 100 years ago. The one
close to Japan’s shoreline was mag-
nitude 9. It was the world’s fourth
most powerful earthquake and the
biggest ever recorded around Japan.
Its up-and-down and side-to-side
movement damaged or destroyed
buildings, roads and bridges.
However, the tsunami, or giant
wave, the earthquake ‘triggered’
caused the greatest destruction.
More than 18,000 people died in
the disaster. Most deaths were by
drowning. The tsunami obliterated
the coastal towns and villages that
were in its path.
Aerial view of Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant
before the earthquake and tsunami (Ministry of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)
Nowadays, nuclear power sta-
tions generate electricity in many
countries. Power plants that burn
fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal) release
additional carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. Nuclear power plants
do not do this. However, over time,
they do accumulate nuclear waste.
This can be difficult and expensive
to store.
The Fukushima Daiichi power
plant opened in 1971. Built next
to the shore, it used seawater to
keep its nuclear fuel cool. As soon
as the 2011 earthquake struck, the
power plant’s nuclear reactors
were automatically shut down.
Yet, their fuel rods still had to be
kept cool. The tsunami knocked
out the electric pumps. Three of
the power plant’s reactors over-
heated. An explosion occurred in
one of them. This released radio-
activity into the air.
More than 470,000 people living
within 20 kilometres (12 miles) of
the power plant had to be evacuated.
Due to the radioactivity, it is too dan-
gerous to enter the damaged reactor
buildings. TEPCO has been using
specially built robots. Controlled
remotely, they have filmed inside the
reactors. The robots have also moved
debris that the explosion created.
The Fukushima radiation leak
was history’s second worst nuclear
disaster. Chernobyl was the worst.
This nuclear plant is in Ukraine. In
1986, one of its reactors exploded.
At that time, Ukraine was part of
the Russian-led Soviet Union. After
the Chernobyl reactor explosion,
350,000 people had to be moved
from the surrounding area. They
have never returned.
Soon after the Chernobyl ex-
plosion, helicopters dropped sand
and lead onto the damaged re-
actor. It was quickly covered,
or entombed, in thick concrete.
Radioactivity still leaks from the
reactor. Today, there is a 30-kilo-
metre (19-mile) exclusion area,
or ‘no-go’ zone, around the dam-
aged power plant. A huge thick
steel shield has been constructed.
It completely covers the damaged
reactor. This shield is expected to
stop radiation leaking from the
site for the next 100 years.
People exposed to large
amounts of radiation die. Lesser
amounts cause cancers and other
serious long-term health problems.
Unlike Chernobyl, nobody died as
a direct result of the Fukushima
radiation leak.
TEPCO has just begun the pro-
cess of moving over 550 fuel rods
from a pool in the damaged reactor
to a pool in an undamaged one. The
start of this operation has been de-
layed by several years. In these types
of reactors, nuclear fuel rods are
kept submerged in pools, or tanks,
of water. They heat the water, which
creates steam, which turns a turbine,
which makes electricity. The water
also prevents radiation leaks.
Inspectors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant in 2014 (IAEA)
The pool in the damaged reactor
is not safe. This is why these fuel
rods must be moved. If another pow-
erful earthquake were to happen, the
water might drain away. This would
be very dangerous. Specially trained
workers have used robots to con-
struct a crane inside the damaged
reactor. It is operated from a control
room about 500 metres (0.3 miles)
away. The crane will place the fuel
rods, one at a time, inside a protec-
tive container. This operation has to
be done under water.
The removal of all the fuel rods
from this reactor is expected to take
two years. Once finished, work will
start on moving another 1,000 fuel
rods from the other two (less) dam-
aged reactors. The complex and
dangerous decommissioning pro-
cess, or clean-up operation, will
take many years to complete.  
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 16
Magnet heads
Guatemala is a small country in
Central America. An archaeological
site in the country is called Monte
Alto. Not far from the Pacific coast,
it is known for its large ancient
stone sculptures.
The Monte Alto sculptures are of
giant heads and human bodies. The
simple carvings were made from
large rounded boulders. Because of
the boulders’ shape, the bodies look
very fat. The sculptures are known
as ‘heads and potbellies’. The big-
gest ones are around two metres (6.7
feet) tall. The people who carved the
boulders are known as the Monte
Alto Culture.
Not much is known about the
Monte Alto people. It’s thought that
the heads and potbellies were made
at least 2,000 years ago. Therefore,
the Monte Alto Culture pre-dated
other well-known Central American
civilisations such as the Olmecs,
Maya and Aztecs.
Researchers from an American
university have recently completed
a study of the Monte Alto sculptures.
The boulders from which they were
made contain a lot of iron. Surpris-
ingly, the researchers confirmed that
the statues’ cheeks, foreheads and
navels are magnetised. They have a
magnetic attraction. The researchers
are sure that this is not a coincidence.
If not, the Monte Alto people must
have been aware of magnetism.
In ancient times, magnets were
believed to have special powers.
There is a legend about a shepherd
boy in Ancient Greece. It says that
he discovered ‘natural magnetism’
around 4,000 years ago. The shep-
herd’s name was Magnes. In the sto-
ry, he walks across a rock. The shep-
herd was surprised to discover that
nails in his shoes and the metal tip of
his staff, or stick, stuck to it. This type
of magnetic rock is called magnetite.
Pieces of magnetite will attract small
bits of iron. In ancient times, magnet-
ite was called lodestone.
The Vikings came from what are
now the kingdoms of Norway, Swe-
den and Denmark. Together, these
countries are known as Scandinavia.
As well as being warriors and raid-
ers, Vikings were skilled seafarers
and merchants. In Northern Europe,
the period between 700 and 1100 is
often called the Viking Age. Vikings
were also known as Norsemen, or
‘people from the north’.
Scandinavia has large amounts of
magnetite. The Vikings were using
a compass-like device at least 1,000
years ago. A small piece of lode-
stone in the device always pointed
to the north. This helped the Vikings
to navigate their ships over the open
oceans to distant lands. The Vikings
realised that their compass gave
them an advantage over their rivals.
Therefore, they kept their lodestone
devices secret.
The Chinese may have used
magnetite to create a compass
several hundred years before the
Vikings. They placed a splinter of
One of the stone heads from Monte Alto, in
Guatemala (Roger Fu)
A potbelly sculpture from Monte Alto, in Guatemala
lodestone on a piece of light wood,
which floated on water. It always
pointed to the north. Europeans who
visited China around 700 years ago
brought the magnetic compass back
with them. Soon, all ships’ captains
from European countries were us-
ing a type of lodestone compass.
A British scientist called Wil-
liam Gilbert (1544 – 1603) was the
first person to make a magnet. He
discovered that iron magnets lose
their ‘magnetic powers’ if heated.
Gilbert also realised that the Earth
was one huge magnet. Hans Chris-
tian Oersted (1777 – 1851) was a
scientist from Denmark. Two hun-
dred years after Gilbert, he discov-
ered the relationship between elec-
tricity and magnetism.
The American university re-
searchers used hand-held sensors to
detect the magnetism in the heads
and potbellies. They believe that
lightning strikes created the mag-
netism in the rocks. Somehow, the
Monte Alto people were able to
detect it. They cut out the boulders
from the rock so that it included the
areas with magnetic power.
The designs were carefully
planned. The boulders were carved
so that the magnetic areas were
beneath the cheeks, foreheads or
navels. Why, how and for what pur-
pose the Monte Alto Culture did this
is not known.  
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 17
Last female softshell dies
News reporters in China made a sad
announcement on 15th April. One
of the last known Yangtze giant soft-
shell turtles, they declared, had died.
The female turtle was kept at a zoo
in southern China. It was thought to
be 90 years old.
The turtle’s death means that only
three of these river-dwelling crea-
tures still exist. One male is kept in
the same zoo. The other two live in
the wild, in Vietnam. It is not known
if this pair is a male and female, two
males or two females.
Nowadays, the word turtle can
describe any animal with a hard shell
and a backbone. Tortoises, terrapins
and turtles are all reptiles. In Ameri-
can English, the word turtle can mean
any of the three. In British English,
turtles live in the sea or fresh water.
Tortoises live on land. They feed
on low-growing plants and have legs
and feet. Most tortoises are found in
hot dry places. Terrapins spend time
on both land and water. They are
never far from a river, lake or pond.
Freshwater turtles have webbed
feet, which help them to swim.
However, they do climb out of the
water to sit in the Sun. Sea turtles
are different. Males spend all their
lives in the seas and oceans. Female
sea turtles crawl onto beaches to lay
their eggs. They bury them in the
sand. After hatching, the young tur-
tles crawl into the sea. A sea turtle’s
legs are like flippers.
The upper part of a turtle’s shell is
called the carapace. The underneath
is the plastron. Turtles first lived in
the sea. They probably evolved their
‘all-round’ shell as a shield from
‘above and below’ predator attacks.
Turtles’ shells are unusual. They
are mostly made of bone. Protec-
tive shells of land animals, such as
Yangtze giant softshell turtle (Gerald Kuchling / Turtle Survival Alliance)
armadillos, are formed from scales.
Lobsters and crabs shed their shells
and regrow new ones. Turtles do not
do this. Their shells are for life.
There are several species of soft-
shell turtles. Yangtze giant softshell
turtles are the world’s largest fresh-
water turtle. Fully grown, they are
about one metre (3.3 feet) long and
70 centimetres (28 inches) wide. As
their name suggests, softshell tur-
tles’ shells are not hard like the shells
of other turtles. They feel more like
thick leather. Yangtze giant softshell
turtles used to be found in rivers and
lakes in southern China and northern
Vietnam. The turtles’ name comes
from China’s Yangtze River. It is the
world’s third longest river.
The last known wild Yangtze
giant softshell turtle in China was
caught 20 years ago. The creatures
feed on small river fish and freshwa-
ter crabs, snails, and frogs. The tur-
tles are secretive. They spend much
of the time on the riverbed and rare-
ly come to the surface to breathe. In
recent years, their numbers declined
dramatically. This is due to habitat
loss, overfishing and hunting. In the
past, the softshell turtles’ bones and
carapace were used in traditional
Chinese medicines.
Zoo officials hoped that the male
and female softshell turtles would
mate. Yet, this did not happen. The
male in the zoo is around 100 years
old. To try to save the species, the of-
ficials have attempted to insert some
the male’s sperm into the female.
This process is known as artificial
insemination. The officials tried
artificial insemination every year.
Several years ago, the female did lay
around 80 eggs. Yet none hatched.
The female Yangtze giant soft-
shell turtle died the day after the lat-
est artificial insemination attempt.
Zoo officials said that the turtle
had not been distressed during or
after the operation. They now plan
to undertake an autopsy to try to
find out the cause of death. Unless
another female or breeding pair can
be found, this turtle species will be-
come extinct.  
Easter bombings
Sri Lanka is an island nation in
the Indian Ocean. It is close to the
southern tip of India. The island
was a UK colony for over 200
years. Then, it was called Ceylon.
It became an independent nation
in 1948. The name changed to Sri
Lanka in 1972. At that time, the
country became a republic with an
elected president.
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 18
Today, Sri Lanka’s population
is about 20 million. The majority
are Buddhists. These people are
known as Sinhalese. About 13%
of the population are Tamils. They
are Hindus. Their ancestors origi-
nally came from India. The Tamils
live mostly in the northern parts
of Sri Lanka. The Sinhalese and
Tamils speak a different language.
Around 10% of Sri Lanka’s people
follow the Islamic faith and 7%
are Christians.
For over 25 years, there was a
civil war in Sri Lanka. It finally end-
ed in 2009. The war was between
government forces and a militant
Tamil organisation nicknamed the
Tamil Tigers. It wanted the Tamil
parts of Sri Lanka to secede, or be-
come a separate nation. Eventually,
the government forces overcame, or
defeated, the militants.
Due to its beauty, Sri Lanka is
known as the ‘Pearl in the Indian
Ocean’. The country has 1,600
kilometres (1,000 miles) of sandy
beaches. While the civil war contin-
ued, few tourists visited Sri Lanka.
Now, visitor numbers are growing.
Around two million people holiday
in the country each year. Tourism is
an important industry in Sri Lanka.
International companies have been
building new hotels and properties.
Christians believe that Jesus
Christ is the Son of God. He proba-
bly lived in what are now Israel and
the West Bank about 2,000 years
ago. In the Christian story, Jesus
was crucified or killed for his be-
liefs. Christian texts say that, three
days later, he was resurrected and
went to heaven.
In the Christian tradition, the
day on which Jesus was crucified
is known as Good Friday. He then
ascended into heaven on Easter Day,
or the following Sunday. This is an
important time in the Christian cal-
endar. This year, Easter Sunday was St Anthony’s
Shrine
on 21st April.
On the morning of 21st April,
churches in Sri Lanka held Easter
services. Many were full. At almost Colombo
the same time, there were six large
explosions. Suicide bombers deto-
nated them. Three blew themselves
up in churches. The others set off the SRI LANKA Batticaloa
explosives they were carrying in res- Negombo
taurants in three of Sri Lanka’s larg-
est and most modern hotels. They
Colombo
are popular with foreign tourists.
The hotels and one of the church-
es, the Catholic Shrine of St An- INDIAN
OCEAN
thony, are in Colombo, Sri Lanka’s
capital city. The other church explo-
sions were in the cities of Negombo responsibility for the attacks. Offi-
and Batticaloa. cials said that all the bombers were
members of a local Islamist militant
group called National Thowheeth
Jama’ath (NTJ). This group had nev-
er carried out deadly attacks in Sri
Lanka before. Last year, members of
the NTJ were blamed for vandalis-
ing several Buddhist statues.
Security experts believe that the
NTJ were not able to arrange such
a large and well-coordinated attack.
St Anthony’s Shrine in Colombo, in Sri Lanka, They suspect that the group had help
one of the churches bombed in the attacks from larger Islamic militant groups
Later, government officials con- in another country. Local news re-
firmed that an attack on a fourth ports claimed that India had sent a
hotel had been prevented. Over 250 warning about a possible attack to
people died in the bomb attacks. senior security officers in Sri Lanka.
Another 500 were injured. Around It was received two weeks before
45 of those killed came from other the bombings. The security officers
countries. The police quickly arrest- chose to ignore it.  
ed 60 people. A night-time curfew
was introduced and social media
and messaging services shut down. Wolves return
In the days that followed, there were
a few smaller explosions in other A long time ago, wolves were com-
parts of Colombo. mon in many parts of the world.
A few days after the attacks, Now, these animals are mainly
officials confirmed that all the found in Russia, Canada and Alaska,
suicide bombers came from Sri a part of the USA. Over 100 years
Lanka. No militant group claimed ago, in most of Europe, the animals
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 19
were hunted until no more existed.
Yet, in recent times, wolf numbers
have been growing in several Eu-
ropean countries. For example,
the animals reappeared in France
in 1992. These wolves crossed the
Italian-French border.
Wildlife officials have been
tracking several wolves in a nature
reserve, in the Netherlands. The ani-
mals crossed the border that it shares
with Germany. At first, the wolves
did not stay for long. They returned
to the German side. At least 60 wolf
packs are now living in Germany.
The wildlife officials have been
monitoring two females in the Neth-
erlands. Both have stayed in the na-
ture reserve for six months. (Female
wolves are called she-wolves.)
The officials know that several
male wolves have visited the re-
serve. They are sure that the she-
wolves will stay in the area to have
their pups, or babies. This means
that the Netherlands now has a
(small) ‘resident’ wolf population.
These animals last lived in the coun-
try about 140 years ago.
Wolves are members of a biologi-
cal family called canids (or canidae).
Other family members include: fox-
es, coyotes, jackals, and dogs. These
animals are carnivores, or meat-eat-
ers. Throughout the world, there are
many wolf subspecies. Those found
in Europe are known as Eurasian,
or common, wolves. They have
grey-brown fur. An adult Eurasian
wolf weighs about 40 kilograms (88
pounds).
Wolves are the ancestors of all
dogs. Ancient humans are believed
to have started training ‘wolf-dogs’
over 10,000 years ago. Wolves are
social animals. They live in packs,
or groups. Each pack usually has
between five and 12 animals. Some
have as many as 36. An alpha, or
dominant, male and female pair
leads the pack. These two wolves
normally mate for life.
The animals are fast runners and
excellent hunters. When on its own,
a wolf will catch small animals
such as squirrels and hares. When
hunting in packs, wolves will attack
larger animals such as bison, moose
or deer. Most wolves live in remote
areas. If they cannot find enough
food in the wild, the animals move
to places where there are villages
or small groups of houses. Then,
they will kill farm animals, such as
cows, sheep and horses. They rarely
attack humans.
Eurasian wolf (Katerina Hlavata)
When a wolf pack kills a large
animal, the alpha pair always eats
first. As hunts are not always suc-
cessful, wolves will eat up to one-
fifth of their body weight at one
time. This ‘overeating’ makes up
for the days when the animals
have no food. Wolves are known
for the howling noises they make.
They do this to assemble the pack,
warn of danger and communicate
over long distances.
Not everyone in the Nether-
lands is happy about the wolves’
return. Some farmers have already
complained that wolves are killing
some of their sheep. To protect their
livestock, farmers may need to use
electric fences and guard dogs. This
is what happens in France. There,
if a farmer takes these precautions,
the government will pay compensa-
tion for any livestock lost to wolf
attacks. France’s wolf population
is now about 360. There, two years
ago, wolves were blamed for the
deaths of 12,000 farm animals.
The wildlife officials in the
Netherlands think that a resident
wolf pack in the nature reserve
would be helpful. Currently, no
natural predators mean there are
too many deer and wild boar. Every
so often, these animals have to be
culled. The wolves, the officials
say, would naturally control these
animals’ populations. 
Vladivostok summit
Vladivostok is the largest city in
Russia’s far east. The Trans-Siberian
Railway connects Moscow, or the
country’s capital, to Vladivostok.
Around 9,300 kilometres (5,780
miles) in length, it is the world’s
longest railway. Vladivostok is
close to Russia’s border with both
China and North Korea.
Kim Jong-un is the leader of
North Korea. On 24th April, he trav-
elled in his own armoured train from
Pyongyang, North Korea’s capital
city, to Vladivostok. This distance is
roughly 650 kilometres (500 miles).
The following day, Mr Kim, the
Russian president, Vladimir Putin,
and their advisers met for a series of
talks, or daylong summit. The two
leaders had never met before.
North Korea is a secretive and
underdeveloped country. However,
over the last ten years, it has de-
signed, built and tested a nuclear
weapon. North Korea has also been
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 20
Kim Jong-un, North Korea’s leader, and Russia’s president, Vladimir Putin, with their interpreters, in Vladivostok
developing its long-range missile
technology. The USA and other
countries such as Japan and South
Korea want North Korea to abandon
its nuclear weapons programme. In
return, these countries would help
North Korea to develop and build a
modern-day economy.
Over the last 12 months, the Amer-
ican president, Donald J Trump, has
twice met with Mr Kim. Their meet-
ings took place in Singapore and Ha-
noi, the capital of Vietnam. Because
of its nuclear programme, the United
Nations (UN) has imposed trade
sanctions on North Korea. UN mem-
ber countries are not allowed to buy
goods from, or sell goods to, North
Korea. The USA leads and monitors
this trade embargo.
Mr Kim wants America and
other countries to end, or lift, the
sanctions. Once this happens, he
says, some nuclear weapons can be
decommissioned, or dismantled. Mr
Trump insists that the decommis-
sioning happens before any sanc-
tions are relaxed. At their last meet-
ing, the two leaders failed to reach
an agreement. Their talks have now
‘broken down’. Currently, the USA
and Russia are rivals. When Mr Pu-
tin offered to meet with Mr Kim, the
North Korean leader accepted.
Moscow
RUSSIA
Vladivostok
NORTH
KOREA
Pyongyang
For hundreds of years, Korea was
a single nation. It split into North
and South Korea after the end of the
Second World War in 1945. At that
time, the Russian-led Soviet Union
and (a few years later) China sup-
ported the communist North. The
USA backed the democratic South.
In 1950, the North attacked the
South. This was the start of the
Korean War. Then, the United Na-
tions (UN), with mainly American
troops, helped the South. China as-
sisted the North. After three years
of fighting, a truce, or ceasefire,
was agreed. The border between
the North and South is where the
opposing armies faced each other
after the fighting stopped.
North Korea’s first leader was
Kim Il-sung. He died in 1994 after
ruling the country for 48 years. His
son, Kim Jong-il, succeeded him.
After his death seven years ago, one
of his sons, Kim Jong-un, took over.
Nowadays, North and South Ko-
rea are very different nations. People
in the South elect their leaders. The
country has a successful economy
and several internationally known
companies. There are no meaning-
ful elections in the North. Electric
power is limited. Many North Ko-
reans do not have enough to eat.
Anyone who criticises the country’s
leaders, or disobeys orders, is sent
to a prison camp.
Previous American presidents
have tried to persuade North Ko-
rea to give up its nuclear weapons.
Discussions between diplomats
from North Korea, South Korea,
the USA, Japan, China, and Rus-
sia were organised. These meet-
ings were known as the ‘six-party
talks’. Aid, such as large supplies
of food and oil, were given to
North Korea. Yet it never agreed
to halt its nuclear weapons pro-
gramme. Eventually, the six-party
talks were discontinued.
After meeting with Mr Kim,
the Russian president spoke with
news reporters. He explained that
he had advised Mr Kim to re-
start the six-party talks. Mr Putin
also said that Mr Kim would need
some guarantees before he could
end his nuclear programme. In the
evening, the two leaders met for
dinner. Mr Kim invited the Rus-
sian leader to visit Pyongyang. Mr
Putin said that he had accepted
the North Korean leader’s kind
invitation. 
Massacre centenary
Amritsar is in north west India. The
Jallianwala Bagh is an enclosed
public garden in the city. On the
evening of 12th April, hundreds of
people took part in a candlelight
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 21
vigil in the garden. The event was
organised to commemorate a massa-
cre that took place in the Jallianwala
Bagh on 13th April 1919, or 100
years ago.
India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
were once all part of a large British
colony. It was known as ‘India’. The
British ruled this part of the world
for more than 200 years. During
this time, they created a large army.
Known as ‘the Indian Army’, its
soldiers were local men. Most of the
officers were British. Many Indian
Army regiments fought for the Brit-
ish in other parts of the world during
the First World War (1914 – 1918).
Around the time of the First
World War, an independence move-
ment in India began. People who
supported the movement wanted
the British to leave. Mahatma Gan-
dhi (1869 – 1948) was one of the
movement’s best-known leaders.
Amritsar is in an area of India and
Pakistan that is called Punjab.
In 1919, Europeans living in
Punjab worried about local British
leaders being overthrown. Gandhi
was in favour of non-violent pro-
tests. At the end of March, he or-
ganised a nationwide strike. People
were encouraged not to go to work.
At this time, the British governor
in Punjab decided to deport two
people. He believed that they were
‘troublemakers’. Both men were
arrested. Afterwards, some soldiers
fired into a crowd. Rioters murdered
three people who worked for British
banks. They also set fire to several
government buildings in Amritsar.
Brigadier General Reginald
Dyer was a British Indian Army
officer. The governor of Punjab
told Dyer to take a military force to
Amritsar. There, Dyer announced
a ban on all meetings, or gather-
ings. However, this order was not
Memorial in the Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar
widely circulated to areas outside
the city. On 13th April, a crowd
of about 10,000 people gathered in
Jallianwala Bagh. The men, women
and children were a mix of Hindus,
Muslims and Sikhs. Many Sikhs
had recently been to their temple in
Amritsar. Others had come to the
city from the surrounding area for
a local festival.
High walls and buildings en-
closed the public gardens. There
were only five narrow entrances or
exits. Dyer ordered some of his sol-
diers to block the exits. He then en-
tered the Jallianwala Bagh with 90
Indian Army soldiers. Dyer ordered
the soldiers to open fire. Unable to
escape, many people were shot dead
or wounded. This incident became
known as the Jallianwala Bagh, or
Amritsar, massacre.
When they heard about what
happened, most government minis-
ters in Britain were very angry. An
investigation was organised. The
British claimed that around 390
died and another 200 were badly
wounded. This number is disputed.
Later, an Indian investigation stat-
ed that at least 1,000 people were
killed. It is known that the soldiers
fired 1,650 bullets. After the in-
vestigation, Dyer was ordered to
retire from the army. Most people
in Britain blamed him for what
had happened.
After the massacre, the independ-
ence movement became larger. In-
dia became a self-governing nation
in 1947. It split into two independ-
ent countries: India and Pakistan.
The British government has never
officially apologised for what hap-
pened in Amritsar, in 1919. In 1997,
Queen Elizabeth the Second visited
the Jallianwala Bagh. She placed a
wreath at the memorial in the centre
of the park.
Theresa May is the prime minis-
ter of the UK. A few days after the
centenary, she spoke in the coun-
try’s parliament about the massacre.
Mrs May said that ‘we deeply regret
what happened and the suffering it
caused’. The UK’s ambassador to
India is known as the high com-
missioner. He visited the Jallian-
wala Bagh on the 100th anniversary
of the massacre. In the memorial
guestbook, he described the event
as ‘shameful’.
Nowadays, many Sikhs live in
the UK. To mark the 100th an-
niversary of the massacre, one
British Sikh charity leader planted
1,650 trees. One for each bullet
fired. The young trees were planted
together. The woodland memorial
has been named the ‘Jallianwala
Grove’.  
Newsademic.com
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25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 22

Issue 352 Instructions: j Complete the crossword. The answers are

highlighted in orange in the news stories. There are 25

Glossary Puzzle
words highlighted and you need 20 of them to complete the
crossword. k Once you have solved the crossword go to
the word search on the next page c
1 2 3

4 5

7 8 9 10

11

12 13

14 15

16

17

18

19

20

Across
1 Noun  A person who is in charge of a museum or collection
11 Noun  Removal of all dangerous substances
12 Verb  Collect over a period of time
13 Noun  A regulation that requires people to remain indoors
at certain times, typically at night
15 Adjective  Not legally recognised, or no longer current or
useful
16 Adjective  Dreamlike, using images from the sub conscious
17 Adjective  Describes gaining an advantage by military or
political plans
18 Noun  The science of the structure of living things’ bodies
19 Adjective  Name given to European history from about
AD600 to 1500
20 Noun  An arrangement of flowers and leaves in a circular
shape, often used as a sign of respect and remembrance
for people who have died
Down
2 None  A renewed interest in something from the past
3 Noun Plural  Promises that something will happen or be
done
4 Noun Plural  Journeys to holy places
5 Verb  To kill an animal or person as an offering to a god
or gods
6 Adjective  Reduced to nothingness
7 Noun  A system by which an organisation is run where
people can do their job only by following very strict
complex rules and regulations
8 Noun  A non-fiction film, showing an aspect of real life
9 Noun Plural  Old documents, papers or books, usually
written by hand
10 Noun  Something, usually money, given to make up for
loss, suffering, or injury
14 Adjective  Unspoiled or as new
25th April 2019 Newsademic.com™ – British English edition page 23

Instructions:
Issue 352 j Find 19 of the 20 crossword answers in the word
search. Words can go vertically, horizontally, diagonally

Glossary Puzzle continued

and back to front. k After finding the 19 words write
down the 20th (or missing) word under the puzzle.

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Issue 351 answers

T H R E S H O L D