Class 9 Social Science Geography Notes For Session 2023 24 Chapter

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GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 2: Physical Features of India
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA
02
Physical Features of India

We find various types of landform features in India because its geographical extent is very
vast. While the eastern part of our country is uneven, rugged, and hilly, the Ganga–
Brahmaputra region has vast stretches of plain lands.
Formation of the Land Forms
• Several factors such as the presence of different types of rocks, geological formations,
weathering, erosion and deposition have influenced and affected the land features of
India.
• Geologists have forwarded various theories regarding the formation of the physical
features of the Earth.
• One of the most probable theories is the ‘Theory of Plate Tectonics’. This theory
postulates that the crust of the Earth has been formed out of seven major and some
minor plates.
• The movement of the plates beneath the surface of the Earth creates tension, resulting
in folding, faulting and volcanic activities.
• Plate movements are broadly categorised into three different types. When the plates
come towards each other, they form convergent boundaries. When the plates move
away from each other, they form divergent boundaries. Transform boundaries are
formed when the plates horizontally move past each other.
• All these movements of the plates have gradually changed the size and the position of the
continents over millions of years.
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• The peninsular part of India, the oldest landmass, was part of the Gondwanaland.
Previously, the Gondwanaland included Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and
India. It was one single landmass.
• Because of the impact of convectional currents, the crust was split into many pieces. The
Indo–Australian plate got separated from the Gondwanaland and drifted towards the
north.
• As it drifted towards the north, it collided with the Eurasian plate. As a result of this
collision, the sedimentary rocks which were settled in the large-scale
depression in the Earth’s crust called Tethys were folded and formed the mountain
system of western Asia and the Himalayas.
• The upliftment of the mountains out of the Tethys Sea and the sinking of the northern
part of the peninsular plateau led to the formation of a large basin.
• When the rivers flowed from the mountains in the north to the peninsular plateau in the
south, the depression was filled because of depositional activities of the rivers. This led
to the formation of the northern plains of India which gradually became rich in alluvial
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deposits.
• While the peninsular plateau of India composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks is
one of the ancient landmasses on the surface of the Earth, the Himalayan Mountains are
young fold mountains. They have high peaks, deep valleys with fast-flowing rivers.
Major Physiographical Divisions of India
The major physiographical divisions of India are
a. The Himalayan Mountains
b. The Northern Plains
c. The Peninsular Plateau
d. The Indian Desert
e. The Coastal Plains
f. The Islands
The Himalayan Mountains
The Himalayan Mountains are young fold mountains which run in the west to east direction.
They run over about 2,400 km.
• The width of the mountains varies from 2,400km in Kashmir to 150km in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The Himalayas are divided into three parallel ranges. They are
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▪ The Himadri: It is the northernmost range of the Himalayas. This range is also known
as the Great or the Inner Himalayas. This range has some of the highest peaks with an
average height of 6,000 meters. The core part of this Himalayan range is made of
granite. As it is always covered with snow, many glaciers originate in this range.
▪ The Himachal: It is also known as Himachal or the lesser Himalayas. This range lies to
the south of the Himadri. The height of this mountain range varies from 3,700 to 4,500
meters. The Pir Panjal Range is the longest range. The Mahabharat and Dhauladhar
ranges are also important ranges. This range has the famous valleys of Kashmir, Kangra
and Kullu located in Himachal Pradesh. All the famous hill stations such as Mussoorie,
Shimla, Nainital and Manali are located in the Himachal range.
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▪ The Siwaliks: These are the outermost range of the Himalayas. Their altitude varies
between 900 and 1100 meters. The Siwaliks are formed as a result of depositions
brought down by rivers from the northernmost Himalayan range. Dehradun, Kotli
Dun and Patil Dun are some longitudinal valleys which lie between the lesser
Himalayas and the Siwaliks.
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Punjab • Rivers Indus and Satluj

Himalayas
Demarcation of Kumaon • Rivers Satluj and Kali

Himalayas
the Himalayas
from west to east
Nepal • Rivers Kali and Tista
Himalayas
Assam • Rivers Tista and Dihang

Himalayas
• The Himalayas spread in the eastern most parts of the country form the Purvanchal
Range. It is mostly composed of sedimentary rocks. The Purvanchal Range comprises the
Patkai Hills, Naga Hills, Manipur Hills and Mizo Hills.
The Northern Indian Plains
• The northern plains have been formed by three major river systems—the Indus, the Ganga
and the Brahmaputra. This plain has been formed of alluvial soil.
• The Northern Plains are divided into three parts. The western part of the Northern Plains is
known as the Punjab Plains. The larger part of this plain lies in Pakistan. It is drained by the
river Indus, and its tributaries are the Ravi, Beas, Sutlej, Jhelum and Chenab.
• The Ganga Plain is spread over the states of Haryana, Delhi, UP, Bihar and some parts of
Jharkhand and West Bengal. Assam is part of the Brahmaputra plains.
• The Northern Plains present various relief features. They can be divided into four regions
based on the variations in relief features:
▪ When rivers come down from the mountains, they deposit pebbles in a narrow belt lying
parallel to the Siwaliks. This is called the Bhabar belt. All rivers disappear into this belt.
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▪ To the south of the belt, the rivers and streams appear again and create the Terai region,
which is wet, swampy and marshy. It was once a thickly forested region. But the forests
have been cleared to expand agricultural lands.
▪ A large part of the Northern Plains is formed of the older alluvial soil and presents a
terrace- like feature. This is known as bhangar. Its soil consists of granules known as
‘kankar’.
▪ The newer deposits are known as ‘khadar’. These are so fertile that intensive cultivation is
practiced here.
The Peninsular Plateau
• The Peninsular Plateau of India is made of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The plateau is
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divided into two main divisions—the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
• The portion of the Peninsular Plateau which is located to the north of the river Narmada
covering a huge part of the Malwa Plateau is known as the Central Highlands.
• To the northwest of the Central Highlands lies the Aravalli Range and to the south lies the
Vindhya’s Range.
• The east extension of the Central Highlands is known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
• The Chota Nagpur Plateau on further east of the Central Highlands is drained by the river
Damodar.
• To the south of River Narmada lies the Deccan Plateau. It is higher towards the west and
slopes down gently in the east.
• The Western Ghats mark the western edge and the Eastern Ghats mark the eastern edge of
the Deccan Plateau. The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats. The latter
extends up to Nigiri Hills in the south.
• The highest peaks of the Western Ghats are the Anai Mudi (or Anamudi) and Doddabetta.
Mahendragiri is the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats.
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• The Deccan Traps of the Deccan Plateau are made of black soil which is suitable for cotton
cultivation.
The differences between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats are
The Indian Desert
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• The Great Indian Desert or the Thar Desert is located in western Rajasthan.
• It is a sandy plain receiving an annual rainfall as low as 150 mm. The vegetation cover in the
region is extremely scarce.
• Some small streams appear during the rainy season, but they quickly disappear into the sand.
• Luni is the only large river in this region.
• Barchan, or crescent-shaped dunes, are a prominent feature of the desert.
The Coastal Plains
• India has a long coastline. The western coast is located between the Western Ghats and the
Arabian Sea. It can be categorised into three sections:
▪ Konkan (Mumbai–Goa): It is the northern part of the western coast.
▪ Kannad Plain: It is the central part of the western coast.
▪ Malabar Coast: The southern stretch of the western coast is known as the Malabar Coast.
• Along the Bay of Bengal, the plains are wide and levelled. While the northern part is known
as the Northern Circars, the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast.
• Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Kaveri are some rivers which form their deltas on this coast.
• Lake Chilika is an important lake located in the eastern coast.
The Islands
• India has two groups of islands. Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea close
to the Malabar Coast of Kerala.
• These are a small group of coral islands. Kavaratti Island is the administrative capital of
Lakshadweep. The Pitli Island is uninhabited and has a bird sanctuary.
• Most of the islands in Lakshadweep are composed of small corals. Coral polyps are micro
organisms which live in shallow, mud free and warm waters. They secrete calcium carbonate
which together with the skeletons of the corals form coral deposits in the form of three
main reefs: Barrier reef, Fringing Reefs and Atolls.
• The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is a good example of the

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barrier reefs.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of
Bengal and are the portion of elevated submarine mountains. They are bigger in size and
are more numerous and scattered.
• India’s only active volcano is found on Barren Island in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.
• Because these islands lie close to the Equator, the climate remains hot and wet throughout
the year and the islands have dense forests.
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Important Questions
Multiple Choice Questions:
Question 1. Lakshadweep Islands are a group of …………… Islands.
(a) 36
(b) 32
(c) 39
(d) 38
Question 2. Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its bound¬ary with Myanmar
are collectively called-
(a) Himachal
(b) Purvanchal
(c) Uttaranchal
(d) None of the above
Question 3. The western Coastal strip, south of Goa is referred to as-
(a) Coromandel
(b) Malabar
(c) Konkan
(d) Northern Circar
Question 4. Shipkila, Bhor, Nathula and Pal are-
(a) Peaks
(b) Passes
(c) Ranges
Question 5. Guru Shikhar is the highest peak of the-
(a) Aravallis
(b) Vindhya
(c) Satpura
(d) Western Himalayas
Question 6. Northern Plains are composed of ……………
(a) Black Soil
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(b) Kankar
(c) Alluvium
(d) Igneous rocks
Question 7. …………… lies between Mahanadi and Krishna.
(a) Godavari
(b) Kaveri
(c) Tapti
(d) Kosi
Question 8. Gulf of Khambat lies in the ……………
(a) Indian Ocean
(b) Bay of Bengal
(c) Arabian Sea
Question 9. …………… range is between the Narmada and the Tapti rivers.
(a) Satpura
(b) Ajanta
(c) Vindhya
(d) Aravalli
Question 10. The peaks of ‘Himadri’ range have an average height of …………… metres.
(a) 3,000
(b) 6,000
(c) 5,000
(d) 8,000
Question 11. The average width of the Himadri range is …………… km.
(a) 40
(b) 30
(c) 30
(d) 60
Question 12. The minimum height of the Shiwaliks is …………… metres.
(a) 800
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(b) 1,100
(c) 700
(d) 900
Question 13. The maximum height of the ‘Himadri’ range is …………… metres.
(a) 3,700
(b) 4,500
(c) 3,900
(d) 4,200
Question 14. The northern plain is about …………… to …………… km broad.
(a) 240 to 320
(b) 260 to 320
(c) 230 to 340
(d) 240 to 360
Question 15. The plains of …………… India are very fertile and densely populated.
(a) Southern
(b) Northern
(c) Western
(d) Eastern
Very Short Questions:
1. Physical Features of India
2. Give the reason for variation of soil colour at different places.
3. Name the processes which have created and modified the relief to its present state.
4. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? [CBSE 2014]
5. What happens when two tectonic plates collide with each other?
6. Which are the three types of plate boundaries/movements? [HOTS]
7. Mention any six tectonic plates of the earth’s crust.
8. What is the implication of plate movements?
9. Where do most of volcanoes and earthquakes happen?
10. Name the oldest part of the Indian landmass.
Short Questions:
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1. What are the three types of plate movements on the earth?

2. Give a brief description of the Himalayan mountains.
3. Explain in brief the famous passes of the Himalayas.
4. List some major Mountain Peaks of the Himalayas.
5. Give an account of the four divisions of Himalayas from west to east along with
Purvachal hills.
6. Mention divisions of Northern Plains marked by rivers.
7. Write some important features of Ganga Plains.
Long Questions:
1. Describe the three parallel ranges of the Himalayas.
2. Mention the significance of Himalayas. [HOTS]
3. Classify the Northern plains on the basis of the variations in the relief features.
4. Mention the significance of Northern Plains of India.
5. How do the physical divisions of India complement each other?
Assertion Reason Questions:
1. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason
(R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : Purvanchal is located on the Eastern Part of India.
Reason (R) : It is a submountain range of the Himalayas in the North-East India.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true, but R is false.
D) A is false, but R is true.
2. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of Reason
(R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.
Assertion (A) : The Northern plains are agriculturally very productive part of India.
Reason (R) : The Northern plains have fertile soil cover, adequate water supply, favourable
climate and terrain.
A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C) A is true, but R is false.
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D) A is false, but R is true.

Case Study Based Question:
1. Read the source and answer the following questions.
The Himalayas, geologically young and structurally fold mountains stretch over the
Northern borders of India. These mountain ranges run in a West-East direction from the
Indus to the Brahmaputra. The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most
rugged mountains barriers of the world. They form an arc, which covers a distance of about
2400 km. Their width varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km in Arunachal Pradesh. The
altitudinal variations are greater in the Eastern half then those in the Western half. The
Himalayas consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent. A number of valleys lie
between these ranges. The Northern-most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas
or the Himadri. It is the most continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an
average height of 6,000 metres. It contains all prominent Himalayan peaks.
(1) Which of the following is the unstable landmass of India?
A) The Peninsular Plateau
B) The Great Indian Desert
C) The Himalayas
D) None of the above
(2) Which of the following is the source of the Ganges river?
A) The Peninsular Plateau
B) The Western Ghats
C) The Himalayas
D) The Eastern Ghats
(3) Path Dun is a part of......... range of the Himalayas.
A) Himachal
B) Himadri
C) Purvanchal
D) Shiwalik
(4) Why are the Himalayas considered as a youthful topography?
A) The Himalayas have high mountain peaks.
B) The Himalayas have deep valleys.
C) The Himalayas have fast flowing rivers.
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D) AII of the above

2. Read the source and answer the following questions.
The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections. The Western part of the Northern
Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its tributatries, the larger
part of this plain lies in Pakistan. The Indus and its tributaries - the Jhelum, the Chenab, the
Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is
dominated by the doabs. Doab' is made up of two words - 'do' meaning two and 'ab'
meaning water. Similarly 'Punjab' is also made up two words -'Punj' meaning five and 'ab'
meaning water.
The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of
North India, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal to its
East, particularly in Assam lies the Brahmaputra plain. The Northern plains are generally
described as flat land with no variations in its relief. It is not true. There vast plains also
have diverse relief features. According to the variations in relief features, the Northern
plains can be divided into four regions. The rivers, after descending from the mountains
deposit pebbles in a narrow belt of about 8 to 16 km in width lying parallel to the slopes of
the Shiwaliks. It is known as bhabar. All the streams disappear in this bhabar belt. South of
this belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet, swampy and marshy region
known as Terai. This was a thickly forested region full of wildlife. The forests have been
cleared to create agricultural land and to settle migrants from Pakistan after partition.
(1) The fertility of the Northern plain is the result of:
A) Action of glaciers
B) Adequate rainfall
C) Its level land
D) Depositional work of the rivers
(2) Which of the landmass of India is densely populated?
A) The Himalayas
B) The Peninsular Plateau
C) The Northern Plains
(3) Find the incorrect option.
A) Western part of Northern plain-Punjab plain
B) Punjab plain-Deals
C) Jhelum river-Tributary of Ganga river
D) Ganga plain-Between Ghaggar and Taesta rivers
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(4) Why is rivers disappear in the bhabar belt?

A) It is thickly forested land
B) It is a porous region due to deposition of huge number of pebbles and rock debris.
C) It is a swampy region.
Answer Key:
MCQ:
1. (a) 36
2. (b) Purvanchal
3. (c) Konkan
4. (b) Passes
5. (c) Satpura
6. (b) Kankar
7. (a) Godavari
8. (c) Arabian Sea
9. (a) Satpura
10.(c) 5,000
11.(a) 40
12.(b) 1,100
13.(b) 4,500
14.(d) 240 to 360
15.(b) Northern
Very Short Answer:
1. Hard rock like marble has been used for making the Taj Mahal and soft rock like soap stone is
used for making talcum powder.
2. The reason for variation of soil colour is that the soil is formed out of different types of rocks.
3. The processes are weathering, erosion and deposition.
4. The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that the earth’s crust has been formed out of seven
major and some minor plates. The movement of these plates results in folding, faulting and
volcanic activity.
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5. When two plates collide with each other, it can lead to folding, faulting and volcanic activity.
6. The three types of plate boundaries includes convergent, divergent and transform boundary.
7. The six tectonic plates of the earth’s crust are Eurasian plate, North American plate, South
American plate, African plate, Indo-Australian plate and Pacific and Antarctic plate.
8. The plate movements have changed the size and position of the continents over million
years. These movements have also influenced the evolution of present landforms.
9. Most of them are happened at plate margins but some also occur within the plates.
10. The peninsular plateau is the oldest landmass of India.
Short Answer:
Ans: 1. The three types of plate movements are the following.
(a) Converging Boundary: When the plates come towards each other, they form convergent
boundaries. ‘ The plates collide, crumble or even slide under the other. It may also be known as
folding
movements. For example, Himalayas mountains were formed by convergence of IndoAustralian
plate against Eurasian plate.
(b) Divergent Boundary: These are formed when the plates move away from each other, they
form divergent boundary. They are also called faulting movements. For example, the North
American Plate diverge from the Eurasian Plate.
(c) Transform Boundary: When some plates move past each other form transform boundary, i
e.g. San Andreas fault. The western half of California is moving north because it is part of the
Pacific Plate and Eastern half of California is moving south because it is part of North America.
Ans: 2. The three types of plate movements are the following.
(a) Converging Boundary: When the plates come towards each other, they form convergent
boundaries. ‘ The plates collide, crumble or even slide under the other. It may also be known as
folding
movements. For example, Himalayas mountains were formed by convergence of IndoAustralian
plate against Eurasian plate.
(b) Divergent Boundary: These are formed when the plates move away from each other, they
form divergent boundary. They are also called faulting movements. For example, the North
American Plate diverge from the Eurasian Plate.
(c) Transform Boundary: When some plates move past each other form transform boundary, i
e.g. San Andreas fault. The western half of California is moving north because it is part of the
Pacific Plate and Eastern half of California is moving south because it is part of North America.
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Ans: 3. A pass is a natural pathway in between high mountains. The Himalayan mountains are
so formidable that it is not possible to cross them. There are some passes in the Himalayas
which provide route-way across them. Some of the important passes are:
(a) Shipki La located in Satluj valley in Himachal Pradesh along Tibet border.
(b) Lipu Lekh pass near Tibet border in Uttarakhand providing route to Mt. Kailash and
Mansarowar in Tibet.
(c) In the east, there is Nathu La pass in Sikkim and China border providing passage from India to
Lhasa and Bomdi la pass La Arunachal-China border.
Ans: 4. The Greater Himalayas or Himadri has the tallest peaks of the world. Many peaks are
more than 8000 metres above sea level and remain snow bound throughout the year. Some of
them are as follows:
(a) Mount Everest or Sagarmatha is 8848 m high located in Nepal is the world’s highest peak.
(b) Kanchenjunga (8598 m) is the second highest peak in the Himalayas. It is in Sikkim in India.
(c) Nanga Parbat (8126 m) lies in Kashmir and Nanda Devi (7817 m) in Uttarakhand are the
other two peaks.
(d) Namcha Barwa (7756 m) an important peak on the border of Arunachal Pradesh and Tibet.
Ans: 5. The four divisions of Himalayas from west to east are:
(a) Punjab Himalayas: They lie between Indus and Satluj rivers. They are also known locally as
Kashmir and Himachal Himalayas from west to east.
(b) Kumaon Himalayas: These Himalayas lie between Satluj and Kali rivers.
(c) Nepal Himalayas: These Himalayas lie between Kali and Tista rivers.
(d) Assam Himalayas: These Himalayas lie between Tista and Dihang rivers.
Purvachal Hills: These are the north-eastern extension of Himalayas. Beyond the Dihang gorge,
the Himalayas bend sharply to the South and spread along the north-eastern boundary of India.
They are mainly composed of strong sandstones. The important hills are the Patkai, the Naga,
the Manipur and the Mizo hills.
Ans: 6. The Northern Plains of India are fertile alluvial plains. The division of Northern plains
marked by river are:
(a) Indus Plains: Indus plain formed by River Indus and its tributaries e.g. Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,
Beas and Satluj.
(b) Ganga Plains: The plain formed by River Ganga and its tributaries such as Yamuna, Ghaghara,
Gandak, Kosi etc. It extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It covers the states of Haryana,
Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
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(c) Brahmaputra Plains: The plains lies in the east mainly in Assam. These are very narrow plains
drained by Brahmaputra and its tributaries
Ans: 7. Some important features of Ganga Plains are:
(a) The Ganga Plain lies in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Delhi and West Bengal. The deltaic
part of the plain is in West Bengal and Bangladesh. This part of the plain is formed by Ganga and
its Himalayan tributaries (Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak) and Peninsular tributaries (Chambal,
Betwa, Ken and Son).
(b) The plain slopes towards east and southeast and also has high fertile soils.
(c) These plains extended between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers.
Long Answer:
Ans: 1. The three parallel ranges of the Himalayas are:
(a) Himadri (Greater or Inner Himalayas): It is the most continuous range of the Himalayas. It
has loftiest peaks with an average height of 6000 metres. For example, Mount Everest 8848
metres, Kanchenjunga 8598 metres. The folds of this part are asymmetrical in nature. It is
perennially snow bound and gives rise to a number of perennial rivers e.g. Ganga rises from
Gangotri glacier.
(b) Himachal (Lesser Himalayas): These ranges lie south of Himadri and forms the most rugged
ranges. These ranges are mainly composed of highly compressed and altered rocks. The
average height of the lesser Himalayas is between 3700 and 4500 metres. The important
ranges are the Pir Panjal, the Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat. This range consists of the
famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and the Kullu Valley. This range is also famous for its
hills stations like Mussoorie, Nainital, Ranikhet, Shimla. This range is also famous for its fruit
orchards.
(c) Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas): These ranges extend over a width of 10-50 km and height
between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are made up of unconsolidated mud and rocks
brought down by the Himalayan rivers. These ranges are more prone to landslides and
earthquakes. They are more prominent in the western part of India. The longitudinal valleys
lying between lesser Himalayas and the Shiwaliks are called ‘Duns’ like Dehra dun, Kotli Dun
and Path Dun etc.
Ans: 2. The significance of Himalayas are as follows:
(a) The Himalayas act as a climatic divide. They do not allow the cold winds from Central
Asia to come into India nor do they allow the monsoons to escape into Central Asia.
(b) They are storehouse of forest wealth and wildlife.
(c) They give rise to perennial rivers e.g. River Ganga.
(d) They have a number of places of tourist attraction i.e. hill stations (Shimla, Nainital,
Srinagar etc).
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(e) They are also famous for the river valleys, e.g. Kashmir valley drained by Jhelum river and
fruit orchards.
(f) They also are well known for the glaciers like Siachen, the highest battlefield.
Ans: 3. The Northern Plains are alluvial plains formed by deposition of sediments brought down
by rivers from the mountains. On the basis of the variation in relief of the northern plains it can
be divided into four regions.
(a) Bhabar: The rivers, after descending down from the mountains, deposit pebbles in a
narrow belt of 8-16 km lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks. This is known as bhabar.
The streams disappear in this belt.
(b) Terai: Below the Bhabar belt, the streams and rivers re-emerge and create a wet,
swampy and marshy region called terai. It was a thickly forested area rich in wildlife. But now
the area is cleared for cultivation.
(c) Bhangar: It is the largest part of the northern plains made up of older alluvium. This
region lie above the flood plains of the rivers and present a terrace-like feature. The soil is
not fertile here, it contains calcareous deposits called kankar.
(d) Khadar: The newer, younger deposits of the flood plains found in the lower river valley
and at the mouth of the river. These are very fertile and get renewed every year by annual
floods. They are suitable for intensive cultivation.
Ans: 4. The significance of Northern Plains are:
(a) The Northern Plains of India are drained by Rivers Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra along
with their tributaries. Thus, these plains are very fertile and are rich source of food grains in
India so known as granaries of the world.
(b) The plains are densely populated. A number of religious places are also there, e.g.,
Varanasi, Rishikesh, Haridwar etc.
(c) These is presence of a number of perennial rivers, e.g. Ganga, Yamuna etc. provide water
for irrigation.
(d) They have a dense network of transport such as railways and roadways.
(e) They provide the base for early civilisations.
Ans: 5. Each physiographic region is unique in itself, but inspite of their differences they are
interdependent on each other. They complement one another, in the following sense:
(a) The Northern mountains are a rich source of water and forest resources.
(b) The Northern Plains with fertile soil are the granaries for the whole country.
(c) The Peninsular plateau is the storehouse of mineral wealth, so it is a base of
manufacturing industries.
(d) The coastal plains provide sites for fishing and port activities.
(23)
02
(e) The island groups have a unique diversity in flora and faura.
Conclusion: None of these regions can exist without the other. Therefore, there is a
geographical unity between these different regions. In other words there is a kind of unity in
diversity that exists in India.
Assertion Reason Answer:
1. A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
2. A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Case Study Answer:
1. Answer:
(1) C) The Himalayas
(2) C) The Himalayas
(3) D) Shiwalik
(4) D) AII of the above
2. Answer:
(1) D) Depositional work of the rivers
(2) C) The Northern Plains
(3) C) Jhelum river-Tributary of Ganga river
(4) B) It is a porous region due to deposition of huge number of pebbles and rock debris.
(24)
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Class 9 Social Science Geography Notes For Session 2023 24 Chapter

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To the point Easily

Physical Features of India

Formation of the Land Forms

Major Physiographical Divisions of India

The major physiographical divisions of India are

a. The Himalayan Mountains

b. The Northern Plains

c. The Peninsular Plateau

d. The Indian Desert

e. The Coastal Plains

The Himalayan Mountains

Punjab • Rivers Indus and Satluj

Demarcation of Kumaon • Rivers Satluj and Kali

Assam • Rivers Tista and Dihang

The Northern Indian Plains

The Peninsular Plateau

The Indian Desert

• Luni is the only large river in this region.

• Barchan, or crescent-shaped dunes, are a prominent feature of the desert.

The Coastal Plains

▪ Konkan (Mumbai–Goa): It is the northern part of the western coast.

▪ Kannad Plain: It is the central part of the western coast.

• Lake Chilika is an important lake located in the eastern coast.

• The Great Barrier Reef of Australia is a good example of the

• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of

1. What are the three types of plate movements on the earth?

D) A is false, but R is true.

D) AII of the above

(4) Why is rivers disappear in the bhabar belt?

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