SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS AND HUMAN RELATIONS

CRIM. 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

CRIMINOLOGY definitions:
 “The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. It includes within its scope the
processes of making laws, of breaking of laws, and reacting towards the breaking of laws…. The objective
of criminology is the development of a body of general and verified principles and other types of
knowledge regarding this process of law, crime and treatment.” (Edwin H. Sutherland & Donald
Cressey)
 The scientific study of the causes of crime in relation to man and society who set and define rules and
regulations for himself and others to govern (Tradio)
 Is a body of knowledge regarding crimes, criminals and the efforts of society to prevent and repress them.
(Broad definition)
 Refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals and victims, it also deals with the prevention and solution
of crimes (RA 11131)

R.A. 11131
 An act regulating the practice of Criminology Profession in the Philippines , and appropriating funds
therefore, repealing R.A. 6506, Otherwise known as an act creating the board of examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines.
 Otherwise known as “Philippine Criminology Profession act of 2018”
 Approved: November 8, 2018

Registered Criminologist
 Refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an updated professional
identification card as criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission pursuant to this Act.

Origin of the word “Criminology”

 Etymologically, the term criminology came from the Latin word “crimen” meaning crime and Greek
word “Logos” which means “to study”.
 In 1885, Rafael Garofalo, an Italian Law Professor coined the term criminologia.
 In 1889, Paul Topinard, French Anthropologist, used the term criminology in French criminologie for
the first time

Principal Divisions of Criminology

a. Etiology of Crimes – the scientific analysis of the causes of crimes and the criminal behavior.
b. Sociology of Law – refers to the investigation of the nature of criminal law and its administration
c. Penology – the study of the control of crimes and the rehabilitation of offender

Is Criminology a Science?
According to George Wilker, Criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet acquired universal
validity. Edwin H. Sutherland, the Dean of Modern Criminology, hoped that it will become a science in the future since
the causes of crimes are almost the same which may be biological, environmental or combination of the two.

Nature of Criminology (SAND)

1. It is a Social science because it studies crime as a social phenomenon. Crime is a social problem which has a
great impact to society.
2. It is Applied science because criminology as a body of knowledge has already established universally
accepted principles and concepts and these are used by other field of study. (INSTRUMENTATION)
Criminology is essentially an INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE; Criminologists are trained in diverse
fields, most commonly sociology, criminal justice, political science, psychology, economics and the
natural science.
3. It is Nationalistic because the study of criminology takes into consideration the history, the culture and the
social norms and the laws of the country. Each country has its own set of laws and crimes are defined by the
laws of the country.
4. It is Dynamic because the concepts of criminology and their applications adapt to the changing time.

Scope in the Study of Criminology

1. Study of the origin and development of criminal law
2. Study of the causes of crimes and development of criminals
3. Study of the other sciences that examine criminal behavior using scientific methods such as:
 Criminal Demography – the study of the relationship between criminality and population
 Criminal Epidiomology – the study of the relationship between environment and criminality
 Criminal Ecology – the study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community
 Criminal Anthropology – It is the study and investigation of the organic and psychic constitution of
the criminal and the conditions of his social life
 Criminal Psychology – the study of human behavior in relation to criminality
 Criminal Psychiatry – the study of human mind in relation to criminality
 Victimology – the study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime

1
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
Crimes and Criminals
Crime
o Refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of public law (Phil. Law Dictionary).
o It also refers to an act committed or omitted in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding it (Reyes
2006).

Classification of Crimes

Legal Classifications:

1. According to law violated

a. Felony – an act or omission punishable by law which is committed by means of dolo (deceit) or culpa
(fault)and punishable under the Revised Penal Code
b. Offense – an act or omission in violation of a special law
c. Infraction – an act or omission in violation of a city or municipal ordinance
2. According to the manner of committing crime:
a. By means of Dolo or Deceit – if the crime is committed with deliberate intent. Thus, it is called
intentional felonies.
 freedom or voluntariness
 intelligence
 intent
b. By means of culpa or fault
o felonies committed by means of culpa (fault)
o the act or omission of the offender is not malicious and the injury caused by the offender is
unintentional, it being the simply the incident of another act performed without malice
 Negligence - Lack of foresight
 Imprudence - Lack of skill
3. According to the stages in the commission:
1. Attempted – the crime is attempted when the offender commences the commission of a felony
directly or over acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony
by reason of some cause or accident other than this own spontaneous desistance.
2. Frustrated - when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as
a consequence but which, nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will
of the perpetrator.
3. Consummated - when all the elements necessary for its accomplishment and execution are present
4. According to plurality:
a. Simple Crime – is a single act constituting only one offense.

b. Complex Crime – single act constituting two or more grave felonies or an is a necessary means for
committing the other
Two (2) Kinds of Complex Crime:
a. compound crime (delito compuesto)
b. complex crime proper (delito complejo)
c. Special complex crime (Composite crime)
5. According to gravity:

Gravity of Felony Principle Penalty Art. 25 Degree of Penalties

1. Grave felonies - are those to  (Capital  (Death)
which the law attaches Punishment)  Reclusion Perpetua
the capital punishment  Afflictive Penalties  Reclusion Temporal
or penalties which in  Prison Mayor
any of their period are
afflictive.
2. Less grave felonies - are  Correcional  Prison Correcional
those which the law Penalties  Arresto Menor
punishes with penalties
which in their maximum
period are correctional.

3. Light felonies - are infraction  Light Penalties  Arresto Menor

of laws for the
commission of which
the penalty of arresto
menor or a fine not
exceeding 200 pesos or
both is provided

6. According to the nature of the act:

2
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 a. Crimes mala in se – are acts that are inherently evil. Examples are murder, robbery, etc.
b. Crimes mala prohibita – are acts which are prohibited only because there are laws forbidding such acts.
Examples are Illegal Possession of firearms, Traffic Violations, etc.

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME

1. According to the result of the crime:
a. Acquisitive crime – if the offender acquired or gained something by committing the crime. Examples are
robbery, estafa, bribery, etc.
b. Destructive crime – if the crime resulted in destruction, damage or even death. Examples are arson,
murder and homicide, damage to property, etc.

2. According to the time or period of commission:

a. Seasonal crimes – are crimes that happen only during a particular season or period of the year.
Examples are violation of election law, tax law violations, etc.
b. Situational crimes – are crimes committed when the situation is conducive to the commission of the
crime and there is an opportunity to commit it. Examples are pickpocketing, theft, etc.

3. According to the length of time of the commission:

a. Instant crimes – are those crimes that can be committed in a very short time. Example: theft
b. Episoidal crimes – are crimes committed through series of acts or episodes and in much longer time.
Example: serious illegal detention

4. According to place or location:

a. Static crimes – are committed only in one place. examples are theft and robbery
b. Continuing crimes – are crimes that take place in more than one place or several places. examples:
abduction, kidnapping, etc.

5. According to the use of mental faculties:

a. Rational crimes – when the offender is capable of knowing what he is doing and understanding the
consequences of his actions.
b. Irrational Crimes – when the offender suffers from any form of mental disorders, insanity or abnormality.
Thus, the offender doesn’t know what he is doing.

6. According to the type of offender:

a. White Collar Crimes (Edwin Sutherland) – crimes committed by those persons belonging to the upper
socio-economic status or in the course of his occupational activities.
b. Blue Collar Crimes – are those crimes committed by ordinary criminals as a means of livelihood.

Crime typology
- Is the manner of classifying crimes according to general types.
- It includes classifying offenses and offenders into categories defined by some common
denominator
- It could be violent, economic and public order crimes.
a. Violent crimes – uses force, threat or intimidation by one person to another.
- examples are murder, mutilation, rape and terrorism.
Mass murder – killing of several people at one location that begins & ends w/n
a few minutes or hours (sometimes with the death of the killer thru suicide)
Spree murder – killing of several people at different location over a period of
Time/ days.
Serial Murder – killing of 3 or more victims over an extended period of time with
a cooling off period between kills.
b. Economic crimes – crime committed to gain profit within an otherwise legal business.
o It includes tax evasion, fraud, embezzlement in otherwise legal
corporations.
White collar crimes :
a. Occupational crimes – in the course of occupational activities / their employment
b. Corporate crimes – criminal activity of business organization committed during the
course of fulfilling the legitimate role of the corporation and in the name of corporate
profit & growth.
c. Public order crimes - are acts considered illegal because they conflict with social policy,
accepted moral rules and public opinion. Examples of which are prostitution, gambling,
pornography, obstruction etc., these are known as “Victimless Crimes”

CRIMINAL Definition
- in the legal sense, a criminal is any person who has been found to have committed a wrongful act in the
course of the standard judicial process; there must be a final verdict of his guilt
- in the criminological sense, a person is already considered a criminal the moment he committed a crime
3
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS
1. According to etiology
a. Acute criminal – is a person who committed crime as a result of reacting to a situation or during a
moment of anger or burst of feeling.
b. Chronic criminal – is one who committed a crime with intent or deliberated thinking.
1. Neurotic criminal – is one who has mental disorder.
2. Normal criminal – a person who commits crimes because he looks up to, idolizes people who
are criminals.
2. According to the type of offender:
a. Ordinary criminal – a criminal who engages in crimes which do not require specialized or technical skill
b. Organized criminal – is one who possesses some skills and know-how which enable him to commit
crimes and evade detection.
c. Professional criminal – a highly skilled criminals which are engaged in a large scale criminal activities ad
usually operate in groups.

3. According to criminal activities:

a. Professional criminal – a criminal who earns his living through criminal activities.
b. Situational criminal – a person who got involved in criminal act because the situation presented itself.
c. Habitual criminal – one who repeatedly commits criminal act for different reasons.
d. Accidental criminal – a person who accidentally violated the law due to some circumstances.

Study of Criminal Law

Evolution of Criminal Laws
A) Prehistoric Crime and Punishment
Primitive Tribes
 punishment may be in the form of ostracism and expulsion
 adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband who may kill the adulterer and his own offending
wife
 crime may be avenged by the victim himself or by the victim’s family

B) The Early Codes

1) Code Of Hammurabi (18th BC)

 Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the eighteenth century BC, is recognized as the first codifier of
laws
 it provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in the early days
 the Code was carved in stone
 the “law of talion”, or the principle of “tit for tat”,(an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth) appears
throughout the Code
 under the principle of the law of talion, the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the
victim

2) The Hittites
 The Hittites existed about two centuries after Hammurabi and eventually conquered Babylon

3) Code of Drakon (7TH BC)

 knows as the “ultimate in severity”
 codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver of the seventh century BC

4) Laws Of Solon
 Solon was appointed archon and was given legislative powers
 Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon, except the law on homicide
 Solon was one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all citizens
and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed

5) ROME’S TWELVE TABLES (6TH BC)

 Roman law began with the Twelve Tables which were written in the middle of the sixth century BC
 the Twelve Tables were the foundation of all laws in Rome and written in tablets of bronze
 the Twelve Tables were drafted by the Decemvirs, a body of men composed of patricians

CRIMINAL LAW
 is that branch of public law which defines crimes treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.

Revised Penal Code (Act No. 3815)

 book that contains the Philippine Criminal Law and different special laws and decrees which are penal
in nature. It is called as RPC because the old penal code which took effect in the country on July 14,
1887 and was in force until Dec. 31, 1931 was revised by the Committee created by Administrative
Order No. 94 of the Department of Justice, dated Oct. 18, 1927, composed of Anacleto Diaz as

4
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 Chairman, Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya as members.The RPC was approved on Dec. 8, 1930
and took effect on January 1, 1932.

Principal Parts of the Criminal Law

It is composed of two books; book one which is composed of Articles 1-113 and book two covering Articles
114-367.
1. Articles 1-20 – principles affecting criminal liability
2. Articles 21-113 – penalties including criminal and civil liability
3. Articles 114-367 – felonies defined under different titles

Characteristics of the Criminal Law

1. Generality – the law is applicable to all persons within the territory irrespective of sex, race, nationality
or civil status except:
a. Head of state
b. Foreign diplomats, ambassadors, who are duly accredited to our country
c. Foreign troops permitted to march within the territory
2. Territoriality - the RPC is applicable to felonies committed within the Philippine territorial jurisdiction.
a. Philippine archipelago – all the islands that comprise the Philippines
b. Atmosphere water – all bodies of water that connect all the islands such as bays,
rivers and streams
c. Maritime zone – the twelve (12) Nautical Mile limit beyond our shore measured at low
tide

EXCEPTIONS TO THE TERRITORIAL CHARACTER OF THE REVISED PENAL CODE:

The Revised Penal Code shall be applicable to all cases committed outside the Philippine territorial jurisdiction
under the following circumstances:
a) should commit an offense while on Philippine ship or airship;
b) should forge or counterfeit any coin or currency note of the Philippine Island or obligations and securities
issued by the government of the Philippines;
c) while being a public officer or employee, should commit an offense in the exercise of their functions’
d) should commit any of the crimes against national security and law of nations

a. Prospectivity
 The provisions of the RPC cannot be applied if the act is not yet punishable on the time the felony was
committed. However, it may have a retroactive effect if it is favorable to the accused who is not a
habitual delinquent.

b. It is specific and definite.

 Criminal law must give a strict definition of a specific act which constitutes an offense. Where there is
doubt as to whether a definition embodied in the Revised Penal Code applies to the accused or not,
the judge is obligated to decide the case in favor of the accused. Criminal law must be construed
liberally in favor of the accused and strictly against the state.

c. It is uniform in application.
 An act described as a crime is a crime no matter who committed it, wherever committed in the
Philippines and whenever committed. No exceptions must be made as to the criminal liability. The
definition of crimes together with the corresponding punishment must be uniformly construed, although
there may be a difference in the enforcement of a given specific provision of the penal law.

d. There must be a penal sanction or punishment.

 Penal sanction is the most essential part of the definition of the crime. If there is no penalty to a
prohibited act, its enforcement will almost be impossible. The penalty is acting as a deterrence and as
a measure of self-defense of the state to protect society from the threat and wrong inflicted by the
criminal.

Demonological Theory - asserts that a person commits wrongful acts due to the fact that he was possessed by
demons.

Schools of Thought in Criminology

School of Thought – refers to a group of beliefs or ideas that support a specific theory.

Theory – set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been
repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

1. Classical School of Criminology

 The classical school of criminology grew out of a reaction against the barbaric system of law, punishment and
justice that existed. There was no real system of criminal justice in Europe at that time. Some crimes were
specified, some were not. Judges had discretionary power to convict a person for an act not even legally
defined as criminal.

5
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 o This school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after
weighing the consequences of their actions. According to classical criminologists, individuals have
free will. They can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter
them from committing crime and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment
greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.
o This theory, however, does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-
handicapped in as far as free will is concerned. Founders of classical school of criminology are
Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria) (1738-1794)

 best known for his essay, “On Crimes and Punishment” which presented key ideas on the abolition of
torture as legitimate means of extracting confession.
 His book contains almost all modern penal reforms but its greatest contribution was the foundation it laid
for subsequent changes in criminal legislation
 his book was influential in the reforms of penal code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first
ten amendments to the US Constitution

Beccaria believed that:

1. People want to achieve pleasure and avoid pain.
2. Crime provides some pleasure to the criminal.
3. To deter crime, he believed that one must administer pain in an appropriate amount to counterbalance
the pleasure obtain from crime.
4. Famous in sayings “ Let the punishment fit the crime”

Deterrence employs the threat of punishment to influence behavior. It assumes that:

1. People are rational

2. people's behavior is a product of free will

3. People are hedonistic (their goal is to increase pleasure and/or to avoid pain)

The Three Principles of Punishment that became the trademark of Beccaria’s Classical Deterrence are as follows:

1. Swift - punishment must be swift to be effective. You can't have the punishment linger or the punishment and
the crime loose their association

2. Certain - people must know they will be punished for their illegal behavior - can't have people evade the law
for any reason

3. Severe - must be severe enough to outweigh the rewards of the illegal action - severity and proportionality are
sometimes at odds especially since each person is different in terms of what constitutes a "severe"
punishment.

 Punishment must also be proportionate to the harm caused. If we lose proportionality there is little to
prevent/discourage the criminal from committing more severe crimes and engaging is worse behavior.

 Punishment used to keep order not avenge crime.

Highlights of Cesare Beccaria’s Ideas Regarding Crimes and The Criminal Justice System

a. In forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their libery so as to enjoy peace and
security.
b. Punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust.
c. Criminal laws must be clear and certain. Judges must make uniform judgments in similar crimes.
d. The law must specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his
trial.
e. Accusations must be public. False accusations should be severely punished.
f. To torture accused offenders to obtain a confession is inadmissible.
g. The promptitude of punishment is one of the most effective curbs on crime.
h. The aim of punishment can only be to prevent the criminal from committing new crimes against his
countrymen, and to keep others from doing likewise. Punishments, therefore, and the method of inflicting
them, should be chosen in due proportion to the crime, so as to make the most lasting impression on the
minds of men…
i. Capital punishment is inefficacious and its place should be substituted life imprisonment.
j. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them. That is the chief purpose of all good legislation.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

6
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
  He admired Beccaria’s work and believed that freewill allowed people to make calculated and deliberate
decisions related to the pursuit of their own happiness.
 his contribution to classical school of criminology is the concept of utilitarianism and the felicific calculus.
 proposed “Utilitarian Hedonism” which explains that person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure
and avoid pain.
 founded the concept of UTILITARIANISM – assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with
their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain
 devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus” which states that individuals are human
calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth
committing or not
 he reasoned that in order to deter individuals from committing crimes, the punishment, or pain, must be
greater than the satisfaction, or pleasure, he would gain from committing the crime

Utilitarianism
 Is a philosophy which argues that what is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for the greatest
number of people.
 Others refer to it as the greatest happiness principle or the principle of utility.
 From this principle, Bentham formulated the “felicific calculus”.

Felicific Calculus or the pleasure-and-pain principle – is a theory that proposes that individuals calculate the
consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) he would derive from doing the
action.

2. Neoclassical Criminology

This theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other
factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. These causes are pathology,
incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will
entirely. In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or exempting circumstances.

3. Positivism School Of Criminology

ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF POSITIVISM

During the nineteenth century, the first social scientists began to apply the scientific method to the study of
society. August Comte described how as society progressed, people embraced a rational, scientific view of
the world. He called this final stage the positive stage of human social development, and those who
followed his writings became known as positivists. Those who embraced positivism relied on the strict use of
empirical methods – factual, firsthand observations, and measurement of conditions and events – to test
hypotheses.
Positive theorists were the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals.
These theorists who concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that people are passive and
controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors.

 The term “positivism”, refers to a method of analysis based on the collection of observable scientific facts.
 Positivists believe that causes of behavior can be measured and observed.
 It demands for facts and scientific proof, thus, changing the study of crimes and criminals into scientific
approach.

Three (3) Elements to the Positivistic Approach:

1. Application of the scientific method

2. The discovery and diagnosis of pathology
3. Treatment

August Comte
- was a French philosopher and sociologist and is believed to be the one who reinvented the French term
sociologie.
- he was recognized as the “Father of Sociology and Positivism”.

Italian School Of Criminology/ Positivist school

 This was basically made possible because of the contributions of the three respective experts:

Cesare Lombroso and his two students, Raffaele Garofalo and Enrico Ferri.

(The (UN) Holy Three (3) Of Criminology)

7
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
1. Cesare Lombroso
 recognized as the “Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology” due to his application of modern scientific
methods to trace criminal behavior, however, most of his ideas are now discredited
 known for the concept of atavistic stigmata (the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of
development).
Theory of Criminal Atavism- Criminals manifest physical anomalies that make them biologically and
physiologically similar to our primitive ancestors, savage throwbacks to an earlier stage of human evolution.
Founder of Criminal Anthropology;
 he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata and
crimes committed by those who are born with certain recognizable heredity traits.
 according to his theory, criminals are usually in possession of huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm
span of criminals is often greater than their height, just like that of apes who use their forearms to push
themselves along the ground.

 other physical stigmata include deviation in head size and shape, asymmetry of the face, excessive
dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones, eye defects and peculiarities, ears of unusual size, nose twisted,
upturned or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in murderers, fleshy lips, swollen and protruding, and
pouches in the cheek like those of animal’s toes

- Lombroso’s work supported the idea that the criminal was a biologically and physically inferior person

Classification of Criminals by Lombroso

1. Born Criminals – there are born criminals according to Lombroso, the belief that criminal behavior is
inherited.

2. Criminal by Passion – are individuals who are easily influenced by emotions like fit of anger.

3. Insane Criminals – are those who commit crime due to abnormalities or psychological disorders. Lombroso
argued that this type of criminal should be exempted from criminal liability.

4. Occasional Criminals – those type of criminals who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that pushed
them to do at a given situation.

a. Criminaloids - those type of criminal who commits crime due to less physical stamina and self-
control.
- had none of physical peculiarities of born / insane criminals but
began involve in crime later in life, and tended to commit less serious crimes
b. Habitual criminals - 1 who keeps on committing crimes due to different reasons

c. Pseudo-criminals – 1 that breaks the law not because of natural depravity, nor owing to
distressing circumstances, but by mere accident.
- are those who kill by means of self – defense.

2. Enricco Ferri
 He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit
crimes, but rather were driven to commit crimes by conditions in their lives.
 Main notion is that, “Let the punishment fit the Criminal”.

 He was actually the one who coined the term “born criminal” which was extensively used by Lombroso.

 He proposed a Multiple–Factor approach to crime causation, admitting both individual and

environmental factors.
 proposed four types of criminals, namely: insane, born, occasional, and those who were
criminal by passion.

3. Raffaelle Garofallo
 He treated the roots of the criminals’ behavior not to physical features but to their psychology equivalent,
which he referred to as moral anomalies.
 Crime is not a violation of law but the violation of nature
either by two forms: Probity (honesty/integrity) & Pity (compassion for
others)
 Classified criminals as Murderers, Violent Criminals, Deficient Criminals, and Lascivious Criminals.
 Italian law professor, coined the term Criminologia in 1885.
 Paul Topinard, French anthropologist, introduced the term Criminology in 1887

8
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
Theories of Crime Causation

1. Biological Theories
 this refers to the set of theories that point to physical, physiological and other natural factors as the
causes for the commission of crimes of certain individuals.
 This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical
disfigurement or impairment.
 Biochemical
Crime, especially violent, is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies.

a. Physiognomy – the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior.

1. Giambiatista dela Porta

o founder of human physiognomy
o according to him criminal behavior may be predicted based on facial features of the person.
2. Johann Kaspar Lavater
o supported the belief of dela Porta
o he believed that a person’s character is revealed through his facial characteristics.

b. Phrenology, Craniology or Cranioscopy – the study of the external formation of the skull in relation to
the person’s personality and tendencies toward criminal behavior.

1. Franz Joseph Gall

 he developed cranioscopy which was later renamed as phrenology.

2. Johann Kaspar Spurzheim

 assistant of Gall in the study of phrenology.
 he was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience

c. Physiology or Somatotype – refers to the study of body build of a person in relation to his temperament
and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit.

1. Ernst Kretschmer
 he distinguished three (3) principal types of physiques: asthenic, athletic, pyknik and dysplastic.

a. asthenic – characterized as thin, small and weak.

b. athletic – muscular and strong.
c. pyknic – stout, round and fat.
d. dysplastic – combination of two body types

2. William Herbert Sheldon

formulated his own group of somatotype: ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph.
a. ectomorph – tall and thin and less social and more intellectual than the other types.
b. mesomorph – have well-developed muscles and an athletic appearance.
c. endomorph – heavy builds and slow moving.

d. Heredity – the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.

Genetic – a branch of biology that deals with heredity and variation of organisms.
Criminal traits and predispositions are inherited. The criminality of parents can predict the delinquency of
children.

SIR JONATHAN EDWARDS FAMILY TREE = a religious man and is believed to be a pastor during
his time. In the study conducted by early criminologist, they discovered that his descendants became
successful and law abiding citizens of the United States

1. Richard Louis Dugdale

- conducted a study of the Jukes family by researching their family tree as far back 200 years. He
discovered that most of the ascendants of the Jukes were criminals.

2. Henry Goddard
- he traced the descendants of the
Martin Kallikak from each of his two
wives and found a distinct difference in
terms of quality of lives of descendants.
He coined the term “moron”.

9
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 3. Charles Goring
- he believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to offspring through the genes.
- he proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having
children.
- spent almost ten years collecting data of more than 3,000 convicts, students of Oxford and Cambridge
University, soldiers and patients. He came up with conclusion that there is no such things as a physical
criminal type, which Lombroso espoused.

Lombroso VS Goring VS Hooton

Ernest A. Hooton (1887-1954) an American anthropologist, studied 13, 873 male criminals and additional
3,023 civilians. He claimed that criminals had organic inferiorities(Criminal physical inferiority). It is from
the physically inferior element of the population, according to him, that “native born criminals from
native parentage are mainly derived”.

Intelligence as a Factor in Criminality

The classic studies of the Juke and Kallikak families were among the first to show that feeblemindedness or
low-intelligence can be inherited and transferred from one generation to the next. Numerous test were also conducted
that lead to the development of the use of IQ tests as a testing procedure for offenders. The very first results seemed
to confirm that offenders had low mental abilities and they were found to be mentally impaired.

Alfred Binet – a French psychologist who developed the first IQ test.

- the test measured the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or solve problems in relation to the
average capacity of their peers.

In 1931, Edwin Sutherland reviewed approximately 350 studies on the relationship between intelligence and
delinquency and criminality. The studies reported the results of intelligence tests of about 175,000 criminals and
delinquents. Sutherland concluded from the review that although intelligence may play a role in individual cases,
given the selection that takes place in arrest, conviction, and imprisonment, the distribution of intelligence scores of
criminals and delinquents is very similar to the distribution of the intelligence scores of the general population.

Intelligence and Crime

 Intelligence refers to a person’s ability to reason, comprehend ideas, solve problems, think abstractly,
understand complex ideas, learn from experience, and discover solutions to complex problems. It was long
believed that people who maintain a below-average intelligence quotient (IQ) were at risk for criminality.

 Nature Theory of Intelligence argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry
determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.

 Nurture Theory of Intelligence states that intelligence must be viewed as partly biological but primarily
sociological. Because intelligence is not inherited, low-IQ parents do not necessarily produce low-IQ children.

CRIME STATISTICS
 refers to the measure of the level or amount of crimes.
 The collection or study of numerical data of crimes recorded/reported to the police.
 it uses the terms index crimes and non-index crimes in classifying crimes.

Crime Volume- total number of reported crime incidents in an area over a given period of time regardless of the
number of perpetrators.

2 Classification of Crimes according to Crime statistics:

a. Index crimes are crimes which are sufficiently significant and which occur with sufficient regularity to be
meaningful, such as murder, homicide, physical injury, robbery, theft, car napping and rape.

10
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 b. Non-index crimes are crimes that are not classified as index crimes. Violations of special laws and other
crimes against moral and order. These crimes are generated from the result of positive police initiated
operations.

Statistical Formula:
1. Crime Solution Efficiency (CSE) – percentage of solved cases out of the total number of reported crime
incidents handled by the police for a given period of time. It is a general measure of law enforcement agency’s
investigative capability or efficiency.

Formula:

CSE = {¿ TotalNoNo. of. ofSolved

¿ Reported Cases }
Cases X 100

2. Crime Rate – the number of incidents in a given period of time for every 100, 000 inhabitants of an area/place.

Formula:

{ }
Crime Volume
CR = ¿¿ X 100 , 000
Population

3. Average Monthly Crime Rate (AMCR) – the average number of crime incidents occurred per month for every
100, 000 inhabitants in a certain area.

Formula:

{ }
Crime Volume
AMCR = ¿¿ X 100 , 000 ÷ no . of months
Population

4. Variance (or % change) – one way of analyzing crime trends. It measures the percentage change over a
given period of time.

Formula:

{ }
Current data−previous data
= ¿¿ X 100
previous data

5. Crime Analysis

a. Percentage Share of Crime Volume of a Certain Area

Formula:

= {Crime
¿ Crime Volume Nationwide }
¿
volume of a certain area X 100

b. Percentage Share of the Occurrence of a Type of Crime

Formula:

{Total number }
of occurences of a type of crime X 100
¿ Crime Volume Nationwide
¿

VICTIMOLOGY – is the subfield of criminology that deals purely on the underlying factors of victimization and the
contributory role of victims in the commission of crimes.

The term victimology was coined in the mid – 1900s. Since crimes occurred prior to this time, people
were being victimized long before the scientific study of crime victims began. Victims were recognized as being
harmed by crime.

11
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
PIONEERS IN VICTIMOLOGY
1. Hans Von Hentig
 He described the importance of the same characteristics that produce crime also produce
victimization
 Emphasized the criminal – victim dyad and identified 13 categories of victims based on their
characteristics that may effectively serve to increase victimization risk.

2. Benjamin Mendelsohn
 Known as the “Father of Victimology”; he coined the term for this area of study in the mid –
1940’s
 He created six classifications of victims based on their culpability or the degree of the victim’s
blame. Thus, he recognized that some victims bear no responsibility for their victimization,
whereas others, based on their behaviors or actions, do.

3. Stephen Schafer
 He proposed victim typology by using social characteristics and behaviors; placed victims in
groups based on how responsible they are for their own victimization
 He believed that people have a functional responsibility not to provoke other into victimizing or
harming them and that they also should actively attempt to prevent that from occurring. He
identified categories of victims according to their level of responsibility.

4. Marvin Wolfgang
 The first person to empirically investigate victim precipitation in his classic study of homicides
occurring in Philadelphia from 1948 to 1952
 It was determined also that in most victim – precipitated homicides, the victim and the offender
knew each other, it involved male offenders and male victims, and the victims was likely to have a
history of violently offending himself.

5. Menachem Amir
 A student of Marvin Wolfgang; he conducted an empirical investigation into rape incidents
reported to the police
 He examined the extent to which victims precipitated their own rapes and identified common
attributes of victim precipitated rape.
 He found out that victim – precipitated rape cases were likely to involve alcohol and the victim
was likely to engage in seductive behavior, wear revealing clothing, use indecent language, and
have bad reputation.

Abstraction:
Victimology, being the study of “crime targets” showed that a person becomes a victim consciously
(knowingly) and unconsciously (unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to his/her own action or fault.
The person somehow contributes to the commission of crime because of his/her own making.

Who is a Victim?
Generally, a victim is the person harmed, injured or killed as a result of crime or the one who suffers the
consequences of a crime.

The word “victim” is derived from the Latin word VICTIMA and originally included the concept of sacrifice.

In the early Anglo – Saxon society, victims were perceived as persons suffering from injury at the hands
of the perpetrators, and laws typically enforced restitution and compensation paid to victims or their families by
the offending parties.

The U.S Federal Law defines a crime victim as a person, organization, or business that has been directly
harmed (physically, emotionally or financially) as a result of the commission of an offense.

Categories of Victims According to Hans Von Hentig

Hans Von Hentig recognized the importance of investigating the underlying factors why certain people
become victims by considering the victim’s characteristics that increases his or her victimization risks.
1. Young – those who are weak due to age and immaturity
2. Females – often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males
3. Old – those who are incapable of physical defense
4. Immigrants – those who are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society
5. Depressed – those who are submissive by virtue of emotional condition
6. Mentally Defective/Deranged – those who do not recognize or appropriately respond to threats in the
environment because they are unable to think clearly
7. The Acquisitive – those who want more than that what is sufficient they become victims because of their
greed
8. Dull Normal – those who have inability to activate assistance in the community

12
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 9. Minorities – those who are victimized because of their social status or the unequal treatment by the
agency of justice
10. Wanton – those who thoughtlessly seeks pleasure; they are ruled by passion
11. The Lonesome/Heartbroken – those who do not recognize danger because of their mental state and their
desire for companionship
12. Tormentor – those who provoke their victimization through violence and aggression toward others
13. The Blocked, exempted and fighting – those who are trapped in poor decisions and unable to defined
themselves or seek assistance if victimized.

Classification of Victims According to Benjamin Mendelsohn

Mendelsohn classification emphasized degrees of culpability, recognizing that some victims bear no
responsibility for their victimization, whereas others, based on their behaviors or actions, do.
1. Completely Innocent Victim – a victim who bears no responsibility at all for victimization; victimized simply
because of his or her nature, such as being child
2. Victim with minor guilt – a victim who is victimized due to ignorance, a victim who inadvertently places
himself or herself in harm’s way
3. Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim – a victim who bears as much responsibility as the offender;
a person who for example, enters into a suicide pact
4. Victim more guilty than offender – a victim who instigates or provokes his or her own victimization
5. Most guilty victim – a victim who is victimized during the perpetration of a crime or as a result of crime
6. Simulating or imaginary victim – a victim who is not victimized at all but, instead, fabricates a victimization
event
Categories of Victims According to Stephen Schafer
Stephen Schafer was one of the earliest victimologist who placed victims in groups based on how
responsible they are for their own victimization.
1. Unrelated victims – no responsibility
2. Provocative victims – share responsibility
3. Precipitative victims – some degree of responsibility
4. Biologically weak victims – no responsibility
5. Socially weak victims – no responsibility
6. Self – victimizing – total responsibility
7. Political victims – no responsibility

Theories of Victimization
1. Victim Precipitation Theory
₋ It was first presented by Von Hentig (1941) and applies only to violent victimization. Its basic
premise is that by acting in certain provocative ways, some individuals initiate a chain of events
that lead to their death. The concept of victim – offender interaction can be classified into either
active or passive precipitation (Walsh, 2012)

a. Active Precipitation – occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting
words, or even attacks first. In 1971, Menachem Amir suggested female victims often
contribute to their attacks by dressing provocatively or pursuing relationship with the
rapist.
b. Passive Precipitation – occurs when the victim exhibits personal characteristics that
unknowingly either threaten or encourage the attacker. The crime can occur because of
personal conflict for example.

2. Routine Activities – was first articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson. It
explains the rate of victimization through three variables:
a. Availability of suitable targets
b. Absence of capable guardians
c. The presence of motivated offenders

3. Lifestyle Theory – an explanation of victimization that emphasizes on certain lifestyle of individuals that
make them to be at risk of being victims. Lifestyle are the routine patterned activities that people engage
in on a daily basis, both obligatory (e.g work related) and optional (e.g. recreational).

4. Deviant Place Theory – according to this theory, victims do not encourage crime but are victim prone
because they reside in socially disorganized high – crime areas where they have greatest risk of coming
into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective of their own behavior or lifestyle.

13
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 Important Provisions of RA 11131 – The Criminology Profession act of 2018

Section 2. Statement of Policy. - The State recognizes the importance of criminology profession in national
security, public safety, peace and order, and in nation-building and development. Hence, it shall develop and
nurture competent, virtuous, productive and well-rounded criminologists whose standards of professional practice
and service shall be excellent, qualitative, world-class and globally competitive through sacred, honest, effective
and credible licensure examinations, coupled with programs and activities that would promote professional
growth and development.

Section 3. Objectives. - This Act shall govern:

(a) The examination, registration and licensure for criminologists;

(b) The supervision, control and regulation of the practice of criminology;

(c) The standardization and regulation of criminology education;

(d) The development of the professional competence of criminologists through Continuing Professional
Development (CPD); and

(e) The integration of all criminology professional groups, and membership of all registered criminologists
to the accredited professional organization.

Section 4. Definition of Terms. - As used in this Act, the following terms shall be defined as follows:

(a) APO refers to the Accredited Professional Organization of criminologists, that the Professional
Regulatory Board of Criminology created hereunder and, hereinafter referred to as the Board, as the one
and only recognized and accredited integrated national organization of criminologists, subject to the
approval of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) hereinafter referred to as the Commission
created under Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the "PRC Modernization Act of 2000";

(b) Board refers to the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists created hereunder;

(c) CHED refers to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) created under Republic Act No. 7722,
otherwise known as "Higher Education Act of 1994", in the formulation of policy standards, and
monitoring of the criminology education in the country, which shall be assisted by the Criminology
Technical Panel composed of the president of the APO, Chairperson of the Board of Criminology, one (1)
from the academe, and two (2) from the law enforcement agencies;

(d) Commission refers to Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) hereinafter referred to as the
Commission created under Republic Act No. 8981, otherwise known as the "PRC Modernization Act of
2000";

(e) Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals, and victims, it also deals with the
prevention, and solution of crimes;
14
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 (f) Profession refers to the art and science in the practice of criminology discipline; and,

(g) Registered criminologist refers to a natural person who holds a valid certificate of registration and an
updated professional identification card as criminologist issued by the Board and the Commission
pursuant to this Act.

Section 5. Scope of Practice. - The practice of criminology shall include, but shall not be limited to, acts or
activities performed:

(a) In line with the practice of profession or occupation as a law enforcement administrator, executive,
adviser, consultant, officer, investigator, agent or employee in any private or government agencies
performing law enforcement and quasi-police functions at the Philippine National Police (PNP), the
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), the Bureau of
Fire Protection (BFP), the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), the Provincial Jail, the
Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR), the Probation and Parole Administration (PPA), the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR), the Bureau of Customs (BoC), the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP), other government
and private banks, the Philippine Postal Corporation (PPC), the Sea and Air Marshalls, the VIP Security,
Airport and Seaport Police, the National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA), the Intelligence
Service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP), and other intelligence service or agencies of the
government exercising similar functions;

(b) In line with the practice of teaching profession such as those performed by a professor, instructor or
teacher in any university, college or school duly recognized by the government of any of the following
professional and component subjects of the criminology program: (1) Criminal Jurisprudence and
Procedure; (2) Criminalistics; (3) Law Enforcement Administration; (4) Crime Detection and Investigation;
(5) Correctional Administration; and (6) Criminal Sociology and Ethics, and other technical and
specialized subjects in the criminology curriculum provided by the CHED;

(c) As a technician, examiner/criminalist, or specialist in dactyloscopy, questioned document,

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), lie detection, firearms identification, forensic photography, forensic
chemistry and other scientific crime detection and investigation;

(d) As a correctional administrator, executive, supervisor, or officer in any rehabilitation, correctional, and
penal institution or facility, and in any community-based corrections, and rehabilitation agencies and/or
programs;

(e) As a counsellor, consultant, adviser or researcher in any government or private agency on any aspect
of criminological research or project involving the causes of crime, children in conflict with the law,
treatment of offenders, police operations, law enforcement administration, scientific criminal investigation
or public safety and national security administration; and

(f) As a private investigator, administrator, consultant or agent, or detective in any private security and
investigation agency organized under the laws of the Philippines.

The Board, in consultation with the APO and the academe, subject to the approval of the Commission, may
revise, exclude from or add to the above enumerated acts or activities as the need arises to conform with the
latest trends in the practice of criminology in the country.

ARTICLE II
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD FOR CRIMINOLOGISTS

Section 6. Creation, and Composition of the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists. - There is hereby
created a Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists, a collegial body under the administrative supervision
and control of the Commission, to be composed of a Chairperson and four (4) members appointed by the
President of the Philippines from a list of three (3) recommendees for each position, chosen and ranked by the
Commission from a list of three (3) nominees for every position endorsed by the APO. The new Board shall be
organized not later than six (6) months from the effectivity of this Act.

Section 7. Qualifications of the Chairperson and Members of the Board. - The Chairperson and each member
shall, at the time of their appointment, possess all these qualifications:

(a) Must be a natural-born Filipino citizen and a resident of the Philippines;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound mind and body;

(c) Not convicted by a court of competent jurisdiction of any offense involving moral turpitude;
15
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 (d) Must be a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Criminology, and a holder of a Post-Graduate Degree in
Criminology or a lawyer in any reputable school recognized by the CHED;

(e) Must be a registered criminologist with a valid certificate of registration and a valid professional
identification card, having at least ten (10) years of practice in the profession prior to the appointment
including no less than two (2) years teaching experience of criminology or law subjects in full-time or part-
time capacity in the college of criminology or college of law recognized by the government through the
CHED;

(f) Must be a member in good standing of the APO but not an officer or trustee thereof; and

(g) Must not be a member of the faculty of any school, college or university where a regular class or
review course in criminology is offered, nor a member of the staff of reviewers in a review school or
center, and must not have any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any such institution.

Section 8. Term of Office. - The Chairperson and members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three (3)
years from the date of appointment or until their successors shall have been qualified and appointed. They may
be reappointed to the same office for another term of three (3) years immediately after the expiry of their
term: Provided, That the holding of such position shall not be more than two (2) terms nor more than six (6)
years, whichever is longer: Provided, further, That the first Board under this Act shall hold these terms of office:
the Chairperson for three (3) years, the first two (2) members for two (2) years, and the second two (2) members
for one (1) year: Provided, finally, That any appointee to a vacancy with an unexpired period shall only serve
such period. The Chairperson and the members shall duly take their oath of office.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION, CERTIFICATION AND LICENSURE

Section 13. Passing of Licensure Examination Requirements. - Except as otherwise specifically allowed under
this Act, applicants for registration for the practice of criminology shall be required to pass a licensure
examination as provided for in this Act, in such places and dates as the Commission may designate in the
resolution thereof on the Master Schedules for all licensure examinations in accordance with Section 7(d) of
Republic Act No. 8981.

Section 14. Qualifications of an Applicant for the Licensure Examination. - An applicant for the licensure
examination for criminologist shall satisfactorily prove that one possesses the following qualifications:

(a) Must be a citizen of the Philippines or a foreign citizen whose country/state has reciprocity with the
Philippines in the practice of criminology;

(b) Must be of good moral character, good reputation and of sound mind and body certified by the school
wrhere he/she graduated and the barangay where he/she lives, unless the examinee is a foreign national
a certification from any professional of good standing will do;

(c) Must hold a bachelor's degree in criminology duly accredited by the CHET) and conferred by a
school/college/university duly authorized by the government or its equivalent degree obtained by either a
Filipino or foreign citizen from an institution of learning in a foreign country/state: Provided, That it is duly
recognized and/or accredited by the CHED;

(d) Must not have been convicted of an offense involving moral turpitude by a court of competent
jurisdiction; and

(e) Those who failed five (5) times whether consecutive or cumulative in the criminologist licensure
examination, must present a certification issued by a reputable institution duly recognized by the CHED
that such applicant has satisfactorily completed a refresher course in criminology.

Section 15. Subjects for Licensure Examination. - The licensure examination for criminologists shall include, but
shall not be limited to, the following:
1âwphi1

Subjects Relative Weights

(a
Criminal Jurisprudence and Procedure:
)
Criminal Law (Book I); Criminal Law (Book II); Related Special Penal Laws;
Criminal Procedure;

16
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
 Evidence;
Court Testimony 20%
(b
Law Enforcement Administration:
)
Police Organization and Administration, Police Planning;
Police Patrol Operations, Police Communication System;
Police Intelligence;
Police Personnel and Records Management; Comparative Police Systems;
Industrial Security Management 20%
(c) Crime Detection and Investigation:
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation;
Special Crime, Organized Crime Investigation; Fire Technology and Arson Investigation;
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation;
Drug Education and Investigation;
Vice Control 15%
(d
Criminalistics:
)
Forensic Photography; Personal Identification; Forensic Medicine; Polygraphy; Examination;
Forensic Ballistics;
Questioned Documents 20%
(e
Correctional Administration:
)
Institutional Corrections; Non-Institutional Corrections 10%
(f) Criminal Sociology:
Introduction to Criminology and Psychology of Crimes;
Philippine Criminal Justice System;
Ethics and Values;
Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention;
Human Behavior and Crisis Management; Criminological Research and Statistics 15%

The Board, in consultation with the APO and the academe and subject to the approval of the Commission, may
revise or exclude any of the subjects with their corresponding ratings and their syllabi, and add new ones as the
need arises to conform with technological changes brought about by developing trends in the profession.

However, the Board may change or revise any of the above subjects in the event the CHED shall
correspondingly change the curriculum prescribed for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology. In the
conduct of the examination, the Board, in its discretion, may give practical and field examinations in each subject,
as it may deem fit.

Section 16. Persons to Teach Subjects for Licensure Examination. - All subjects for the licensure examination
shall be taught by a registered criminologist who is a holder of a valid certificate of registration and updated
professional identification card for criminologist, APO membership, and CPD required units earned, and meet
other CHED requirements. Allied fields in criminology may also be allowed to teach as it may deem proper.

Section 17. Rating in the Licensure Examination. - To pass the licensure examination for criminologist, a
candidate must obtain a weighted average rating of seventy-five percent (75%) with no grade less than sixty
percent (60%) in any given subject. In case the examinee obtains a weighted average rating of seventy-five
percent (75%) but, has a grade below sixty percent (60%) in any of the subjects, the result of the examinee shall
be deferred, and be required to retake that particular subject/s. The deferred examinee shall only be allowed to
retake once within two (2) years from the date of the examination, and shall be required to obtain a grade not
lower than eighty percent (80%) on the subject, to be considered to have passed the licensure examination. If the

17
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ
examinee failed to retake after the lapse of two (2) years or failed to get the passing mark of eighty percent
(80%), the examinee shall retake all the board subjects.

Any examinee who failed three (3) or more board subjects shall be deemed to have failed the board examination.

ARTICLE V
PRIVILEGES OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS

Section 34. Privileges of Registered Criminologists. - All registered criminologists shall be exempt from taking
any other entrance or qualifying government or civil service examinations and shall be considered civil service
eligible to the following government positions, among others: (1) Dactylographer; (2) Ballistician; (3) Questioned
Document Examiner; (4) Forensic Photographer; (5) Polygraph Examiner; (6) Probation Officer; (7) Parole
Officer; (8) Special Investigator; (9) Special Agent; (10) Investigative Agent; (11) Intelligence Agent; (12) Law
Enforcement Evaluation Officer; (13) National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM) Inspector; (14) Traffic Operation
Officer; (15) Associate Graft Investigation Officer; (16) Special Police Officer; (17) Safekeeping Officer; (18)
Sheriff; (19) Security Officer; (20) Criminal Investigator; (21) Warden; (22) Reformation Officer; (23) Firefighter;
(24) Fire Marshall; (25) Jail Officer up to the rank of Jail Superintendent; (26) Police Officer up to the rank of
Police Superintendent and other law enforcement agencies, and agencies under the Criminal Justice System.

Section 35. Preference of Appointment in Government Criminal Justice and Other Government Institutions. -
Registered criminologists shall enjoy priority of appointment and shall not be required to take any qualifying or
entrance examinations in the PNP, the NBI, the BJMP, the BFP, the Land Transportation Office (LTO) and other
government positions related to criminology, police and law enforcement work, investigations and security,
corrections and public safety of the following bureaus, departments, institutions or agencies of the government:
the Department of Justice (DOJ); the Commission on Human Rights (CHR); the Office of the Ombudsman; the
Philippine Ports Authority (PPA); the Commission on Elections (COMELEC); the Bureau of Treasury (BoT); the
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR); the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR); the Department of Tourism (DOT); the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI); the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP); the Bureau of Immigration (BI); the BoC; the Department of Transportation
(DOTr); the Air Transportation Office (ATO); the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP); the BSP; the
BIR; the CHED; the City/Municipal Security Office; the Provincial Jail; the Provincial Security Office; the Metro
Manila Development Authority (MMDA); the Supreme Court and lower courts; the Security Consultation; the
Social Security System; the NAPOLCOM; the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM); the Optical
Media Board; the Intellectual Property Rights Office; the PDEA; the Public Attorney's Office (PAO); the PPC;
government-owned and -controlled corporations and other government agencies with positions involving the
practice of criminology.
1âwphi1

Section 36. Lateral Entry of Registered Criminologists. - Registered criminologists who are not in the
government service shall be eligible and given preference for appointment via lateral entry as Police, Fire, and
Jail Inspectors or its equivalent in the PDEA, NBI, and other law enforcement agencies: Provided, That they
possess the general qualifications for appointment as provided in the existing laws on appointment of Police
Officers in the PNP, BJMP, BFP, PDEA, or NBI: Provided, further, That those who are already in the police, fire,
and jail service as non-commissioned officers and who are already registered and licensed criminologists shall
be given preference for lateral entry.

18
COMPILED AND PREPARED BY: RICHARD P. ALLAM, MSCJ