HISTORY(इितहास)

This Pdf Contains 3 topics

Medieval History
 Iran/Afghan Invasion

 Delhi Sultanate

 Mughal Empire

Modern History
 Important Leagues

 Congress Session and President

 British India

 India Post Independence

Ancient History
 Vedic Age

 Jainism

 Buddhism

 Mauryan Empire

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 Iran/ Afghan Invasion

 First Invader in India - Sikander

 First Muslim Invader in India – Mhd. Bin Kassim (712 AD)
 Who was Khalifa of Iran? – Al-Hajaj
 Which book tells about Sindh Attack- Chachnama (translated by Ali Babar Qufi)

Mahmud of Ghazni
 Reign Period (998-1030)
 Invasion in India (1001-1027AD)
 Attacked 17 times
 1001 – Punjab Attack
 1004- Multan Attack
 1018- Mathura Temples
 1025-Somnath Temple
 1027- Attack Against Jaat Community
 1030- Ghazni Died

FAMOUS WRITER AT THAT TIME-

1. Alberuni
2. Farubi
3. Firdausi
4. Utvi
5. Sisteni

Muhammed Ghori
 1175- Battle of Multan
Moolraj 2 defeated by Ghori.

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 Prithviraj Chauhan

 Real Name – Prithviraj III / Rai Pithora

 Dynasty- Chahamana
 Ruled - Sapadalabha
 Father/Mother – Someshwar Chauhan / Karpouri
 Painter - Anirudh
 Poet friend – Chandbardar (wrote Pritvhiraj Raso).
1191- Battle of Tarain I -Prithivi Won
1192- Battle of Tarain II- Ghori Won
1194- Battle of Chadawar-Ghori Defeated Jai Chand

DELHI SULTANATE E

Ghori Was slave to Qutub-ud-din Aibak (Turkish)

He came to Delhi with 2 Saints

Qutub-ud-din-Kaki Moinuddin Chisthti

(Stayed in Delhi) (Stayed in Ajmer)

(Qutubminar Built by

Aibak in his memory)

Qutub-ud-din Aibak

Slave Dynasty-1206-1290

Khilji Dynasty – 1290-1320

Tughlaq Dynasty- 1320-1414

Sayyid Dynasty- 1414-1450

Lodi Dynasty - 1451-1526

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 SLAVE DYNASTY(1206-1290 AD)
 Founder - Qutub-ud-din Aibak
 First to Introduce Turkish Culture in Delhi
 He never accepted “Sultan” title
 Title accepted = Malik/ Sipasalar/LakhBaksh

 Capital- Lahore
 Building – Qutub Minar
 Quwat ul Islam (India’s Ist Mosque)
 Adhar Din Ka Jhopra
 Cheramanjuma is 1st Mosque But due to no
workship there, it is not considered India’s 1st Mosque

1210-Died (During Playing Chaugan)

Ilthumish(1211-1235A.D.)
 Real Founder Of Delhi Sultanate
 Defeated Aramshah
 Capital Delhi
 Established Chehalgani/Chalisa
 Completed Qutubminar
 Launched Iqta System
 Defeated Mongols (Nasir Uddin Qqwacha defeated changez Khan)
 Introduced 2 coins : 1. Tanka (silver) 2. Jital (copper)
 Built Sultan Garhi (Qutub Complex)
 Son- Ruknuddin Firuz
Daughter – Razia Sultan

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 Razia Sultan (1236-1240 AD)
 First and last muslim ruler
 Husband- Alturia (Ruler of Bathinda)
 Commander – Jamal ud din yakoot
 She didn’t accept Parda’
 She opt Quba and Qula

Blazer Cap
 1240-1265 -3 sultan came :
1. Moizuddin Behram Shah (1240-42)
2. Allaudin Massood (1242-1246)
3. Nasiruddin Mahmood (1246-65)

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1265-87)

 Killed Chehalgani
 Introduced Nauroz Culture (Persian Festival)
And Persian Culture in his Court
 Sazda and Paibos
 He opted Blood and Iron way

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 KHILJI DYNASTY (1290-1320AD)
Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316)
 Founder- Jalaluddin Firoz Khilji (1290-1296 AD)
Title accepted by Alauddin-Alexander
 Alexander Second (Won 8 battles)
 Real Name – Ali Gurushap
 Most effective Sultan
 Reformed his Army (Recuitment/Salary)
 Biswa System
 Daag & Huliya System
 Introduced Market Control System
 Fixed the taxes on 50%
 He Purchased Malik Kafur or Malik Mani in Rajasthan

Allaudin’s Battles

 1292- Malwa
 1296- Devgiri
 1297-Gujarat
 1301- Ranthambore
 1303- Chittorgarh
 1305- Malwa Again
 1308- Silvana
 1311-Jalore

Bajirao I won 39 battles(1720-40)

Buildings

 Hauz Khas
 Chor Minar
 New town Siri
 Siri Fort(made it his capital)
 Alai Minar
 Alai Darwaza
 Maszid
 Jammaiyat Khana

Hauz Khas

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 Taxation System of Delhi Sultante
1. USHRAF- 5% - 10% from Muslims
2. Kharaz- 1/3 to ½ from non Muslims
3. Khams- 1/5 of looted money will be of Sultan
4. Zakat- 2-2.5% religious tax on muslims
5. Zazia- 10% religious tax on Non- Muslims
6. Lagan- Extra 2.5% from Muslims and 5% from Non Muslims

Departments of Delhi Sultanate

 Deevan-e- Vazirat (Commander)
 Deevan-e- Rasalat (External Affairs)
 Deevan-e-Arz (Defence)
 Deevan-e-Insha/Ashraf (Media/News)
 Deevan-e-Amir Kohi (Agriculture – By Mhd.Bin Tughlaq)
 Deevan-e- Mustakhraz (Revenue – Alau-ud-din Khilji)
 Deevan-e-Khairat (By Firozshah Tughlaq)
 Deevan-e-Ishtiaq (Pension Dept)
 Deevan-e-Bandgan(Jail)
 Deevan-e-Kazamalik (Justice Dept)
 Deevan-e-Vakoof (Expense Dept)

TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320-1412AD)

 Founder : Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
 Title : Accepted Title of Ghazi Malik
 Introduced Postal Services
 Introduced Irrigation System
 He expanded Delhi Sultanate to Bengal
 Jauna Khan killed his father

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 Muhammed Bin Tughlaq (1325-1351)
 Most Literate Sultan
 Also Called as Paagal Raja (due to Failure
of implementation of Policies)
 Changed Name of Devgiri to Daultabad
 Launched Copper coins but failed
 Launched token currency but failed
 Ibn-Batuta came to his court from Morocco
(Book- Rehla in which he described everything
About Mhd Bin Tughlaq)

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

 Liberal Sultan
 Imposed ‘Haq-e-Sharb’ ( tax on irrigation facility)
 Established various departments
1. Diwan-e-Khairat
2. Diwan-e-Bandgam
3. Diwan-e-ilaaz
4. 1st Sultan who imposed Jaziya over Brahmins
5. Autobiography – Futuhat-e-Firozshahi
 He brought Shilalekh of Ashoka from Lumbiri to India
 Renovated Qutub Minar

He built : a. Firozabad b. Jaunpur- Siraz-e-Hind c. Fatehabad

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 Nasiruddin Mehmood Shah (1390-1412AD)
 Last Ruler of Tughlaq Dynasty
 Tairnoor Lang attacked over Delhi Sultanate in 1398AD

Saiyad Dynasty (1414-1450AD)

 Khizr Khan (1414-1421AD)
 Muizuddin Mubarak Shah(1421-1434AD) – Estb. “Mubarakbad” in Delhi
 Muhammad Shah(1434-1445AD) – gave “Khan-e-Khanam” title to Behlol Lodhi
 Alauddin Alam Shah (1445-1450)

Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526AD)

Bahlol Lodhi (1451-1489AD)
 1st Afghani Sultan in Delhi Sultanate
 Did Demonitisation and Launched Bahloli Coin.
 He expanded Delhi Sultanate to Gwalior and some
Parts of Deccan

Sikander Lodhi (1489-1517AD)

 Title – “Shahi”
 Introduced Land Unit Gaz-e-SikanDari
 Estb. Agra City in 1504 AD
 Opted Agra as Capital in 1506AD
 His poetry name was “Gulrukhi”.
 Fond of ‘Shehnayi’ musical instrument

Ibrahim Lodhi(1517-1526)
 Last ruler of Lodhi Dynasty
 1526AD- Battle of Panipat- Lost from Babur

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 MUGHAL EMPIRE
 Babur (1526-1530) Humanyu (1530-40/1555-56)

 Akbar (1556-1605) Jahangir(1605-1627)

 Shahjahan(1628-1658) Aurangzeb(1658-1707)

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BABUR (1526-1530)
 Birth in Fargana – Kabul
 1st attack – Maham Begum
 Autobiography – Baburnama (Turking)

BATTLES

 PANIPAT – 1526, Defeated Ibrahim Lodhi

 KHANWA – 1527, Defeated Rana Sanga
 Chanderi -1528, Defeated Medini Raj
 Ghagra – 1529, Defeated Army of Bengal and Bihar
 Death -1530, Tomb- 1st Agra, then Kabul

Humanyu (1530-40/1555-56)
Battles

 Debra- (1531)
 Chausa – (1539)
 Kannauj/Belgram – (1540)
 Sirhind –(1555) Defeated Sikander Shah Suri

Buildings : Sher-e-Mandal (Library) and Deen Panah City

Sher-e-Mandal

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Sher Shah Suri (1540-45)
 Real Name- Fared Khan
 Title – Sher Shah was accepted by him after Battle of Chausa
 Introduced Rupaya
1Re= 178 grane Silver
 Malik Mhd. Jaisi wrote Padmavat in same time

WORK : Old Fort (Qila-e-Kuhana) ; GT Road – Sadak-e-Azam-Uttarpath

AKBAR (1556-1605)
 Born 15th Oct 1542 in Amarkot
Mother – Hamid Bano
Father – Humanyu

Battles
1556- 2nd Battle of Panipat - Akbar defeated Hemu
1561- Malwa (Baz Bahadur)
1567- Battle of Thanesar
1569- Siege of Ranthambore and Bundelkhand
1573- Gujrat (Muzzafar Shah)
1575- Battle of Tukaroi
1576- Haldighati (Maharana Pratap)
1586- Kashmir

Treaty
1560-62 – Haram Govt by Maham-anga
1562- Treaty of Aamer ( King Bharmal)
1563- Abolished Pilgrim Tax
1564- Abolished Jazia Tax
1575- Ibadat Khana
1578- Ibadat Khana (Parliament of Religion)
1581- Kabul (Mirza Hakim)
1582-Din-e-Ilahi
1592- Sindh
1599-Ahmed Nagar
1601-Asirgarh

1605- Death

MANSAB SYSTEM (TODAR MAL) : MIN SALARY=10 ; MAX SALARY=12000

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 NINE JEWELS
 Birbal (Advisor) Taansen(Musician) Todarmal (Finance Minister)

 Maan Singh (Chief Commander) Abul Fazal (Poet) Abdul Rahim Khan-e-Khana(Poet)

 Faizi(Poet) Bhagwantdas(Poet) Mulla-do-Pyaza(Cook)

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 Buildings

 Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Allahabad Fort

 Buland Darwaza Jodhabai Mahal Ibadat Khana

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 Jahangir(1605-1627)
 Childhood Name – Salim (Shekhu Baba)
 Assasination of Guru Arjan Dev Ji

 WIVES
1. 1585 – Manbai
2. 1587- Jagat Gosai
3. 1611- Mehrunnisa

Note: Mehrunisa was the daughter of Gyas Beg, Etmad title given to him by Akbar

 Painting on full glory

 Chain of Justice – Title : King of Justice
 1608 – Capt. Hawkins came to his court
 1615- Sir Thomas Roe came to his court

Auto-Biography : Tuzuk-e-Jahangir (Persian)

Tomb in Lahore

SHAHJAHAN (1628-1658)
 Childhood Name – Khurram
 Wife – Arjumand Bano (Mumtaj Mahal)
 Monuments at its glory
 Built a city named as “Shahjahanabad”
 Battle against Portuguese in Bengal
 Aurangzeb arrested him in “Agra Fort”
 Died in 1666

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MONUMENTS

1631- Arzumand Bano Died

 Takht-e-Taus- 22nd March 1635 (Was taken by Nadir Shah Turkey)
 Nagina Maszid – 1635 AD
 Taj Mahal – 1631-1653AD ( 50000 Workers,1000 Elephants, took 22 years; Made
by Ustad Ahmed Lahori and Ustad Isha Khan)
 Red Fort-1638 AD
 Jama Maszid- 1644AD
 Moti Maszid-1648AD
Aurangzeb also made Moti Maszid but in Lal Qila

AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
Title – Zinda Peer , Shahi Darvesh
 1659 – Battle of Dharmat/Devrai- Defeated Dara Shikoh
 1658- After Capturing Shahjahan, coronation ceremony
 1659- Coronation Ceremony in Red Fort after defeating Dara Shikoh
 1669- He abolished Jharokha Darshan and terminated all musician
 1670- Abolished Tuladan System
 Abolished Nauroz Festival
 In 1669- Re-imposed Jaziya Tax
First time Jaziya introduced by Mhd. Bin Kasim. But sometimes in option they don’t give
name of kasim and then tick Ferozshah Tughlaq
Buildings : Moti Maszid (Red Fort) Bibi ka Maqbara/Black Tajmahal (1668)
by Alamshah(in Aurangabad)

Tomb- 1707- Aurangzeb Dead at Aurangabad now known as Sambhajinagar

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In 1498 Vasco De Gamma Came 1st time to India and were followed by Portuguese in
1502
Britishers came in 1600 on Red Dragon Ship

FOOLISH KINGS OF HISTORY

Puppets to Britishers: Jahadar Shah also called as Murkh Lampat Raaja (Gave Relaxation
in
Toll duties to Britishers)
Muhammed Shah (Rangeela Raaja, Gave unlimited Land to
Britishers,Allowed them to print their own currency)
Muhammed bin Tughlaq (Pagal Raaja)

IMPORTANT BATTLES
 Anglo Mysore War 1 – 1767-1799, Hyder Ali (Father of Tipu Sultan) won
 Anglo Mysore War 2 – 1780-84 Hyder Ali Died in 1782 and Tipu Sultan was there for
the Treaty (Treaty of Manglore)
 Anglo Mysore War 3 – 1790-92 (Treaty of Travan Core)
 Anglo Mysore War 4 – 1798-99 (British Won and Tipu Sultan Died)
 Battle of Plassey – 1757, Siraj-ud-daub defeated by Britishers
 Battle of Bauxar- 1764, British defeated Mir Qasim and Shuja-ud-daula
 Anglo Maratha War – 1st (1775-1782) , 2nd (1803-1806), 3rd (1817-1818)
 Anglo Sikh War- 1845-1849

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 MORDERN HISTORY
 29TH March 1857- Mangal Pandey Revolts (34th Bengal Native Infantry)
 8th April 1857- Execution of Mangal Pandey

Revolt 1857 Leaders

 Delhi- Bahadurshah Jafar II
 Kanpur- Nana Saheb
 Kalki – Tantaiya Tope
 Faizabad - Maulvi Ahmadullah
 Lucknow- Begum Hazrat Mahal
 Bareily – Khan Bahadur Khan
 Jhansi – Rani Laxmi Bai
 Jagdishpur- Kunwar Singh
 Allahabad – Liyaqat Ali

IMPORTANT LEAGUES
 1864 – Translation Society (Scientific Society) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
 1875 – Aligarh Muslim University (Sir Syed Ahmad Khan)
- Indian Association Formed ( SN Bannerji Anand Mohan )
 1876 – Indian League (Krishnan Menon)
 1885 – Indian National Congress formed (In Mumbai, Founder- AO Hume, Dada Bhai
Naoroji, Dinshaw Edulji Wacha ) (Viceroy – Lord Dufferin)

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 IMPORTANT CONGRESS SESSION and PRESIDENTS
 1885 – Bombay- WC Banerjee
 1886,1893,1906 - Calcutta, Lahore, Dada Bhai Nairojee
 1887- Madras- Badruddin Taiyabi
 1888- Allahabad- George Yule
 1917- Annie Beasant
 1924- Gandhiji ( Belgaun)
 1929 and 1937 – J.L. Nehru (Lahore and Faizpur)
 1931- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Karachi)
 1938- Haripura ,SC Bose
 1939- Tripura, SC Bose
(But resigned due to Gandhi ji’s Protest)
 1948 – Pattabhi Sitaramayya- Gandhi ji’s Death

IMPORTANT EVENTS WITH TIMELINE

 1894- Ganpati Mahotsav Started by BG Tilak
 1895- Deccan Mahasabha
 1895- Lokmaya Tilak Shivaji Mahotsav
 1897- Founder Vivekanand – Rama Krishna Mission (H.Q. – Belur Math, West Bengal)
 1902- Gandhi ji Published “Indian Opinion”
 1904- Abhinav Bharat Society (By Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and Ganesh
Sarvarkar)
 1905- Bengal Partition (Viceroy- Lord Curzon) , Swadeshi or Boycott Movement
(Meeting called by SN Banerji and Decided to Celebrate 16th Oct 1905 as
Rakshabandhan Day)
 1906- All India Muslim League
Founder – Aga Khan III, Khwaja Salimullah, Hakim Ajmal Khan
Real Founder – Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Venue- Dhaka (Bangladesh)
H.Q.- Lucknow
 1907- Surat Split

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 1908 – Muzaffarpur Bomb Kaand By Khudiram Bose
 1909- Marley Minto Reform (Communal Election)
 1911- Delhi Darbar ( By Lord Harding)
Chief Guest : George Vth and Queen Marry
New Capital Delhi
Refused Bengal Partition
Formation of Bihar and Odisha
In 1913 Rabindranath Tagore Conferred with Knighthood title
 The National anthem is composed in the Raga,‘Sankarabharanam’
 The English translation of the national anthem is ‘The morning song of India’’.
 National anthem was first sung at the Calcutta session of INC (1911)
 India accepted it as our national anthem on 24 January 1950.
 ‘Bharat Vidhata’ was the first name of National anthem.
 National anthem was first published in the book ‘Tatvabodhini’.
 Tagore also wrote the national anthem of Bangladesh ‘ Amar Sonar Bangla’.
 ‘Jeevan Smriti’ is the autobiography of Tagore.

 1912 – Capital Actually Shifted to Delhi

 1913- Gadar Party (in San Francisco, USA)
Founder – Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh, Barbatullah
 1914- Komagatamaru Ship Incident
 1915- Gandhiji Came to India
Gandhiji called Subhah Chandra Bose the‘Palriots’, Patriot
Winston Churchil called Gandhiji a ‘‘Half naked Seditious Fakir.
The name ‘Gurudev’ was given to Tagore by Gandhiji
Tagore called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’.
The original autobiography of Gandhiji written in Gujarati language was ‘Sathya na
Prayogo athva Atmakatha’.
French Novelist who wrote the biography of Gandhiji was Romain Rolland.
Gandhiji’s autobiography ‘‘My Experiments with Truth’ was written in 1922 while he
was in Jail. It describes his life from 1869 to 1921.
It was translated into English by Mahadev Desai

 1916 – Banaras Hindu University Estb. (By Madan Mohan Malviya)

Lucknow Pact
Home rule Movement (First by BG Tilak in Pune in April, then by Annie Beasant in
Madras, in September)
Sabarmati Ashram Established

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  1917 – Champaran Andolan
 1918 – Kheda Andolan, Ahemdabad Mill Strike
 1919 – Monatgese Chelmsford Reforms
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Khilafat Andolan by Mhd. Ali and Shaukat Ali
Rawlatt Act
 1920 – BG Tilak passed Away
Non Cooperation Movement
Gandhi ji Gave up the title ‘Kesar-e-Hind’
Rabindranath Tagore gave up the title of ‘ Knighthood’
1921- Prince Charles Came to India
 1922 – Chauri Chaura Kaand in Gorakhpur, UP
Non Cooperation Movement stopped by Gandhi ji
10th March 1922 Gandhi ji Sentenced for 6 years4

 1923- Swaraj Party- President = CR Das ; Secretary= Motilal Nehru

 1924- HRA (Hindustan Republic Association, by Ram Prasad Bismil and Sachidanand
Saniyal)
 1925- RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh by KB Hedgewar, H.Q. Nagpur
(Maharashtra))
 1926 – Nau Jawan Bharat Sabha- Bhagat Singh
 1928- Simon Commission in India
Lala Lajpat Rai Martyred
Nehru Report
HSRA (Hindustan Socialist Republican Party , By Chandra-
Shekhar Azad in Firoz Shah Kotla , Delhi, Motto – Lahore
Conspiracy)
 1929- Poorna Swaraj (On bank of River Ravi, Lahore by Nehru)
Bhagat Singh Surrenders Threw Bomb and leaflets
 1930- Dandi March By Gandhi Ji (for 24days)
1st round table conference
Savinay avgya andolan by Gandhi ji
112 days Hunger Strike
 1931-Gandhi Irwin Pact- 5th March 1931
27th Feb Chandrashekhar Azad Martyred
Gandhi ji Attended 2nd Round table Conference
Irwin changed new Viceroy Wellington

23rd March 1931 Bhagat Singh was Martyred

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  1930 – First Round Table Conference – 87 people
 1931 – 2nd Round Table Conference, Gandhi Ji attended
 1932- 3rd Round Table conference- 46 people (Congress Boycotted it)
Poona Pact, B/n Gandhi and BR Ambedkar in Yarwada Jail
 1933- Harijan Patrika by Gandhi ji
 1934- Harijan Sevak Sangh
 1935- Govt of India Act (It led to Estb.of RBI, Federal Court, PSC, FPSC etc.)
 1936- Rehmat Alikhan made word “Pakistan”
 1937- Gullam Bharat’s First Ever Election, India Self Rule Movement
 1939-45 World War 2
 1925 – SC Bose arrested, sent to Alipore Jail then sent to Mandalay Jail via
Mayanmar
 1938- Haripur session of INC (SC Bose President)
 1939- Tripuri Session SC Bose Defeated P. Sitaramaiya and then left INC
All India Forward Block Established by SC Bose (Calcutta)
 SC Bose gave 2 titles to Gandhi ji
1. Rashtrapita
2. Bapu
Gandhiji Gave the status of “Gurudev” to Rabindranath Tagore

1945- SC BOSE Aircraft Crashed

World’s 1st Women Combat Army by India – Rani Laxmi Bai Regiment (Women Army) BY
SC Bose
INA Founder Ras Bihari Bose (Real Founder S.C. Bose)

 1940- August Offer (By Lord Linlithgow) Congress and Muslim League Rejected it

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  March 1942- Stafford Cripps Mission
 August 1942- Quit India Movement ( Started from Bombay’s Gawalia Maidan)

23 March 1940 Demand for Pakistan By Mhd. Ali Jinnah

 1944- Rajagopalchari Formula

 1945- Vevel Yojana by Lord Vevel, Shimla Agreement

 1946- Cabinet Mission Plan ( 3 Members – Puthick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, A.V.
Alexander) ; Direct Action Day( Violence between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta)

PM OF ENGLAND AT THAT TIME : Clement Attlee

 1947- 14 Aug – Pakistan was Formed 15th August -India Was formed

 1971- Bangladesh separated from Pakistan ( Liberation War)

On 26th November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, which came into
effect from 26th January 1950.

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 HISTORIC PLACES
1. Agra fort-Akbar (1573)

2. Buland darwaza-Akbar (1576)- Fatehpur sikri

3. Char Minar- Md. Quli Qutub Shah (1591) on the bank of Musi river Hyderabad

4. Taj Mahal-Shahjahan(1653) Agra

5. Golden Temple-Guru Arjan Dev(1585 to 1604) Amritsar

6. Gol Gumbaj-Md Adil Shah (1626 to 1656) - Bijapur

7. Hawa Mahal-n Sawai Raja Pratap Singh (1799)-Jaipur 8. Jantar Mantar-Raja Jal Singh 11 (1724-1735)-
Jaipur

9. Red Fort-Shahjahan (1638-1648) Delhi - Ahmed Lahori designed both Red Fort & Tajmahal

10. Qutub Minar-Qutub-ud-din Aibak (1193 AD) Delhi

Famous Historical Caves

Monument Location Built by
Ajanta Caves Aurangabad Gupta King
Elephant Caves Mumbai Rashtrakiut Rivers
Ellora Caves Aurangabad Buddhist
Kanheri Caves Mumbai Buddhist

There are total 35 Sites in India which were Declared as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Apart from the Monuments above, the list of world heritage monuments of India are as
follows-

Heritage Monuments Construction Year Built By

Humanyu’ Tomb, Delhi 1572 Humanyu’s Second wife
Bigga Begum(Haji Begum)
Mahabodhi Temple, Gaya, 3rd Century BC Ashoka
Bihar
Churches and Convents of 16th Century Portuguese
Goa(Basilica of Born Jesus)
Humpi Monuments, Ballari, 14th and 16th Century Vijaynagara Empire Kings
Karnataka
Champaner- Pavgarh 8th to 14th Century --
Archaeologist Park, Gujarat

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Sanchi Buddhist
Monuments, MP
Pattadakal Monuments,
Bagalkot, Karnataka
Rock Shelter of Bhimbetka,
MP
Khajura Temples, Madhya
Pardesh
Ajanta Caves
Ellora Caves, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
Elephanta Caves, Mumbai
2nd to 1st Century BC Built by Buddhists in 1st and
2nd BC, later developed by
Ashoka in 3rd Century BC
8th Century Chalkuya Dynasty
Pre-historic, 30,000 years …
ago
950-1050AD Chandela Kings
2-6th Century BC Gupta Kings
600-1000AD Rashtrakutas built Hindu
and Buddhist Caves, Yadav
Dynasty built Jain group of
Caves
5th – 8th Century AD Rashtrakuta Kings

Famous Historical Temples, Stupas, Ashrams

Monument Location Built by
Belur Math Kolkata Swami Vivekanand

Chennakesave Temple Belur, Hasan, Karnataka Vishnu Vardhan

Dhamek Stupa Sarnath Varanasi Ashoka

Dilwada Jain Temples Mount Abu Ray Vimal Shah

Gommateshwar Temple Shravanbelagola, Hasan, Chavunadaraya Ganga

Kamalaka Dynasty

Takhar Shri Harmandir Sahin Patna, Bihar Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Jagannath Temple Puri, Odisha Chola Gang Dev

Dakshineswar Kali Temple Kolkata Rani Rashmoni

Khajuraho Temples Chhatarpur, MP Chandel Kings
Mahabodhi Vihar Bodh Gaya, Bihar Ashoka
Lakshmi Narayan, Temple Delhi Birla Family
Laxman Temple Chhatarpur, MP Yashovarman
Parinirvana Temple and Kushinagar, UP Govt Of India
Stupa
Sabarmati Ashram Ahmedabad, Guj Mahatma Gandhi
Sanchi Stupa Raisen MP Ashoka
Sun Temple Konark, Odisha Narsingh Dev I
Visnupad Temple Gaya Bihar Rani Ahilya Bai

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Aram Bagh Agra, UP Babur
Bharatpur Fort Bharatpur, Raj Raja Surajmal Singh
Bundi Fort Bundi, Raj Raja Nagar Sungh
Char Minar Hyderabad, Telangana Quli Qutub Shah
Chasm-e- Shahi Srinagar, J&K Ali Mardan Khan
Chhatra Mahal Bundi Fort, Raj Rani Chhatrasal
Cochin Fort Kerala Portuguese
Dhar Fort Dhar, MP Md Bin Tughlaq
Fort William Kolkata, West Bengal Lord Clive
Golconda Fort Hyderabad, Telangana Qutubshahi
Hauz Khas Delhi Qutub-ud-Din Aibak
Jodhpur Fort Jodhpur, Raj Rao Jodha Ji
Madan Palace Jabalpur, MP Raja Madan Singh
Mrignayani Palace Gwalior,MP Raja Man Singh Tomar
Nishat Bagh Sri Nagar, J&K Asaf Ali
Old Fort Delhi Sher Shah Suri
President House Delhi British Government
Price of Wales Museum Mumbai, Mah George V
Shalimar Bagh Sri Nagar, J&K Jahangir
St. George Fort Chennai, TN East India Company

FAMOUSE HISTORICAL TOMBS, SHRINES, MOSQUES

Monument Location Built By

Akbar’s Tomb Sikandra, Agra, UP Jahangir
Bada Imambabda Lucknow, UP Nawab Asaf-ud-Daula
Bibi ka Maqbara Aurangabad Alam Shah
Charar-e-Sharrif Sri Nagar, J&K Jainul Abedin
Chhota Imambada Lucknow, UP Md Ali Shah
Etmad-ud-Daula Tomb Agra,UP Noor Jahan
Gol Ghar Patna, Bihar British Govt
Humanyu’s Tomb Delhi Hameeda Bano Begum
Jama Masjid` Agra, UP Shah Jahan
Pandari ki haveli Patna, Bihar Father Capuchin
Mecca Masjid Hyderabad Quli Qutub Shah
Moti Masji Agra Fort, UP Shah Jahan
Patthar ki Masjid Patna, Bihar Parvez Shah
Safderjung Tomb Delhi Shuja-ud-Daula
Sheesh Mahal Agra, UP Shah Jahan
Sher Shah’s Tomb Sasaram, Bihar Son of Sher Shah
Shershah’s Masjid Patna, Bihar Parvez Shah
Tajmahal Agra, UP Shah Jahan

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 ANCIENT HISTORY
VEDIC AGE
Vedic Age is the period of Aryans in India from
1500 - 500 BC.
 Most Probable Home of the Aryans is
Central Asia. This theory is of Max Muller.
 Vedas are the oldest literary works of
mankind.
 Vedas are four in number, they are Rig
Veda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharva
Veda.
 Rig veda is the oldest veda.
 Vedas are collectively known as Sruti
 Vedangas are collectively known as Smriti
 Vedangas are six in number. They are,
Siksha - Phonetic
Kalpa - Ritual
Vyakarana - Grammar
Nirukta - Etymology
Chhanda - Metrics and
Jyotisha - Astronomy
 There are 1028 hymns in Rigveda. It is
divided into ten Mandalas (Chapters).
 Rig Vedic Hymns sung by priests were
called Hotris.
 ‘Sruti’ literature belonged to the
Sathyayuga, Smriti belonged to
Treatayuga, Puranas belonged to
Dwaparayuga and Thanthra literature
belonged to Kaliyuga.
 Rigveda starts with the line ‘Agnimele
Purohitam’
 Famous Gayatri Mantra is contained in the
Rigveda (It is believed to have composed
by Vishwamitra)
 Yajurveda deals with sacrifices and rituals
Yajurvedic hymns are meant to be sung
by priests called ‘Adhavaryu’.
 Yajurveda is derived into two:
SuklaYajurveda (White Yajurveda) and
Krishna Yajur Veda (Black Yajurveda)
 Sama Veda deals with Music.
 Sama Vedic hymns are meant to be sung
by priests called Udgatri.
 Atharva veda is a collection of spells and
incantations. Ayurveda is a part of
Atharva Veda, which deals with medicine.
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 The saying, ‘‘War begins in the minds of
men’’ is from Atharva Veda.
 The 10th Mandala of Rigveda contain the
Purusha Sukta hymn which tells about the
origin of caste system.
 Upanishads are 108 in number. Upanishads
are philosophical works
 Upanishads are known as the Jnanakantas
of Vedas.
 The words ‘Sathyameva Jayate’ have
been taken from ‘Mundaka Upanishad’
 Brahdaranya Upanishad was the first to
give the doctrine of Transmigration of Soul
and Karma.
 Bhagvata purana is divided into 18
skandas The 10th skanda mentions about
the childhood of Sri Krishna.
 Skanda purana is considered as the
largest purana.
 Brahmapurana is also known as
Adipurana.
 Adhyatma Ramayana is included in the
Brahmantapurana.
 Cattle was the chief measure of wealth of
the vedic period.
 Rigvedic tribe was referred to as Jana
 The Aghanya mentioned in many
passages of Rigveda applies to cows.
 Indra was the greatest God of Aryans and
Agni occupied second position.
 Varuna was God of water and Yama was
the Lord of dead.
 Savitri was a solar diety to whom the
famous Gayatri Mantra is attributed to.
 Prithvi was Earth Godess.
 The battle of ten kings mentioned in the
Rig Veda was fought on the division of
water of river Ravi.
 It was fought on the banks of River Ravi
 (Purushni).
 Indra was known as Purandara.
 The people called Panis, during the Vedic
period were cattle breeders.
 The Vedic God in charge of truth and
moral order was Varuna.
 Indra Played the role of the Warlord. He is
also considered as the rain god.
 The two priests who played a major part
during the Rig Vedic period were Vasishta
and Visvamitra
Jainism
 Vardhamana Mahavira was believed
to have born in 540 BC in Kundala
Grama in Vaishali the capital of Vajji.
Now it is in Mussafar district in Bihar
 He belonged to Jnatrika Kshatriya clan.
 The word ‘Jaina’ was originated from the
word ‘Jina’ which means conqueror.
 Jainism speaks about 24 thinthankaras.
Mahavira was the 24th Thirthankara, who is
considered as the founder of Jainism.
 Rishabha was the first Thirthankara.
Neminath and Parswanatha were the 22nd
and 23rd Thirthankaras respectively.
 Bhagavatapurana, Vishnupurana,
Vayupurana, etc mentions about
Rishabhadeva.
 Sidhartha, ruler of Nandadynasty which
ruled Kundalapuri, was the father of
Vardhmana Mahavira.
 Mahavira’s mother was Trissala and
Yasodha was his wife.
 Jameli was the daughter of Mahavira.
 Mahavira is also known as ‘Vaishalia’ as
he was born in Vaishali.
 He got Kaivalya at the age of 42 under a
Sal tree on the bank of river Rajpalika near
Village Jimbhrikagrama.
 Makhali Gosala was a companion of
Mahavira. Who later founded the Ajivika
sect.
 Mahavira attained Nirvana at the age of
72 at Pavapuri near Rajagriha in 468 BC.
 Jains observe the day of his nirvana as
Dipavali.
 Gautama Indrabhuti is considered as his

first desciple.
Jain sacred texts are called Angas.
 Jain texts were written under Bhadrabahu
in BC 296.
 Jain texts were written in the Prakrit
language of Ardhamagadhi
 Ahimsa Paramo Dharma’ is the sacred
hymn of Jainism.
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 Ahimsa, Satya, Asateya, Aparigriha and
Brahmacharya are the five major
principles of Jainism.
 Brahmacharya is the principle added by
Mahavira.
 Mahavira taught the three Jewels of
Jainism (Triratna) - Right Faith, Right

Knowledge and Right Conduct.
First Jain council was held at Pataliputra in
the fourth century BC under the leadership
of Stulabahu.
 Second Jain council was held at
Vallabhipur in third Century BC under the
leadership of Aryaskandil Nagarjuna Suri.
 Third Jain council was held at Vallabhipur
in Gujarat in 5th Century AD under the
leadership of Devardhi Kshamasramana.
 Jainism was divided into two sects
Swetambaras and Digambaras after the
first Jain Council.
 Digambaras are sky-clad or naked and
swetambaras are clad in white.
 Gomateshwara statue is situated in
Sravana belgola.
 ‘Syad Vada’ is a Jain philosophy of
Knowledge.
 Kharavela of Kalinga gave patronage to
Jainism.
 Mahavir Jayanti and Rakshabandan are
the festive occassions of Jainism.
 Temple on the Mount Abu in Rajasthan is a
famous centre of Jain worship. Jain
Temple at Sravanabelgola in Hassan
district in Mysore is known as ‘Kasi of the
Jains’.
 Names of Rishabhadeva and Arishtanemi
are also mentioned in the Rigveda.
 Chandragupta Maurya the founder of the
Mauryan Empire, abdicated the throne
towards the end of his life, accepted
Jainism reached Sravanabelgola and died
there.
Buddhism
 Buddhism originated in the 6th century BC.
 Gautama Buddha the founder of
Buddhism was born in Lumbini in
Kapilavasthu on the border of Nepal in 563
BC.
 Buddha’s mother Mahamaya died seven
 days after his birth. He was brought up by
his aunt Mahaprajpati Gautami, hence he
got the name ‘Gautama’.
 First Buddhist nun was Gautami
 Budha’s birth place is now known as Binla.
 Budhas orginal name was Sidhartha.
 Buddha belonged to the Sakhya clan of
Kshatriyas.
 His father was Subhodhana.
 Buddha’s wife was Yasodhara and his son
was Rahulan.
 Four sights changed his mind and initiated
him to spiritual life they were death, old
age, sadness and sufferings.
 He left home at the age of 29 along with
his charioteer Channa and favourite horse
Kandaka. This incident is known as
Mahanishkramana.
 Buddha got enlightenment at Bodha
Gaya, on the banks of Niranjana river in
Bihar at the Age of 35.
 After enlightenment Buddha came to be
known as ‘thadhagatha’. He is also known
as ‘Sakhyamuni’.
 Buddha made his first sermon after
enlightenment at a deer park at Saranath
in Uttar Pradesh. This incident is known as
‘Dharmachakra pravarthana’.
 Buddha’s first teacher was Alara Kalama
and second teacher Udraka Ramaputra.
 During his first sermon at Sarnath, Buddha
described the ‘four noble truths’ and the
eight fold path.
 Buddha made his sermons in Pali
language and the early Buddhist texts
were also written in Pali language.
 Buddha died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at
Kushinagara in UP. This was known as
Parinirvana. Buddha died by consuming
poisoned meat or poisoned mushroom.
 Last meals of Buddha was served by a
blacksmith ‘Chunda’.
 His last words were All composite things
decay, strive diligently.
 Four noble truths of Buddhism are: life is full
of misery, desire is the cause of misery,
killing desires would kill sorrows, Desire
can be killed by following the eight-told
path.
 The eight fold path of Buddhism are: Right
Belief, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right
Action, Right Living, Right Effort, Right
Recollection, Right Meditation
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 Buddhism does not recognise the
existence of God and Soul (Atman)
 Buddha accepted the traditional belief in
transmigration of the soul and law of
Karma.
 The ‘three jewels’of Buddhism are –
Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.
 The first Buddhist council was held in 483
BC at Sattaparni (Rajagriha) under the
presidentship of Mahakashyapa and
under the patronage of king Ajatasatru of
Magadha..
 Vinayapitaka and Suddhapitaka were
codified at the first council.
 Second Buddhist council was held in 383
BC at Vaishali under the presidentship of
Sabhakami and under the patronage of
king Kalashoka.
 At the second Buddhist council Buddhism
was divided into two Staviravadins and
Mahasankikas which later came to be
known a Hinayana and Mahayana
respectively.
 Third council of Buddhism was held in 250
BC at Pataliputhra under the presidentship
of Mogaliputta Tissa and under the
patronage of Ashoka the Great.
 Abhidhamma Pitika was codified at the
third council.
 At the third council decision was also
taken to send missionaries to spread
Buddhism.
 The fourth Buddhist council was held in the
first century AD at Kundalavana in Kashmir
under the President-ship of Vasumithra
and Ashvagosha and under the
patronage of Kanishka.
 Clear division of Buddhism into Hinayana
and Mahayana tookplace at the fourth
council.
 Upagupta converted Ashoka to Buddhism.
 Ashvagosha was the first biographer of
Buddha who wrote Budhacharitam in
Sanskrit.
 Vasubandu is known as Second Buddha.
 Ashoka is known as the Constantine of
Buddhism.
 Ashoka accepted Buddhism after the
battle of Kalinga in BC 261.
 Buddhist worshipping centre is known as
Pagoda.
 Viharas are the Buddhist monastries.
  Vajrayana was a sect of Buddhism which
believed in achieving salvation through
Mantras and spells.
 ‘Jataka stories’ describe the stories related
to the birth of Buddha. They are 500 in
number.
 Holy book of Buddhism is Tripitika-
Vinayapitika, Suddhapitika and
Abhidhamapitika are collectively known
as Tripitika.
 Bimbisara of Magadha was a
contemporary of Buddha.
 Kanishka who worked to spread Buddhism
like Ashoka is known a Second Ashoka.
 Ashoka sent his son and daughter,
Mahendra and Sanghamitra to SriLanka to
spread Buddhism.
 Sri Buddha is known as the ‘Light of Asia’
He was named as such by Edvin Arnold.
 Edvin Arnold’s ‘Light of Asia’ was
translated into Malayalam by Nalappad
Narayanamenon.
 Hinayanism is wide spread in Sri Lanka.
 The Bodhi tree at Gaya was cut down by
Sasanka, a Bengal ruler.
 The chief Buddhist monastery was at
Nalanda,which was under the patronage
of Pala kings.
 Previous Buddhas are known as
‘Bodhisatvas’.
 Milandapanho a book of Nagasena
describes how Greek king Menandar
accepted Buddhism
Mauryan Empire (321-185BC)
 Major sources for the study of Mauryan
Empire are the Arthasastra of Kautilya and
Indika of Megasthenes.
 Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of
Mauryan Empire.
 Details about his early life are not
available
 He is believed to have belonged to Moriya
Clan, hence got the name Maurya.
 It is also said that his mother was Mura a
women of lower birth hence got the name
Maurya.
 In some texts he is referred to as Vrishala
and Kulahina.
 He conspired with Chanakya (Kautilya or
Vishnugupta) the minister of Nanda to
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overthrew the last Nanda ruler
DhanaNanda.
 Chandragupta Maurya ascended the
throne in BC 321.
 He fought against Selucus in 305 BC.
Selucus surrendered before him and sent
an ambassador, Megasthenese to the
court of Chandragupta Maurya.
 Chandragupta’s Governor Pushygupta
constructed the famous Sudarshana lake.
 ChandraGupta Maurya was converted to
Jainism, abdicated the throne in favour of
his son Bindusara, passed his last days at
Sravanabelagola (Near Mysore) where he
died in 298 BC.
 Chandragupa Maurya was responsible for
the political unification of North India for
the first time.
 Bindusara was a follower of Ajivika sect.
 Bindusara was known as Amitragatha.
 Ashoka ascended the throne in 273BC
and ruled upto 232 BC.
 He was known as ‘Devanampriya
priyadarsi the beautiful one who was the
beloved of Gods.
 Maski and Gujara Edicts of Ashoka gave
the name Devanampriya Priyadarsi.
 Buddhist tradition says Ashoka killed 99 of
his brothers to capture the throne.
 Ashoka was the first king in Indian history
who had left his records engraved on
stones.
 Ashokan inscriptions were written in
Kharoshtiand Brahmi scripts.
 Ashoka fought the Kalinga war in 261 BC
Kalinga is in modern Orissa.
 Ashokan inscriptions were deciphered by
James Princep.
 After the battle of Kalinga Ashoka
became a Buddhist, being shocked by the
horrors of the war.
 Ashoka was initiated to Buddhism by
Upagupta or Nigrodha a disciple of
Buddha.
 For the propagation of Buddhism Ashoka
started the institution of
Dharmamahamatras.
 The IV Major Rock Edict of Ashoka tells
about the practice of Dharma
 The Major Rock Edict XII of Ahoka deals
with the conquest of Kalinga.
 Ashoka held the third Buddhist council at
his capital Pataliputra in 250BC under the
presidentship of Moggaliputa Tissa.
  He sent his son and daughter to Sri Lanka
for the spread of Buddhism (Mahendra
and Sanghamitra)
 Ashoka spread Buddhism to SriLanka and
Nepal.
 He is known as the Constantine of
Buddhism.
 In his Kalinga Edict he mentions ‘‘All man
are as my children’’.
 Ceylones ruler Devanmpriya Tissa was
Ashoka’s first convert to Buddhism.
 Ashoka ruled for 40 years and died in 232
BC.
 The emblem of the Indian Republic has
been adopted from the four lion capital of
one of Ashokas pillars which is located in
Saranath.
 Rock-cut architecture in India made a
beginning during Ashoka’s reign.
 Brihadratha the last Mauryan ruler was
killed by Pushyamitra Sunga who founded
the Sunga Dynasty in 185 BC.
 Megasthenese the first foreign traveller to
India mentions about the existence of
seven castes in India during the Mauryan
period.
 Stanika in Mauryan administration refers to
tax collector
Books on Sciences
Chandra Vyakaran ............... Chandragomin
Amar Kosh .............................. Amar Singh
Niti Shastra ............................... Kamandak
Kamasutra ................................ Vatsya yana
Panchasiddhantika................ Varahamihira
Ashtanga Hridaya ......................Vaghbhatta
Hastyaurveda ............................... Pulkapya
Sankhyakarika ......................Iswarkrishna
Temples and Builders
Kailas Temple at Ellora ........................ Krishna I
Chunnakesava Temple, Belur ....Vishnuvardhana
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Rathas at Mahabilipuram ... Narashimhavarman I
Brihadeswara Temple, Tanjavur ...RajaRaja Chola
Shore Temple, Mahabalipuram ... Narasimha
Varman II
Lingaraja Temple, Bhavaneswar ........................
......................................Eastern Gangarubs
Karjuraho Temples............................Chandellas
Rajarajeshwara Temple, Tanjavur.........Raja raja I
Meenakshi Temple at Madhurai .. Nayaka Rulers
Shiva Temple at Tanjavur ...........Raja Raja Chola
Selected Facts from Ancient Indian
History
 The source of Swastika symbol Indus Valley
 Alexander Cunningham is considered as
the father of Indian archaeology
 Meter scale has been discovered from
Harappa
 Sword Weapon never used by the Indus
people
 Bead Making was the major industry in
Chanhudaro
 The word ‘Sindhan’ used by the Indus
people denoted Cotton
 Evidence of fractional burial has been
excavated from Harappa
 The word ‘godhume’ used in the vedic
period denote Wheat
 ‘Yava’ denoted Barley
 Term used to denote rice in the vedic text
Vrihi
 Vedic term sita denoted Ploughed field
 Rigveda mentions about wheel
 Vedi terms ‘Urvara’ or ‘kshetra’ denoted
Cultivated field
 The famous frog hymn in Rig Veda throws
light to Vedic education
 Varuna was considered as the god of the
vedas
 Rigvedic term ‘Duhitri’ denoted
Milker of cows
 Method used to calculate the number of
cows in the Vedic period Ashtakarni
 Part of which veda has prose part
Yajur Veda
 Agasthya spread Aryan religion in South
India
 Vedic term ‘Aghanya’ denotes
Cows
 The term ‘Bharata’ and ‘Bharatavarsha’
were first used in
Rig Veda
 Upanishad which mentions the four
Ashramas of Vedic period
Jabala Upanishad
 Largest number of hymns in Rigveda are in
praise of
Indra
 First town in the vedic period to use
burned bricks
Kausambi
 First reference about lending money for
interest can be found in
Satpatha Brahmana
 Rigvedic paintings have been discovered
from Bhagvanpura. It is in Hariyana
 Brihadaranyaka Upanishads mentions
about police system
 Varuna who was considered as God of
Gods
 Chandalas Community was considered as
untouchables by the Buddhists.
 Prakrit was the language used by Jains to
spread their religion
 Ananda is considered as the St.John of
Buddhism
 Mara is considered as Devil by the
Buddhists
 Three daughters of ‘Mara’
lust, emotion and desire
 Pushyamitrasunga persecuted Buddhists
 Major philosophic school of Bhagvatism
Vishishtadvaita
 Earliest reference about Srikrishna is found
in
Chandoghya Upanishad
 Sri Krishna found place in Greek literature
 Jain Thirthankara, who was related to Sri
Krishna
Rishabhadeva (Ist Thirthankara)
 Tamil god of the Sangham age for War
and Victory Kottavai
 Lakulisa founded the Saivism
 Pandyas was the Tamil kingdom of the
Sangham Age which send an ambassador
to the court of Roman Emperor Augusts
 First Sangham was founded by
Saint Agasthya
 Famous poetess of the Sangham period
Avvaiyar
 Yavanas was Greeco-Roman traders who
visited South India during the Sangham
period were denoted with the term
 Sangham work which describes about
Buddhism
Manimekhalai
 The word Bhaggvati used by Ashoka to
denote Buddha
 Ashokan inscriptions were desciphered by
James prince in the year 1837
 Indo-Greek ruler Menander had his
boundaries upto Pataliputra
 Vima Kadphesus ,Yuchi ruler who
introduced gold coins for the first time
 Nagarjunakonda is the Edict which
mentions about the relation between India
and China

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 MEDIAVAL HISTORY
compiled the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred
Important Court Scholars book of the Sikhs. He built a temple at
Kalidasa .......... Chandragupta II
Amritsar , (later the Golden Temple) Har
(Vikramaditya)
Mandir Sahib. He helped Jahangir’s son
Banabhatta ................. Harshavardhana
Prince Khusru to rebel against the Emperor
Alberuni ..................... Muhammed Ghazni
So he was executed by Jahangir at
Firdausi ........................ Muhammad Ghazni
Lahore in 1606 AD.
Amir Khusru ...................... Alauddin Khilji
 The sixth Guru Hargovind, created a Sikh
Todarmal ................................... Akbar
army and turned against Shah Jahan. He
Tansen .......................................... Akbar
founded a palace opposite to Harmandir
Birbal .......................................... Akbar
Sahib known as ‘Akaltakt’. He also
Mansingh ........................................ Akbar
adopted the title Sacha Padusha, which
Abul Fazal ................................. Akbar
means true ruler. (the title was not
Ashva Ghosha ........................ Kanishka
adopted by Teg Bahadur)
Amara Simha .................. Chandragupta II
 Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He was
Chand Bardai .............. Prithviraj Chauhan
succeeded by Guru Harkishan. Har Kishan
Revikirti.............................. Pulikeshin II
became the Guru at the age of five,
Dhanwantari ................. Chandragupta II
hence he is the youngest Sikh Guru.
Harisen .......................... Samudra Gupta
 The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh
Tenali Rama ............... Krishnadeva Raya
formed the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood.
 He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism -ie
Kesh (long hair) Kanga (Comb) Kripan
Sikhism (Sword), Kachha (Underwear) and Kara
(Iron bangk)
 Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which means
 He introduced baptism and wanted every
‘desciple’
Sikh to bear community surname ‘Singh’ or
 Sikh religion was founded by GuruNanak.
lion.
 Guru Nanak was born was born at
 His aim was the establishment of a Sikh
Talwandi in Lahore, belonged to the Khatri
State after overthrowing the Mughals. In
Caste (Mercantile Community)
1708 he was killed by an Afghan.
 Nanak called his creed as Gurumat or
 ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobiography of
Guru’s wisdom.
Guru Govind Singh. Kartarpur Dabir is the
 GuruNanak was born in 1469 and died in
root form of Guru Grandh Sahib. Govind
1538.
Singh proclaimed the Grandh Sahib as the
 He was the first Guru of the Sikhs.
eternal Guru
 Nanak preached only in Punjabi.
 Nanak nominated Guru Angad as his
successor.
 Guru Angad introduced Gurumukhi Script. The Marathas
He also compiled Guru Nanak’s biography
Janam Sakis.  The first great leader of the Marathas was
 Langar or free community dining was also Chatrapathi Shivaji.
introduced by Guru Angad.  The Marathas became prominent in the
 Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. He started later half of the 17th century.
the Manji system ie, branches for the  Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the
propagation of Sikhs. He made Guruship Marathas.
hereditory.  Shaji Bhonsle and Jiga Bai were the
 Guru Ramdas was the fourth Sikh Guru. He Parents of Shivaji.
founded the city of Amritsar. The place for  He was born in 1627 February 19 at the fort
the city was donated by Akbar. of Shivner near Junnar.
 Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjun Dev,
Sikhism became an organised religion. He

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 His father was a military commander under
the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmedanagar
and later of Bijapur.
 Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev.
 Shivaji received the help of Malavi tribe to
capture the territories of Bijapur Sulthan.
 Torna was the first place captured by
Shivaji in 1646.
 Shivaji came to conflict with the Mughals
for the first time in 1657, during the period
of Shah Jahan.
 In 1659 Bijapur Sulthan Ali Adilshah sent
Afzal Khan to kill Shivaji. But he killed Afsal
Khan.
 In 1660 Aurangazeb deputed his viceroy of
Deccan, Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji.
 1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar
with Raja Jai Singh of Ambher, who was
deputed by Aurangazeb.
 In 1666 Shivaji visited Aurangazeb in his
court at Agra. But he and his son Sambaji
were imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the
Jaipur Bhavan.
 On 16th June 1674 Shivaji crowned himself
an independent Hindu king became the
Chatrapathi and assumed the title
‘Haidavadhasmodharak’.
 Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of 53.
 Shahu became the Chatrapathi in 1708
and his period witnessed the rise of
Peshwaship.
 Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) Baji Rao
(1720 - 40) Balaji BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and
Madhav Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the
Peshwas who ruled Maharashtra.
 Baji Rao popularised the idea of Hindu
Padpadshahi or Hindu Empire.
 Balaji Baji Rao’s period witnessed the Third
Battle of Panipat in 1761. In this battle
Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan
defeated the Marathas.
 Madhava Rao was the last great Peshwa.
 Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II.
 Madhava Rao’s period witnessed the
disintegration of the Maratha power and
the formation of independent kingdoms -
Holkarofindor, Bhonsle of Nagpur, Sindhya
of Gwalior and Gaekwad of Baroda.
 Shivaji’s Council of Ministers was known as
Ashtapradhan. They were Peshwa, Pandit
Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Senapathi, Amatya,
Mantri and Nyayadhyaksha.
 Peshwa was the Maratha Chief Minister.
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 Chaudh and Sardesh Mukhi were two
special laxes collected by the Marathas.
 The first Maratha war (1775 -82) Swai
Madhav Rao Vs Raghunath Rao with
English support.
 Second Maratha war 1803 - 05.
 Third Maratha war 1816 - 19.
 The last great Soldier and statesman of
Maratha was Nana Phadavnis (1800)
 The Maratha script was called Modiscript.
 Peshwaship was abolished in 1818
 Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwas.
 Shivaji did not allow women in his military
camp.
 The Marathas were equipped with an
efficient naval system under Shivaji
Conquest of Mysore
 Haider Ali was the son of Fatheh
Muhammed.He was born in 1722.
 In 1766 he became the ruler of Mysore
after the death of Mysore Raja Krishna
Wodeyar.
 First Mysore war between Haider Ali and
the English started in 1767 and ended in
1769.
 First Anglo-Mysore war ended with the
defeat of English and the treaty of Madras.
 Second Mysore war was from 1780 to 1784.
 Haider Ali died in 1782 and Tipu Sulthan
became the Mysore ruler.
 The second Mysore war ended by the
treaty of Mangalore in 1784.
 Second Mysore war was fought during the
period of Warren Hastings.
 Third Mysore war started in 1790 and
ended in 1792.
 The third war ended by the treaty of
Seringapatnam on March 19th1792.
 Fourth Anglo Mysore war was in 1799.
 Fourth Mysore war was fought during the
period of Governor general wellesley.
 In this battle Tipu was killed in 1799 at
Srerangapatanam by Col. Arthur
Wellesley.
 Tipu’s Capital was Srerangapatanam.
 Tipu is known as Mysore Tiger.
 Fathul Mujahiddin is the book written by
Tippu which describes about Rockets
Events/Acts/Reforms.......... Viceroy/Governor 2nd Round Table Conference(1931) .... Lord
Generals Wellington

Permanent Settlement (1793)..........Lord Cornwallis 3rd Round Table Conference (1932) ..... Lord
Wellington
Subsidiary Alliance (1798).............. Lord Wellesley
Separate Electorates (1932) .......... Lord Wellington
Abolition of Sati (1829) ....... Lord William Bentinck
Government of India Act (1935).... Lord Wellington
Introduction of Civil service ..........Lord Cornwallis
Provincial Autonomy (1937)......... Lord Linlithgow
Doctrine of Lapse ......................... Lord Dalhousie
Cripps Mission (1942) .................... Lord Linthgow
Railways started in India ............... Lord Dalhousie
Quit India Movement ................... Lord Linlithgow
Post and Telegraph ....................... Lord Dalhousie
Cabinet Mission (1946) ...................... Lord Wavell
English Education in India .. Lord William Bentinck
INA Trial (1945) ................................. Lord Wavell
Vernacular Press Act (1878).................Lord Lytton
Indian Independence Act 1947) .......Lord
Arms Act (1878) .................................Lord Lytton Mountbatten
Local Self Government (1882) ............ Lord Rippon Partition of India (1947) ............ Lord Mountbatten
Ryotwari System ................................ Lord Munro

Partition of Bengal (1905) ................... Lord Curzon

Books and Authors
Rowlatt Act (1914) ...................... Lord Chelmsford
Vande Mataram.....................Aurobindo Ghosh
Simon Commission (1928) ... Lord William Bentinck
New Lamps for Old ...............Aurobindo Ghosh
Sepoy Mutiny (1857) ....................... Lord Canning
Bhavani Mandir ....................Aurobindo Ghosh
Queens Proclamation (1858) ........... Lord Canning
Hind Swaraj ........................... Mahatma Gandhi
Factory Act (1881) .............................. Lord Ripon
Gora ................................ Rabindranath Tagore
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act (1881)Lord
Canning Ghare Baiyare .................. Rabindranath Tagore

Indian councils Act/Minto -Morley Reforms (1909) Gitanjali ........................... Rabindranath Tagore

....................................................... Lord Minto II Discovery of India ............................J.L. Nehru

Partition of Bengal revoked (1911) Lord Hardinge II Essays in Indian Economics..........M.G. Ranade

Transfer Capital to Delhi (1911) ... Lord Hardinge II Arctic Home of the Aryans ................B.G. Tilak

Dyarchy in province (1919) ......... Lord Chelmsford Geeta Rahasya ................................... B.G. Tilak

Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919).. Lord Poverty and Un-British Rule in India….Dada Bhai
Chelmsford Naoroji

Non co-operation ....................... Lord Chelmsford We ........................................... M.S. Golwalkar

Poorna Swaraj resolution (Lahore 1929) . Lord Irwin Durgesh Nandini .... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Frist Round Table Conference (1930) ..... Lord Irwin Bang Darshan......... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931) ....................... Lord Irwin Anand Math .......... Bankim Chandra Chatterjee

Communal Award (1932) .............. Lord Wellington India in Transition ............................ M.N. Roy

Poona Pact (1932) ........................ Lord Wellington Economic History of British India ....... R.C. Dutt

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The Indian Struggle ......Subhash Chandra Bose 1856 - 1858 ................................ Lord Canning

Viceroys of British India

Indian Musalmans ................................. Hunter

Gana Devta ....... Tarashankar Bandhopadhyaya

1858 - 1862 ................................ Lord Canning
Philosophy of the Bomb..... Bhagavati Charan
Vohra 1862 - 1863 .............................. 8th Earl Elgin I.

Why Socialism ................Jayaprakash Narayan 1863 .................................... Sir Robert Napier

Gandhi Versus Lenin ....................... S.A. Dange 1863 - 1864 .................... Sir William T. Dension

Problem of the East ....................... Lord Curzon 1864 - 1869 ................................. Earl of Mayo

Neel Darpam ...................... Deen Bandu Mithra 1872 - .................................. Sir John Strachey

India Today ........................................ R.P. Dutt 1872 - 1876 ........................ Baron North Brook

India Wins Freedom ............ Abdul Kalam Azad 1876 - 1880 ................................... Lord Lytton

Indian Unrest .......................... Valentine Chirol 1880-1884 ..................................... Lord Ripon

Prachya Aur Paschchatya .... Swami Vivekanand 1884 -1888 .................................Lord Dufferin

Gau Karunanidhi.................... Swami Dyayanda 1888-1894 .............................Lord Lansdowne

Letters from Russia ............ Rabindranth Tagore 1894 -1899 .................................. Lord Elgin II

Wither India ......................................J.L.Nehru 1899 - 1905 .................................. Lord Curzon

Soviet Asia ......................................J.L. Nehru 1905 - 1910 .................................Lord Minto II

Pather Debi ................... Avanindranath Tagore 1910 - 1916 ............................ Lord Hardinge II

History of Hindu Chemistry .................. P.C. Rai 1916 - 1921 ............................ Lord Chelmsford

Peasantry of Bengal ........................... R.C. Dutt 1921 -1926 .................................Lord Reading

1926-1931 ...................................... Lord Irwin

Governors Generals of India 1931 -1936 ............................ Lord Wellington

1936 -1942 ............................. Lord Linlithgow

1772-1785 .............................Warren Hastings
1942-1947 ....................................Lord Wavell
1786 - 1793 ............................. Lord Cornwallis
1947 (March 13 - August 14) ..........................
1793 - 1798 ................................. Sir Joh Shore
................................. Lord Louis Mounbatten
1798 - 1805 .............................. Lord Wellesley

1807- 1813 .................................... Lord Minto

Governors - Generals of Indian Union
1947 (August 15)
1813 -1823 ................................Lord Hastings
1948 (June 20) ...........Lord Louis Mountbatten
1823 - 1828 ................................ Lord Amherst
1950 Jan. 25 ....................... C. Rajagopalachari
1828 - 1835 .................... Lord William Bentinck

1835 - 1842 .......................Baron Ellenborough

1842 - 1844 .................. William Wilberfore Bird

1844 - 1848 ............................... Lord Hardinge

1848 - 1856 .............................. Lord Dalhousie

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  The agreement signed after the 1971 war
was the Simla Agreement.
Famous Conspiracy Cases  Simla Agreement was signed by Indian
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistan
Case Date Accused Prime Minister Zulfiker Ali Bhuto in 1972.
 The Kargil war in 1999 was against the
Nasik 1909-10 Vinayak Savarkar
terrorist usurpation into Kashmir from
Conspiracy Pakistan.
 Kargil military operation of India was
Alipore 1908 Aurobindo Ghosh
known as ‘Operation Vijay’.
Hawrah case 1910 Jatin Mukharjee  Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee
conducted the famous Lahore Bus Journey
Dacca Case 1910 Pulin Das in 1999 February.
 The Kargil war officially ended on 26 July
Delhi case 1915 Amirchand, Awad
1999.
Bihari and Bal Mukund  Boundary line between India and Pakistan
is Radcliff line.
Lahore case 1929 - 30 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru  The Lahore declaration was signed
and Sukhdev between A.B. Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif.
 Military operation conducted by India on
Banaras case 1915 – 16 Sachindranath Sanyal Pakistan 1948 was known as Operation
Sojila.
Kakori case 1925 Rama Prasad Bismil
 The operation in which Indian army
And Ashfaq captured Siachin was known as Operation
Meghdoot.
 India and Pakistan signed the Indus River
Water Agreement in 1960.
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE
India - Pak Wars
Indo-China War
 Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Chau
 The major cause of the India - Pak wars Enlai established bilateral friendly relation
was the Kashmir problem. signing the Panchsheel in 1954.
 On September 1, 1965 Pakistan started  But giving asylium to the Dalai Lama of
attack on the border and invaded Tibet (1954) provocated China.
Chhamb and Dewa regions.  China attacked India by crossing the Mac
 On September 11, UN Secretary General Mohan line on September 8, 1962.
U-Thant reached to talk on cease fire.  On October 19 Chinese made a massive
 After the battle, Tashkent agreement was attack.
signed under the mediation of Russia.  On October 26 Government declared
 Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Sastri Emergency and Defence of India
and Pakistan President Ayub Khan signed Ordinance.
the agreement.  Keeping view of the Chinese aggression
 On December 2 The Border Security Force the Gold Bond Scheme was declared.
was formed.  In November 1962 the National Defence
 Lal Bahadur Sastri died at Tashkent on 11 Council was set up.
January 1966.  On Nov. 10, the Chinese declared a
 The deplomacy of Sastri was the major Unilateral withdrawal.
source behind India’s victory in the 1965  In 2005 China removed Sikkhim from
Indo-Pak war. Chinese map and accepted it Indias part.
 The Second Indo-Pak war was in 1971.  In 2006, Two countries agreed to open the
After the war Bangladesh became an Nathula pass (Sikkim) after a lapse of four
independent country. decades. Liberation of Pondicherry and
Goa

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 Goa was in the hands of Portuguese from
1510 AD onwards.
 The Liberation Army captured Dadra,
Nagarhaveli on 22 July 1954.
 Goa, Daman and Diu were liberated from
the Portuguese in 1964.
 Pondicherry was under the French
 Since 1946 there were freedom struggle in
Pondicherry.
 The legal hand over of Pondicherry was in
1962.
 Malayalam speaking Mahi, Telegu
speaking yanam and Tamil speaking
Karakkal are the parts of Pondicherry.
 Pondicherry’s new name is Puthussery.

Nuclear Experiments in India

 Nuclear researches in India were lead by
Homi J. Bhaba.
 Council for Scientific Industrial Research
Institute was formed in 1942.
 Indias first Nuclear Experiment was on 18th
May 1974.
 First Nuclear Experiment of India was code
named as ‘‘Buddha Smiles’. It was during
the period of Indira Gandhi as Prime
Minister.
 It was conducted at the Pokhran Desert in
Rajasthan.
 Uranium was used in the process.
 It was lead by Dr. H.N. Setna and Dr. Raja
Ramanna.
 Second Nuclear experiment was in 1998.
 It was code named a ‘Operation Shakti’ or
‘Buddha Smiles again’’.
 Pokhran is in the Jaisalmer district in
Rajasthan.
 Second experiment was conducted
during the term of Atal Bihari Vajpayee

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