Mitosis and Meiosis and their Role

in the Cell-Division Cycle

Quarter 3,Module 2
Science-Grade 8
Locally-Developed Module
Quarter 4 - Module 2: Mitosis and Meiosis and their Role in the Cell- Meister, Deborah. “Biological Significance of Mitosis & Meiosis
Division Cycle in Sexual Reproduction.” Education, 29 Sept. 2016,
First Edition,2020 educa tion.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-mitosis
- meiosis- sexual-reproduction-5259.html.
All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced or
transmitted to any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, “Mitosis versus Meiosis.” Facts, The Public Engagement Team at
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and the Wellcome Genome Campus, 17May2017, Re
retrieval system without written permission from the publisher andauthors. trieved from www.yourgenome.org/facts/mitosis-versus-
meiosis.
Published by the Schools Division Office (SDO) Dagupan City OIC,
Mitosis and Meiosis - Comparison Chart, Video and Pictures.”
Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez
Diffen, Retrieved from
OIC, Asst Schools Division Superintendent: Ma. Criselda G. Ocang
www.diffen.com/difference/
Meio sis_vs_Mitosis.
Development Team of the Module
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2006). MajorEven-
Writer: Jan-Mar C. Castillo tsInMitosis [Computer -Generated Image]. Retrieved from
Editors: Jane Ramirez, Manelyn C. https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1110
711 on 27 April 2021.
Galsim Caridad Geraldine V.
Orio Rdbickel (2016). Meiosis Overview new [Computer-Generated
Reviewers: Sharon S. Perez, Blessie P. Maynigo Image]. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4959
Lovely Mae S. Maramba, Sam Rivo 9354on 28 April 2021
Marissa T. Borromeo, Eli Amor S.
Paragas Cherry A. Cayabyab, Renata sng8. “The Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis.” University of Leicest
er, 17 Aug. 2017, Retrieved from www2.le.ac.uk/
G.Rovillos projects/ vgec/highereducation/topics/cellcycle-
Layout Artist: Jan-Mar C. Castillo mitosis-meiosis.
Management Team: Maria Linda R. Ventenilla
SparkNotes, SparkNotes, Retrieved from
Edilberto R. www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellre
Abalos Renata G. production/intro/section2/.

Department of Education-SDO Dagupan City
Office Address: Burgos Street, Poblacion Oeste, Dagupan City
Telefax: (075) 515-6009
E-mail Address: dagupan.city@deped.gov.ph
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Mitosis.” Encyclopædia
Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 5 Feb.
2020, Retrieved from www.britannica.com/science/
mitosis.
Zifan, A. Meiosis Stages [Computer-Generated Image]. Retrieved
from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=50424259
on 1 May 2021
31
29
Baker, R. “Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis.” Owlcation, MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
Owlcation, 26 Mar. 2020,
owlcation.com/stem/ AND THEIR ROLE IN THE CELL– DIVISION CYCLE
Stages-of- Mitosis-and-Meiosis.
From a zygote, humans grow into a complex
Caulton, S. (2013). Cell cycle simple [Computer-Generated Im- organism comprised of trillions of cells. How did this
age]. Retrieved from happen? Why don’t we look exactly like our siblings?
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27 What happens to our cells that allow our species to
710339 on 27 April 2021
CK-12 (n.d.). Stages of Mitosis (cycle) [Computer-Generated Im- reproduce? We will explore thee answers to these
age]. Retrieved from questions in this module.
https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/mitosis/lesson/Mitosis-
After studying this module, you will be able to :
and-Cytokinesis-BIO/ on 28 April 2021
CK-12 (n.d.). Stages of mitosis (with descriptions) [Computer-  identify mitosis and meiosis and their role incell
Generated Image]. Retrieved from division cycle; and
https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/mitosis/lesson/Mitosis-
and-Cytokinesis-BIO/ on 28  compare mitosis and meiosis(S8LT-IVd-16).
April 2021
College of the Redwoods & Northern Virginia Community College.
“Biology I.” Lumen, In doing this module, the
courses.lumenlearning.com/ biology1/ chapter/the-
process-of-meiosis/.https:// following are some
www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular
-molecular- biology/mitosis/a/phases-of-mitosis
Emw (2009). HR in meiosis [Computer-Generated Image]. Re- 1. Take the pretest
trieved from
before answering
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=8025119 on 1 May 2021 themodule.
Gilbert, S.F. (2000). Developmental Biology, 6th ed. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9983/ on 2. Read the instructions
28 April 2021.
carefully before doing
Internet (2012). Tetrad [Computer-Generated Image]. Retrieved
from eachtask.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=22990478
on 30 April 2021 3. Answer all theexercises.
4. Take theposttest.
Meister, Deborah. “Biological Significance of Mitosis & Meiosis in
Sexual Reproduction.” Education, 29 Sept. 2016,
educa tion.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-mitosis
- meiosis- sexual-reproduction-5259.html.
“Mitosis versus Meiosis.” Facts, The Public Engagement Team at 1
3
the Wellcome Genome Campus, 17May2017, Re
trieved from www.yourgenome.org/facts/mitosis-versus-
meiosis.

28
 32 64 64

15 30 30

Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer to each 9 18 18

question below.
5 10 10
1. In terms of genetic composition, how will you describe
11 22 22
the daughter cells produced inmitosis?
A. The daughter cells arenumerous.
B. The daughter cells cannot be determined. after meios is after mitosis
C. The daughter cells are identical to the parentcell.
daughter cells daughter cells diploid parent cell
chrom osomes of chrom osomes of chrom osomes of
D. The daughter cells are not identical to the parent Number of Number of Number of
cell.

2. Which of the following statements BEST describe Activity 4: Count the Chromosomes
mitosis and meiosis with regards to their pair
ofchromosomes?
A. Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic
cells while meiosis produces 4 haploid
(n)gametes.
B. Mitosis produces two haploid (n) somatic cells
while meiosis produces 4 diploid (2n)gametes.
C. Mitosis produces four diploid (2n) somaticcells
while meiosis produces 2 haploid (n) gametes.
D. Mitosis produces four diploid
(2n)somaticcellswhile meiosis produces 4
haploid (n)gametes.

3. Which is NOT a function ofmitosis?

A. Repair of body cells
B. Growth of bodycells
C. Asexualreproduction
D. Production of sexcells

2
27
2
 4. Which of the following statements BEST describe mitosis
and meiosis with regards to the types of cells that undergo
10. D C 5. 10. C C 5. these processes?
9. A 4. B A. Mitosis takes place within sex cells
whilemeiosis takes place within the bodycells.
9. C 4. A
8. C
B. Mitosis takes place within body cells while meiosis
D 3. 8. A 3. A
7. C 2. A 7. D 2. B
takes place within the sexcells.
C. Mitosis takes place within germ cells
6. B C 1. 6. A D 1. whilemeiosis takes place within the sexcells.
Pretes t Posttest D. Mitosis takes place within reproductive cellswhile
meiosis takes place within the bodycells.

10.Mit osis 5.Mitosis 10. Meios is 5.Mitosis 5. Pairing up of homologous chromosomes occur in whattype/s
9.Mitosis 4. Meios is 9.Meiosis 4.Meiosis of cell division?
A. Cytokinesis
8.both 3. Mitosi s 8.mitosis 3.Mitosis B. Mitosisonly
7.Meiosis 2. Meios is 7.Meiosis 2.Meiosis C. Meiosis only
D. Mitosis and meiosis
6.Meiosis 1. both 6.Mitosis 1.Mitosis
Think and Select Mitos is or Meios is? 6. Diversity among sexually-reproducing organisms is possible
ACTIVITY 3: ACTIVITY 1
because of crossing over. In which stage of cell divisiondoes
Activity 2 this occur?
duction A. Cytokinesis
To make sex cells Growt h and asexual repro- 7 B. ProphaseI
C. MetaphaseII
D. TelophaseII
yes No 6
Gonads/sex cells/ gamet es Body cells/ somat ic cells 5
haploi d diploid 4 7. Which will not be observed in a cell undergoingmitosis?
A. Nucleireform
B. Cell splits intotwo
2 1 3
no yes 2 C. Cell splits intofour
4 2 1 D. Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and
line up alongequator
meios is mitos is

35
26
 5. Which of the following events happens ONLY inmeiosis?
A. Nuclear envelopereforms
8. If a diploid organism has 50 chromosomes, how many B. Chromatids breakapart
chromosomes will each of its gameteshave? C. Homologous chromosomes pairup
A.100 B.50 D. Chromosomes line up in the middle of thecell
C.25 D. 12
6. Because of meiosis, which of the following ispossible?
9. When comparing prophase of mitosis and prophase I of meiosis, A. Sexualreproduction
which of the following isFALSE? B. For the growth ofcells
C. For the repair ofcells
A. Tetrads form inboth D. All of theabove
B. Spindle forms inboth
C. The chromosomes condense inboth 7. Which of the following events happens in meiosis
D. The nuclear envelope disassembles inboth and mitosis?
A. Crossingover
10. In what type/s of cell division does cytokinesisoccur? B. Formation oftetrads
A. Interphase C. Formation of four daughtercells
B. Mitosis only D. Division of cytoplasm andchromosomes.
C. Meiosis only
D. Mitosis and meiosis 8. Which of the following is mitosis NOT usedfor?
A. Production ofgametes
B. Development (e.g. baby in mother’swomb)
C. Repair (of a wound) in multicellularorganisms
D. Asexual reproduction in unicellularorganisms

9. Sex cells have different combinations of genes. Whatprocess

allows this and in what stage does thishappen?
A. Cytokinesis
B. DNA duplication duringinterphase
C. Crossing over during ProphaseI
D. Alignment of chromosomes at the center of
thecell duringmetaphase
10. A parent cell has 16 chromosomes. After meiosis II,how
many chromosomes does each of its daughter cellshave?
A.32 B.16
C.8 D.4
4 27
25
Directions: Encircle the letter of the bestanswer.
1. Which of the following statements BEST describes the
number of cells made in meiosis with that ofmitosis?
A. The number of cells made in meiosis is 1while
the number of cells made in mitosis is2.
B. The number of cells made in meiosis is 2while
the number of cells made in mitosis is4.
C. The number of cells made in meiosis is 3
while the number of cells made in mitosis is6.
D. The number of cells made in meiosis is 4while
the number of cells made in mitosis is 2.
2. Which of the following describes genetically the daughter
cells inmeiosis?
A. Daughter cells are identical.
B. . Daughter cells are of different celltypes.
C. Daughter cells have different combinations ofgenes.
Parent cell
D. Daughter cells have more genes than theparent
cellhas.
3. How can the daughter cells in meiosis bedescribed?
A. Haploid B.Diploid
C.Triploid D.Tetraploid
4. In what types of cells do meiosis and mitosis occur, respec
- tively?
A. sex cells, bodycells
B. Body cells, somatic cells
C. Gametes, sexcells
D. Body cells, sexcells
24
What is Mitosis?
11
In a human adult, around 10 cells die every day. But
don’t worry—these cells are replaced by new cells. This is
possible because of a cell division process known as mitosis.
Through mitosis, a single-celled zygote divides and forms a
human made up of trillions of cells. Furthermore, mitosis
allows humans and other organisms to grow.
During this process, a single cell (termed the parent
cell) divides into two cells (called daughter cells). When
compared, both daughter cells and parent cells are genetically
identical to one another. That is, they possess the same
number of chromosomes and combinations of genes. For
example, if a parent cell has two chromosomes, each of its
daughter cells will also have two chromosomes. How does this
happen?
Daughter cells
Figure 1. Major events in mitosis. Take note that the two daughter
cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.
Image Credit: NCBI - NCBI, Public Domain, https://
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1110711
7
5
 Each cell of the human body, or somatic cells, such as
your skin cell, nerve cells, liver cell, etc., has 23 types of
chromosomes. There are two copies for each type. Therefore,
there are 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell. We then say that Mitosis and meiosis both involve cells dividing to
somatic cells are diploid cells. We use the symbol 2n to indicate make new cells. This makes them both vital processes for the
that a cell is diploid, that is, it has two copies of each type of exis- tence of living things that reproduce sexually. Meiosis
chromosome. makes the cells needed for sexual reproduction to occur, and
mitosis replicates non-sex cells needed for growth and
development. Together, they provide the cellular basis for
When a cell is not dividing, it is in the interphase stage,
healthy growth and sexual reproduction.
divided into three phases—G1, S, and G2. This doesn’t mean that
the cell is idle. Within that period, the cell does all the work it
needs to do, grows, and duplicates its DNA. Because of DNA
duplication, each pair of chromosomes has another copy! This
means that if a parent cell has 46 chromosomes, it will have 92
chromosomes at the end of the DNA duplication process. When
the cell divides, each daughter cell will receive 46 chromosomes
each. Notice that this was the same number of chromosomes the
parent cell originallyhad.

Image 3: The processes involved in mitosis and meiosis.

Source: quoracdn.net

Figure 2. A human cell is diploid. Each of its daughter cells will have 46
chromosomes.

82
6 23
 ACTIVITY 4 However, the cell does not go into cell division right away.
Count the Chromosomes
It has to undergo checkpoints. After passing the checkpoints, the
cell undergoes mitosis. The cell only spends a little time inmitosis,
A. Fill out the box with the missing information. as you can see in the diagram below.

Number of Number of Number of

chromosomes of chromosomes chromosomes
diploid parent cell of daughter cells of daughter cells
after mitosis after meiosis

22 22 11

10
Figure 3. The cell cycle. The Mitotic or M phase is the shortest part of the
18 cell cycle.
Image credit: By Simon Caulton - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://
30 commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27710339

32 There are four phases of mitosis, namely, prophase,

metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. At the end of mitosis, the
parent cell splits into two daughter cells, known as cytokinesis.
Each stage is described briefly in the next page.

Figure 4. The stages of mitosis.

Image credit: CK-12. https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/mitosis/lesson/Mitosis-
and-Cytokinesis-BIO/
12 9
22 7
 ACTIVITY 3
Think and Select
Directions: Given the details below, identify if these happen
during mitosis, meiosis or in both. Underline your
answer.

1. Sister chromatidsseparate
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
2. Haploid cells areformed
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
3. Cell division occurs once
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
4. Homologous chromosomes pairup
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
5. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parentcell.
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
6. Crossing over occurs
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
7. Cell division occurstwice
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
8. Duplicated chromosomes line up in the middle of thecell
(mitosis, meiosis, both)
9. Two diploid cells are theresult
(mitosis, meiosis, both)

Figure 5. From interphase, a cell undergoes mitosis in four stages— 10. Asexualreproduction
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During (mitosis, meiosis, both)
cytokinesis, the cell splits into two identical cells.
Image credit: CK-12, CC-BY-3.0. Retrieved from
https://www.ck12.org/biology/mitosis/lesson/Mitosis-and-Cytokinesis-
BIO/?referrer=concept_details
1223
21
8
 ACTIVITY 2
Please Complete Me!

Directions: Complete the table below by filling in the best What is Meiosis?
answer.
Meiosis is an extraordinary version of cell division that
Mitosis Meiosis happens only within the testes and ovaries. These are organs that
1. Number of daugh- produce the male and female reproductive cells—the sperm and
ter cells made the egg. Hence, the purpose of meiosis is to produce sex cells
orgametes.

2. Are the daughter In contrast with mitosis, meiosis has two rounds of cell
cells identical? division, aptly termed meiosis I and II. However, DNA is duplicated
only once during interphase. In humans, each daughter cell (sperm
3. Number of nuclear or egg) normally has 23 chromosomes. These gametes have half
divisions the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Egg cells and
4. Haploid or sperm cells are therefore considered haploid (n). This means
Diploid? these have only one set of chromosomes of the species. The
daughter cells also have different combinations ofgenes.
5. Do homologous
chromosomes pair
up? Image credit: Rdbickel - Own work, CC
BY- SA 4.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
6. Where does this index.php?curid=49599354
occur?
7. Function/s

How did you find the

second activity? Was it a little bit challeng-
ing? For sure, your answer is a big yes! Then,
there’s more for you on the next page...
20
Figure 6. Meiosis has two rounds of cell division. This forms four
haploid daughter cells, which are genetically different from one
another. In the diagram above, the parent call has two copies of
its two types of
chromosomes (2n), for a total of four chromosomes. After meiosis,
each daughter cell receives only two chromosomes—one copy for each
type.
11
9
 You might be wondering: “How do sex cells become
genetically different from one another?” As previously mentioned,
a cell undergoes two cell divisions in meiosis. The first one is 7. The resulting daughter cells contain different com
called meiosis I, which is divided into four stages: prophase I, - binations ofgenes.
metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. Cytokinesis occurs,
and the two daughter cell enter meiosis II. No DNA duplication 8. Cytokinesis occurs onlyonce.
occurs during the transition from meiosis I to meiosis II. Here,
the two daughter cells enter prophase II, metaphaseII, 9. Genetic recombination and crossing over
anaphase II, and telophase II. Cytokinesis occurs once more, take Place.
forming four haploid daughtercells.
10. Pairs of homologouschromosomes
line up closely together forming what is called
a tetrad.

Figure 7. In humans, each

daughter cell that
undergoes meiosis
typically has 23 chro-
mosomes.

129
10

ACTIVITY 1
Mitosis or Meiosis?
Directions: Identify the type of cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
that is being identified in each statement. Write your answer on the
space provided.
1. Cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm)
occurs at the end oftelophase.
Just like in mitosis, a non-dividing cell is in interphase. It is in this
stage that the cell grows and copies its DNA (duplication.
However, in prophase I of meiosis, four homologous
chromosomes form a tetrad (tetra = four). Homologous
chromosomes are those pair with each other. During this time,
homologous chromosomes exchange genes, an event known as
recombination or crossing over. That is why the daughter cells
formed in meiosis are not genetically identical to one another.
Because of crossing over, we do not look exactly like our
siblings— we have received different combinations of genes from
our parents!

2. A reproductive cell divides twice. Cytokinesis

happens at the end of telophase I and telophaseII. Details of the
phases of meiosis I and
3. Two daughter cells are produced. Each cell is meiosis II are shown in
diploid containing the same number of chromo the nextpages.
- somes.

4.Four daughter cells are produced. Each cell is

haploid containing one-half the number of chromo-
somes as the originalcell.

5. The resulting daughter cells in mitosis aregenetic

clones (they are genetically identical) Nocrossing
over occurs.

6. Sister chromatids (duplicated chromosome com-

prised of two identical chromosomes connected Figure 8. A tetrad
at the centromere region) align at the metaphase Figure 9. Homologous
plate (a plane that is equally distant from the two By internet - chromosomes exchange genetic
http://110.138.206.53/bahan-
cellpoles). ajar/modul_online/biologi/ exchange genetic material during
meiosis/glossary/ prophase I.
glossary_frameset.htm, CC BY
-SA 2.5, https://
commons.wikimedia.org/w/ By Emw - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
index.php?curid=22990478 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=8025119
18
13
11
 Stages of Meiosis
Similarities between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Diploid parent cell Diploid parent cell

Consists of interphase, Consists of interphase,

prophase, metaphase, prophase, metaphase,
anaphase and telophase anaphase and telophase
( buttwice)
In metaphase individual In metaphase II individual
chromosomes (pair of chromosomes( pairs of
chromatids) line up along chromatids) line up along
the equator the equator

During anaphase the sister During anaphase II the

chromatids are separated sister chromatids are
to oppositepoles separated to opposite
poles
Ends with cytokinesis Ends with cytokinesis

By Ali Zifan - Own work; Used information from Campbell Biology (10th Edition) by: Jane B.
Reece & Steven A. Wasserman., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=50424259
1
17
12 9
 Stages of Meiosis (continued)
Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosi Meiosi
s s
Involves one cell division Involves two successive cell
divisions

Results in two daughter cells Results in four daughter cells

Results in diploid daughter cells Results in haploid daughter cells

Daughter cells are Daughter cells are

genetically identical genetically different

Occurs in all organisms except Occurs only in animals, plants

viruses and fungi

Creates all body cells Creates germ cells( egg and

sperm) only

No crossing over occurs in Involves crossing over of

prophase chromosomes in prophaseI

In metaphase individual In metaphase I pairs of

chromosomes line up along the chromosomes line up
equator theequator

During anaphase the sister During anaphase I the sister

chromatids are separated to chromatids move together to By Ali Zifan - Own work; Used information from Campbell Biology (10th Edition) by: Jane B.
Reece & Steven A. Wasserman., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
opposite poles the same pole index.php?curid=50424259

1
16 1
5
3
 Stages of Meiosis (continued) Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
Function Growth and Asex- To make sex cells
ual Reproduction
Where does this Body cells Gonad
occur?
Number of nuclear 1 2
divisions
Haploid or Diploid? Diploid Haploid
Do homologous No Yes
chromosomes pair
up?
Are the daughter yes No
cells identical?

Number of daughter 2 4
cells formed

Definitions:
By Ali Zifan - Own work; Used information from Campbell Biology (10th Edition) by: Jane B.
Reece & Steven A. Wasserman., CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/
index.php?curid=50424259
*Diploid cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes.
*Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes asdiploid
*Gonads are the male and female primary reproductiveorgans.
If each sex cell has 23
*Body cell or somatic cell is any cell of the body except
chromosomes, how does a
sperm and egg cells.
zygote have 46 chromosomes?
*Gamete is a sex or reproductive cell containing only one set of
Recall that a sperm fertilizes and
dissimilar chromosomes.
egg. This union of sex cells
*Asexual Reproduction is mode of reproduction in which the off
forms the zygote, which contains
spring comes from a single organism, and not from the union
the chromosomes from both of gametes as it is in sexual reproduction
the sperm andegg.
Figure 9. Fertilizations results
in the formation of a diploid
zygote. 1
15
7
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