METODE KUANTITATIF

Dibyo Pramono
dibyo_pramono@yahoo.com
dibyopramono@ugm.ac.id

Departemen Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi Pencegahan dan Ilmu Kesehatan Gigi Masyarakat
Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi – Universitas Gadjah Mada
DEFINISI STATISTIKA
 Statistics
• The science of statistics is essentially a branch of Applied
Mathematics, and may be regarded as mathematics applied to
observational data that may be regarded as (i) study population,
(ii) study of variation (iii) study methods of reduction data

(Fisher, 1950)

• Statistics is concerned with inferential process, in particular with

the planning and analysis of experiments or surveys, with the
nature of observational errors and sources of variability that
obscure underlying patterns, and with the efficient summarizing
sets of data
(Kruskal, 1968)
 STATISTICS

Science and art concerning the development and the

application of methods to collect, organize/summarize,
present, analyze and generalize quantitative data, in
such a way so that the uncertainty in the decision
making can be calculated by using mathematic
probability.
 STATISTIKA

Statistika adalah ilmu dan seni tentang

pengembangan dan aplikasi metode pengumpulan,
pengolahan, penyajian, analisis dan interpretasi data
kuantitatif sedemikian rupa, sehingga kesalahan
dalam pengambilan keputusan dapat diperhitungkan
secara probabilitas matematik.
 Elements of Statistics

Generalizing
Collecting Summarizing Presenting Analyzing
Data
ELEMEN STATISTIKA

1. Pengumpulan

2. Pengolahan

3. Penyajian

4. Analisis

5. Interpretasi
BIDANG KAJIAN STATISTIKA

STATISTIKA DESKRIPTIF
(DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS)

STATISTIKA INFERENS
(INFERENTIAL STATISTICS)
 Biostatistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Collecting
Collecting Summarizing
Summarizing Presenting
Presenting Analyzing
Analyzing
Generalizing

Draw conclusion that applies to

Draw conclusion only to
subjects or groups which is bigger
the subject we have studied
than we have observed
Direktur RS Dr. Sardjito memberikan tugas
kepada Kepala Instalasi Farmasi Rumah
Sakit (IFRS) untuk melakukan penelitian
tentang persentase medication error pada
resep-resep yang diterima oleh IFRS RS Dr.
Sardjito selama 1 tahun terakhir. Data yang
diperoleh akan menjadi acuan Direksi RS
untuk mengambil kebijakan berkaitan
dengan manajemen obat di RS tersebut.
Bagaimana penelitian ini akan dilaksanakan?
 INFERENSI STATISTIK
POPULASI
Rata-rata
Deviasi Standar Inferensi
Parameter Populasi Statistik

Pengambilan
Sampel SAMPEL
Rata-rata
Deviasi Standar
Statistik Sampel
 DATA
• Data are collections of facts about an object,
things, or a situation
• Types of Data
1. Quantitative
− Discrete
− Continuous
2. Qualitative
 Ratio

Quantitative

Interval

Continuous Discrete

Data

Nominal
Qualitative
Ordinal
 Scale of Measurement
1. Ratio
On a ratio scale, measurement begins at a true
zero point and the scale has equal interval
2. Interval
An interval scale assign each measurement to one
of an unlimited number of categories that are
equally spaced. The scale has no true zero point
 Scale of Measurements
3. Nominal
A nominal scales uses names, numbers or other
symbols to assign each measurement to one of a
limited numbers of category that can not be
ordered one above the other
4. Ordinal
An ordinal scale assign each measurement to one of
a limited number of categories that are ranked in
terms of graded order
 Variabel di bawah ini berskala apa ?

1. Gaya kepemimpinan Direktur RS

2. Kelas perawatan rumah sakit
3. Jenis asuransi kesehatan
4. Bed occupancy rate (BOR)
5. Rasionalitas peresepan
6. Response time pelayanan IGD
7. Length of stay (LOS)
8. Willingness to pay
9. Turn over interval (TOI)
10. Kepuasan pasien
11. Status sosial ekonomi
12. Revenue per bed
13. Family health expenditure
14. Cara pembayaran pelayanan kesehatan
15. Jenis infeksi nosokomial
16. Waktu tunggu pelayanan instalasi farmasi
17. Besar premium asuransi kesehatan
18. Harga obat per resep
19. Suhu badan
20. Type rumah sakit
 HOW TO SUMMARIZE DATA ?

1. Ordered Array
2. Frequency Distribution
3. Descriptive Measures
Ordered Array

Sort data ascending or descending

Identify : smallest and biggest data

Frequency Distribution
Age Group Number of Subject

15 – 19 172
20 – 24 169
25 – 29 245
30 – 34 276
35 – 39 212
40 – 44 143
45 – 49 123
50 – 54 86
55 – 59 97
60 - 69 61
Total 1.584
Histogram

Weight of the baby at birth in Hospital A, July – August 2005

Number of Babies
 Descriptive Measures
• Two major mathematical descriptions to
describe the shape of the distribution of
observations :
1. Central Tendencies
mean, median, mode
2. Dispersion/ Variability
range, variance, standard deviation
 DESCRIPTIVE MEASURES :

1. Central Tendency

2. Dispersion
KECENDERUNGAN SENTRAL

1. Mean
2. Median
3. Modus
 Mean

• Mean of a set values is calculated by adding

up all the values and dividing this sum by the
number of values in the set

x1  x2  x3  ...xn
x
n
n

x i
x i 1
n
 Median
• Median is the middle of data which have been
put in an ordered array
• The median is similar to the mean if the data are
skewed to the left
th
If n is odd : (n+1)observation
2
If n is even
Median is the arithmatic mean
n th n th
of and observation
+1
2 2
 Mode
Mode
• Mode is the value that
occurs most frequently
in a data set

Number of people
 Data hasil pengukuran
Kadar SGOT pada 10 pasien

Pasien Kadar SGOT

1. 8
2. 9
3. 10
4. 6
5. 10
6. 7
7. 8
8. 11
9. 12
10. 10
Type of Measurement of Advantages Disadvantages
Central Tendency

Mean •Uses all data values •Distorted by outliers

•Algebraically defined and •Distorted by skewed data
so mathematically
manageable
•Known sampling
distribution

Median •Not distorted by outliers •Ignores most of the

•Not distorted by skewed information
data •Not algebraically defined
•Complicated Sampling
Distribution
Mode •Easily determined for •Ignores most of the
categorical data information
•Not algebraically defined
•Unknown Sampling
Distribution
 USIA PENDERITA (KASUS BARU) TB BTA+
DI RS KOJA DAN RS BUDIASIH

Penderita Usia Penderita Usia

1 48 1 35
2 55 2 28
3 49 3 25
4 48 4 40
5 52 5 56
6 49 6 50
7 51 7 54
8 50 8 58
9 48 9 75
10 50 10 62
11 60
12 57
 PENYEBARAN (DISPERSI)

1. Rentang
2. Deviasi rata-rata
3. Variansi
4. Deviasi standar
5. Jarak interkuartil
 Range
• Range is the difference between the largest
and the smallest observation in data set

Range = Maximum - Minimum

• Range provides a misleading measure of

spread if there are outliers
 Variance
• More representatives measure of variability
than range because it use all measurement in
the set and their individual distances from the
mean of the distribution

S 2

 x  x
i
2

n 1
 Standard Deviation
• Standard deviation is the square root of the
variance
• We can assume standard deviation as a sort of
average of the deviations of the observations
from the mean

 x  x 
2
i
S
n 1
Measure of dispersion Advantages Disadvantages
Range •Easily determined •Uses only two
observation
•Distorted by outliers
•Tends to increase with
increasing sample size
Variance •Uses every observation •Units of measurement
•Algebraically defined are the square of the
unit of raw data
•Sensitive to outliers
•Inappropriate for
skewed data
Standard deviation •Same advantages as •Sensitiveto outliers
variance •Inappropriate for
•Units of measurement skewed data
are the same as raw
data
•Easily interpreted
Example
Serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was measured in all
study participants to determine the effects of alcohol consumption
on ALT and were recorded in the following table

ALT level (U/l) Frequency

25 18
40 25
36 8
60 34
52 25
24 15
15 6
26 32
30 22
85 15
Example

Problems :
1. Compute mean, median, mode of serum ALT
level
2. Compute range, variance and standard
deviation of serum ALT level
 Mean
Frequency x ALT level
ALT level (U/l) Frequency
(fx)
15 6 90
24 15 360
25 18 450
26 32 832
30 22 660
36 8 288
40 25 1000
52 25 1300
60 34 2040
85 15 1275
n = 200 fx = 8295

 fx 8295
Mean =   41.48
n 200
 Median
ALT level (U/l) Frequency Cumulative Frequency
15 6 6
24 15 21
25 18 39
26 32 71
30 22 93
36 8 101 100th
40 25 126
101th
52 25 151
60 34 185
85 15 200

n = 200  even
 n th   n  1th
   
2   100  101
th th

Median 
 2  = 36
2 2
 Mode
ALT level (U/l) Frequency Mode = the most frequent value
15 6
= 60
24 15
25 18
26 32
30 22
36 8
40 25
52 25
60 34 Most frequent value
85 15
 Range

Range = Maximum value – Minimum Value

= 80 – 15
= 65
 Variance

s 2

 (x i  x) 2

n 1
67,379.88

199

 338.59
Standard Deviation

s s 2

 338.59

 18.40
TERIMA KASIH