Professional Documents
Culture Documents
As the electrons travel through the chain, they go from a higher to a lower energy level,
moving from less electron-hungry to more electron-hungry molecules. Energy is
released in these “downhill” electron transfers, and several of the protein complexes use
the released energy to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the
intermembrane space, forming a proton gradient. [Click to see a free energy diagram]
Overall, what does the electron transport chain do for the cell? It has two important
functions:
Makes a proton gradient. The transport chain builds a proton gradient across the inner
mitochondrial membrane, with a higher concentration of H^++start superscript, plus,
end superscript in the intermembrane space and a lower concentration in the matrix.
This gradient represents a stored form of energy, and, as we’ll see, it can be used to
make ATP.
2. Describe the process of anaerobic respiration. Does anaerobic respiration yield as
much ATP as aerobic respiration? Why or why not?
The amount of energy produced by aerobic respiration may explain why aerobic
organisms came to dominate life on Earth. It may also explain how organisms were
able to become multicellular and increase in size.
Another advantage of anaerobic respiration is its speed. It produces ATP very quickly.
For example, it lets your muscles get the energy they need for short bursts of intense
activity (seeFigure below). Aerobic respiration, on the other hand, produces ATP more
slowly.
3. What is denitrification? Why do farmers dislike this process?
What is denitrification?
In simple terms, denitrification occurs because soil microbes require oxygen. When all
the small air voids in the soil are taken up with water instead of air, they find it difficult
to get oxygen.
In these situations, they move their focus to breaking down nitrate, which is made up of
one part nitrogen and three parts oxygen.
Di-nitrogen and nitrous oxide is released to the atmosphere as the microbes consume
the oxygen from nitrate. Denitrification events can occur whenever the conditions are
right and this is often multiple times in one season.
They can happen due to prolonged wet weather after fertiliser application, a single
major rain event, or even unexpected rainfall after irrigation. Denitrification losses can
occur even with small rainfall events if the soil is already moist.
What is at risk?
The size of denitrification losses will vary from season to season, but it is generally
thought to be a major nitrogen loss pathway in cane.
Take the example of the trial conducted in a plant crop near Mackay in the 2010-11
season1, where above average rainfall in the six months after fertiliser application
meant the ground was saturated for prolonged periods.
Nitrous oxide losses were measured and they showed that the ENTEC urea treatment
reduced overall nitrous oxide losses by 4.2 kg/ha compared with urea.