8th STD Social Science Notes Eng Version 2017-18 Veeresh

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8 Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (Am, Govt Ex-munciple High school, Davangere Page 1
.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 1st Sem.

by Veeresh P Arakeri-9986261446.
CONTENTS
Sl No HISTORY Page No
1 SOURCES 3
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES AND PRE
2 HISTORIC INDIA 4
3 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA 6
4 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF THE WORLD. 7
GREEK, ROMAN AND AMERICAN
5 CIVILIZATIONS 9
6 RISE OF JAINISM AND BUDDHISM 10
POLITICAL SCIENCE
MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL
1 SCIENCE 11
2 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 11
SOCIOLOGY
1 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 13
2 CULTURE 14
GEOGRAPHY
1 THE EARTH–OUR LIVING PLANET 16
2 LITHOSPHERE 17
3 ATMOSPHERE 18
ECONOMICS
1 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS 20
2 MEANING AND TYPES OF ECONOMY 21
BUSINESS STUDIES
1 COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS STUDIES 22
2 BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY 23
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.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 1st Sem.

by Veeresh P Arakeri-9986261446
HISTORY These sources can be divided into two

types :
1. Sources a) Literary sources, b) Archaeological
sources
I Fill in the blanks:
1. __________ inscriptions are the earliest a) Literary Sources : There are two types
inscriptions found in India. in literary sources :
2. Aswaghosha's literary source is 1) Written Literature 2) Oral Literature.
___________ b) Archaeological Sources
3. The first inscription obtained in the Archaeological sources are divided into
Kannada language is ___________ four types :
4. The two kinds of literary sources are 1. Inscriptions. 2. Coins. 3. Monuments.
__________ and ______ 4. Other ruins.
Ans: (1) Ashoka’s (2) Buddha Charita; (3)
Halmidi; (4) Native, foreign; 3. Name any two native literary works.
Ans:- Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’, King Hala’s
II. Choose the correct answers for the “Gathaspathasathi’, Vishaka Dutta’s
following. ‘Mudrarakshas’, Kalhana’s
1. The author of Indica is ‘Rajatarangini’, Banabhatta’s ‘Harsha
a) Fahien b) Huientsang Charitha’, Barani’s Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi,
c) Sulaiman d) Megasthanes Chand Bhardayi’s ‘Prithiviraja Raso’,
2. Inscriptions found in many places in Pampa’s ‘Vikramarjunavijaya’, sangam
India has __________ scripts literature, and many other such literary
a) Devanagari b) Bramhi works can be named as native
c) Kannada d) Sanskrit literature.
3. Aihole inscription belongs to
a) Immadi Pulukeshi b) Samudra Gupta 4. Name any two foreign writers.
c) Ashoka d) Akbar Ans:- Megasthanese (Indica), Fa-hien
(Gho-ko-ki), Hiuen Tsang (Si-yu-ki),
III. Answer the following after a Tolemy (Geography), Ferishta (Tarikh-i-
discussion with your classmates: Ferishtha), Babar (Tuzk-e-Babri).
1. How do historians write history?
Ans:- Historians collect the sources, 5. What is the source which has more
subject them to critical examination, reliability for writing history?
analysis and then write the history. Ans:- Inscriptions are more reliable as
Whenever direct sources are not these have a direct relationship with
available, they need to make then events. Ex- written on stone, rock,
assumptions based on the available metal, ivory, terracotta and other
sources. materials that last longer.
2. What is the meaning of source? How 6. Explain the importance of coins in

many types are there? Explain. the writing of history.
Ans:- Any Basic materials necessary for Ans:- The importance of coins in the
the construction of history is called writing of history-
source.
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1. Coins are helpful in understanding the Ans:- In the excavations conducted at
geographical extent of the ruler’s Arikamedu and Patanam in Tamilnadu
kingdom that minted the coins. a large number of evidences were found
2. They also aid us in knowing the that speak of commercial contact
language of administration. between South India and Romans.
3. Help to find out the titles that the kings.
4. Help possessed their religion. 13. What is history?
5. Help us to assess their economic Ans- History is a systematic study of the
conditions of the times. past.
6. Coins help to find out metal technology
in vogue of the particular kingdoms. 14. Historian is like an advocate.
Justify.
7. What are the aspects on which Ans:- The advocates present their
monuments throw more light? arguments on the basis of followed
Ans:- The monuments throw light on then evidences and sources related to their
contemporary religious aspects, case. Similarly, historians collect the
technology, economic growth, scientific sources, subject them to critical
knowledge and creativity achieved. examination, analysis and then write
the history. So Historians are like
8. By what method, the age of biological advocates.
fossils can be decided?
Ans:- By applying carbon-14 dating
procedure on the biological ruins (dead 2. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
animals, birds and trees) found in these
sites, one can arrive at the accurate
AND PRE HISTORIC INDIA
period of the ruins. I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Geographically, India is a ___________
9. What are archaeological sources? 2. Signs of ashes have been found in caves
Explain with examples. of ___________
Ans:- Archaeological sources are the 3. The implements of the Middle Stone
inscriptions, coins, monuments, pots Age are called _____________
and pans and other artifacts that have 4. ______________ river separates India into
been obtained during archaeological two - Malwa plateau and the Deccan
excavations. Plateau, in the south.
They provide us information about 5. About ____________ years ago a major
religion, culture, economy, change took place in the Earth’s
administration, technology and other environment.
aspects of that period. Eg. Inscriptions Ans: (1) sub-continent and a peninsula,
of Ashoka, coins and basadi, stupas of (2) Kurnool, (3) delicate stone
kings. implements. (4) The Narmada (5)
10. What is excavation? 12,000
Ans:- The hidden things in the earth are
dug out by using scientific methods. I. Choose the correct answers for the
This process is called as excavation. following
11. What is Inscriptions? 1. India is a sub-continent occupying a
Ans:- Inscriptions mean engraved writing. huge area in southern part of
Inscriptions are written on stone, rock, ____________ continent
metal, ivory, terracotta and other a) America b) Asian
materials that last longer. c) Africa d) Antarctica
2. The river which separates India into
12. How do we know commercial two plateau.
contact between South India and a) Godavari b) Cauveri
Romans was there? c) Krishna d) Narmada
3. A major change took place in the
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world’s environment ______ years ago. development of grasslands in many
a) 12,000 b) 14,000 places. Birds and animals began to
c) 8,000 d) 10,000 multiply in unprecedented numbers.
4. India’s coastline length is ______ K.M Man began to observe their nature, food
a)15,100KM b) 8716KM habits and the way they multiplied. This
c) 6,100KM d) 7,416KM was the way the practices of animal
5. The eastern coastline is called the husbandry and dairy farming began.
__________ coast.
a) Coromandal b)Malabar 5. The different periods of prehistory
c) WestCost d) EastCoast have been given various names by
archaeologists. What are they?
II. Answer the following questions in Ans:- The period of prehistory has been
brief. divided into three stages.
1. Describe the geographical features of (a) Old Stone Age, (b) Middle Stone Age
India briefly. and (c) New Stone Age.
Ans:- The geographical features of India The Old Stone Age stretched over a period
are of 12,000 years. This long duration has
(a) Himalayan range- The Himalayas help been divided into three stages called 1)
to preserve the safety of India. the Early, 2) Middle and 3) Late Old
(b) The flat Indo-Gangetic plains are an Stone Age.
extremely fertile area. The ancient Indus
Valley civilizations and Vedic period 6. Name the neighboring countries of
flourished here. India.
(c) The Deccan Plateau in the South- Ans:- Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal,
The Narmada River separates India into Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar the
two plateaus, Malwa and Deccan. neighboring countries of India.
(d) The Coastal region- The Indian
coastline is vast and stretches over 7. What is the importance of the
6,100 kms. The numerous ports on this Himalayas in Indian History?
coastline had attracted the Romans Ans:- a) The snow-capped mountains in
from time immemorial to have sea trade the North include some of the tallest
with India. mountain peaks in the world.
b) They help to preserve the safety and
2. What are the valleys through which security of India.
the attacks on India have taken
place? 9. What is the importance of coastal
Ans:- Bolan and Khyber passes in the line?
Himalayas are the valleys through Ans:- a) The numerous ports on this
attacks on India have taken place. coastline had attracted the Romans
from time immemorial.
3. What is meant by ‘Prehistoric Age’? b) Foreign trade was carried on in those
Ans:- The period before the discovery of days only through sea-routes.
the art of writing is called 'Prehistoric c) As a result, port towns flourished
Age'. We do not find evidence to the resulting in the rise of powerful
linguistic development or the use of kingdoms in South like the Pandyas, the
script of this age. Cheras and the Cholas.
4. How did animal husbandry and 10. What is a peninsula?

dairying start? Ans:- A place surrounded by water on
Ans:- 12,000 years ago, the earth's three sides and land on one side is
temperature began to gradually increase called a peninsula. Eg: India.
due to major change in the world's
environment. This led to the 11. How do we get to know about such
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industrial sites? a) 4500 b)3500
Ans:- Usually we get to see stone tools c) 1500 d) 6000
around rocky areas. People might have 3. During Vedic period all the literary
rejected some rocks as unsuitable for works were in ________ Language
their tools. Heaps of broken rock or a) Kannada b)Prakrit
stone-chips obtained during the creation c) Sanskrit d) Pali
of implements abound in such areas. It 4. Women scholars were called_______
is possible that people lived for a long during Vedic Period
time in these places. These sites are a) Mata b)Brahmavadini
called residential and industrial sites. c) Arye d) Acharye
5. The king and the Princes Celebrated
III. Match the Following- _______ Sacrifices to conquer all the
A B territories.
1. Bolan & Khyber - a) Stone Age a) Rajasooya b) Ashwamedha
c) Vajapeya d) Sarvamedha.
2. Art of writing - b) Himalaya Ans:- 1. d) Veda 2. b) 3500 3. C) Sanskrit 4.
3. Stone Weapons - c) Passes B) Brahmvadini 5. B) Ashwamedha
4. Tallest Mountain Peaks - d) New Stone Age
Ans:- 1- c) passes, 2- d)New Stone Age, III. Match the Following
A B
3- a) Stone Age 4- b)Himalaya.
1. Gramini - a) Tribal Communities
2. Arya - b) Capital of Kauravas
3. Bharathajana - c) Teacher
4. Hastinapur - d) Respectable
3. ANCIENT 5. Purohith - e) Village Head
Ans:- 1. e) Village Head,
CIVILIZATIONS OF INDIA 2. d) Respectable,
I. Complete the following sentences : 3. a) Tribal Communities,
1. The Fertile land that is near Bolan Pass 4. b) Capital of Kauravas,
______________. 5. c) Teacher.
2. Harappa was found in the
______________ Valley of Punjab. III. Answer briefly:
3. Harappan people depended on 1. Write on the special features of
agriculture and ______________. Harappa cities.
4. The Oldest Veda is ______________ . Ans:- * The lower town in the low lying
5. The priest who conducted yagnas was area of the city was the place of
called as ______________ in Rig-Veda. habitation of the people.
6. The slokas of Rigveda are called  It was constructed in a very methodical
_____________ manner
7. Veda means_______________  Systematically laid-out houses almost
8. During Vedic Period the leaders had every person lived in either one or two
organizations called ___________ stored house
Ans: (1) Mehrgarh (2) trade (3) Sindhu  The houses were built of bricks and had
(4) Rig Veda (5) Hothar (6) Suktas (7) strong walls
knowledge (8) Sabha and Samithi
 There were rooms all around the
courtyard inside
II. Choose the correct answers for  The main door faced the streets
the following  There were bathrooms in the houses.
1. The world’s oldest literary works are
the 2. Write a note on the great bath of
a) Ramayana b)Mahabharatha Mohenjo-Daro.
c) Upanishad d) Veda Ans:- Mohenjodaro was one of the cities,
2. Rigveda is the most ancient. It is had a swimming pool. Scholars have
about ____________ years old called this the Great Bath.
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 It was built of brick so as to prevent the 7. Name the prominent women scholars
seepage of water from the pool. during Vedic period.
 The bath has steps on two sides to go Ans:- Prominent women scholars were
down and has rooms all-round the Apala, Lopamudra, Ghosha, Maithreyi
water was probably supplied to the bath Gargi and Vishwavara.
by a well and used water was let out.
 Probably very important people took 8. What was the role of the sabha and
bath in this pool on special occasions. samithi during Vedic Period?
Ans:- During Vedic Period leaders had
3. How was the nature of town plan organizations called the sabha and the
during Harappa civilization? samithi to advise them on
 Harappa had a perfect town planning. administrative matter. The Sabha had a
The lower town in the low lying area of broad representation of the people
the city was the place of habitation of whereas the samithi was a political
the people, systematically laid-out organization having a few people
houses, roads and drains are found engaged in specific administrative tasks.
here.
 The houses are one or two-storied built 9. Describe briefly the village
of bricks with strong walls. administration of the Vedic Period.
 There were rooms all around the Ans:- The basic unit of the administration
courtyard inside. was the village and the gramini was the
 The main door faced the street and none head. A group of villages called the
of the windows opened onto the streets “Vish” and the “Vishayapathi” was its
head. Many vishyas come together to
 The cities had a neatly laid out
form Jana or Kingdom. This was ruled
underground sewage system.
by a King who would be called “Raja”,
 The drains were built of bricks and
“Rajan” or “Gopa”.
covered with stone slabs.
 The gutter of each house was linked to
10. How Harappan civilization comes to
main drain outsides.
an end?
 Holes were created in the drains to Ans:- Some Historians feel the dried rivers
enable timely cleaning of them. as the reason, and others feel that
changed course of rivers was the reason.
4. Name the Vedas. Other historians have cited the
Ans: There are four Vedas. destruction of forests as the cause.
They are Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda Probably inundation by floods could be
and Atharva Veda. the reason.
5. What Yajna and Yagas were important
during the Vedic period?
Ans:- Rajasuya, Vajapeya, Sarvamedha 4. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
and Ashwamedha were the yajnas and OF THE WORLD
yagas common during the Vedic Age. I. Complete the following sentences by
using suitable words in the blanks:
6. Name the professions of the post 1. Hieroglyphics are called _____________.
Vedic period. 2. The kings who ruled Egypt are called
Ans: The people in the later Vedic Age had ___________.
learnt cultivation of rice. Many 3. The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as
professions like trade, goldsmith, ___________.
basket-weavers, rope-weavers, cloth- 4. The most famous king of the Amorites is
weavers, carpenters and potters. There __________.
were servants, astrologers, flute players, 5. The River __________ was called as
dancers and merchants. sorrow of China / China’s sorrow
6. The main source of the law of
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Hammurabi is the rock edicts found in 5. Who found the cities of Alexandria?
______ Ans:- One of Alexander’s military generals
7. Mesopotamian civilization flourished on declared himself the king of Egypt and
the banks of ___________ and ________ founded the cities of Alexandria.
rivers.
Ans:- (I) sacred writing (2) Pharaohs (3) 6. Name of the two rivers of
land between the rivers (4) Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi (5) Hwang –Ho (6) 1901 Ans:- Euphrates and Tigris.
(7) Euphrates, Tigris.
7. What is the Meaning of the word
II. Match the following : Mesopotamia?
A B Ans:- Land between the rivers .
1. Hwang Ho River a. Mesopotamia
2. Cuneiform b. King of the Amorites
3. Cleopatra c. Shang
8. Who created the hanging Garden at
4. Hammurabi d. China Babylonia?
5. Chinese dynasty e. The last Egyptian queen. Ans:- Nebuchadnezzar II
Ans:- 1. d) China. 2. a) Mesopotamia 3. e) 9. What is Ziggurat?

The last Egyptian queen 4. b) King of the Ans: Ziggurat is the of worshiping places of
Amorites 5. c) Shang.
Mesopotamians
III. Answer in brief the following 10. Write a short note on the hanging
questions : Garden of Babylonia.
1. How are ‘mummies’ preserved?
 The legendary Hanging Gardens were
Ans: - The dead body would be smeared
created on the bank of the river
with various chemicals and wrapped
 Euphrates around 7th century BC.
with a thin cloth. The entire body was
 This is one of the seven wonders of the
in this way preserved
old world.
2. Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.  Most of the scholars are of the view that
Ans:- Tall towers were built on the king Nebuchadnezzar II was the creator
graves using huge blocks of stone in of the garden.
order to protect the eternal sleep of the  The trees and bushes were grown at
dead. Kings and wealthy people vied different levels of Ziggurats.
with each other to build taller and taller  When the branches hung at different
towers. The Greeks called these levels and swayed they gave the on
structures ‘Pyramids’. looker an impression of being a hanging
garden.
3. How was ‘Hwang Ho River’ China’s
sorrow?
Ans:- The river Hwang Ho which led to the 11. Write a short note on “The Great
establishment of the Chinese civilization Wall of China”.
was known as china’s Sorrow. After the Ans:- To protect the small provinces from
floods this river changed its course in an seven big states a huge was
unpredictable manner and inundate constructed along will boundary for
houses agricultural lands it would protection. Emperor Qin Shihuang
render all the canals useless. This was ordered that the wall of the northern
the reason the people of that area Chinese state be connected. The
referred to it as the symbol of sorrow. contribution of the great wall began in
the 7th century and continued till the
4. Who were known as pharaohs? 16th century. It stretched to more than
Ans:- The king of Egypt were called 5000 kms.
pharaohs
12. What is cuneiform script?
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Ans:- The angular writing of Mesopotamia Greek literature.
is cuneiform script Ans:- Homer wrote two epics the Illiad and
13. How was the river Nile Played an Odyssey These epics describe the life and
important role in the History of Intuitions of the Time. The Iliad narrates
the siege of Troy and its destruction.
Egypt?
The odyssey in great detail deals with the
Ans:- River Nile would transform the Nile
adventures of Odysseus while on his
valley into a huge lake. After the valley returned from troy.
dried up in summer, a fertile layer of
clay soil would form the grazing field 2. Name the Greek city-states.
and neighboring agricultural lands. This Ans- Athens, Sparta, Macedonia and Thebes.
fertile land provided food for the
population of the first town in the area. 3. Describe the features of the Roman
Hence it was responsible for the republic.
development of a complex system of Ans:- Rome was under the rule of a Monarch
irrigation throughout the land. The Roman’s had assembly and a
‘Senate’ as two political advisory
institutions. The Assembly was made up of
14. Write briefly about “The law of all middle aged men. Whereas the senate
codes of Hammunrabi”. was an elite institutions which was very
Ans:- Hammurabi’s law enforced the logic influential. The senate had the power to
of “An Eye for an eye and tooth for a reject the proposals of the Assembly and the
tooth. Hammurabis law codes are one king. In the 6th century B.C monarchy was
among the most ancient of the codes abolished and a republic was established.
available town they were probably
written to protect the rights of all 4. Which are the civilizations of ancient
sections of Babylonian society. Columbia?
Ans:- Maya, Aztec and Inca are the
civilizations of ancient Columbia.
5. GREEK, ROMAN AND 5. Who are the ‘Mayas’?

AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS Ans:- The Americans – Indian aborigines of
I. Complete the following sentences by Yucutan of Mexico are called the mayas.
using suitable words in the blanks:
1. The epics written by Homer are the Illiad 6. How were the Aztecs worshippers of
and_________________. Nature?
2. The Greeks referred to dictators as Ans:- The Aztecs were worshippers of nature.
______________. They tried to please God in many ways. One
3. The one who laid the foundation for the of them was human sacrifice.
study of medicine is ___________.
4. The first to have analysed history was 7. Name the different tribes of Greek.
______________. Ans- The Achaeans the Lonians and the
5. ‘Princep’ means ______________. dorians are the different names of Greek
6. The language of the Romans is tribes.
______________.
7. The Stone Sculptures of the Mayan 8. Who was Alexander? What was his
Civilization are ______________ ambition?
8. Texcoco is a ______________ in Mexico. Ans:- Alexander was the king of Macedonia in
9. The leader of the Incas was ______________. Greece. He wanted to conquer Persia and
10. The ruling deity of the Incas India.
was______________.
Ans: (1) Odyssey (2) tyrants (3) 9. Who are the famous philosophers of
Hippocrates (4) Herodotus (5) the first Greek Civilizations?
citizen of the State (6) Latin (7) steles (8) Ans:- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are the
lake (9) Tupec (10) Sun God. famous Greek Philosophers.
10. Name the institution established by
II. Answer in brief the following questions: Aristotle.
1. Explain the contributions of Homer to Ans:- Aristotle established an education
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Institution named “Lyseum” in Athens life.
Ans: Vardhmana was born in Kundala
11. Write a short note on Alexander. grama village in Vaishali. At the age of
Ans;- He was the King of Macedonia in Greece. 30 he set out in search of truth and
In his short lived life, he set out to conquer
renounced his family and house. He
the whole world. He was successful in
wandered for twelve years in this quest.
building a huge empire. He defeated the
Persian army and advanced towards India. He meditated and punished his body by
After fighting on the Indian borders while on fasting. He achieved enlightenment at
his return to Greece Alexander died at the age of 42. He controlled his senses
Babylonia in 323BC. and achieved power over comfort and
pain so he was called 'Mahaveer' and
12. What are the objects worshipped by the became a 'Jina'. He spent the rest of his
Inca People? life (thirty years) preaching his
Ans:- People of Inca Civilization Worshipped knowledge to the people. He attained
objects like the moon, the stars and nirvana in his 72nd year in Pavapuri of
lighting.
Bihar.
13. Write briefly about the philosophy of
Socrates. 2. What are the triratnas?
Ans:- Socrates was the philosopher who Ans: Mahaveer preached three principles
taught the western world to think logically of behaviour. They are Samyaggyan,
“Knowledge is Virtue’ Virtue is knowledge Samyagdarshan and Samyagcharite.
this was the foundation of Socratic thought. These are called triratnas.
3. Name the sects among the Jains.

Ans: There are two sects among the Jains.
6. RISE OF JAINISM AND They are Swetahmbars and Digambars.
BUDDHISM 4. What is the middle path?

I. Complete the following sentences Ans: Buddha realized that desire was the
by using suitable words in the root cause of sorrow. Only by the
blanks: liberation of desires could a peaceful life
1. The first Jain Tirthankara was be led. Buddha preached eight fold
_____________. paths for eliminating desires. This is
2. Vardhamana was born at ___________. called the Middle path.
3. Mahaveera attained ___________in his
42nd year. 5. Who were the people influenced by
4. Mahaveera attained Nirvana at the new religion?
___________ in his 72nd year. Ans: Wealthy merchants, artisans and
5. The original name of Gautama Buddha common people were influenced by the
was ___________. new religion.
6. Buddha delivered his first sermon at 6. Write a note on the Tripitikas.
___________. Ans: After Buddha's death, his followers
7. The first sermon of Buddha is collected his teachings and tradition in
called___________. the form of Tripitikas. These are Vinaya,
Ans: 1- Rishabha 2 - Kundala 3- Dharma and Abhidhamma pitakas. Over
enlightenment (Kaivalya) 4 - Pavapuri a period of time, disagreements
5 - Siddhartha 6-deer park in developed in the teachings and different
Saranath 7.Dharma Chakra branches of Buddhism sprang up. Thus
Pravarthana Hinayana, Mahayana, Vajrayana and
their sutras came into being.
II. Answer in brief the following
questions :
1. Write in detail about Mahaveera’s
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POLITICAL SCIENCE  It provides information about the
structure and functions of the state and
governments.
1. MEANING AND IMPORTANCE  Political Science provides knowledge the
Constitutions and laws of the state.
OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Political Science helps to understand
I. Fill up the blanks : about the organs of the government i.e.,
1. The word Politics was derived from the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary
Greek word __________ . and their functions.
2. ‘Republic’ is written by __________.
 The knowledge of political science helps
3. Aristotle wrote a book on political
to raise good leadership and good
science and it is called as ___________ .
citizenry.
4. Kaoutilya’s work relating to political
 Political Science helps to understand the
science is __________ .
important Political institutions like
Ans: (1)-Polis; (2)-Plato; 3) - The
political parties, federation and local
Politics; (4) – Arthashastra
bodies.
II. Answer the following questions :
1. What is political Science? 2. PUBLIC
Ans:- Political science is one of the branch
of social science dealing with the
ADMINISTRATION
political activities of man. I. Fill in the blanks :
1. The father of Public Administration is
2. Who began the systematic study of _____________.
Political Science? 2. The word Public Administration is used
Ans:- The Greek began the systematic for the first time by __________.
study of Political Science 3. The members of Union Public Service
Commission are appointed by _________.
3. Who is called the Father Political 4. _____________ article of the constitution
Science? discusses the state public service
Ans:- Aristotle the Greek Philosopher is commission
called Father of Political science. 5. The Head of the state secretariat is
_____________.
4. Give a definition of Political Science. 6. KPSC main office is in _________________
Ans:- (a) Political science is the subject 7. ________________ is the political head of
which deals with the affairs of the city union administration.
state and its working. 8. The Police department comes under the
(b) It is the study of the state in the past, _______________.
present and future, of political Ans:- 1) The past President of USA,
organization, political functions and Woodrow Wilson, 2) Alexander
political Theories. Hamilton, 3) The President, 4) 315, 5)
The Chief Secretary, 6) Bengaluru, 7)
5. Mention any one use of studying Prime Minister, 8) Home Ministry
Political Science?
Ans: The study of Political Science helps II. Discuss the following in groups
us in the following ways. and answer:
 It helps to understand the birth and 1. Public Administration is today’s
growth of a state. need. Discuss.
 It provides information about the origin  The life cycle of human beings depends
and development of ideas such as on Public Administration. It is the heart
monarchy, freedom, justice , laws , of a state. There is no state without
equality, good government, wars and Public Administration.
peace etc.  The holistic development of human
society and the survival of civic society
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depend on effective Public explains the function of Public
Administration. Administration.
 It takes care of providing basic facilities, 1. P-Planning.
education, employment opportunities, 2. O-Organization
protects the state and ensures economic 3. S-Staffing.
equality. 4. D-Direction.
5. Co-Coordination.
2. Public Administration is spread 6. R-Reporting.
across the birth and death of an 7. B-Budgeting.
individual. Prove it.
Ans:- * It maintains civil order and peace 8. What are the types of training given
by protecting the life and property of to personals?
citizens. 1. Formal and Informal Training.
* It takes care of providing basic facilities, 2. Pre-Service and Post-Beginning of
education, employment opportunities, Service training.
protects the state and ensures economic 3. Short term and Long term training.
equality. It provides numerous services 4. Departmental and Central institutes’
like this. training.
5. Skill training and Background training.
3. Explain the Recruitment process.
Ans: According to Staff Administration 9. What are the functions of Union
experts, there are two types of Public Service Commission?
recruitment: 1. Conducting exams for the recruitment of
A. Direct Recruitment (External Group A and B officers of central
Recruitment)- Recruiting eligible government.
candidates through competitive 2. Conducting interviews for direct
examinations. recruitment.
B. Internal Recruitment (Recruitment by 3. Advising the central government on issues
promotion)- Selecting the eligible in- related to promotion and transfer.
service personnel to higher positions. 4. Advising government on initiation of
disciplinary actions against erring
government employees.
4. What is public administration?
5. On the direction of the President, advising
Ans:- Public Administration is related to
the government any needed issue.
the total functioning of the government.
Public Administration is that part of the
10. What is the role and functions of
government that runs day to day
the Central Secretariat?
functioning of the state.
1. Secretariat is an organization that aids
7. Explain the importance of Public
the government in fulfilling its aims. It
Administration.
advises the minister in framing policies.
Ans:- The following explain the importance
2. Secretariat aids the minister in
of Public Administration:
performing his legislative duties.
1. Public Administration is the Pillar of the
3. Secretariat frames the regulations of
Government.
administration.
2. It serves various functions in the
4. Secretariat analyses the problems
interest of the public.
carefully.
3. Implementation of Law and policies.
5. Prepares the Budget by keeping close
4. Necessary to protect Social Security.
relationship with the finance
5. Support Legislature and Executive.
department.
6. Secretariat works as the bridge between
7. Explain POSD CORB perspective.
the central government and the state
Ans:- Luther Gulick explains the scope of
governments.
Public Administration through English
letters: POSD CORB. Each letter
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SOCIOLOGY animals and human beings.
Ans:- Apparent differences in body
1. INTRODUCTION TO structure and rate of growth, food
SOCIOLOGY consumption, creativity, and evolution
I. Fill in the blanks: in brain can be noticed.
1. Man is _________________ being.
2. 'Logos' means ____________ . III. Answer the following in four or
3. The Father of Sociology is five sentences:
_________________ . 1. Human beings are social beings.
4. ______________ is called as the advocate Explain.
of 'Conflict Theory' Ans:- There is no society without
5. Annihilation of caste was written by individual and there is no individual
____________ . without society. No individual can live
Ans:- 1) Social, 2) science or study, 3) alone on the Earth. Since a human
August Comte, 4) Karl Marx, 5) B.R. being is a social being, he always longs
Ambedkar, to live with other human being. The
social living is necessary for the well-
II. Answer the following sentences : being and growth. Hence, human
1. Who is called as the Father of society is called as ‘a web of social
Sociology? relationships’.
Ans:- August Comte is called as ‘the father
of Sociology’. 2. Explain the relationship between
Sociology and History.
2. Describe the nature of Sociology. Or Ans:- Sociology and History are
Write the features of the Sociology? interrelated. History is the recreation of
1. Sociology is a social science and not a the life of a past society. Sociology is the
physical science recreation of contemporary society.
2. Sociology is a definitive study but not a Sociology supports historians by
directive study. providing scientific knowledge of various
3. Sociology is a pure science and not an social institutions and their roles and
applied science. functions.
4. Sociology is an intangible science and
not a tangible science. 3. What does Sociology study? Write
5. Sociology is a general science and not a about importance of Sociology.
special science.  Sociology studies human society
3. What is Sociology? scientifically.
Ans:- Sociology as the study of human  Supplements the personality
society. development.
 Sociology aids the proper understanding
4. Name the important early of social processes by studying the
Sociologists. religion, traditions, culture, social rules
Ans:- August Comte, Karl Marx, Emile and regulations.
Durkheim, Max Weber are some of early  Aids in understanding social problems
sociologists. and their solutions.
 Sociology supports the effective
5. Name the important Indian implementation of development
Sociologists. programmes.
Ans:- Dr B.R. Ambedkar, G. S Ghurye,
M.N. Srinivas, C Parvathamma, Iravati 4. What books were written by Karl
Karve, Ar.R Desai, are some of the Marx?
important Indian Socialogistst.  Das Capital -1865,
 The Holy Family, the German Ideology-
6. Write the differences between 1845,
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 The Manifesto of the Communist Party -
1848.
2. CULTURE
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
5. Write a note on Ambedkar's early life. words:
Ans:- B.R. Ambedkar was born in 1. Culture means _____________
Ambawade village of Maharashtra in 2. Customs mean _____________
1891. He lost his mother at the age of activities.
six and grew up under the care of his 3. _____________ in diversity is found in
aunt Meerabai and started his primary India.
education at Satara. Ambedkhar joined 4. _____________ relationship is found
the popular Elphinstone High School of
between culture and society.
Mumbai and passed matriculation with
5. Culture is the _________ of transfer of
first class in 1907. He married Ramabai.
With the help of a scholarship awarded ideas from generation to generation.
by Maharaja of rupees twenty five, Ans:- 1.cultivate or tend, 2. non-
Ambedkar earned his B.A and M.A material culture, 3. Unity, 4. Good,
degrees. He received his P.hd from 5. Medium.
Columbia University in 1916.
II. Answer the following in a
6. Write a note on prominent sociologist sentence:
from Karnataka. 1. What is culture?
Ans:- C. Parvathamma is the prominent Ans:- Culture means the transfer of
contemporary sociologist from knowledge, experience, belief, value,
Karnataka. She was born at Syagalli behaviour, hierarchy, relationship
village of present Davanagere district.
from generation to generation.
She made genuine attempts to spread
the learning of Sociology across
Karnataka proves her commitment and 2. Give examples of cultural
sense social concerns. Her major diversity present in your
contributions are 'Politics and Religion', neighbourhood.
Ans- Examples of cultural diversity – 1)
7. Write a note on noted Indian Fairs 2) Republic day celebrations 3)
Sociologist M.N.Srinivas. multi languages, 4) Various
Ans: - M.N.Srinivas popularised the ‘field labourers working together in factory
based sociological studies’ in India. set up.
While he was studying at Stanford
University, his field study notes were 3. Who divided the culture into two
lost in arson due to agitation of the groups?
students. Based on his memory of the
Ans: - Ogburn divides culture into 2
field work done, he wrote ‘A
Remembered Village’ in 1976. Under the groups, called material and non-
guidance of his teacher Radcliffe Brown, material culture.
he wrote a book titled “The Religion and
Society of Kodavas of South India” in 4. What is material culture?
1952. His major contributions are: The Ans:- Material culture is created by
Religion and Society of Kodavas of South human beings by converting natural
India-1952, Indian Villages, Social resources into manmade structures
Change in Modern India -1966, like House, building, bridge, road,
Remembered Village -1976. dam, machines, production centres,
industries, computer, technology and
others.
5. What is non-material culture?

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Ans:- Non material culture means 4. Culture and society are two faces
human achievements. Tradition, of the same coin. How?
belief, ritual and custom, moral Ans:- Culture and society are two face
values, ideals, Art, literature, of the same coin. Culture makes
religion, language and many others human beings different from other
are examples of non-material culture. animals. Social controls in a society
are based on cultural aspects. The
III. Answer the following in four social controls define the human
five sentences. behaviour. Individual in a society
1. What is a custom? Give examples. have memberships in various social
Ans:- Culture is made up of beliefs, institutions. Every institution
values, rules, social conventions and regulates the behaviour of the
morals. These can be collectively individual through its cultural
being called customs and traditions. tools. For example our interactions
Ex- Conventions and moral codes are a with elders are guided by culture
part of customs and traditions. prevalent in our families and society.
2. Explain the cultural diversity. 5. Explain the features of fair.

1) Fairs are the most important Ans: - Fairs are the most important
cultural rituals of rural societies of cultural rituals of rural societies of
India. People participate in the fairs India. A fair is not only a religious
irrespective of their caste, creed and expression; it also functions as a
language. temporary market for the
2) During Republic day celebrations, neighbouring villages. People
the entire nation’s cultural diversity participate in the fairs irrespective of
is showcased. their caste, creed and language. Fairs
3) We have multi languages, so reinforce social relationships. Often
children learn more than two three fairs have people with different
languages. This learning not only language and culture displaying their
involves that language, but it also skills in the form of circus. The
includes the culture of that language. groups of people who participate
4) Various labourers working together in these fairs belong to different
in factory set up. Children growing language, custom and culture
up in this multi-cultural social set up groups. But they assemble in these
learn to mark festivals and other fairs to celebrate. They also appear to
rituals of the social groups present be showcasing our constitutions’
there. This aids respecting the desire of achieving unity in diversity.
cultural diversity.
3. Explain the features of Culture.

Ans:- 1. Culture is abstract.
2. Culture is not personal, it is social.
3. Culture does not come by birth,
Culture is learnt.
4. Culture means co-existence.
5. Culture is continuous.
6. Culture is diverse: Every social
group has its own culture.
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Ans:- Local time : The time according to
GEOGRAPHY the longitude of a place or according to
the position of sun at that place is
known as the Local time .
1. THE EARTH–OUR LIVING Standard Time: Uniform time is based on
PLANET. the central meridian of the country or
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable the Meridian on which the most
answer: important city is located. This uniform
1. The total geographical area of the Earth time which is followed throughout a
is ___________ Sq. Kms. country is called Standard time.
2. The shape of the Earth is _____________.
3. The equatorial and polar diameters of 5. What is the International Date Line?
the Earth is and ____________ Kms. Ans:- A line Passing through 180°
4. The 23½° North latitude is called as meridian diametrically opposite to the
_________________. G.M.T was adopted as International
5. The Indian Standard Time is based Date line. This line supposed to pass
on___________________ longitude. pacific ocean along the 180° meridian
Ans: (1) 510 million (2) Geoid (3) 12756, but makes short detours in Order to
12714 (4) Tropic of Cancer (5) 82½° avoid land masses .The date and day is
East. changed whenever people cross this line
by ships or airplanes.
II. Answer the following questions
briefly: III. Define the following:
1. Why the Earth called ‘Living Planet’? 1. Unique planet:- The Earth is the home
Ans:- The Earth is the home for all forms for all forms of life like plants, animals
of life like plants, animals and human and human beings so it is called living
beings because of its suitable distance planet , watery planet , Blue planet,
from the Sun, range of temperature, life Unique planet.
supporting gases, atmosphere, water
cycle, etc. It is the only planet that 2. Size of the Earth:- The Earth is the
supports life that is why it is called Fifth largest planet in the sun’s family.
'Living Planet'. The diameter of the Earth is
approximately 4 times greater than the
2. Why are the Northern and Southern moon and it is around 107 times less
hemispheres called Land and Water than that the sun.
Hemispheres?
Ans:- The Northern hemisphere has 60% 3. Geoid: The Earth’s shape is often
of Land and 40% of Water. So it is called described as geoid; which literally
the Land hemisphere. The Southern means Earth shaped or oblate spheroid.
Hemisphere has 81% of water and 19% The Earth is flattened at the poles and
of Land so it is called water Hemisphere. bulges at equator.
3. What are latitudes and longitudes? 4. Continents: The land bodies of the
Ans:- Latitudes is an imaginary line which earth are known as continents. There
joins all the places which have the same are 7 continents namely, Asia, Africa,
angular distance north or South of the Antarctica, Australia, Europe, South
equator. America. Asia is the largest continent in
The imaginary lines intersect equator at the world and Australia is the smallest
right angle joining the north and south continent in the world.
are called Longitudes.
5. Prime Meridian: The meridian passing
4. Mention the difference between local through Greenwich (England has been
time and standard time. chosen as prime meridian. It is marked
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as 0° Longitude. waves.
6. Indian Standard Time:- In India 82½° II. Answer the following questions:
East Longitude is considered as the 1. Mention the three major layers of
standard meridian of the country. It the interior of the Earth.
passes through Allahabad of Uttar Ans:- The three major layers of the interior
Pradesh. It is 5hours and 30minutes of the Earth are-
ahead of G.M.T. (1) The Crust (2) The Mantle and
(3) The Core.
IV. Multiple Questions.
1. The total geographical area of the 2. Name the types of volcanoes on
Earth is. the basis of frequency of eruption.
a) 510 million Sq.kms Ans: On the basis of frequency of eruption
b) 550 million Sq.kms volcanoes are classified into three types.
c) 610million Sq.kms They are-(1) Active Volcanoes, (2)
d) 650 million Sq.kms Dormant Volcanoes and (3) Extensive
Volcanoes.
2. The shape of the Earth is.
a) Circular b)Square 3. Mention the important earthquake
c) triangle d) Geoid zones of the world.
Ans. The important earthquake zones of
3. The Equatorial diameter of the Earth the world are-
is _______________ Kms (1) The Circum-Pacific Belt-Regions
a) 12,756 b)12,576 around the Pacific Ocean (New Zealand,
c)12,646 d)12,446 Philippines, Japan, USA, Peru, etc.)
(2) The Mediterranean Belt- Regions
4. There are ____________ latitudes on around the Mediterranean Sea.
the globe (3) The Himalayan Belt- The Siwalik
a)180 b)181 c)360 d)90 regions of India.
5. The whole globe is divided into 4. What is weathering? Name the three
_______________ time zones main types of weathering.
a) 25 b)12 c)20 d)24 Ans: Weathering is the wearing away or
Ans:- 1. a) 510 million Sq.kms, 2. d) breaking down or gradual disintegration
Geoid, 3. a) 12,756, 4. b)181, 5. d)24. of rocks by agents like temperature,
rainfall, wind etc., present in the
atmosphere.
The three types of weathering are as
2. LITHOSPHERE follows-
(1) Mechanical weathering,
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable (2) Chemical weathering and
words: (3) Biological weathering.
1 The continental crust is also called
______________________. 5. Name the landforms associated with
2 Vast basin shaped volcanic mouth is the work of river.
__________________. Ans: The important landforms in the
3 The most destructive earthquake waves middle course of the river are Alluvial
are __________________ . fans and Meanders. The important land
4 Stalactites and Stalagmites are most forms in the Lower Course of the river
common in __________________. are flood Plains, Natural Levees, Ox-bow
5 The Beaches are formed by lakes, Deltas.
__________________ work.
Ans: (1) SlAL, (2) Caldera, (3) surface
waves, (4) lime stone region, (5) sea
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3. ATMOSPHERE
III. Match the following:
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable
A B
1. SIMA a) Earthquake
words:
2. Sandstone b) Yellow soil 1. The two major gases of the atmosphere
3. Epicentre c) Oceanic crust are ___________ and ______.
4. Geyser d) Sedimentary rock 2. The lowest layer of the atmosphere
5. Loess e) Underground water is___________.
Ans: 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e, 5-b. 3. The average air pressure of the
atmosphere at the sea level is _________.
4. Westerlies is also known as _________
IV. Define the following:
5. The scientific study of weather is
1. Aqueous rocks: Sedimentary Rocks are
_________.
also called aqueous rocks because they
Ans: (I) nitrogen, oxygen (2)
are formed in the water bodies like
Troposphere (3) 1013.25mb (4) Trade
lakes, seas, and ocean beds.
winds (5) Meteorology.
2. 'Pacific ring of fire': Pacific ring of fire
is a region of Volcanoes. The regions are
The Coastal margins of the Pacific II. Answer the following questions:
Ocean consisting of Philippines, Japan, 1. What is atmosphere?
USA, Central America, South America, Ans: Atmosphere is a thin layer of gases,
etc. dust particles and water vapour
3. Mechanical weathering: When the rock surrounding the earth. This layer of
is broken and disintegrated without any gases forms protective boundary
chemical alteration, the process is called between the outer space and the earth's
Physical weathering or Mechanical surface.
weathering. The important processes of
mechanical weathering are Granular 2. Name the important layers of the
disintegration, Block disintegration and atmosphere.
Exfoliation. The agents of mechanical Ans: (a) Troposphere, (b) Stratosphere, (c)
weathering are temperature, wind, frost, Mesosphere, (d) Thermosphere (e)
etc. Exosphere.
4. Carbonaceous rocks: Coal is called
carbonaceous rock. Organic sediments 3. What is the significance of ozone
are derived by the accumulation of layer?
remains of organisms, such as shells of Ans: Ozone layer absorbs ‘ultraviolet rays’
marine organisms, remains of plants of the sun and protects all forms of life
and animals, Example Carbonaceous on the earth. This layer is free from
rocks are coal and limestone. clouds and other important
5. Tsunami: Tsunami is a large sea wave phenomenon and provides ideal flying
occasionally experienced along the conditions for jet aircrafts.
coasts of Japan and in other regions
caused by underwater earthquake. In 4. What is Doldrum? Where is it found?
Japanese language 'Tsunami' means Ans: The Equatorial low pressure belt is
'harbour waves'. called Doldrums. This region gets direct
6. Continental glacier: Continental rays of the Sun almost throughout the
glaciers are extensive ice sheets found in year. This is a calm region with very
Polar Regions E.g. Greenland and little wind so it is called Doldrums.
America. Doldrums means belt of calmness. This
7. Hot spring: Whenever warm or hot region lies between 0° to 5° North and
water comes out naturally it is called South of the equator.
hot spring or thermal spring. They are
usually found near the volcanic regions. 5. Name the different types of planetary
winds.
Ans: There are three types of planetary
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winds. They are- also called ‘Ionosphere’ as the
(a) Trade winds, (b) Anti-trade winds and gaseous atoms are ionized due to
(c) Polar winds. very high temperature. The ions
found in this layer help in reflecting
6. What are local winds? Give any radio waves.
two examples.
Ans: The local winds and Periodic 2. Normal lapse rate:- It is the
winds are the result of variation in decreasing rate of temperature with
local temperature, pressure, the increasing of altitude. The rate of
humidity which in turn are decrease is 1°C for every 165 meters
attributed to the formation of air or 64°C for every 1000 meters of
currents, crossing mountain ranges, height (1 Km).
valleys and other relief barriers. The
important periodic and local winds 3. torrid zone:- This is the zone of
are Land breeze, Sea breeze, high temperature. This region is
Mountain breeze, valley found between 0° or equator and
breeze(Anabatic winds) and other Tropic of Cancer in the North (23½°
few winds are Loo (India), Chinook or N) and the equator and Tropic of
Snow eater (USA), Fohn (Alps region), Capricorn (23½° S) in the South.
Mistral (France) etc. This region receives direct rays of the
sun.
7.Mention the different types of
clouds. 4. Horse latitudes:- Sub-tropical high
Ans:- Clouds are classified on the basis pressure belts that lie between 30°
of their shapes and heights at which and 35° north and south of the
they occur. The important types of equator are high pressure belts. The
clouds are. North sub-tropical high pressure belt
 The Stratus that lies between 30° and 35° north
 The Cumulus are also called 'Horse latitude'.
 The Cirrus
 The Nimbus. 5. Orographic rainfall:- Orographic
rainfall is also called 'Mountain
8. Distinguish between weather and rainfall' or 'Relief rainfall'. When
climate. moisture laden air is obstructed by a
Ans:- The atmospheric conditions of a mountain barrier, the air is forced to
smaller area at a particular time is rise up. As the air rises upwards, it
called weather. For example – cools and gets saturated. Further
Cloudy, sunny, fine weather etc. cooling of this air causes
Climate is the average condition of the condensation resulting in orographic
atmosphere over a long period of time rainfall.
of a larger area. Example –
Equatorial climate, Tropical monsoon 6. Climatology:- The scientific study of
climate, Desert climate, climate is called Climatology.
Mediterranean Climate, Tundra
climate etc
III. Define the following :

1. Ionosphere:- In thermosphere
temperature rises drastically. It is
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ECONOMICS to earn money and wealth, and thereby
satisfy his wants, man engages himself
1. INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS in various activities. These activities are
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable called economic activities.
words:
1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from 2. Why do we need to study
the Greek root words _____ and ______ Economics?
2. The basic economic problems of every Ans: We need to study Economics because
individual is__________ and ________. of the following important aspects-
3. The activities that generate income are a) It helps to understand and solve
___________. problems of poverty, unemployment,
4. Micro Economics is the study of economic inequality, etc.,
________units. b) It helps to solve the problem of what to
5. Macro Economics is the study of produce, how to produce, whom to
________ units. produce, etc.,
c) Economics identifies the reason for the
Ans: (1) 'okos', 'nomos' (2) scarce rise and fall of prices and the results of
resources and prioritize (3) economic such fluctuations.
activity (4) small (5) ‘total’ or ‘large’. d) Economics suggests ways to make use
of limited resources with care and
II. Answer the following in a efficiency.
sentence each: 3. Differentiate between micro and
1. What is Economics? macro economics?
Ans: Economics is a subject which studies Micro economics Macro Economis
daily economic activities of man. 1. Micro economics 1. Macro economics
studies individual studies about
2. Define scarcity? buying and whole society.
Ans:- Scarcity is the fundamental selling. 2. The word macro
2. The word micro means ‘total’ or
economic problem of having seemingly
means very small. ‘large’.
unlimited human wants in a world of
3. Examples.. 3. Examples-
limited resources.
individual, national income,
households and total
3. List the different economic activities.
business firms, consumption
Ans:- i. Production. ii. Consumption.
decisions, satisfy expenditure of
iii. Exchange. iv. Distribution.
of wants. the country,
Inflation etc.
4. When you buy a pen, which branch of
Economics analyses your decision?
4. What are the basic economic
Ans:- Consumption.
problems?
Ans:- The problems in Economics arise
5. Define Micro Economics?
due to scarcity of resources which forces
Ans:- The word micro means very small
us to make a suitable choice.
and micro economics implies study of
i. What to produce?
economics at a very small level. Micro
ii. How to produce?
economics is the study of decision
iii. For whom to produce?
making to use resources by individuals.
5. What major economic decisions are
III. Answer the following in three or taken by the government?
four sentences each: Ans:- Every government mainly decides- 1.
1. What are economic activities? The type and quantity of various
Ans:- Man makes use of his skills and goods produced depends upon the
labours to earn money and satisfies his resource availability on the one hand
wants by utilizing that money. In order and requirements of the people, on the
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other.
2. Government produces goods which cut II. Answer the following after
the cost of production and efficient use discussing them in groups:
of existing resources. 1. What is an economy?
3. Government has to decide the Ans:- Economy is a man-made
distribution of scarce resources and organization for the satisfaction of
goods and services among all human wants.
individuals. For instance, it may be
availability of food, basic education or 2. Mention the features of capitalist
primary health. economic system.
i. Private property.
6. Why do we need to study Economies? ii. Freedom of enterprise
 Recognize the scarcity of resources iii. Consumer’s Sovereignty.
against the unlimited wants; iv. Profit Motive.
 Prioritizing the use of resources and v. Competition, markets and prices.
identifying more important and less vi. Absence of government
importation interference.
 Economize (save) on the use of
resources and search for more efficient 3. What are the defects of capitalist
ways of using the resources; system?
 Engage in economic activity to support  Capitalist system focused on profit.
family as well as the country;  It emphasizes consumption- it doesn’t
 Contribute to government’s revenue and always guarantee that the basic needs of
assist it in discharge of its a person will be met.
developmental and welfare programmes;  It limits the government in enforcing air
 Understand socio-economic problems of play rules.
the country like poverty, unemployment,  Monopoly.
inflation, etc., and try to provide
solutions to the same; and 4. What is planning?
 Suggest better policies and better ways Ans:- Planning mechanism is used by the
of implementing policies for bringing government to prepare development
about desired growth and development plans and decide the roles to be
of the country. played by the private and public sectors
in the development of the economy.
While the public sector is under the
2. MEANING AND TYPES OF direct control of the government and
works as per production targets and
ECONOMY plans formulated the private sector is
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable supported through incentives, support
words. and subsidies to work as per national
1. Economy refers to the nature of priorities.
organization of ________________.
2. NITI Ayog was set up in _____________. 5. How are economies classified on the
3. Free enterprise is a basic feature of basis of level of development?
________ economy. Ans:- On the basis of level of development,
4. Good example of capitalist economy economies can be classified into two
is______________. categories as (i) developed economy and
5. Co-existence of public and private (ii) developing economy.
sectors is seen in____________. Developed countries have higher national
Ans:- (1) economic activities in a and per capita income, high savings and
society, (2) 2015, (3) Capitalist, (4) investment and therefore, high rate of
USA and many countries of Europe, capital formation.
(5) Mixed Economy. Developing countries are low on the ladder
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of development. They are also called as
underdeveloped, backward or poor
BUSINESS STUDIES
countries. The national and per capita 1.COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS
income in these countries is low. STUDIES
I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
6. How does government regulate the words in the following sentences:
activities of the private sector in a 1. The economic activity that provides
mixed economy? technical or specialized personal
 Industrial policies of 1948 and 1956 services to the consumers is
formulated by the Indian government called_____________.
made the provision for coexistence of the 2. In olden days the goods were exchanged
public and private sectors, with a larger for a goods, which was called
role for public sector. Basic and heavy ____________ system of exchange.
industries were under the public sector. 3. The full responsibility of paper money
However, with the liberalisation of vests with ___________.
Indian economy since 1990s, the scope 4. The emergence of communities and
of private sector has further widened. villages took place during___________
 The private unit’s works with profit stage.
motivation, government which work with 5. The main cause for International trade
welfare objective. was _____________ .
 Public sector is under the direct control 6. Trade and commerce contribute to the
of the government. economic development of a country by
 The government policies influence the paying _____________ and ____________to
prices significantly in a mixed economy. the government.
Ans:- 1. Profession, 2. Barter, 3.
7. What is disinvestment? Government, 4. Agricultural, 5.
Ans:- Government is selling its shares of Industrial Revolution, 6. rates, taxes
public sector industries, which is called and duties.
disinvestment.
II. Answer each of the following
8. Why is India considered a developing questions in two or three
economy? sentences:
 India has all features of developing 1. What is an economic activity?
economy. Ans:- The activities which are concerned
 The national and per capita income in with the production and exchange of
India is low. goods and services are called economic
 We have backward agricultural and activities.
industrial sectors with low savings,
investment and capital formation. 2. Give the meaning of trade and
 India has low standard of living, poor Commerce.
health and sanitation, high infant Ans:- Trade: Trade is nothing but buying
mortality, high birth and death rates and selling of goods.
and poor infrastructure. So India Commerce: Any economic activity of
considered a developing economy. human being is considered commerce. It
includes production, business,
industries, banking etc.
3. What is meant by Barter system of

exchange?
Ans:- The direct exchange of goods for
goods or other things is called
Barter system of exchange.
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4. What is a profession? System of exchange? How has money
Ans:- Profession is mainly concerned with solved these problems?
rendering of specialized technical and Ans:- Barter system problems/ difficulties:
personal services. Ex- Lawyers, doctors,  Lack of double co-incidence of wants.
charted accountants etc.  Lack of common measures of value.
 Difficulty of sub division.
5. What are aids to trade? Name them.  Difficulty to store the goods or to
Ans:- The facilities which are helpful for transport.
the development of trade is called aids Now money solved all these difficulties
to trade. It includes such as with its quality to evaluate, store,
transportation, banking, storage transfer value etc.
facilities, advertisement agencies,
insurance etc. 4. Which are the important stages of
6. What are craft guilds? economic evolution? Briefly explain
Ans:- A group/ organization of people who any one.
do the same profession/ job such as Ans:- The important stages of economic
carpenters, blacksmith, weavers, evolution are as follows.
builders came into existence are called 1) Hunting and fishing stage.
craft guilds. 2) Pastoral stage. 3) Agricultural stage.
4) Handicraft stage.
III. Answer each of the following 5) Barter system stage.
questions in a paragraph: 6) Money economy stage.
1. How do production and exchange 7) Town economy stage.
play a very important role in our 8) International trade stage.
daily life?
Ans:- Production and exchange play a very
dominant role in our daily life. The 2. BUSINESS AND
producers produce goods according to
the demand for their goods in the INDUSTRY
market. They want the help of market I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate
people, transportation, storage, words:
advertisement etc. The distribution of 1. The best example for Entrepot trade is
goods and services is called exchange. _________________.
Exchange is connecting link between 2. Cottage industries are mainly
production and consumption. concentrated in ____________.
3. The manufacture of chemicals is
2. Explain the different types of carried out in ____________ industries.
economic activities. 4. The sole objective of business should be
Ans:- Economic activities can be classified earning____________ profit.
into 3 types they are: 5. To safeguard the quality of goods
Business: It is mainly concerned with ____________institution has been-
production and exchange of goods and started.
services. Ans: (1) Singapore (2) villages (3) small
Profession: It is mainly concerned with scale (4) reasonable (5) Bureau of
rendering of specialized technical and Indian Standard.
personal services. Eg: Lawyer, Teacher,
Doctor etc., II. Answer each of the following
Employment: It is the work undertaken by questions in two to four sentences:
the people under an employer for salary 1. What is the Business?
or wages. Eg: Agriculture laborers, Ans:- Business is an important economic
Industrial laborers. activity mainly concerned with
production and distribution of goods
3. What are the difficulties of Barter and services to consumers.
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A business is an organization or d) Creating artificial scarcity by hoarding
enterprising entity engaged in the goods and carrying out black
commercial, industrial or professional marketing etc.,
activities.
2. Which are the different types of 8. What are the steps taken by the
mobile shops? government to overcome the
Ans:- The important types of mobile shops antisocial practices in business?
are Hawkers, Peddlers, Street vendors Ans:- The government has taken
and Market vendors. serious steps to overcome the anti-
social practices such as:
3. Who are wholesalers?  Government has introduced public
Ans: Wholesale traders buy goods in large distribution system [PDS].
quantity from producers and sell them  To maintain the standard of goods
to the retailers in small quantities. and commodities the government has
Generally, they deal with one or two opened an institution called Bureau
types of goods. of Indian Standard such as ISI &
AGMARK marks are printed on goods &
4. Name the three types of foreign commodities.
trade.  Every industrial product must have
Ans: The three types of foreign trade and seal on its cover pack, the quantity,
are (a) Import (b) Exports and (c) the date of manufacture, date of
Entrepot. expiry, maximum retail price (MRP)
 Government also opened Janata
5. Mention the important goods Bazaars, Co-operative societies etc.
produced by cottage and small scale
industries. III. Answer each of the following
Ans:- Cottage Industry goods are: questions in eight to ten sentences:
Carpentry, Smithy, Carpet weaving, 1. What are the economic objectives of
Stone carving, Pottery blanket making business?
etc., Ans:- The economic objectives of business
Small scale industry goods are: Chemical are
industry, Manufacture of Engineering i) The sole objective of business includes
goods, Shoes, Bicycles, Fans, Radios, earning reasonable profit.
Sewing Machine, Soaps, Garments etc., ii) Bussiness supplies goods & services to
the consumers.
6. Which organizations overcome the iii) It uses the available resources to
hindrance of place and risk? produces the goods that are sufficient to
Ans:- To overcome the hindrance of place consumers.
the services of transportation are used. iv) It producers such goods that are
Railways, water transport, air transport required from time to time according to
help the producers and traders. changes.
Hindrance of risk: The insurance v) It brings changes in production by
companies help business by making adopting new techniques.
good the loss incurred by fire or water or vi) It also enables the consumer to know
that caused by natural calamities. about the changes in products through
advertisement.
7. Mention the antisocial activities of
traders to earn more profit. 2. What are the social objectives of
Ans:- Some of the anti-social activities of business?
traders to earn profit are: Ans:- i) Business producers goods
a) Adulteration. supplier the goods that are required
b) Charging excess or abnormal rates. c) for the development of a nations.
Using false weights and measures. ii) It provides employment to many & pays
th
them fair wages & Salaries & helps them
to improve their standard of using. 5. Explain briefly the two types of
iii) Business also contributes a fair share Industries.
for the social welfare of the nation by Ans:- Industries may be classified into 2
starting & running of schools, colleges, main types . They are
hospitals & also by maintaining public a) Primary Industries: These industries
gardens. produce goods by using the natural
resources. Eg: Agriculture, fishing, dairy
3. Mention the services rendered by farming, mining etc.
retail traders. These industries divided into- 1) Genetic
Ans:- The services rendered by retail industries, 2) Extractive industries
traders b) Secondary Industries: These are labour
1) They are the last connecting link in the oriented industries. They are further
distribution of goods. divided into Manufacturing Industries &
2) They supply Varity of goods produced by Construction Industries.
different producers to the consumers.
3) They store the goods to meet the 6. What is the need of foreign trade to
demand of the consumers. a country?
4) They take the risk of loss in business or  The need for foreign trade is increasing
loss of goods day by day, because no country in the
5) They grade the goods & supply world is self-sufficient in all the natural
according to the tastes of the resources.
consumers.  Some countries have plenty of natural
resources.
4. List out the different retail traders  Using the available natural resources
and write two/three sentence son they produce more than they require
each of them. and the excess is exported to other
Ans:- Retail trade is carried out in countries.
different ways . The important types are.  In the same way some countries have
1. Permanent shops: They are opened at a deficit of some natural resources and
fixed place and carry out trade. depend on other countries for their
2. Itinerant or Mobile traders: They do not requirement and import them.
have a fixed place to carry on their  Finally it also helps to foster friendship
trade. The important among them are among the countries.
Hawkers, Peddlers street vendors and
Market vendors.
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1st Semester Summative Exam (Model)
Marks- 40 Subject:- Social Science Time-90 Min.
I Four alternatives are given below. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete
answer along with its number. 5X1=5
1. The first inscription obtained in the kannada language is -------
A) Halmidi B) Talagunda C) Aihole D) Maski
2. The language of Roman’s is_____
A) Greek B) Roman C) English D) Latin
3. ‘Republic’ was the work of ______
A) Socrates B) Plato C) Euclid D) Plutarch
4. Culture means
A) Cultivate B) Good behavior C) Traditions D) customs
5. The Indian standard time is Based on
A) 23½º East Longitude B) 23½º West Longitude
C) 82½º East Longitude D) 82½º West Longitude

II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each. 7 x1=7
6. What is excavation?
7. Give an example to the foreign literature?
8. Give a definition of political science.
9. Give an example of the cultural diversity in your environment.
10. Why did sedimentary rocks is called ‘aqueous rocks’?
11. Why the earth is called ‘Living planet’?
12. A student buys a note book and writes in it, what kind of economic activity is this?
III. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 6x2=12
13. How are Mummies preserved?
14. Why are the Northern and Southern hemispheres called ‘Land’ and Water’ hemispheres?
15. What are the ‘Triratnas’?
16. Name the important Indian Sociologists.
17. Explain the different types of economic activities?
18. Differentiate between micro and macro economics.
IV. Answer the following questions in six or seven sentences each . 3x3=9
19. Describe the special features of Harappa town.
20. Public administration is spread across the birth and death of an individual. Prove it.
21. ‘The Earthquakes are very dangerous and destructive’- Explain.
VI. Answer the following questions in eight to ten sentences each. 4x1=4
22. Why is India considered a developing economy?
VII. 23. Draw a neat India Map and mark the fallowing. 1+2=3
A) River Narmada B) Delhi
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8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 2nd Sem

By Veeresh P Arakeri-9986261446.
CONTENTS
Sl No HISTORY Page No
1 MAURYAS AND KUSHANS 3
2 THE GUPTAS AND VARDHANAS 4
SOUTH INDIA-SHATAVAHANAS, KADAMBAS
3 AND GANGAS 5
THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AND THE
4 PALLAVAS OF KANCHI 6
THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF MANYAKHETA AND
5 THE CHALUKYAS OF KALYANA 7
THE CHOLAS AND HOYSALAS OF
6 DWARASAMUDRA 8
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1 HUMAN RIGHTS 9
1 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 10
SOCIOLOGY
1 SOCIOLOGY INSTITUTIONS 12
2 TYPES OF SOCIETY 13
GEOGRAPHY
1 HYDROSPHERE 14
2 BIOSPHERE 15
ECONOMICS
NATIONAL INCOME AND SECTORAL ASPECTS
1 OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY 16
2 GOVERNMENT AND THE ECONOMY 17
BUSINESS STUDIES
1 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS 18
8th Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (9986261446) Page 2

.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 2nd Sem.

By Veeresh P Arakeri-9986261446
2. Name the important cities during
Ashoka’s period.
HISTORY Ans:- Pataliputra, Taxila , Ujjain , Kalinga and
Suvarnagiri.
3. Ashok has been named has Great by the

7. MAURYAS AND KUSHANS historians. Give reasons?
I. Complete the following sentences by Ans:- 1) Ashoka declared a war on the
using suitable words in the blanks: Kalingas. Though Kalinga was won by
1. Chanakya came to be known as ___________. Ashoka, he was disturbed by the deaths and
2. Megasthanis’s work _______________. the pain of the battle. And he decided not to
3. The capital of the Mauryas was ________. wage war thereafter. He considered victory of
4. The founder of the Kushan dynasty religion is better than the victory in the
was_________. battle field.
5. The new era of Kanishka’s reign is called 2) Ashoka accepted Buddhism after the
the ________. Kanlinga battle. Ashoka declared that all his
6. The Mauryan dynasty was established citizens are his children. He adopted ‘Live
by__________ and let live’ pocicy.
7. Ashoka appointed__________to spread 3) Ashoka is called as the father of inscriptions
Buddhism. because of his enormous inscriptions.
8. During Kushans period ____________ Because of all these matters made him
sculpture flourished. Ashoka the great.
9. During the time _______________ gold coins
were minted. 4. Describe Ashoka’s administration.
Ans:- 1- Kautilya 2- Indica, 3– Ans:- Ashoka Carried on the administration of
Pataliputhra, 4- Kujalakadaphisus, 5- his Vast Kingdom from different Centres.
saka. 6- Chandragupta Maurya, 7- Dharma  All centres proclaimed the aspirations of the
Mahamatras, 8- Gandhara, 9- king.
Vimakadaphisus.  His aspirations were expressed through
edicts
II. Match the following:  Ashoka appointed Dharma Mahamatras to
A B spread Buddhism.
1. Megasthenes a) Arthashastra
2. Chanakya b) Sanskrit scholar 5. Who was Megasthenes ? What was his
3. R.Shamasastry c)Buddhist scholars contribution?
4. Aswagosha d) Fourth Buddhist conference  Megasthenes was the Greek ambassador to
5. Kashmir e) Greek ambassador. the court of Chandragupta.
Ans:- 1-e, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c, 5-d.  Megasthenes recorded the fame of
Chandragupta in his book ‘Indica’ and
III. Answer to the following questions in immortalized him.
brief:  The contents of ‘Indica’ are not known to us
1. List the sources which reflect upon the since this work has not been available to
history of Mauryas. Indians.
• Megasthenes’ Indica,
6. Who was Chanakya?
 Chanakya was Chandragupta’s minister.
• Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’  He became widely known as Kautilya.
• Vishaka Duttas Mudrarakshasa,
 His ideas are described in the work of
• Deepavamsha and Mahavamsha,
‘Arthashastra’
• Inscriptions of Ashoka.
8th Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (9986261446) Page 3

7. Why do the scholars are attracted 8. THE GUPTAS AND
towards Kautilya’s Arthashastra?
 Arthashastra was found in the Oriental VARDHANAS
library of Mysore by R. Shamasastry a I. Complete the following sentences by
renouned Sanskrit scholar, in 1902 A.D. using suitable words in the blanks.
 It is not merely economics as understood by 1. The Guptas began their reign from the
the western world. place_____________.
 It contains topics like principles of 2. Chandragupta I was called _____________.
administration of a kingdom, the 3. One of the great dramas of Kalidasa is
responsibilities of a king and his ministers, _____________.
foreign policy, financial management, etc. 4. Vishakadatta’s literary work _____________
 Stress is laid on the spy network and 5. The literary work written by Sudraka
military system. is_____________.
 That’s why even after thousands of years 6. The founder of Vardhana dynasty was
Kautilya’s arthashastra has been attracting _____________.
scholars by its uniqueness. Ans:- 1- Prayaga/ Magadha, 2-
Maharajadhiraja 3-Meghadoot 4-
8. What was the Impact of the Battle of Mudrarakshasa 5- Mricchakatika 6.
Kalinga on Ashoka? Pushyabhuti.
 Ashoka was transformed after viewing the
huge loss of life during Kalinga war. II. Match the following
 Compassion as preached by Buddha A B
1. Kalidasa a) Charaka Samhita
influenced Ashoka.
2. Charaka b) Father of Indian Medicine
 He spread the teachings of Buddha 3. Dhanwantari c) Prashasti
throughout the Country by appointing 4. Ravikirti d) Bruhat Samhita
Dharma Mahamatras. 5. Varahamihira e) Kumarasambhava
Ans:- 1-e, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c, 5-d.
9. What is the contribution of Kanishka
towards Buddhism? III. Answer in brief the following
 Buddhism could prosper much more than questions:
before because of the Patronage given by 1. Write about Chandragupta II.
Kanishka.  Chandragupta II expanded the kingdom of
 There were many Buddhist scholars like Samudragupta and brought stability.
Ashwagosha, Vasumitra, Sangaraksh, were  He defeated the Sakas and made Western
in his court. India a part of the Gupta Empire.
 The Fourth Buddhist Conference was held  He developed relationships with many
at Kashmir under Kanishka’s Leadership. Indian royal families through marriage and
 Kanishka even sent missions to Central Asia became very influential.
and China to spread Buddhism.  He earned the title Vikramaditya. His reign
is memorable more for the encouragement
10. Which dynasty did the Kushans belong given to literature and art, rather than for
to? its battles.
Ans:- The Kushans basically from a nomadic
tribe which had migrated to India from 2. What were the reasons for the downfall
Central Asia .They were the progeny of yuchi. of the Gupta Empire?
 The Gupta Empire was subjected to
11. What was the extent of Kanishka’s continual attacks of the Huns and thus,
empire? soon declined.
Ans:- Kanishka’s rule had spread up to Sanchi  The Guptas did not have fully equipped
in the South and Banaras in the East. His large army;
Kingdom which included Central Asia too
 The king's vassals would fulfill the
was a vast empire.
requirements during times of war.
 Hence, the vassals had become very
powerful.
3. Name the great scientists of the Gupta

8th Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (Am, Govt Ex-Munciple High school, Davangere)
Page 4
Age. imposed on their empire which obstructed
Ans: Varahamihira, Bhaskara, Aryabhata, their Internal trade.
Charaka and Sushruta are the scientist of
Gupta Age. 10. How do you say that Samudragupta had
passion for music?
4. How was the administration during the  Samudragupta was not just a Conquerer,
Vardhana rule? but a great poet and a lover of music too.
 The Kings rule was assisted by the Council  His passion for music can be seen in the
of ministers. The bureaucracy Consisted of gold coins which depict him playing on the
the Mahasandhivigraha , Mahabaladhikruta veena.
, Bhogapati and Doota.
 The kingdom had been divided into
provinces.
 Land tax was the major source of income for
the kingdom. 9. SOUTH INDIA (FROM 3RD
 Feudatory chiefs paid tribute to the king.
The king gave then land, grama and in CENTURY B.C.E. TO 13TH
return, got the help of their armies. CENTURY C.E.)
5. Why the economic system of Guptas I. Complete the following sentences.
suffered?
1. Simukha made_____________ his capital.
 During this period, the trade that the 2. The literary work written by Hala
Guptas had with the westerners collapsed. is_____________.
Consequently, their economic system 3. The first inscription in Kannada is
suffered. _____________
 The restrictions imposed on their empire 4. Banavasi, the capital of the Kadambas, is
obstructed their internal trade too. in today’s _____________ district.
 Trade was limited to villages. 5. The prominent king among the Gangas was
 The collapse of trade led to the decline of _____________ .
the city centres 6. The literary work written by Chavundaraya
is _____________.
6. What are the sources which throw light Ans: 1 -Srikakulam 2 - Gathasaptashati
upon Vardhanas period? 3- Halmidi, 4- North Canara 5-
 Some Copper Inscriptions. Durvinita 6- Chavunda Purana.
 Bana’s Harshacharita.
 Chinese traveller ,Hiuen Tsang’s Writings
throw light upon this period II. Answer in brief.
1. Who was the last king of the
7. Name the famous scholars of Nalanda Shatavahanas? How did their dynasty
University . become weak?
Ans:- Nagarjuna, Dinnaga, Dharmapala. Ans: Yajnashri Shatakarni was the last king of
Shatayahana dynasty. During his time, on
8. Who was Hiuen Tsang? account of continual attacks by the Shakas,
the empire stood devastated.
 He was the Chinese traveler, who visited
Nalanda University and stayed for some
2. Write about the art of the Shatavahanas.
time.
Ans: Shatavahanas promoted art, literature
 He has given a detailed description of this
and education. The Ajanta and the
place.
Amaravati paintings were created during
 We get details of the popularity of Buddhism
their period. They also contributed temples,
from his writings.
viharas and Chaityalayas. A chaityagraha
was built in Karle by the Banavasi merchant
9. Why Pataliputra got reduced to the size
Bhootapala.
of a Village?
Ans:- Pataliputra reduced to the size of a
3. What were the values which influenced
village due to the collapse of gupta’s trade
the Ganga society?
with the westernens and the restrictions
Ans: Social values like honesty, loyalty, bravery

Page 5
and patience were the values that influenced 10. THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI
the Ganga society.
AND THE PALLAVAS OF KANCHI
4. Name four literary works of the period of
the Gangas. I. Fill in the blanks :
1. Durvinita wrote the Sanskrit work 1. The Pallava king who was defeated by
Shabdavatara Pulakeshi is______________.
2. Sreepurusha wrote Gajashastra. 2. The dynasty which gave the name
3. Hemasena wrote Raghava Pandaviya in Karnataka is ______________.
Kannada 3. The writer of the Sanskrit drama Hara
4. Chavundaraya wrote Chavunda Purana. Parvatiya is______________.
4. The Pallava king who earned the title
5. What was the special contribution of Vatapikonda is ______________
Kadambas to Karnataka and Indian 5. The painting The Meditation of Arjuna is
culture? in______________.
 The Kadambas made special contribution to Ans:- 1-Mahendravarma 2-Chalukyas
Karnataka and Indian culture. 3- Shivabhattaraka 4- Narasimha
 There was political unity for around three Varma I 5- Mahabalipuram.
hundred years under the Kadamba rule.
 Royal priests, ministers and military II. Answer the following questions in
generals played a significant role in brief:
Administration. 1. How did Pulakeshi II extend his empire?
 For Administrative ease, provincial officers  Pulekeshi II Overpowering the Gangas,
had been appointed to look after the Kadambas & Alupas he extended his empire
province.  Since Pallava king Mahendraverme did not
accept the sovereignty of Pulekeshi,
6. Briefly write about Gangas Pulakeshi defeated him.
Administration.  When Harshavardhana of North India
 The king had a council of ministers to help advanced up to the banks of river Narmada,
him. Pulakeshi stopped him.
 The ministers supervised different branches
of administration. 2. Describe the administrative system of
 The administration in the villages was very the Chalukyas.
systematic.  The king was actively involved in
 The village committee looked after land administration.
revenue, justice, sanitation and defence.  The Kindom was divided into districts called
 Agriculture was the main occupation. There Vishaya and the Vishaya and the
were other occupations like weaving and Vishayadhipathi used to look after it.
black smithy.  The Village was the smallest unit of the
 They had trade relations with other administration.
countries.  The Village leaders looked after the village
Accounts.
7. How Gangas patronized education?
 The chaityalayas, temples, mathas and 3. The Chalukyas were lovers of literature.
agraharas were centers of education. Explain with examples.
 There were Brahmapuris and Ghatikas for  The Chalukyas of Badami Patronized
higher education. literature. Kannada and Sanskrit developed
 Talakadu, Sravanbelagola, Bankapura and very well. Kannada was their state language.
Peruru have been named as centers of  During this period, the tripadi form of poetry
learning. came into existence.
 Though there are no literary works produced
8. Which were the important trade centres in Kannada at this time there are many
of Shatavahana time? inscriptions written in Kannada.
Ans:- Nasik , Kalyan, Broach and Bhatkal.  The Sanskrit scholars of this time are
Ravikirti, Vijjika and Akalanka.
 Kaumudi Mahotsav, was written by

Page 6
Pulekeshi II’s daughter in law, poetess
Vijjika. 8. Who was the last Chalukya king?
 Hara parvatiya of Shivabhattaraka are Ans:- During the time of the last Chalukya
important Sanskrit dramas. king, Kirtivarma, the Rastrakutas Captured
this kingdom.
4. Name the Pallava kings who ruled from
Kanchi.
 Shivaskandvarma, Was the first King of 11. THE RASHTRAKUTAS OF
Dynasty.
 Mahendravarma & Narasimhavarma I who
MANYAKHETA AND
built a city on the sea coast near Kanchi and THE CHALUKYA’S OF KALYANA
named it Mahabalipuram.
I. Fill in the blanks:
5. How did the Pallavas encourage Sanskrit 1. The founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty
and Tamil? was_________________.
 The Pallavas encouraged both Sanskrit and 2. The Chalukya king of Kalyana who was
Tamil responsible for the defeat of the
 Kanchi was the Center of Sanskrit Rashtrakutas was _______________.
Literature. 3. The author of ‘Kavirahasya’ is
 Bharavi (the author of Kiratarjuniya) and _________________.
Dandi (the author of Dashakumar Charita) 4. The famous poem written by Ponna is
were the poet in the Pallava court. _________________.
 King Mahendravarma himself wrote a social 5. The most famous king among the Kalyana
drama ‘Mattavilasa Prahasana’ and a book Chalukyas was _________________.
Bhagavadujjuka. 6. The person who can be called ‘the pioneer of
the social revolution’ is _______.
6. How do you say that Pallavas were lovers
of art and architecture? Ans: 1 - Dantidurga 2 - Tailapa II 3 -
 They built many temples in their kingdom, Halayudha 4 - Shantipurana 5 -
which are noteworthy for their artistic skill. Vikramaditya VI 6 –Basaveshwara.
 The Pallava architecture can be classified
into temples that have been carved out of II. Answer the following questions :
stone, and temples with structural Pattern. 1. How was the administrative system of
 Many temples carved in rocks can be seen in the Rashtrakutas?
Mahabharatha and Bhagavata.  The kingdom of Rashtrakutas was divided
 The Pancharathas are the famous into Rashtra, Vishaya, Nadu and Grama for
monolithic temples. the purpose of administration.
 The carving of ‘Arjuna’s Meditation has  The leader of the grama, gramapati was the
emerged as an excellent work of art. leader of the village army too; He was
 The temples of Kailashnath, Ekambarnath assisted by the village accountant.
and Vaikunta Perumal at Kanchi and the  There were Grama Sabhas also, An officer
coastal temple at Mahabalipuram are called Nadagavunda looked after the nadus.
excellent examples of ancient Indian  Similar officers looked after Vishayas and
architecture. Rashtras.
 Land revenue, toll on goods, houses, shops
7. How does Hiuen Tsang describes about and tax on occupations formed the income
Pulekeshi II and his Kingdom. of the kingdom. Foreign trade also brought
He has said that the King was just and kind. in lot of taxes.
The army was disciplined and the soldiers were
courageous warriors who were not afraid of 2. Write about the educational system
death. under the Rashtrakutas.
The subjects were lovers of truth, contented, Ans: Agraharas and Mathas were the
self –respecting, prosperous and loyal to the prominent educational centres of
king. Rashtrakutas. Knowledge was imparted
They respected the king very much, and the about Sanskrit, the Vedas, Astrology, Logic
king loved his subjects. and the Puranas. Salotgi in lndi taluk of

Page 7
Bijapur district was one of the leading .Famous temples like the kashi
centers of learning. Vishweswara temple at Lakkundi, Mahadev
temple at Itagi, Mallikarjuna temple at
3. Write about the Ellora temple. kuruvatti, Trikuteswara temple at Gadag are
Ans: The Kailashanath temple at ElIora, built noteworthy examples of their art.
by Krishna 1 is a monolithic wonder. This  During their period musicians and dancers
temple has been carved from a rock 100 feet were appointed to serve in the court.
high, 276 feet long and 154 feet wide.  Queen Chandralekha patronized many
Dashavathara guhalaya is also here. music scholars and dancers.
 ‘Manasollasa’ and the work of
4. How did the Kalyan Chalukyas encourage Jagadekamalla II ‘Sangeeta chudamani’
literature? discuss many topics related to music,
Ans: Kannada literature prospered with the dance, art and jewellery.
support of Jain scholars. The notable works
of this period are:
1) ‘Gadayuddha' written by Ranna, 12. THE CHOLAS AND HOYSALAS
2) 'Panchatantra' written by Durgasimha,
3) 'Vikramankedeva Charita' composed by OF DWARASAMUDRA.
Bilhana,
4) 'Dharmarnruta' composed by Nayasena I. Fill in the blanks.
5) Legal work, Mitakshara', by Vignaneshwara 1. The capital of the Cholas was
6) 'Manasallosa' written by King Someshwara ________________.
III is considered a Sanskrit encyclopedia. 2. The committee of the subjects in every
The unique contribution of Chalukyan village during the period of the Cholas was
period has been the 'Vachana' literature; ________________.
Akkamahadevi, Allamaprabhu, Machayya 3. The most famous Chola educational centre
and other were leading vachanakaras. or agrahara was________________.
4. The temple in Begur near Bangalore built
5. Which were the foreign countries with by the Cholas was________________.
whom Rastrakutas had trade 5. The army of bodyguards during the time of
relationship? the Hoysalas was________________.
Ans:- Persia and Arabia 6. The poem written by Raghavanka
___________.
6. Who was sulaiman? Ans: 1. Tanjavur 2 - Mahasabha 3 -
Ans:- Sulaiman was an Arab travaller to the Uttaramerur 4. Choleshwara 5. Garuda
court of Amoghavarsha. He has praised army 6 - Harishchandra Kavya.
Amoghavarsha as ‘One of the four powerful
emperors of the world’ II. Answer in brief the following
questions.
7. Who is AdiKavi? What is his work? 1. Who was the founder of the Chola
Ans:- Pampa was Known as Adikavi and wrote kingdom?
Adipurana. Ans:- Rajaraja I was the founder of the Chola
kingdom.
8. Name the Kannada poets patronised by
Chalukyas of Kalyana. 2. Write a note on the significant features of
Ans:- They gave patronage to famous Kannada th Chola administration.
poets like Durgasimha , Ranna,  The significant quality of the Cholas
Nagachandra and others. administration was the development of the
self-government of the village.
9. Who defeated Rajadhiraja chola in  The grama sabhas were the first sabhas.
koppam? Every Kurram had a village committe named
Ans:- Someshwara I the king of Kalyana Mahasabha.
chalukyas.  This was also called perumgiri and its
member’s perumakkai.
10. What are the contributions of chalukyas
 The members were chosen through election.
of Kalyana to the field of Art?
Only Sanskrit scholars and rich people were
 Their contribution in the field of art is vast allowed to stand for election.

Page 8
3. Describe the encouragement given by

POLITICAL SCIENCE
the Hoysalas to literature.
Ans: Hoysalas literature specially Kannada. 3. HUMAN RIGHTS
(a) Rudrabatta wrote 'Jagannatha Vijaya', I. Fill in the blanks of the following
(b) the great poet Janna wrote 'Yashodhara
sentences:
Charite ',
1. Human Rights were declared in the year
(c) Harihara composed Champu poem 'Girija
____________.
Kalyana',
2. Magna Carta was signed __________king.
(d) Raghavanka authored 'Harishchandra
3. At present ___________ fundamental rights
Kavya', and
are there.
(e) Keshiraja wrote ‘Shabdamani Darpana'.
4. Right to property is___________ right.
Even in Sanskrit memorable works
5. The Chairman of the Human Rights
composed were Sreebhasya by
Commission is appointed by ____________.
Ramanujacharya and Parasharabhatta
Ans:- 1-1948 , 2- John, 3- six, 4-
composed Sri Guna Ratnakosha.
constitutional, 5- President of India.
4. Name the temples built by the cholas in
II. Answer the following after group
Karnataka.
 The Aprameya temple near Channapatna.
discussion:
1. Explain the development of Human
 The Choleswara temple in Begur near
Rights.
Bangalore.
 The roots of Human Rights are traced to
 The Mukteswara temple near Binnamangala
Athens and Sparta, the two city states of
are the temples built by the Cholas in
ancient Greeks.
Karnataka.
5. Who is the author of Periya Purana ?  During 1215 C.E., the King John of England
Ans:- Periya Purana was Composed by signed ‘Magna Carta’. Citizens gained the
Sekkilar. rights to have private and ancestral
property. The equality of all in front of law
6. Which were the Sanskrit works during was asserted.
the Hoysala’s Period.  In 1689, ‘Bill of Rights’ was implemented.
Ans:- Memorable works composed were With this, human rights were given
Sreebhasya by Ramaujacharya and legislative guarantee for the first time.
Parasharabhatta, Composed Sri Guna  The list of Human Rights were declared on
Ratnakosha. December 15, 1791 and included in the
American Constitution.
7. What are the five features of Hoysala  The UNO declared Human Rights
Temple? compulsorily on December 10, 1948.
Ans:- There are five features that can be seen
in all their temples .They have the star – 2. Human Rights are essential for universal
shaped sanctum sanctorum, upa–peetha development of human beings. Discuss.
(Jagati), decorative panels, Shikara and  Human Rights are essential for the peaceful
pillars. living, co-existence and development of
human beings.
 Rights are the building blocks of democracy.
 Human Rights are essential for every human
being to lead a life of dignity.
 Human Rights are conducive to universal
development of human beings.
3. The Supreme Court is the custodian of

Fundamental Rights. Discuss.
 The fundamental rights are ensured by the
constitution.
 Their violations are addressed by the
Supreme Court and high courts.
 The fundamental rights are specific in

Page 9
nature and are protected by the 28)
constitutional law. 5. Cultural & Educational Right (from article
29-30)
4. The National Human Rights Commission 6. Right to constitutional remedy (article 32).
is the watch dog of human rights.
Substantiate. 8. What is the structure of Nation Human
Ans:- National Human Rights Commission is a Rights commission?
constitutional body. It was established Ans:- National Human Rights Commission is a
through legislation in the parliament in constitutional body. It was established
1993. It is a watch dog of human rights in through legislation in the parliament in
the country. It is a multi member body. The 1993. It has a chairman, and four members.
chairman should be the retired judge of the The chairman should be the retired judge of
Supreme Court. The members should be the Supreme Court. The members should be
either the current judges of the High Court either the current judges of the High Court
or retired judges. or retired judges. And two members should
have practical knowledge of Human Rights.
5. Which are the Institutions protecting The commission also has four ex-officio
the Human Rights? members. The Chairman and the members
Ans:- An international Human Rights are appointed by the President of India.
Commission is formed at the international
level. As supportive to this, National Human
Commission and State Human Rights
Commissions are framed at national and 4. LOCAL GOVERNMENT
state levels. National Commission for
I. Fill in the blanks :
Schedule Caste, National Commission for
1. Grama Sabha is presided by______________.
Schedule Tribes, National Commission for
2. The tenure of Grama Panchayat president is
Backward Classes, and National
______________ years.
Commission for Minorities also work on
3. In Grama Panchayat one Member is elected
protecting Human Rights.
for ______________ population.
4. In Bengaluru Urban district a member is
6. State the difference between
elected for ______________ population.
Fundamental Rights and Human rights.
5. The total number of City Corporations in
Ans: - Difference between Fundamental Rights
Karnataka including Bangalore is ________.
and Human rights:-
Human rights Fundamental Rights
Ans:- 1) president or the vice-president, 2)
1. Human Rights are 1. The fundamental
2.5 years, 3) 400, 4) 20,000, 5) 11.
universal in nature rights are ensured
and are necessary by the
for the holistic constitution.
II. Answer the following questions
development of 2. Its helps to build briefly:
human beings. the personality. 1. What are the functions of Local
2. These upheld the 3. Their violations are Government?
dignity of human protected by the Ans. Some of the functions of the local bodies
beings. constitutional law are as follows:
3. Their violations are and are addressed (a) to maintain and protect the panchayat
not protected by by the Supreme property.
the court of laws. Court and high (b) to prepare the annual budget.
courts. (c) to undertake health and family welfare
programs.
(d) to plan and undertake the developmental
7. Explain the fundamental Rights in India. works like laying of roads, electrification,
Ans:- Part III Fundamental Rights- housing and supply of drinking water, etc.
1. Right to Equality (from article 14 to 18) (e) to encourage and implement the secondary
2. Right to Freedom (from article 19 to 22) adult and Informal education programmes.
3. Right against Exploitation (from article 23 to (f) to provide facilities for the distribution of
24) essential commodities like food grains,
4. Right to religious freedom (from article 25 to kerosene, etc.

Page 10
(g) to encourage and execute agricultural • To establish orphanages, old age homes, beggar
extension programs, animal husbandry, colonies, juvenile homes and child welfare
khadi, handicraft industries, etc. centers.
(h) to plan and implement the welfare schemes • To undertake the construction of swimming
for the benefit of SC, ST, weaker sections, pools, stadiums, museums, bus stations,
Women and children. reading room facilities, public libraries,
veterinary hospitals and theatre for cultural
2. Write a note on Grama Panchayat. programmes, whole sale market yards and
Ans:- Grama Panchayats are formed on the crematoriums.
• To plan for rain harvesting.
basis of population. Village or group of
• To encourage cultural activities.
villages with a population between 5,000
• To undertake measures for the improvement or
and 7,000 form Grama Panchayat. Regions progress of backward classes and weaker
of Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada and sections.
Malnad regions form Grama Panchayat only • To encourage and undertake such measures
with the population of 2,000. The members which can help to maintain greenery,
of the grama panchayat are elected by the cleanliness, and beauty of the town or the city.
adult population of the Panchayat area. One
representative for 400 voters is elected. 5. Write a note on City Corporation.
Reservation is provided to schedule caste, Ans:- City Corporation or Mahanagara palikes
schedule tribe, backward classes and are constituted as per Karnataka Municipal
women. Corporation Act of 1976. These are formed in
the areas with more than two lakh population
3. Which are the sources of income for the and an income of more than Rs. Onecrore. The
Local Government? members of the City Corporations are called
Ans. The main sources of income of the local Corporators. The number of Corporators in the
bodies are as follows: corporation is decided on the basis of the
(a) Amount collected through water cess, health population. The number of Corporators should
cess, education cess, library and reading room not generally be less than 30 and not more
cess. than 100. The state government decides the
(b) Amount collected through building tax, vacant size of the corporation. There are 11 city
land tax, taxes and business establishments, corporations are there in our Karnataka.
markets, entertainment houses and
advertising bodies. 6. Mention the need for constituting standing
(c) Taxes collected from the tourist spots. committees in local bodies.
(d) Rental and lease amount collected on their Ans. The Standing Committees are constituted to
properties. establish and strengthen the local bodies to
(e) Financial grants from the state government. have efficient administration.
4. Write a note on functions of urban local 7. List out the group of members who have
bodies. been provided reservations in tile local
• To prepare the budget and get the approval of bodies.
the council. Ans:- Reservation is provided to SC, ST, back
• To look after the overall administration of the ward communities and women in the local
town or city. bodies.
• To prepare a good town planning system and
implement it. 8. What should be the population to classify
• To provide good roads, transportation, water an area as town or city?
supply, electricity, and education, market and Ans:- An area with a population between 20,000
health facilities. and 50,000 is considered a town. Similarly, an
• To maintain cleanliness by providing good area with a population between 50,000 and 3
sewage system and disposal of urban waste. lakhs is considered as a city.
• Granting permission to build structures,
maintenance of local body buildings and 9. Name the three tiers of Panchayat Raj in
properties. Karnataka?
• Registration of births and deaths. Ans:- The three tiers of Panchayat Raj in
• To provide parks, sports and entertainment Karnataka are
facilities. (1) Zilla Panchayat at district level
• To improve the living conditions in the slum (2) Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and
areas by providing facilities. (3) Grama Panchayat at village level.

Page 11
 The family educates the children about
SOCIOLOGY interacting with society through
socialization.
 Marriage is an important social institution.
3. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS It provides social sanction for a man and
I. Fill in the blanks: woman to live together.
1. Social institutions fulfill the__________ of  The continuity of the society is ensured
human beings. through marriage and family.
2. Family is a __________ institution  Religion is one of the main medium of
3. Social institutions are__________ of cultural socialisation. It aids the spread of values.
transfer.  Religion is one of the major means of
4. Religion aids in __________ of values. achieving social control. It controls the
5. __________ is one of the major means of human life through God and spiritual
achieving social control. concepts.
6. ___________ is the base of the family
Ans:- 1) social needs, 2) social, 3) medium, 2. Explain the ideals of religion as social
4) spread, 5) Religion, 6) Marriage institution.
1. Socialisation: Religion is one of the
II. Answer the following: main medium of socialisation.
1. What is a social institution? 2. Social Unity: Religion fosters unity. By
Ans:- The social institution is that whole of employing symbols and customs, religion
roles, status, moral values and functions creates unity among the members.
catering to the social needs of human 3. Protection of values: Religion aides in the
beings. It has organised belief, practices and preservation of values like truthfulness,
activity systems. honesty, and non-violence.
4. Social control: Religion is one of the major
2. Explain the functions of family. means of achieving social control. It controls
Ans:- Functions of Family : the human life through God and spiritual
1. Nourishment of the members: The family concepts.
assigns relationship to all its members.
2. Security and Socialisation: The family 3. Explain the functions of family as a
educates the children about interacting with social institution.
society through socialisation. Ans:- The family educates the children about
interacting with society through
3.What are the features of Social socialisation. It also provides social security
institutions? to the members. It mainly provides skills
Ans:- Features of Social Institutions : and nourishment needed for the younger
1. Universal : Social institutions are found in members to become part of the society as
all societies adults.
2. Social Institutions have Rules.
3. Social Institutions fulfill the basic needs. 4. Write a note on Marriage.
4. The social institutions have both written and Ans:- Marriage is an important social
unwritten rules and regulations. institution. It provides social sanction for a
5. The social institutions in a given society man and woman to live together.
remain interconnected. Marriage is the base of the family. The
procreation of children, their upbringing,
4. What are the types of Social institutions? and nourishment take place within the
1. Family family.
2. Marriage The child born out of this marriage is the legal
3. Religion. heir for the property of both the families.
The continuity of the society is ensured
III. Answer the following in four five through marriage and family. The
sentences : relationship is guided by the law of the land
1. Explain the relationship between social also.
institutions and society.
Ans:- Every society has its own social
institutions.

Page 12
4. TYPES OF SOCIETY Prove.
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words: Ans:- Information society is growing fast.
1. The hunting societies use ____________ Knowledge has become the key to future
tools for hunting. productivity. It is no more the property
2. ____________ is used to till the land in of any individual or an institution.
agricultural society. Knowledge is getting exchanged over
3. The distribution of skilled work is called new tools. Computers have become the
as ____________. information storage hubs.
4. In industrial societies, there is an
increase in transport and ____________ III. Answer the following in four five
5. The mechanised production takes place lines:
in____________ society. 1. Explain the features of hunting and
gathering societies.
Ans:- 1) Stone, 2) Plough and animal, 3)  It is a simple and ancient society.
Division of labour, 4) communication,  It is very small in size.
5) industrial  The human beings were engaged in
fishing, hunting animals and gathering
II. Answer the following: foods from plants and trees.
1. What are the different types of  The role and status in the society were
Societies? fixed based on age and sex.
Ans. The different kinds of societies are  There was no desire of accumulation of
(1) Hunting and food gathering society wealth.
(2) Cattle rearing society  Sharing the sources is the important
(3) Farming society trait. Hunting was done using stone
(4) Industrial society. tools.
2. What is a pastoral society? 2. Explain the features of pastoral

Ans:- The process of engaging in animal societies.
husbandry of cattle like sheep, goat, Ans:- The process of engaging in animal
cow, and buffalo for general sustenance husbandry of cattle like sheep, goat,
is called pastoral society. cow, and buffalo for general sustenance
is called pastoral society.
3. How does agriculture gains  These consisted of several thousand
importance in society? people.
Ans:- With the invention of ‘plough’ during  Cattle herding was the main occupation.
3000 BC, the agricultural revolution  The society was under the leadership of
started. Villages are the life line of this single leader.
country. There are about six lakh
 Apart from tending cattle for sustenance,
villages in India and they have retained
the members were engaged in fishing,
the Indian culture and tradition intact.
hunting and food gathering works.
Majority of the people live in rural India.
in rural areas, 59% of men and 75% of
3. Explain the relationship between
women are engaged in agriculture
land and agriculture.
directly for their sustenance.
Ans:- Agriculture is the major economic
activity that takes place in agricultural
4. What is an industrial society?
society. The structure of agricultural
Ans:- The society that Utilising scientific
society can be in relation to the land
production ways and searching for
holdings, relationship with land and
energy sources is called industrial
agricultural activity.
society.
4. List out the features of industrial
5. Information society is growing fast.
society.

Page 13
Utilising scientific production ways and
searching for energy sources is the GEOGRAPHY
feature of this society. Honk Kong,
Singapore, South Korea, Brazil and
4. HYDROSPHERE
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
Mexico join this list. Majority of the
1 The average depth of the continental shelf is
population depends on industrial work _________________.
for their sustenance. And a very small 2 One fathom is equal to_________________ ft.
group depends on agriculture for 3 The deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is
sustenance. _________________.
In an Industrialised society, the production 4 The average salinity of the ocean water is
depends on the automatic technology. _________________.
The production is in large quantity. This 5 _________________ tides occur during full
depends on division of labour. Due to moon.
the influence of industrial revolution, Ans: (1) 100 fathoms (2) six (3) the Challenger deep
there was a paradigm shift in the of Mariana Trench (4) 35 parts of 1000 (35/)
process of production in the European PPT (5) Spring
societies. As a result, the production
process became mechanised. In the II. Answer the following questions:
beginning they were powered by 1. What is hydrosphere?
steam energy and later by electricity. Ans:- About 71% of the total area of the earth
or 361 million sq. kms is covered by water
Mechanisation in textile industry, which
is called Hydrosphere.
resulted in mechanised weaving, has
reached a stage where anything is 2. Mention the four major parts of the
melted in huge boilers now. This ocean floor.
includes iron also. Ans: The four major parts of the ocean floor are
–
5. Write a note on Information Society. (1) Continental Shelf
Ans:- In Information Society, people take (2) Continental slope
help from information technologies to (3) The Deep sea plain and
solve their problems and challenges. The (4) The Ocean deep.
information society helps to attain
3. State the difference between ocean
education, and do commerce and
currents and tides.
business needed for the future. The
Ans: Ocean currents are the regular movement
studies and theories on information of ocean water from one region to another.
societies focus on two issues related to Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or
the hold of knowledge on the economy: ocean level.
the first issue is that of the influence of
information technology on socio- 4. Distinguish between spring tide and neap
economical life. And the second issue is tide.
that the very information itself has Ans: Spring tide: Spring tide takes place when
become a commodity. Hence, knowledge the earth, the moon and the sun are in the
has become the key to future same straight line. Ex- New Moon and Full
Moon. When the spring tides take place,
productivity. It is no more the property
high tides are the highest and the low tides
of any individual or an institution.
are the lowest.
Knowledge is getting exchanged over Neap Tide: Neap tides occur on the first
new tools. Computers have become the quarter and last quarter days in the phase
information storage hubs. of the Moon. During neap tides the sun and
the earth are in the same straight line and
moon in the right angle to the earth. In this
type of tides the high tides are not very high
and low tides are not very low.
5. How can we conserve the oceans?

Page 14
Ans: We can conserve oceans through following
methods:,
5. BIOSPHERE
(1) Oil transportation should be done through I. Answer the following questions:
pipelines. 1. What is Biosphere?
(2) Nuclear waste should not be dumped into Ans: Biosphere is a part of the earth where life
sea or ocean. exists. It is the fourth component of the
(3) Petro-chemical industries in the coastal earth and it is the totality of all living things
regions must avoid dumping effluents into on earth.
the sea or ocean.
(4) Dumping of any waste near the ports and 2. Define ecology.
harbours must be controlled. Ans: Ecology is the study of the interaction of
(5) Ore deposition and mineral exploitation living organisms with their physical,
along the coast must be controlled. chemical and biological environment.
(6) Exploitation and destruction of beaches
must be controlled. 3. Name the different types of
environmental pollution.
III. Match the following: Ans: The different types of environmental
A B pollution are-
1. Fathom a) deep sea plain (1) Air pollution, (2) Water pollution,
2. oyashio b) eastern coast of USA (3) Soil pollution and (4) Noise pollution.
3. Gulf stream c) cold current
4. Sea mounts d) Indian Ocean current 4. What are the measures to control water
5. agulhas current e) depth of ocean pollution?
Ans: Some measures to control water pollution
Ans: 1-e, 2-c, 3-b, 4-a, 5-d. are-
(a) Industrial effluents must be treated,
IV. Define the following: (b) Drinking water sources must be kept clean,
1. Continental shelf:- Continental shelf is (c) Sewage treatment plants,
the shallow area along the sea coast. This (d) Disposal of waste on the water bodies must
part is bordered by the sea coast on one side be controlled, etc.
and continental slope on the other side. The
average depth of the continental shelf is 100 5. What is Bio-diversity?
fathoms. Ans: The variety of flora (plants) and fauna
2. Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts (animals) in a region is known as
dissolved in the sea or ocean water. The biodiversity.
average salinity of the ocean water is 35
parts per thousand. II. Define the following:
3. Warm and cold currents: Warm currents 1. Biosphere: Biosphere is a part of the earth
originate and flow from the equatorial where life exists. It is the fourth component
regions to sub-polar regions. of the earth and it is the totality of all living
Cold currents originate in the Polar Regions things on earth.
and flow towards the equatorial region. 2. Ecological imbalance: In a natural
4. High tide and Low tide: High tide, also environment, there is a perfect balance
known as Flood tide and Low tide also between the various organisms living
known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of together in the biosphere. This is known as
the earth there are alternate high tides and ecological balance. When this balance is
low tides. Between one high tide and a low disturbed due to various reasons, it leads to
tide the time is 6 hrs, 13 minutes. Between ecological imbalance.
one high tide and another, the time gap is 3. Global warming: The temperature of the
12 hrs, 26 minutes. In 24 hrs, 52 minutes earth is increasing slowly over the years. For
there are 2 high tides and 2 low tides. the last few years global temperature has
5. Benguela current: Benguela current is the increased. This phenomenon is termed as
cold currents of South Atlantic Ocean. Global warming.
6. Tides: Tides are the periodic rise and fall 4. Greenhouse effect: Increasing of
in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to greenhouse gases is causing an increase of
gravitational attraction by the moon, temperature. This is called greenhouse
gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the effect.
earth and centrifugal force of the earth.

Page 15
5. Ozone depletion: In recent years the use of Ans:- in order to find out the per capita income
air conditions, refrigerators, sprays and we have to apply this method/ rule.
deodorants are destroying the ozone due to Per Capita Income in 2015=
the synthetic chemicals released into the Total income of a family
Population of that family
atmosphere, primarily According to this
'chlorofluorocarbons'(CFC). The ozone Per Capita Income in 2015= 567890
depletion has caused the ozone hole. 5
6. Acid rain: Acid rain contains high amounts So PCI/ per capita income of that family is
of acids particularly sulphuric acid and =113578.
carbon monoxide. It is caused when the rain
drops pass through the polluted 3. State how small industries are helpful
atmosphere. The rainfall with poisonous for growth of a country like India.
acids kills marine organisms. Acid rain is Ans:- According to the Annual Report of the
damaging forests, agricultural crops, old MSME Department there were 488.46 lakh
buildings, monuments, etc. enterprises working in the country in 2013-
14, which employed 11.14 crores of people
with a total investment of Rs. 13,63,700
crores. The share of MSME in the national
income in 2013-14 was 7.8 per cent. They
account for 35% of the gross value of the
ECONOMICS output in the manufacturing sector, about
80% of the total industrial employment and
3. NATIONAL INCOME AND 40% of total export of the country.
SECTORAL ASPECTS OF THE
4. What are the reasons for decline in
INDIAN ECONOMY the size of agricultural holdings in
India?
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable word. Ans:- As the population dependent on
1. Per capita income = National income agriculture has increased, the holdings have
divided by__________. been subdivided into smaller pieces.
2. Agency responsible for estimation of
national income in India is_______________ 5. Examine the reasons for crisis in Indian
3. The highest share in national income of agriculture.
India today is from __________ Sector. i. Uneconomic size of cultivated holding.
4. Small scale industries are defined in terms ii. High population pressure.
of__________. iii. Rain-fed farming and recurrence of
5. Indian agriculture is said to be __________ droughts.
with monsoons. iv. Partial impact of the green revolution.
6. Extent of irrigated area in India is about v. Decline in public investments in
__________ per cent of cultivated area. irrigation and other related infrastructure
vi. Inadequate credit from institutional
Ans:- 1) Population, 2) Central Statistical sources.
Organization (CSO), 3) Tertiary/ service, vii. Inability to get Remunerative Prices.
4) investment in plant, machinery and
equipment, 5) gamble, 6) 30%. 6. Discuss the measures to overcome
agricultural crisis in India.
II. Answer the following questions and i. Increasing public investment.
discuss them in groups. ii. Expanding credit availability.
1. Define national income. iii. Marketing reforms- Farmers should be
Ans:- National income refers to the total value guaranteed remunerative prices for their
of goods and services produced annually in produce.
a country. iv. Crop Insurance.
v. Counseling and moral support.
2. If the total income of a family of 5 vi. Regulating private money lenders.
members in 2015 was Rs.567890,
calculate the per capita income of the 7. What is Per Capita Income?
members of the family. Ans:- The average income of the people of a

Page 16
country in a particular year is called per v. Development of Infrastructure.
capita income (PCI) for that year. vi. Development of financial institutions.
vii. Balanced regional development.
8. Write the importance of small scale viii. Promoting private sector.
industries of India.
i. Employment generation 3. What are the major failures of Indian
ii.Mobilisation of resources and entrepreneurial planning?
skill. i. Slow growth in Production and Income.
iii. Equitable distribution of income. ii. Prices continued to rise in every plan.
iv. Regional dispersal of industries. iii. Increase in Unemployment.
v. Development of technology. iv. Persisting Poverty and Inequality.
vi. Promotes exports: Their contribution to v. Inadequate Development of Infrastructure.
exports is about 40% of India’s total exports. vi. Inefficient Administration.
vii. Increase in Exports not as expected.
9. What are the problems of small scale
industries? 4. Describe India’s economic situation
1. Non-availability of raw materials. during 1990-91.
2. Problem of finance. Ans:- During 1990-91 India faced serious
3. Low technical skill. economic problems. The huge deficit in
4. Marketing problems. trade balance, declining foreign exchange
5. Competition from large scale industries. reserves, severe inflation, and very high
budget deficit crippled the Indian economy
4. GOVERNMENT AND THE and also life of the people.
In this context, the need for reforming
ECONOMY economic policy was widely felt and hence
I. Fill in the blanks for the following the new economic policy was initiated in
questions 1991. The new economic policy is also called
1. Planning Commission was established in as ‘economic reforms’. As these policies
the year ________________. comprise of liberalization, privatization and
2. The twelfth five year plan is globalization they are also called as LPG
implemented during the years policies.
________________.
3. India is among the ___________ largest 5. List the major initiatives under the
country in the world in terms of GDP. economic reform measures.
4. The current rate of poverty in India is i. A liberal industrial policy to invite foreign
about________________ per cent. investment by privatization of industries and
5. For many years India’s economic policy was abolishing the licensing system.
________________ oriented. ii. Automatic approval for Foreign Direct
Ans:- 1) 1950, 2) 2012-17, 3) emerging Investment (FDI) for many activities.
economic super power, 4) 22%, 5) people iii. A liberal import-export policy for ensuring
welfare. easy exports of Indian goods and obtain the
necessary raw materials.
II. Answer the following questions in iv. Reforming the banking and financial sector
about two sentences each. in accordance with the internationally
1. Define planning. accepted standards.
Ans:- Planning refers to the deliberate actions v. Reforms in the tax structure for ensuring
of the government to systematically allocate higher coverage of tax payers and increasing
and utilize available resources to achieve the tax revenue.
predetermined goals in the interest of all. vi. Withdrawing and restricting government
interference on investment and also
2. List the prominent objectives of privatization of public sector enterprises.
planning in India.
i. Increasing the rate of economic growth. 6. Write various programs of the
ii. Bring about modernization in the economy. governments have implemented for
iii. Achieve self-reliance. accelerating economic development.
iv. Reduction in the inequality of income and Ans:- 1. General Development
wealth. i. Digital India.

Page 17
2. Agricultural and Rural Development II. Answer the following questions in
i. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana. one or two sentences each:
ii. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana. 1. Which are the small scale business
iii. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural organizations?
Employment Guarantee Scheme. Ans: Small Scale organizations under private
iv. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana. sector are mainly divided into three types.
3. Industrial development They are-
i. Make in India. a) Sole trading concern,
ii. Startup India and Standup India. b) Partnership firm and
iii. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana. c) Hindu undivided family firms.
4. Social Sector
i. Swach Bharat Abbhiyan. 2. How do sole trading concerns help the
ii. Skill India. consumers?
iii. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. Ans: Sole trading concerns directly come into
iv. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana. contact with the consumers. They
v. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana. understand the likes and dislikes of the
vi. Atal Pension Yojana. customers and supply goods accordingly.
5. Urban Development-
i. Atal Mission on Rejuvenation and Urban 3. What are partnership firms?
Transformation (AMRUT). Ans: In the partnership firms, two or more
ii. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. persons join together and carry out the
iii. Smart Cities Mission : To develop 100 cities business. The Partnership act defines the
all over the country making them citizen partnership firms as the relation between
friendly and sustainable. the persons to have agreed to share the
profits of a business carried on by all or any
7. What is LPG policies? of them acting for all.
Ans:- Liberalization, Privatization and
Globalization are also called as LPG policies. 4. Who are sleeping or dormant partners?
Ans: The sleeping dormant partners contribute
capital but, do not take active part in day-
BUSINESS STUDY to-day transactions of the firm. The profits

and losses are shared in proportion to their
3. FORMS OF BUSINESS capital contribution.
ORGANISATIONS 5. How is the dissolution of partnership firm

I. Fill in the blanks in the following easy?
sentences with appropriate words: Ans: Partnership forms can be dissolved easily.
1. The business concern that is owned and An) partner can apply for dissolution by
managed by a single person is called giving fourteen days’ notice or with the
____________. consent of all the partners it can be
2. The Indian Partnership Act was passed in dissolved
the year____________ to regulate the affairs of
the partnership firms. III. Answer the following questions:
3. The Maximum number of partners in a firm 1. Mention any four merits of sole trading
which carries out banking business is concerns.
___________. Ans: The merits of sole trading concern are as
4. The Head of the Hindu undivided family follows:
business is known as ___________. 1) No legal formalities are required to
5. The only business concern under private commence the business.
business organization found in India is 2) It can be started by own capital.
___________. 3) The owners enjoy all the profits and bear all
the losses.
Ans: (1) sole trading (2) 1932 (3) ten (4) 4) They directly come into contact with the
Karta (5) Hindu undivided family consumer.
business. 5) They render social service also.
2. Mention any four limitations of sole

Page 18
trading concerns. is more.
Ans: The limitations of sole trading concerns (3) Better efficiency-Division of labour can
are as follows: easily be adopted so there is better
1) Capital is limited and they cannot expand managerial ability and efficiency.
the business. (4) Credit worthiness-the liability of partners is
2) Since it is run by a single person the unlimited so it leads to increase in credit
managerial ability is limited. worthiness.
3) All losses are to be borne by a single person. (5) Sharing of business loss- the entire
4) Life of the sole trading concerns may be partners share the profit and loss.
short, with the death or insolvency of the
sole trader. 6.Mention any four demerits of partnerships
firms.
3. How are partnership firms started? Ans: The demerits of partnerships firms are as
Explain briefly. follows:
Ans: Partnership firm Act was passed in 1932. (1) The disunity among the partners may
According to the section 4 of partnership act hamper business and it leads to disputes.
the partnership firm is defined as the (2) Since the' number of partners is limited, the
relation between the persons who have capital contribution is also limited.
agreed to share the profits of a business (3) Liability is unlimited, so it discourages
carried on by all or any of them acting for many people to join as partners.
all. The maximum number of partners is (4) Reckless and foolish decisions of some
fixed to ten if they carry out the banking partners may lead to heavy setbacks.
business and twenty in case of carrying out (5) Partnership firms lack continuity, the death
general business. or insolvency of one partner may lead to
dissolution.
4. Who are the different types of partners?
Ans: The different types of partners are as 7. What are the advantages of registering a
fallows- partnership firm?
(1) Active partners- they take active part in Ans: The advantages of registering a
carrying out day-to-day affairs. They partnership firm are as follows:
contribute fixed amount of capital, and (1) A Registration firm can file a suit in the
share profits and losses in proportion to court of law against third party. But it is not
their capital contribution. possible in case of an unregistered firm.
(2) Sleeping partners-they contribute capital (2) A registered firm can file a case against the
but do not take active part in day-to-day other partners against the loans they owe to
transactions of the firm. The profits and the firm.
losses are shared in proportion (0 their (3) However third parties can file a case against
capital contribution. an unregistered firm for the recovery of
(3) Nominal Partners- they neither contribute loans.
capital not take active participation in day to (4) Any partner can file a case against the firm
day transactions of the firm. They are not or other partners for the dissolution of the
entitled for any share in profit but are liable firm or the settlement of accounts.
for business losses. 8. Explain briefly about “Hindu undivided
(4) Minor partners- are those who have not yet family business”.
attained the age of 18 years. A minor cannot Ans: Hindu undivided family business are
become a partner but by mutual agreement found only in India. They are in accordance
of partners, he can be admitted as a with 'Hindu Law'. They are the firms which
partner. consist of all the male members of the
Hindu family, descendants from a common
5. Mention any four merits of partnership male ancestor. Only three successive
firms. generations of male members namely sons,
Ans: Merits of partnership firms are as follows: grandsons and great grandsons acquire the
(1) Easy to form-no legal formalities are birth right or interest in the ancestral
required for the formation of partnership property. The eldest or senior most member
firm. of the family manages the business and he
(2) More capital-Partnership is formed by more is called 'Karta'. The liability of Karta is
than two persons, so the capital investment unlimited.

Page 19
2nd Semester Summative Exam (Model)

Marks- 40 Subject:- Social Science Time-90 Min.
I. Four alternatives are given below. Choose the correct alternative and write the complete
answer along with its number. 5X1=5
1. The name Karnataka to this land is given by…
a) chalukyas of kalyani b) Chalukyas of Badami
c) Rashtrakutas d) Kadambas
2. Jagajyoti Basaveshwara was there in this kingdom

a) Kalyani chalukya b) kalachuri c) kadamba d) Chalukyas of Badami
3. These are deep and large expanse of water found between the continents.
a) Sea b) Oceans c) Gulf d) Bay
4. This sector is called Service sector.

a) Primary sector b) Secondary Sector e c) Tertiary Sector d) None of the above.
II. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each. 5x1=5
5. What are partnership firms?

6. What is Hydrosphere?
7. Why earth is called blue planet?
8. Give one definition of Social Institutions.
9. What is pastoral Society?
III. 10) Match the following. 4x½=2

A B
1. Pampa a) Mudrarakshasa
2. Vishakadatta b) Gaata sapta sati
3. Kaalidasa c) Abhignana shakuntala
4. Haala d) Adipuraana
IV. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each. 6x2=12
11) Which are the Institutions protecting the Human Rights?
12) If the total income of a family of 5 members in 2015 was Rs. 567890, calculate the per
capita income of the members of the family.
13) How can we conserve the oceans?
14) Write a note on marriage?
15) Information Society is growing fast. Prove.
16) What are the reasons for the downfall of the Gupta Empire?
V. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each. 3x3=9

17) Mention any four merits of partnership firms.
18) List the major initiatives under the economic reform measures.
19) What is atmosphere? Name the layers of this?
VI. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each. 1x4=4
20) What are the functions of Local Government?
VII. 21. Draw a neat India Map and mark the fallowing. 1+2=3
a) Delhi b) Bangalore

Page 20

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.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 1st Sem.

.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 1st Sem.

HISTORY These sources can be divided into two

2. What is the meaning of source? How 6. Explain the importance of coins in

4. How did animal husbandry and 10. What is a peninsula?

Ans:- 1. d) China. 2. a) Mesopotamia 3. e) 9. What is Ziggurat?

5. GREEK, ROMAN AND 5. Who are the ‘Mayas’?

3. Name the sects among the Jains.

BUDDHISM 4. What is the middle path?

5. What is non-material culture?

2. Explain the cultural diversity. 5. Explain the features of fair.

3. Explain the features of Culture.

III. Define the following :

3. What is meant by Barter system of

C) 82½º East Longitude D) 82½º West Longitude

8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 2nd Sem

8th Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (9986261446) Page 2

.8th Social Science Notes (Revised Textbook) 2nd Sem.

3. Ashok has been named has Great by the

8th Class Social Science Notes. By VEERESHI P (9986261446) Page 3

3. Name the great scientists of the Gupta

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3. Describe the encouragement given by

3. The Supreme Court is the custodian of

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2. What is a pastoral society? 2. Explain the features of pastoral

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5. How can we conserve the oceans?

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BUSINESS STUDY to-day transactions of the firm. The profits

ORGANISATIONS 5. How is the dissolution of partnership firm

2. Mention any four limitations of sole

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2nd Semester Summative Exam (Model)

2. Jagajyoti Basaveshwara was there in this kingdom

4. This sector is called Service sector.

5. What are partnership firms?

III. 10) Match the following. 4x½=2

V. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each. 3x3=9

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