Veda Institute of Education

Class X: Subject Science

CHAPTER-04: Carbon and Its Compound1

Saturated and Unsaturated Carbon Compounds

Compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbon.

Hydrocarbon

Saturated Unsaturated

• Single bond between carbon • Double or triple bond between

atoms. carbon atoms.

•–C–C– •–C=C– –C≡C–

• Alkanes • Alkenes Alkynes

On the basis of structures the hydrocarbons can be:

Cyclohydrocarbons:
Examples:
Structural isomers: these are the compounds having identical molecular formula but different
structures. For example, isomers of butane.

Heteroatom and Functional Group:

 In hydrocarbon chain, one or more hydrogen atoms can be replaced by other atoms in
accordance with their valencies. The element that replaces hydrogen is called a
heteroatom.
 These heteroatom or group of atoms which make carbon compound reactive and decides
its properties are called functional groups.
Homologous Series:

It is series of compounds in which the some functional group substitutes for the hydrogen in a
carbon chain.

E.g., Alcohols – CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH

 Have same general formula.

 Any two homologues differ by – CH2 group and difference in molecular mass is 14μ.
 Have same chemical properties but show gradual change in physical properties.
 The physical properties vary among the members of homologous series due to difference
in their molecular mass.
 Melting point and boiling point increases with increasing molecular mass.

Nomenclature of Carbon Compounds:

1. Identify the number of carbon atoms in the compound.

2. Functional group is indicated either by prefix or suffix.

3. If a suffix is added, then final ‘e’ is removed from the name eg. Methanol (methane-e =
methan + ol).