Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Experimental studies of vapour compression refrigeration system with

eco-Friendly primary refrigerant and brine mixed with nano particles as
secondary refrigerant
Uma Shankar Prasad a,⇑, R.S. Mishra b, R.K. Das a
a
IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, India
b
Delhi Technological University (DTU), Delhi, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper is to study the thermal analysis of vapor compression refrigeration system using R134a in pri-
Received 3 March 2020 mary circuit and Al2O3-Water based nano-fluids in secondary circuit. The study provides the information
Received in revised form 3 June 2020 of the secondary fluids input conditions, Performance parameters of vapour compression refrigeration
Accepted 4 June 2020
system using eco-friendly refrigerants and without nano materials, Effect of overall evaporator heat
Available online xxxx
transfer coefficient using different nano particles mixed with R718 in the secondary evaporator circuit
and R134a in primary circuit, the compressor power consumption and the system overall energy perfor-
Keywords:
mance. Such an analysis with the help of engineering equation solver software (EES) tool can be conve-
Alternative refrigerants
Eco friendly refrigerants
niently useful to compare the thermal performance of different nano-particles (i.e., Al2O3, TiO2) based
Nano-refrigerant nano fluid as a secondary fluid in a vapor compression refrigeration system.
Energy exergy analysis Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Irreversibility analysis Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

1. Introduction use of hydrocarbons and mixture compressor shows much higher

Nanofluids are a new class of fluids engineered by dispersing
nanometer-sized materials (nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes,
nanowires, nanorods, nanosheet, or droplets) in base fluids. In
other words, nanofluids are nanoscale colloidal suspensions con-
taining condensed nanomaterials. Nanofluids have been found to
possess enhanced thermophysical properties such as thermal con-
ductivity, thermal diffusivity, viscosity, and convective heat trans-
fer coefficients compared to those of base fluids like oil or water. It
has demonstrated great potential applications in many fields. For a
two-phase system, there are some important issues we have to
face. One of the most important issues is the stability of nanofluids,
and it remains a big challenge to achieve the desired stability of
nanofluids (Fig. 1).
1.1. Brief literature review
Lots of research work has been done for replacing ‘‘old” refrig-
erants with ‘‘new” refrigerants Ahamed et al. [1] emphasized on
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: ushankar@piemr.edu.in (U. Shankar Prasad).
exergy destruction as compared to rest of components in the
vapour compression refrigeration system and this exergy destruc-
tion can be minimized by using of nanofluid and nanolubricants in
compressor. Anand [2] did detailed exergy analysis of 2 ton of
refrigeration capacity window air conditioning test rig with R22
as working fluid and reached to the conclusions , that irreversibil-
ity in system components will be highest when the system is 100%
charged and lowest when 25% charged and irreversibility in com-
pressor is highest among system. Arora et al. [3] developed numer-
ical model of actual vapour compression refrigeration system with
liquid vapour heat exchanger and did energy and exergy analysis
on the same in the specific temperature range of evaporator and
condenser and concluded that R502 is the best refrigerant com-
pared to R404A and R507A and compressor is the worst compo-
nent and liquid vapour heat exchanger is best component of the
system in case of exergy transfer. Bolaji et al. [4] had done exper-
imentally comparative analysis of R32, R152a and R134a refriger-
ants in vapour compression refrigerator and concluded that R32
shows lowest performance whereas R134a and R152a showing
nearly same performance but best performance was obtained of
system using R152a. Chopra et.al [5] carried out analysis of ener-
getic and exergetic based comparison Multiple Evaporators with

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.083
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology.

Please cite this article as: U. Shankar Prasad, R. S. Mishra and R. K. Das, Experimental studies of vapour compression refrigeration system with eco-Friendly
primary refrigerant and brine mixed with nano particles as secondary refrigerant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2020.06.083
2 U. Shankar Prasad et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 1. (a) VCRS setup.

compound compression and flash intercooler with individual and Table 2

Effect of overall evaporator heat transfer coefficient using different nano particles
multiple throttle valves and find out the effect of flash intercooler mixed with R718 in the secondary evaporator circuit and R134a in primary circuit.
on second law performances. Han et al. [6] Under different working
conditions experimental results revealed that there could be Nano particles Overall heat Difference in Difference in
transfer water brine
replacement of R407C in vapour compression refrigeration system
coefficient temperature temperature
having rotor compressor with mixture of R32/R125/R161 showing (Ue) (oC) (oC)
higher COP, less pressure ratio and slightly high discharge com-
Copper oxide 1372.14 15.71 11.58
pressor temperature without any modification in the same system. Copper 1367.18 14.55 11.44
Mishra et al. [7–9] performed numerical analysis of vapour com- Al2O3 1318.0 14.62 11.5
pression refrigeration system using R134a, R143a, R152a, R404A, Ti2O3 1242.43 14.43 11.32
Without nano particles 691.04 12.24 9.29
R410A, R502 and R507A, and discussed the effect of evaporator
temperature, degree of subcooling at condenser outlet, superheat-
ing of evaporator outlet, vapour liquid heat exchanger effective-
ness and degree of condenser temperature on COP and exergetic 1.3. Materials and methodology
efficiency. They reported that evaporator and condenser tempera-
ture have significant effect on both COP and exergetic efficiency To improve thermal performance of vapour compression air
and also found that R134a has the better performance while conditioning systems by improving:
R404a has poor performance in all respect (Table 1).
 First law efficiency- According to first law of thermodynamic
energetic efficiency /COP is defined as the ratio of net air condi-
tioning effect to the per unit power consumed. First law analysis
1.2. Problem statement
restricted to calculate only coefficient of performance of the
systems and,
From the above literature review following points are left by
 Second law efficiency- The concept of exergy was given by sec-
different authors-
ond law of thermodynamics. Second law efficiency is the exergy
of the heat abstracted in to the evaporators from the space to be
 Different arrangements & combinations of refrigerants with
cooled and exergy of fuel is actual compressor work input.
nano particles are still left for research.
 Al2O3 , TiO2 & CuO response is better and they may improve the
In this paper our main focus on performance of three suspended
COP of refrigerator by introducing a secondary circuit in the
nano particles i.e., Al2O3, TiO2, & CuO in water based refrigerant in
evaporator unit.
secondary circuit and in primary circuit we are using eco-friendly
refrigerants (Table 3).
But still there is vast area is to explore for performance
improvement in VCRS at low cost and low input (Table 2).
Table 3
Effect of overall evaporator heat transfer coefficient using different nano particles
mixed with R718 in the secondary evaporator circuit and R134a in primary circuit.
Table 1 Nano particles Overall heat transfer % improvement
Performance parameters of vapour compression refrigeration system using eco- coefficient (Ue)
friendly refrigerants and without nano materials.
Copper oxide 1325.7 91.41
Refrigerants COP ED_Ratio ETA_Second Copper 1324.25 91.4099
R134a 2.973 2.447 0.2901 Al2O3 1318.70 90.6077
R404a 2.705 3.158 0.2717 Ti2O3 1242.43 79.6
R407a 2.754 2.333 0.30 Without nano particles 691.04 —

Please cite this article as: U. Shankar Prasad, R. S. Mishra and R. K. Das, Experimental studies of vapour compression refrigeration system with eco-Friendly
primary refrigerant and brine mixed with nano particles as secondary refrigerant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2020.06.083
 U. Shankar Prasad et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
1.4. Results
In this paper, first law and second law analysis of vapour com-
pression refrigeration systems using multiple evaporators and sin-
gle compressor and single expansion valve with eco-friendly
refrigerants in the system and secondary refrigerant (water used
in secondary circuit with and without nano-particles mixed with
water used as refrigerant) have been presented with the help of
EES software results.
1.5. Conclusion
Various nano-particles with R134a refrigerant can be used as an
excellent refrigerant to improve the heat transfer characteristics in
a refrigeration system. A successful model has been designed and
the basic theoretical heat transfer analysis of the refrigeration sys-
tem has been done.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
I Mr. Uma Shankar Prasad, Research scholor, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad
149 and Assistant Professor at PIEMR, Indore gratefully acknowl-
edge my Research guide Prof. R.K das, Mechanical Department IIT
(ISM), Dhanbad and Prof. R.S Mishra, Mechanical Department
Please cite this article as: U. Shankar Prasad, R. S. Mishra and R. K. Das, Experimental studies of vapour compression refrigeration system with eco-Friendly
primary refrigerant and brine mixed with nano particles as secondary refrigerant, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2020.06.083
3
DTU, New Delhi for providing funds for the research to review this
article.
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