Lord, as we prepare for the coming of a new

semester, make us ready, attentive and

available to hear you.
Thank You for the gift of being able to rise
each day with the assurance that You walk
through it with us.
Thank You for the gifts of creativity and
uniqueness, and the energy to put them to
good use.
May all that we are today, all that we try to
do today, may all our encounters,
reflections, even the frustrations and failings
all be place in your hands.
May the work we do and the way we do it,
bring new hope, new life, and courage to all
we come in contact with this semester. We
thank you, Lord.
About your course
professor/instructor
Challiz F. Gigante is a full-time permanent faculty of the Mathematics
and Statistics Department.
She teaches Statistics, Mathematics of Investment, Mathematics in
the Modern World, Management Science, Introduction to Descriptive
and Predictive analytics, and Quantitative Methods.
She is a member of the Mathematical Society of the Philippines-
Calabarzon (MSP-CALABARZON), and the Mathematics Teachers
Association of the Philippines-Tertiary Level (MTAP-TL).

E-mail address: cfgigante@dlsud.edu.ph

Traditional Blended
Modality
Schedule
(midterm period)
Modules
There are eight modules that you need to complete to finish this course.
Each module contains a list of topic learning outcomes, learning content materials, and
enabling assessments.
 
Modules for the midterm period cover:
•Module 1.  Introduction to Data Analytics for Engineering
•Module 2.  Probability Distributions
•Module 3.  Estimation
•Module 4.  Hypothesis Testing
•Module 5.  Analysis of Variance
 
Modules for the final period are as follows:
•Module 6. Non-Parametric Tests
•Module 7.  Correlation and Regression Analysis
•Module 8.  Designs of Experiment
Grading System
What are your expectations in this subject?
 I. Review of Basic Concepts in
Statistics
oPopulation and Sample
oTypes of Variable
oLevels of Measurement
oPresentation of Data
oMeasures of Central Tendency
oMeasures of Dispersion
 Definition of Statistics
Statistics is used in everyday life, which people do not realize.
The science of classification and manipulation of data in order to
draw inferences.
Statistics is derived from the Latin word "status" meaning state.
◦ Two basic meanings of the word Statistics:
1. It refers to actual numbers derived from the data.
2. It refers as method of analysis.
 Definition of Statistics

Statistics is a collection of quantitative data, such as

statistics of crimes, statistics of enrolment, statistics of
unemployment. Statistics is also the study of how to
collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical
information from data.
  It simplifies mass of data (condensation);

 Helps to get concrete information about any problem;

 Helps for reliable and objective decision making;

Importance of  It presents facts in a precise & definite form;

Statistics
 It facilitates comparison (Measures of central tendency and
measures of dispersion);

 It facilitates Predictions (Time series and regression analysis

are the most commonly used methods towards prediction.);

 It helps in formulation of suitable policies;

 In Engineering – The engineer samples a product
quality characteristics along with various
controlled process variable to assist in locating
important variable related to product quality.

Importance of In Manufacturing – Newly manufactures fuses

are sampled before shipping to decide whether
Statistics to ship or hold individual lots.

Quality Control: Determining techniques for

evaluation of quality through adequate sampling,
in process control, consumer survey and
experimental design in product development etc.
Two Kinds of Statistics

Inferential Statistics – Deals with

making generalizations about a
Descriptive Statistics – Deals with
body of data where only part of it is
the methods of organizing,
examined. This comprises those
summarizing and presenting a mass
methods concerned with the
of data so as to yield meaningful
analysis of a subset of data leading
information.
to predictions or inferences about
the entire set of data.
POPULATION
AND
SAMPLE
VARIABLE
oRefers to any
characteristics of interest
measureable on each and
every individual in the
population.
oOthers also call this to as
data
 Data that is numerical, counted, or compared
on a scale
Quantitative ◦ Demographic data
Variable ◦ Answers to closed-ended survey items
◦ Scores on standardized instruments
 Narratives, logs, experience
◦ Focus groups
◦ Interviews
Qualitative ◦ Open-ended survey items
Variable ◦ Diaries and journals
◦ Notes from observations
◦ Photographs or Video Recordings
Levels of Measurement
 Level 1. Nominal is characterized by data that
consists of names, labels, or categories only.

Levels of Ex. name civil status

Measurement sex religion
address degree program
 Level 2. Ordinal involves data that may
arranged in some order, but differences
Levels of between data values either cannot be
Measurement determined or are meaningless.
military rank job position year level
 Level 3. Interval is like the ordinal level, with
the additional property that meaningful
Levels of amounts of differences between data can be
determined. However, there is no inherent
Measurement (natural) zero starting point.
IQ score temperature (in 0C)
 Level 4. Ratio – the interval level modified to
include the inherent zero starting point. For
Levels of values at this level, differences and ratios are
Measurement meaningful.
height area weekly allowance
Levels of Measurement
 Textual Method

METHODS OF
DATA
Tabular Method
PRESENTATI
ON

Graphical Method
Textual Method
Textual method uses a narrative description of the data gathered.

The survey returns showed that 54

percent of the respondents
indicated they believe their weight
is ideal for their height, and they
also think that they are in overall
good health.

"However, when the respondents

gave their actual height and
weight, it appeared that only 45%
fit the normal category (applying
the Asian body mass index range,
or BMI).
Tabular Method
Tabular Method is a systematic arrangement of information into columns
and rows.
Frequency Distribution Table (FDT)
1. Qualitative FDT
2. Quantitative FDT
 Tabular Method
FDT for Qualitative or Categorical Data
- the data are grouped according to some qualitative characteristics / non-numerical
categories. TABLE
TABLE 2: Frequency Distribution of the Brands of Gas Range Used HEADING
CAPTION

STUBS / BODY
CLASSES
Tabular Method
Ex. The following are the preferred network of 15 students. Construct an FDT

Globe Smart Smart Sun Globe

Sun Smart Globe Globe Sun

Globe Sun Smart Globe Smart

Tabular Method
FDT for Quantitative Data
- Data are grouped according to some numerical or quantitative characteristics.
STEPS:
1. Determine the RANGE [Range (R) = highest value–lowest value)]
2. Determine the number of classes (k) [k = sqrt (N)]
3. Determine the class size (c) by calculating the preliminary class size (c’) [c’ =R/k ]
4. Enumerate the classes or categories
5. Tally the observations
6. Compute for values in other columns of the FDT
a. True Class Boundaries (TCBs)
b. Class Mark (CM)
c. Relative Frequency (RF)
d. Cumulative Frequencies (CFs)
e. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCFs)
Tabular Method
Ex. The following are scores in an Algebra exam. Construct an FDT

18 25 28 33 35

35 38 42 48 50

54 56 57 59 60

66 66 69 75 79

84 88 90 91 91
Graphical Method
Graphical Method is an illustrative description of data.

Advantages:
1. main features and implications of a body of data can be seen at once
2. can attract attention and hold the reader’s interest
3. simplifies concepts that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words
4. can readily clarify data, frequently bring out hidden facts and relationships.
Graphical Method
Qualities of a Good Graph
1. It is accurate
2. It is clear
3. It is simple
4. It has a good appearance

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

1. Pie Chart 1. Scatter Graph

2. Column or Bar Graph 2. Line Chart
3. Frequency Histogram
4. Relative Frequency Histogram
5. Frequency Polygon
6. Ogives
 Common
Types of Graph
 Common
Types of Graph
 Common
Types of Graph
 Common
Types of Graph
 Graphical
Presentation of
the Frequency
Distribution
Table
 Graphical
Presentation of
the Frequency
Distribution
Table
 Graphical
Presentation of
the Frequency
Distribution
Table
 MEAN
Measure of
Central
Tendency
- any single value that
is used to identify the
MEDIAN
“center” of the data
or typical value.

MODE
Measure of PERCENTILE
Location
- values below which
a specified fraction or
percentage of the
DECILE
observations in a
given set must fall

QUARTILE
 Absolute Dispersion
Measure of - range, variance,
Dispersion standard deviation
- indicate the
extent to which
individual items in a
series are scattered Relative Dispersion
about an average.
- Coefficient of variation,
standard score