HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream

DEGREE PROGRAM:- B.SC. IN ELECTRICAL AND

COMPUTER ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE:- ECEG4242
COURSE NAME:- COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN
POWER SYSTEMS

Chapter 3: Fault Studies

Presented by:- Amanuel Kachiko

08-Apr-22
 Contents

3.1. Introduction
3.2. Analysis of Three-phase Faults
3.3. Admittance Matrix Equation
3.4. Impedance Matrix Equation
3.5. Fault Calculations
3.6. Analysis of Unbalanced Faults
3.7. Short-circuit
3.8. Open-circuit Faults
3.9. Program Description and Typical Solutions
3.10. References

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.1. Introduction

 The main object of fault analysis is to calculate fault currents and voltages
for the determination of circuit-breaker capacity and protective relay
performance.
 Early methods used in the calculation of fault levels involved the following
approximations:-
 All voltage sources assumed a one per unit magnitude and zero relative
phase.
 Transmission plant components included only inductive parameters.
 Transmission line shunt capacitance and transformer magnetizing
impedance were ignored.
 Faulted system studies constitute an integral part of multi-machine
transient stability programs.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.2. Analysis of Three-phase Faults

 A preliminary stage to the analysis is the collection of appropriate data

specifying the system to be analyzed in terms of:-
 Pre fault voltage,
 Loading, and
 Generating conditions.
 Such data is then processed to form a nodal equivalent network constituted
by admittances and injected currents.
 The generators can be represented by a constant voltage 𝐸 𝑀 behind an
approximate machine admittance 𝑌 𝑀 .
 The value of which depends on the time of the calculation from the instant
of fault inception.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.…

 When analyzing the first two or three cycles following the fault, the sub
transient admittance of the machine is normally used.
 For longer times, it is more appropriate to use the transient admittance.
 The machine model, illustrated in Fig. 3.l(a), is then converted to a nodal
equivalent by means of Norton's Theorem.
 Which changes the voltage source into a current source injected at the bus j
as shown in Fig. 3.l(b).

(b)
(a)
Fig. 3.1. Generator representation
HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22
 Cont.…

 The injected nodal current is given by:-

Equ 3.1.
Where Equ 3.2.

So that
Equ 3.3.
 𝐼𝑗 𝑀 If is the current required at the voltage 𝑉𝑖 to produce the machine power
𝑃𝑗 𝑀 +𝑗𝑄𝑗 𝑀 , so
Equ 3.4.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.…

 Thus from the load-flow data of 𝑃𝑀 , 𝑄𝑀 and 𝑉 𝑀 we may calculate the

injected nodal current 𝐼𝑗 as
Equ.3.5.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.3. Admittance Matrix Equation

 From Fig 3.2. Each element is converted to its nodal equivalent.

 These are connected together as shown in Fig. 3.3 and finally simplified to
the equivalent circuit of Fig. 3.4.

Fig 3.2. Small Power System.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.….

Fig 3.3. Model substation

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 Cont.….

Fig 3.4. Final Equivalent

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 Cont.…

 The following equations may then be written for the network of Fig. 3.4:
Equ. 3.6.

Equ. 3.7.

Equ. 3.8
.
Equ.3.9.

Equ .3.10.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.….

 In matrix form after grouping together the terms common to each

voltage:-

Equ. 3.11.

 Where
 Equ. 3.11. is usually written as
Equ. 3.12.
 where[I] and [V] are the current and voltage vectors and [Y] is the nodal
admittance matrix of the system.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.4.Impedance Matrix Equation

 The nodal admittance equation is inefficient as it requires a complete

iterative solution for each fault type and location.
Equ. 3.13.
Equ. 3.14.
 This equation uses the bus nodal impedance matrix [Z].

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.5. Fault Calculations

 The initial data are supplied from a load flow.

Fig 3.5. Thevenin equivalent of faulted system

 The voltage at the fault bus k is
Equ. 3.14.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.….

 Where k is the bus to be faulted, Zf is the fault impedance and If is the

fault current.
 From equation (3.13) may be expanded to yield

Equ. 3.15.

 Selecting row k and expanding gives

Equ 3.16.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.…

 This equation describes the voltage at bus k prior to the fault. During a
fault a large fault current 𝐼 𝑓 flows out of bus k.
 Including this current in equation (3.16) and using equation (3.14) gives
Equ 3.17.
 Or
Equ. 3.18.
 and so the fault current is given directly by
Equ. 3.18.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.…

 Also from equation (3.15) the pre fault voltage at any other bus j is
Equ. 3.19.
 and during the fault
Equ. 3.20
 Or
Equ. 3.21.
 From equations (3.18) and (3.21) the fault current and voltages at every
bus in the system may be calculated, each calculation requiring only one
column of the impedance matrix.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.6. Analysis of Unbalanced Faults

 If the network is unsymmetrically faulted or loaded, neither the phase

currents nor the phase voltage will possess three-phase symmetry.

Fig 3.6. Machine representation showing fault current contribution

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.7. Short-circuit Faults

 A convenient way of simulating the fault location F for the analysis of

short-circuit faults is illustrated in Fig.3.6.
 For each type of fault, it is possible to write 'boundary conditions' for the
currents and voltages at the fault location.
 The boundary conditions are
Equ 3.22.
Equ 3.23.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 Cont.….

Fig 3.7. The fault location

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 Cont.…

Fig 3.6. Single line-to-ground fault

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 Cont.…
 Sequence voltages at the fault location may be described by the equations
Equ 3.24.
Equ 3.25.
Equ 3.26.
 Fault currents for other types of short-circuit fault

Equ 3.27.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.8. Open Circuits Faults

 For an open-circuit fault on phase b and c the boundary conditions are

Fig 3.7. Two-port network with faulty line where za, zb, and zc may be on
open circuit.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

Cont.…

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.9. Program Description and
Typical Solutions
 A fault analysis program must be capable of analyzing the following a.c.
system faults:
 Line-to-ground short circuit
 Line-to-line short circuit
 Line-to-line-to-ground short circuit
 Line-to-line-to-line to ground short circuit
 Single open-circuit line
 Double open-circuit line
 Basic to the fault study program is the determination of the impedance
matrix of the system.
 By the type of fault, to directly solve for the fault currents and voltages.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22

 3.10. References
 Wagner and Evans, 1933. Symmetrical Components McGraw-Hill, New
York.
 [2] A. Brameller, 1972. Three-phase short-circuit calculation using digital
computer. Internal
 Report University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
 [3] A. Brameller, 1972. User manual for unbalanced fault analysis. Internal
Report University
 of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.
 [4] J. Preece, 1975. Symmetrical components fault studies. MSc
Dissertation University of
 Manchester Institute of Science and Technology.

HU/HIT/SECE/Electrical Power Stream 08-Apr-22