Topic:

Photosynthesis & Respiration

Presentatied by: Group E

Date:
from B.ED first year
March 20, 2025
 Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is the process by which
plants convert light energy into chemical
energy, storing it in the bonds of glucose
molecules. The significance of
photosynthesis can be seen in every living
ecosystem on Earth. It is the reason we
have oxygen to breathe and food to eat -
the green miracle that made life possible.

Date:
March 20, 2025
 Photosynthesis is a
DEFINAITION metabolic process by
which green plants, algae,
and some bacteria convert
light energy from the sun
into chemical energy in the
form of glucose.
Process of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is divided into two
stages: the light-dependent reactions and
the light independent reactions. In the
first stage, light energy is captured and
converted into ATP and NADPH. In the
second, the Calvin cycle uses the energy
to drive the production of glucose,
which is then used as food for the plant.
 The Light-Dependent Reactions:
The light-dependent reactions occur
in the thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts and involve the
absorption of light to create ATP and
NADPH. The energy from the sun is
transferred to chlorophyll pigments,
which absorb red and blue light best,
leaving green light to be reflected
Photosystem II
Water molecules are split
into oxygen and hydrogen
ions, and the electrons are
used in the electron
transport chain, which
produces ATP and
NADPH.
Photosystem I
Light energy is
absorbed by pigments,
and the energy is used
to generate ATP via the
electron transport chain.
The Light-Independent Reactions

The light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the

chloroplast and involve the conversion of CO2 into glucose,
using the energy from ATP and NADPH.

•The Calvin Cycle

•Carbon fixation: CO2 is added to the 5-carbon
compound ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) to create an
unstable 6-carbon compound.
•Reduction: The compound is reduced to a 6-carbon
sugar using the energy from ATP and NADPH
•Regeneration: The excess RuBP is used to regenerate the
original 5-carbon molecule, which can then be used again
in step 1.
The Importance of
Photosynthesis in the
Ecosystem:

The rainforest canopy is a hotspot for Photosynthesis is essential for the

photosynthesis, producing vast amounts of production of food crops worldwide.
oxygen each year.
 In Conclusion:

The green miracle A delicate balance An ecosystem essential

Photosynthesis is a The factors affecting An ecosystem consists of a
remarkable process that has photosynthesis must be carefully community of organisms together
made life on Earth possible. balanced for optimal growth and with their physical environment
health of plant life.
Respiration
Definition:

Respiration is the process by which living organisms

exchange gases with the environment, taking in oxygen
and releasing carbon dioxide. It involves the breakdown
of organic molecules, such as glucose, to produce energy
in the form of ATP. This process occurs in the cells of all
living organisms and is essential for their survival.
 Nose and Mouth
Where air enters the body and is
warmed, moistened, and filtered.
Nose hair and mucus catch harmful ANATOMY
particles as well.
OF THE
Larynx and Trachea RESPIRATORY
After passing through the nose and SYSTEM
mouth, air travels through the larynx
and trachea, which bring it to the
lungs
 Lungs and Bronchi
At the end of the trachea, air is taken into
the bronchi - two short tubes that go into
each lung, which is where gas exchange
occurs.
ANATOMY
of the
Diaphragm and Intercostal Respiratory
Muscles System
The diaphragm is the main muscle that
enables us to breathe, while the
intercostal muscles also help by
expanding the chest cavity
The Process of Respiration

Inhalation
The diaphragm contracts, expanding the chest cavity and
pulling air into the lungs.

Gas Exchange
Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream via the walls of tiny
air bag in the lungs, while carbon dioxide is released from
the bloodstream into the lungs.
The Process of Respiration

Exhalation
The diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity
contracts, and air is pushed back out of
the lungs
 Types of Respiration:

Aerobic Respiration

A process that uses oxygen to

convert glucose into energy.
Occurs in plant and animal
cells
 Types of Respiration:

Anaerobic Respiration
A process that doesn't require
oxygen to convert glucose into
energy. Occurs in
microorganisms and muscle
cells
Respiration in Different Organisms

Fish:
Oxygen diffuses across their gills and into their
bloodstream. Some species can also breathe through
their skin or mouth.
Respiration in Different Organisms

Insects:
Insects breathe through a system of small tubes called
tracheae, which bring air directly to the cells of their body.
Respiration in Different Organisms

Mammals
We have lungs with a similar structure to those of other
mammals, each lobe consisting of millions of tiny air sacs.
Respiration in Different Organisms

Reptiles
Reptiles have lungs that are similar in structure to those of
mammals, but they also have the ability to breathe through
their skin, mouth, and cloaca
 Harmful Substances of Respiration.

There are several harmful substances and environmental factors that can negatively impact the respiratory
system and compromise its ability to function properly. Some examples include:

Air pollution: Exposure to high levels of air pollution, such as

particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide, can cause
respiratory irritation, inflammation, and damage.

Smoking: Cigarette smoke contains harmful chemicals that can

damage the respiratory system and increase the risk of lung cancer.
 Harmful Substances of Respiration.

Allergens: Exposure to allergens, such as pollen, dust

mites, and animal dander, can trigger an allergic reaction
in the respiratory system and cause symptoms such as
sneezing, wheezing, and coughing.

Respiratory infections: Respiratory infections, such as

influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis, can damage the
respiratory system and cause long-term respiratory
problems.
 Conclusion
The respiratory system plays a crucial role in the process of respiration, which is the way in
which living organisms obtain energy. Through the process of respiration, oxygen is taken
in and transported to cells via the bloodstream, where it combines with glucose to produce
ATP, the molecule that stores energy in cells. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of this
process, is transported back to the lungs or gills to be exhaled.

In summary, the respiratory system is responsible for facilitating the intake of oxygen and
the release of carbon dioxide, which are essential for the process of respiration and the
production of energy in living organisms.