Write the general equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

Describe anaerobic and aerobic metabolic pathways

Aerobic metabolism occurs when the oxygen is present. It occurs in the cell’s
mitochondria and responsible for the supply of 90% of the body’s energy requirement.
During aerobic metabolism, all the basic substrate including carbohydrates, fat, and
protein are broken down and are combined with molecular oxygen to produce energy
while releasing the carbon dioxide and water as end products. In general, oxidative
metabolism produces nearly 150 to 300 mL of water in a 24 hour period of time. There
are two pathways involved in aerobic metabolism; citric acid cycle; which occurs in the
matrix of mitochondria, and electron transport chain; which occurs in the electron
transport system located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Anaerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic metabolism does not require oxygen for the production of ATP. It occurs
through the glycolysis, the process by which energy is liberated from glucose. Anaerobic
metabolism’s efficiency is low, and produced low number of ATP when compared to
aerobic metabolism. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require any
organelle. Therefore, it is an important process of which the organisms lack mitochondria
such as prokaryotes. The end product of aerobic metabolism is lactic acid, which may be
relatively harmful to the body.
Aerobic vs Anaerobic Metabolism
• Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen, whereas anaerobic metabolism does not.
• Anaerobic metabolism cannot continue indefinitely. In contrast, aerobic metabolism
can continue forever, only under theoretical conditions.
• Carbohydrate, fat, and proteins are used as sources of aerobic metabolism while only
carbohydrate is involved for anaerobic metabolism.
• Aerobic metabolism involves low to moderate intensity activities, whereas anaerobic
metabolism involves only high intensity activities.
• Anaerobic metabolism takes place in the cytoplasm of cells while aerobic metabolism
occurs in mitochondria.
• Aerobic metabolism produces more energy than anaerobic metabolism if the same
amount of the same substrate.
• Glycolysis is an anaerobic metabolic pathway, whereas citric acid cycle and electron
transport chain are aerobic metabolic pathways.
• Aerobic metabolisms contribute more (around 90%) for the supply of energy while
anaerobic metabolism contributes less.
• End product of anaerobic metabolism is lactic acid while that of aerobic metabolism is
carbon dioxide and water.

Describe glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, & lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis is a series of reactions happening in the cytosol that results in the conversion of a
monosaccharide, often glucose, into pyruvate, and the concomitant production of a relatively
small amount of high-energy biomolecules, such as ATP. It is the initial metabolic pathway
of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes wherein the
biochemical energy is harvested from an organic substance (e.g. glucose) and stored in energy
carriers (e.g. ATP) for use in energy-requiring activities of the cell. The major steps or processes
of cellular respiration are (1) glycolysis, (2) Krebs cycle, and (3) oxidative phosphorylation.
Question: What does glycolysis produce?
Answer: Glycolysis products are 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH + 2H+ and 2ATP molecules
The net reaction of glycolysis is:

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 pyruvates + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP

Question: How much NADH is produced by glycolysis?

Answer: 2 NADH molecules are produced by a single molecule of glucose in the glycolytic reaction.

Question:  Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer: The location of glycolysis is the cytoplasm of the cell.

Question:  What is the meaning of EMP?

Answer: EMP is an abbreviation of the  Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. EMP pathway is just another
name for the glycolysis pathway.

Question:  Why is ATP required for glycolysis?

Answer: ATP is required in the initial few steps of glycolysis in the preparatory phase so that the 6-C
glucose can be broken down into two 3-C compounds.

Question: Does glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer: Glycolysis does not necessarily require oxygen. It can occur in the absence of oxygen as well.

In particular, the Krebs cycle is one of the major metabolic pathways of cellular respiration. It involves
a cyclic series of enzymatic reactions through which pyruvate — converted into Acetyl Coenzyme A — is
completely oxidized to CO2. Along with this, hydrogen ion is removed from the carbon molecules,
transferring the hydrogen atoms and electrons to electron-carrier molecules (e.g. NADH and FADH2),
and metabolic energy to high energy bonds (e.g. ATP).
The carbon dioxide produced from the complete oxidation of pyruvate is removed from the cell into the
blood. The electron and hydrogen carriers, NADH and FADH2, donate these electrons to the electron
transport chain to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, the final metabolic pathway of cellular
respiration.
In eukaryotes the Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion whereas in prokaryotes, it
occurs in the cytoplasm.

Oxidative phosphorylation is an enzymatic process that occurs in both prokaryotes

and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the process occurs as part of cellular respiration within
the mitochondrion. In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cell membrane itself. This process is a more
efficient method to produce ATP (in terms of net ATP yield) than fermentation.
The process however involves oxidation that it produces reactive oxygen species, which
contributes to the propagation of free radicals.
Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out through a series of compounds in a chain called the
electron transport chain. In this chain, electron is transferred from one compound to another via
redox reactions. It is coupled with the transfer of proton (H+ ion) across the membrane resulting
in the creation of a proton gradient, which is essential in the synthesis of energy-storing
compounds, e.g. ATP. Thus, the electron transport chain is a crucial cellular machinery for its
major role in extracting energy via redox reactions in cellular respiration as well as
in photosynthesis. The electron transport chain is comprised chiefly of electron donors and
acceptors. The final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, which makes it an aerobic process.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Most organisms carry out fermentation through a chemical reaction that converts the pyruvate
from glycolysis into lactic acid or lactate. Lactic acid fermentation also converts NADH into
NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.