CH-9 - Transport in Animals

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS
Syllabus:
9.1 Transport in animals
T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 1

The main transport system of all mammals including humans is the blood system, also
known as the circulatory system.
-It is a system made up of:
-a network of tubes called blood vessels
-a pump called the heart which keeps blood flowing through the vessels,
-valves in the heart to ensure one way flow of blood, and
-blood, a fluid tissue flows through the heart and blood vessels.
Functions of circulatory system:

 It transports useful things like oxygen from the lungs to the cells and digested
food from the small intestine to the cells.
 It removes waste chemicals like carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs and
other wastes from cells to the kidneys.
 It transports hormones, antibodies and blood proteins.
General layout of the human blood system:
The arrows show the direction of blood flow. The arrow begins at the lungs- blood flows
into the left side of the heart from the lungs and then out to the rest of the body. It is
brought back to the right side of the heart, before going back to the lungs again.
 Blood in the left hand side of the heart has come from the lungs. It contains
oxygen, which is picked up by the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. It is called
oxygenated blood asit is rich in oxygenand this blood is bright red in color.
 This oxygenated blood is then sent around the body.

 Some of the oxygen in it is taken up by the body cells, which need oxygen for
respiration. When this happens the blood becomes deoxygenated as it contains
less oxygen. It is dark red in color but is always shown as blue in diagrams.
 The deoxygenated blood is brought back to the righthand side of the heart.
 It then goes to the lungs where it becomes oxygenatedonce more.
Double and single circulatory systems:

Double circulatory system:
 it is a system in which blood passes twice through the heart on one complete
circuit of the body.
 It is made up of two systems:
-the blood vessels take the blood at low pressure from the heart to the lungs and
back to the heart. This circulation through the lungs is called the pulmonary
system and
-the blood vessels take blood at high pressure from the heart to the rest of the
body and back to the heart. This circulation around the rest of the body is called
the systemic system.
 Double circulatory system is found in mammals, birds and reptiles.
double circulatory system

Single circulatory system:
 It is found in fish.
 In this system, there is a heart consisting of two chambers-one blood collecting
chamber (the atrium), and one blood ejection chamber (the ventricle), sends
blood to the gills where it is oxygenated. The blood that flows to all the parts of
the body before returning to the heart.
 This is known as single circulation because the blood goes through the heart
once for each complete circulation of the body.
 However, as the blood passes through the capillaries in the gills, blood pressure
is lost, but the blood still needs to circulate through other organs of the body
before returning to the heart to increase blood pressure. This makes the fish
circulatory system inefficient.

Single circulatory system
Advantages of double circulatory system over single circulatory system:
 Maintaininghigh blood pressure to all the major organs of the body: the
right side of the heart collects blood from the body, builds up the blood pressure
and sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated, but the pressure drops during the
process. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs,
builds up the blood pressure again and pumps the oxygenated blood to the body.
In a fish, the low pressure blood just carries on around the body. So blood travels
very slowly to a fish’s body organs than it does in a mammal.
 Increases the delivery of oxygen to the tissues for respiration: metabolically
active tissues need a lot of oxygen to be delivered very quickly. This delivery is
much more effective in a mammal than in a fish, because of the high pressure
blood carries around the body of a mammal.
The heart:
Part8_human heart.flv
 The function of the heart is pump blood around the body.

 It is made of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle, which contracts and
relaxes regularly throughout life.

Internal structure of heart
 Internally the heart is divided into four chambers-the two upper chambers are
called atria and the two lower chambers are called ventricles.
 The chambers on the left hand side are completely separated from the ones on
the right hand side by a septum. The septum separates and prevents mixing the
oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart from the deoxygenated blood in the
right side of the heart.
 Both the atria receive blood-the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary
veins, which come from the lungs. The right atrium receives blood from the rest
of the body, arriving through the vena cavae.
 From the atria, blood flows into the ventricles.

 The ventricles then pump it out of the heart. They do this by contracting the
muscle in their walls. The strong cardiac muscle contracts with great force,
squeezing inwards on the blood inside the heart and pushing it outside.Ventricles
have more muscular walls than the atria. This is because:
-the function of the ventricles is different from that of the atria.
-the atria simply receive blood from either of the lungs at low pressure or the
body and supply it to the ventricles.
The ventricles pump blood out of the heart and all around the body at high
pressure.
-to help them to do this, the ventricles have thick and muscular walls than the
atria.
 The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than that of the right ventricle.This is
because:
-the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery at low pressure to
the lungs which are very close to the heart.
-But the left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta at high pressure all around
the body. To enable to do this, the left ventricle has thick muscular wall.The thick
wall helps to generate greater pressure to pump blood all around the body.
 Coronary arteries: these are blood vessels on the outside of the heart. They
supply blood to the heart muscles. Though the heart is filled with blood, the heart
muscles need to be supplied with blood separately. This is because:
-the muscles of the heart are so thick that the nutrients and oxygen in the blood
inside the heart would not be able to diffuse to all the muscles quickly enough.
-The heart muscles need a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients so that it can
keep contracting and relaxing. The coronary arteries supply this.
 The Valves in the heart: there is a valve between the left atrium and the left
ventricle, and another between the right atrium and right ventricle. These are
called atrio-ventricular (AV) valves. The valve on the left hand side of the heart
is made of two parts and is called the bicuspid valve or the mitral valve. The
valve on the righthand side has three parts and is called the tricuspid valve. The
function of these valves is to stop blood flowing from the ventricles back to the
atria.
-This is important so that when the ventricles contract the blood is pushed up in
to the arteries,not back into the atria.
-As the ventricles contract, the pressure of the blood pushes the AV valves
upwards.
-The tendons attached to them stop them from going up too far as the ventricles
contract.
The place where the pulmonary artery and aorta opens in to the ventricles, there are
valves called semilunar valves. They are the pulmonary semilunar valve and the
aortic semilunar valve. They prevent the back flow of blood from these arteries back
to the ventricles during ventricular relaxation.
Functioning of human heart (pumping of blood by the heart):

 The heart pumps blood when its muscles contract. Contraction of the heart
muscles is called systole. When they contract, the heart becomes smaller and
squeezes the blood out.

 After contraction, the heart muscles relax. When they relax, the heart becomes
larger, allowing blood to flow into the atria and ventricles. Relaxation of the heart
muscles is called diastole.
 One systole and one diastole together called a heart beat.
 The normal healthy heart beats 60-75 times a minute at rest.
Cardiac cycle: the changes that occur in the heart during one heart beat. It involves
three changes-diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole.
HA6_A.exe
Diastole: During this process:

 All muscles of the heart chambers are relaxed.
 Blood flows into the atria and ventricles from the veins, through the open AV
valves

 The semilunar valves shut, preventing blood from flowing into the ventricles
Atrial systole:
 The muscles of the atria contract and muscles of the ventricles remain relaxed.
 Blood is forced from the atria into the ventricles through the open AV valves.
 The semilunar valves remain shut.
 The valves in the veins are forced to shut by the pressure of the blood,
stopping the blood from flowing back into the veins.
Ventricular systole:
 The muscles of the ventricles contract.
 The semilunar valves are forced open by the pressure of blood, forcing
blood out of the ventricles into the arteries- from the right ventricle into the
pulmonary artery and from the left ventricle into the aorta.
 The AV valves are forced shut by the pressure of the blood.
Measuring the rate of heart beat:
Part11_measuring heart beat-pulse.flv
 The best way to measure the rate of heart beat is to take the pulse rate. The
ripple of pressure that passes down an artery as a result of the heart beat can be
felt as a ‘pulse’ when an artery is near the surface of the body. So the pulse rate
of a person is same as his heart rate.
 We can find a pulse wherever there is an artery near to the surface of the skin.
Two suitable places are the radial artery inside your wrist, and carotid artery just
to the side of the big tendons in the neck.
[Use the first two fingers of your right hand and rest them on the inside of your
wrist.Feel for the tendon near the outside of your wrist.If you rest your fingers
lightly just over this tendon, you can feel the artery in your wrist pulsing as your
heart pumps blood through it].
ECG (Electrocardiograph):
 In a hospital, the activity of the heart can be recorded as an ECG.
 Little electrodes are stuck onto the person’s body, and the electrical activity in the
heart is recorded as a kind of graph.

The points labeled P,Q,R,S and T represent different stages of a heart beat.
 The part labeled P representsatrial systole.
 The parts labeled Q, Rand S represent ventricular systole
 The T section indicatesbeginning of ventricular diastole.
Heart sounds:
o These can be heard using a stethoscope.
o A healthy heart produces a regular ‘lub-dub’ sound.
o The first ‘lub’ sound is caused by the closure of the AV valves separating the
atria from ventricles.
o The second ‘dub’ sound represents the closure of the semilunar valves at the
entrance of the pulmonary artery and aorta.
o Observation of irregular sounds may indicate an irregular heart beat which may
point to a problem with faulty valves.
Effect of physical exercise on pulse rate:

 When a person exercises, their heart beats faster. This is because:
-more muscle contraction in exercise so
-more energy needed
-more respiration occurs to produce more energy
-more oxygen and glucose used by muscle cells
-more carbon dioxide is produced and so
-more blood pumped around the body faster
-a faster heart rate means faster delivery of blood to the muscles, providing
oxygen and glucose, and removing carbon dioxide faster.
Paced maker:
 the rate at which the heart beat is controlled by a patch of muscle in the right
atrium called the pace maker. The pace maker sends electrical signals through
the walls of the heart at regular intervals which make the muscle contract.
 The pace maker’s rate and therefore the rate of heart beat changes according to
the needs of the body.

 For example, during exercise when extra oxygen is needed by the muscles, the
brain sends impulses along nerves to the pace maker, to make the heart beat
faster. The signal for this is an increase in pH of the blood. During exercise,
muscles respire fast in order to release the energy needed for movement. This
increase in respiration rate causes production of more CO2 and this dissolves in
the blood. A weak acid is formed, lowering the pH of blood. Receptor cells in the
brain sense this drop in pH and this triggers an increase in the frequency of the
nerve impulse sent to the pace maker.
Artificial pace maker:

Sometimes the natural pacemaker stops working properly. An artificial pace maker can
then be placed in the person’s heart. It produces an electrical impulse at a regular rate
of about one impulse per second. Artificial pace makers last for up to ten years before
they have to be replaced.
Advantage of regular exercise:

 Regular exercise is important to keep the heart muscle in good tone. This results
in the heart being more efficient in maintaining blood pressure and reduces the
risk of coronary heart disease and stroke.
Pressure changes in the ventricles and atria during a single heart beat

a) 0.6 seconds.
b) 100 beats per minute.
c) (i) The pressure rises in the ventricles as the muscle in their walls contracts,
squeezing in on the blood. As they relax it drops rapidly. It rises slowly from
0.4 s onwards because blood is trickling into the ventricles from the atria.
(ii) The pressure rises in the atria as they contract. However, the muscle is not
very thick, so the pressure does not rise as high as in the ventricles. The
pressure in theatria rises from 0.2 s to 0.4 s because more blood is flowing
into the atria from theveins.
Coronary heart disease (CHD):

Heart disease caused by blockage of coronary arteries that supply heart muscles with
blood is called CHD.
How coronary arteries get blocked?
-Heart muscles need oxygen and glucose to keep it contracting. These are transported
to the heart in the coronary arteries.
-cholesterol deposits in the wall of coronary arteries to form plaque.
-it partly blocks the artery
-it increases the blood pressure and also makes the wall of the artery much stiffer.
-less blood can flow through the coronary arteries
-less oxygen can flow through
-less oxygen carried to heart muscle
-it increases the chance for blood clotting called thrombosis inside the artery.
-blood clot makes the cardiac muscles run short of oxygen and glucose.
-They cannot respire so they cannot get energy to allow them to contract.
-The heart therefore stops beating. This is called a heart attack or cardiac arrest.

Risk factors for CHD (Factors that increase a person’s risk of getting coronary
heart disease):
Cause Explanation Methods to reduce

Diet: eating a diet high in Leads to cholesterol which Eat a diet containing a very
salt, saturated fat (animal deposit in arteries, finally wide variety of foods with little
fat) or cholesterol. blocking the blood vessel or fat in it. Use oils from plants,
allowing a blood clot to form and fish. Eat more fresh fruits
and vegetables. Eat less red
meat. Reduce fried foods
Smoking Carbon monoxide and nicotine Stop smoking
present in the cigarette smoke
cause damage to the heart and
wall of the arteries.
Obesity Being overweight puts extra Go on a controlled diet and
strain on the heart and makes it take regular exercise
more difficult for the person to
exercise.
Stress Emotional stress tends to Find ways of relaxing. Identify
increase blood pressure, which the causes of stress and avoid
can result in deposition of fatty them.
materials in the arteries.
genetic predisposition Heart disease appears to be Make sure other factors do
passed from one generation to not increase the risk of heart
the next in some families disease. Monitor health.
through genes. Reduce risk factors by having
a healthy life style.
Age and gender As we get older our risk of
suffering from coronary heart
disease increases. Males are
more at risk of a heart attack
than females; it may be that
males tend to have less healthy
life styles than females.

Treating CHD:
 Drugs like statins, aspirin etc. Aspirin helps to lower blood pressure and
decrease the risk of blood clots forming inside blood vessels.
 Surgery: it is needed when the medication fails. Surgery can be done in the
following ways:
1. Coronary bypass operation:
 the surgeon removes a section of blood vessel from a different part of the
body, such as the leg.
 the blood vessel is then attached around the blocked region of artery to
by-pass it, allowing blood to pass freely.
 This is a major operation because it involves open heart surgery.
2. Stents:
o Stent is a wire-mesh tube which is inserted inside the artery to keep it open.
o A stent can be expanded and left in place. It then acts as scaffolding keeping the
blood vessel open and maintaining the free flow of blood.

3. Angioplasty:
 this process involves the insertion of a long, thin tube called a catheter into the
blocked or narrowed blood vessel.
 A wire attached to a deflated balloon is then fed through the catheter to the
damaged artery.
 Once in place, the balloon is inflated using water. This pushes the artery open
which effectively freeing the blockage. The balloon is then removed.
Heart transplant: in severe cases the patient may require a complete heart transplant.
This is always risky because:
-there are never enough organs available for all the patients that require them.
-the transplanted organ will be rejected by the recepient’s immune system.
-the recipient will need to take drugs to suppress the immune system for the rest
of their life.
Blood vessels
There are three main kinds of blood vessels-arteries, capillaries and veins.
Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries:
Arteries :
 Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the limbs and organs of the
body.
 The blood in the arteries, except for the pulmonary arteries, is oxygenated.
 Blood flows through the arteries at high pressure because it has been forced out
of the heart by the contraction of the muscular ventricles. Arteries therefore need
very strong walls to withstand the high pressure of blood flowing through them.
 The blood does not flow smoothly through them, it pulses through because the
ventricles contract and relax.

 The arteries have elastic tissue in their walls which can stretch and recoil with the
force of blood. This helps to make the flow of blood smoother.
 Wall is thick and strong containing muscles and elastic fibres.

 Narrow lumen
 Smooth inner lining
 Valves absent because the force of the heart beat keeps blood moving forwards
through them.
Arteries divide into smaller vessels called arterioles.
Capillaries:
 Arterioles divide repeatedly to form a branching network of microscopic vessels
passing through the cells of every living tissue. These very tiny vessels are called
capillaries.
 The function of the capillary is to supply all cells with their requirements-nutrients,
like glucose, amino acids, oxygen and other materials like inorganic ions,
vitamins and water, and to take away their waste materials like CO2.
 Their walls are permeable and one cell thick, with no muscle or elastic tissue.
a capillary net work

 Very narrow lumen, just wide enough for a red blood cell to pass through.

 Presence of pores between the cells in the wall.
 Valves absent.
The capillaries join up into larger vessels called venules, which then combine to form
veins.
Veins:
 veins carry blood from the tissues towards the heart.
 The blood in most veins is deoxygenated and contains less food but more carbon
dioxide than the blood in arteries.
 Blood flow through the veins is at very low pressure and it flows more slowly and
smoothly. Thus there is no need for them to have a thick, strong and elastic wall.
 Thin outer wall, containing very less muscle and elastic tissue than arteries.
 Have wide lumen which helps to keep the blood moving easily through them.
 Valves present to stop blood flowing backwards.
Blood is also kept moving in the veins in one direction (towards the heart) by the
contraction of muscles around them. The large veins in our legs are squeezed by our
leg muscles when we walk. This helps to push the blood back up to the heart.

How the structure and functions are related in arteries, veins and capillaries
Blood vessel structure How structure is related to function

Artery -Thick, tough wall with muscles, -thick wall helps to carries blood at high
elastic fibres and fibrous tissue. pressure.
-muscles and elastic fibres helps to
prevents bursting and maintains
pressure wave.
-Narrow lumen. -This helps to maintain blood pressure.
Vein -Thin wall-mainly fibrous tissue, -As they carry blood at low pressure.
with little muscle or elastic fibres.
-Large lumen. -To reduce resistance to blood flow.
-Valves present. -To prevent back flow of blood and to
keep low-pressure blood moving in
one direction-to the heart.
Capillary Permeable wall, one cell thick -This allows diffusion of materials
with no muscle or elastic tissue. between the capillary and surrounding
tissues.
Narrow lumen only one red blood -White blood cells can squeeze
cell wide. between cells of the wall. Blood cells
pass through slowly to allow diffusion of
materials and tissue fluid.
Differences between arteries and veins
arteries veins

1. have no valves Have valves to prevent back flow of blood
2.have thick muscular walls to resist Wall is thinner than that of arteries
pressure
3. narrow lumen Wide lumen
4. have more elastic tissue to maintain Have less elastic tissue
pulse
5. blood flows at high pressure Blood flows at low pressure
6. carry blood from the heart to the limbs Returns blood from the tissues to the heart
and organs of the body.
Function of shunt vessels, arterioles, venules:
Arterioles:
o they are blood vessels which are produced by the division and branching of large
arteries.
o Like arteries they are strong, and have a relatively thick wall, and contain more
smooth muscle but have less elastic tissue.
Function:
o regulate the flow of blood into different tissues.
o When the muscle fibres of the arterioles contract, they make the vessels
narrower and restrict the blood flow, a process called vasoconstriction.
o In this way, the distribution of blood to different parts of the body can be
regulated. Example, if the body temperature drops below normal, arterioles in the
skin constrict to reduce the amount of blood flowing through capillaries near the
skin surface.
Shunt vessels: blood vessels that link arterioles directlywithvenules.
Function: they dilate to allow blood to bypass the capillaries in certain areas. This helps
to reduce further heat loss. Example, in warm blooded animals, the shunt vessels dilate
in response to cold, thereby cutting off the blood flow to the extremities and preventing
heat loss.

Venules: they are small blood vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from capillary
beds and transport it to the larger veins for transport back to the heart.
The main blood vesselsto and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney:

Vessel Organs
heart lungs liver kidneys
Bringing blood to Venacava-bring impure Pulmonary artery- Hepatic artery- Renal artery-
organ blood from rest of the carry impure blood carry pure blood carry pure blood
body to right atrium; from right atrium to to liver to kidneys
pulmonary vein-bring lungs
pure blood from lungs
to left atrium
Taking blood away Pulmonary artery from Pulmonary vein- Hepatic vein- Renal vein- from
from organ right ventricle; aorta from lungs to heart from liver to kidneys to heart
from left ventricle heart
Hepatic portal
vein-from gut to
liver

Blood:
Composition of blood: Blood is made of a liquid part called plasma in which 3 types of
blood cells- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets- are suspended.
Blood smear seen with light microscope
Separation of blood components
Part9_centrifugation of blood.flv
Functions of the components of blood:
 Red blood cells:

-made in the bone marrow of rib bones, vertebrae and some limb bones.
-producedat the rate of about 9000 million per hour.
-only lives for 4 months because they made so quickly, and they donot have a
nucleus.

-red as they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen
-Hb is a protein and it contains iron which combines with oxygen where the gas is
in good supply. It just gives up oxygen where the oxygen supply is low.
-Function is to transport oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues and carbon

dioxide from tissues back to lungs.
Structural adaptations of RBCs for oxygen transport:
-it contains haemoglobin which combines reversibly with oxygen

-it has no nucleus which makes more room for haemoglobin
-it has a large surface area to volume ratio which speeds up the movement of oxygen
into and out of the cell;
-it is small which allows it to squeeze through very small capillaries so oxygen can be
taken very close to every cell in the body.
 White blood cells:
-have a nucleus which is large and lobed

-haemoglobin absent
-larger in size than RBCs
-less in number than RBCs
-no definite shape
-can move around and squeeze out through the walls of capillaries into all parts
of the body.
-two main types-phagocytes and lymphocytes

-function: phagocytosis (by phagocytes), and production of antibodies (by
lymphocytes)

Differences between red blood cells and white blood cells:
Red blood cells White blood cells

More in number (5 million in every mm3) Very less in number than RBCs
than WBCs.
Contain the pigment haemoglobin Haemoglobin absent
nucleus absent Nucleus present
Biconcave disc shaped No definite shape (can change shape)
Live only for 120 days as they have no Can live more than 120 days
nucleus
Only one type of cells Two types-phagocytes and lymphocytes
Transport oxygen Fight pathogen, and clear up dead body
cells
 Blood platelets:
-small pieces of special blood cells budded off in the red bone marrow
-they contain no nucleus.
-function: help to clot the blood at wounds and to stop the bleeding.
Process of blood clotting:

 When a blood vessel is cut, the blood platelets bump into the rough edges of the
cut, and react by releasing a chemical called clotting factor.
Platelets release clotting factor
 This chemical set off a chain of enzyme catalyzed reactions which cause the
fibrinogen, a soluble protein in the blood plasma, to change into insoluble fibrin.
Fibrinogen fibrin
 The long fibrin fibres form a mesh across the wound.

 Red blood cells and platelets get trapped in the tangle of fibrin fibres, forming a
blood clot.
Fibrin traps RBCs+platelets blood clot
 The clot finally dries to form a scab which stops further loss of blood.

Advantages of blood clotting:
-Preventing blood loss at a wound.
-Stops pathogens getting into the body through breaks in the skin.
 Plasma:
-the liquid part of the blood which forms 50% of blood volume.
-it is water with a large number of substances dissolved in it, like ions of sodium,
potassium, calcium, chloride and hydrogen carbonate; proteins such as
fibrinogen, albumin and globulins; food substances such as amino acids, glucose
and lipids; hormones; excretory products like urea and carbon dioxide.
-function: transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon

dioxide, urea and plasma proteins.
-acts as a pool for amino acids
- contains blood proteins that are important in blood clotting.
Main substances carried by plasma:
Substances carried in from to

plasma
Amino acids Small intestine Sites of growth and repair
Carbon dioxide Respiring tissues lungs
Glucose Small intestine All tissues
Heat Liver, muscles All tissues
Hormones eg. Insulin Endocrine glands, eg. Target organ, eg.liver
pancreas
urea liver kidneys

Transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid:
Tissue fluid: it is the fluid that surrounds all the cells in the body. It is formed from
blood plasma that leaks out of capillaries.
Formation of tissue fluid:

o When blood at high pressure flowing through the capillaries reach body tissues
some of the constituents of the blood plasma and some white blood cells move
out through the small gaps between the cells in the capillary walls. The fluid
formed in this way is called tissue fluid. It surrounds all the cells in the body.
o Tissue fluid is similar to plasma but contains less protein because protein
molecules are too large to pass through the walls of the capillaries.
o It contains no red blood cells because they are too large and cannot change their
shape to pass through the wall of the capillary.
Function of tissue fluid:

 It supplies cells with all their requirements. These requirements includeglucose,
amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, ions and oxygen, which diffuse from the
blood, through the tissue fluid, to the cells. Waste products such as carbon
dioxide, urea and excess ionsdiffuse in the opposite direction.
 Helps to keep the environment of the cell constant to carry out its functions
properly, for example, it should stay at the same temperature and at the same
osmotic concentration.
 Role in homeostasis: helps to keep the composition and temperature of the blood
constant

Lymphatic system
 The second circulatory system in our body.

 It is a collection of lymph, lymph vessels and lymph nodes.
Not all the tissue fluid surrounding the body tissues returns to the capillaries. Some of it
enters blind ended, thin walled vessels called lymphatics. They have tiny valves that
allow the tissue fluid to enter but will not let the lymph pass out again. The lymphatics

from all parts of the body joins up to make two large vessels called lymph vessels,
which empty their contents into the blood system.
Lymph: when tissue fluid in the lymphatic vessels is called lymph. It consists of plasma
and white blood cells, but has no red blood cells or large plasma proteins.
The lymphatic system has no pump, like the heart, to push lymph around the lymphatic
system so the flow of lymph is slow. The lymph vessels pass alongside muscles which
squeeze on the lymph vessels when the muscles contract. This helps to make the
lymph flow. Valves in the lymph vessels make sure that the lymph can only flow one
way.
Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart. The large lymph vessels empty the lymph
into subclavian veins, under the collar bones. Here the lymph mixes with the blood
before joining the vena cava just before it enters the heart.
Lymph nodes:
 Small swellings at intervals along the length of the lymph vessels. Lymphocytes
are stored in the lymph nodes and released into the lymph to finally reach the
blood system. There are also phagocytes in the lymph nodes.
 They are an important part of body’s immune system. If bacteria enter a wound
and are not ingested by the WBCs of the blood or lymph, they will be carried in
the lymph to a lymph node and WBCs there will ingest them. Thus the lymph
nodes form part of the body’s defence system against infection.
Functions of lymph:
1. Osmoregulation-lymph maintains the volume of blood by returning apart of

tissue fluid back into blood.
2. protection of the body from infection
3. Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol from the small intestine. Each villus in the wall
of the intestine contains a lacteal, which join up with lymphatic system, so most of the
fats absorbed in the intestine reach the blood through lymph.
Question: 1

Qn.2
Qn.3

WORK SHEET
1. The diagram shows the blood supply to a group of cells.

2. The diagram shows a section through the coronary artery of a person who died of a heart attack.
3. The diagram shows cross-sections of three types of blood vessel (not drawn to the same scale).

4. The photograph shows some blood as seen under the microscope.

5. Which cells pass from blood, through capillary walls, to tissues?
6. Which matches the component of blood to its function?
7. Which shows the functions of the parts of the blood?
8. The diagram shows blood as seen under a microscope.

1.(i) The pulmonary blood vessels carry blood into and away from the heart.
Complete table 3.1 to give three differences between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein.
(ii) The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute is known as the cardiac output.

2.

3. (a) Fig. 1.1 shows human blood cells.

4. Fig. 3.1 shows an external view of the heart and its blood vessels.

5. The lymphatic system consists of:


CH-9 - Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH-9 - Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 1

Functions of circulatory system:

General layout of the human blood system:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 3

Double and single circulatory systems:

double circulatory system

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 4

 The function of the heart is pump blood around the body.

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 5

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 6

Functioning of human heart (pumping of blood by the heart):

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 7

Diastole: During this process:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 8

Measuring the rate of heart beat:

Part11_measuring heart beat-pulse.flv

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 9

Effect of physical exercise on pulse rate:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 10

Artificial pace maker:

Advantage of regular exercise:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 11

Coronary heart disease (CHD):

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 12

Cause Explanation Methods to reduce

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 13

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 14

Structure of arteries, veins and capillaries:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 15

 Wall is thick and strong containing muscles and elastic fibres.

a capillary net work

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 16

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 17

Blood vessel structure How structure is related to function

Differences between arteries and veins

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 18

Function of shunt vessels, arterioles, venules:

Shunt vessels: blood vessels that link arterioles directlywithvenules.

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 19

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 20

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 21

Blood smear seen with light microscope

Separation of blood components

Functions of the components of blood:

 Red blood cells:

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 22

-Function is to transport oxygen from lungs to respiring tissues and carbon

Structural adaptations of RBCs for oxygen transport:

-it contains haemoglobin which combines reversibly with oxygen

 White blood cells:

-have a nucleus which is large and lobed

-two main types-phagocytes and lymphocytes

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 23

Red blood cells White blood cells

Process of blood clotting:

Platelets release clotting factor

 The long fibrin fibres form a mesh across the wound.

Fibrin traps RBCs+platelets blood clot

T.M.ABDUL MAJEED WESGREEN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Page 24

-function: transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, carbon

Main substances carried by plasma:

Substances carried in from to