Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contemporary
India Textbook in Geography
for Class X
II
2020-21
ISBN 81-7450-644-6
CWC Complex
Maligaon
Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869
Publication Team
Head, Publication : Anup Kumar Rajput
Division
` 75.00 Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal
Chief Production : Arun Chitkara
Officer
Chief Business : Bibash Kumar Das
Manager
Assistant Editor : R. N. Bhardwaj
2020-21
Foreword
2020-21
the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw
upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the
members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department
of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development
under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P.
Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation
committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its
products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to
undertake further revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 November 2006 Research and Training
iv
2020-21
Textbook development committee
C HIEF ADVISOR
M. H. Qureshi, Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
ADVISOR
B. S. Butola, Professor, Centre for the Study of Regional Development,
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
MEMBERS
Aparajita De, Lecturer, Department of Geography,
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi
Geeta Duggal, Former Principal, Delhi Public School, Rewari
Indu Sharma, PGT, Demonstration School RIE, Ajmer
K. Jaya, PGT, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Bangla Sahib Road, New Delhi
Punam Behari, Reader, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi
Saroj Sharma, TGT (Retd.), Mother’s International School,
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi
MEMBER- COORDINATOR
Aparna Pandey, Lecturer, Department of Education in Social Sciences
and Humanities, NCERT, New Delhi
2020-21
2020-21
Acknowledgements
The following are applicable to all the maps of India used in this textbook
1. © Government of India, Copyright 2006
2. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the
publisher.
3. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve
nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.
2020-21
4. The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are
at Chandigarh.
5. The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and
Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the “North-Eastern
Areas (Reorganisation) Act.1971,” but have yet to be verified.
6. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master
Copy certified by Survey of India.
7. The state boundaries between Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh, Bihar &
Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh & Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by
the Governments concerned.
8. The spellings of names in these maps have been taken from various sources.
viii
2020-21
Contents
Foreword iii
3. Water Resources 23
4. Agriculture 34
6. Manufacturing Industries 63
Appendix–I 92
Appendix–II 93
Appendix–III 95
Glossary 96
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Constitution of India
Part IV A (Article 51 A)
Fundamental Duties
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the
National Flag and the National Anthem;
(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle
for freedom;
(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to
do so;
(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all
the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or
sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women;
(f) to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes,
rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and
reform;
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
(j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective
activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour
and achievement;
*(k) who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to
his child or, as the case may be, ward between the age of six and
fourteen years.
Note: The Article 51A containing Fundamental Duties was inserted by the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act, 1976 (with effect from 3 January 1977).
*(k) was inserted by the Constitution (86th Amendment) Act, 2002 (with effect from
1 April 2010).
2020-21
CBSE Class 10 Study Material
NCERT Solutions for class 10 Maths
Printable Worksheets for Class 10
Unseen Passages for Class 10
Reading Comprehension PDF
NCERT Solutions for class 10 Science
NCERT Solutions for class 10 Social Science
NCERT Solutions for class 10 English
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English
Literature Reader
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English First
Flight
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English
Footprints Without Feet
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English Main
Course Book
NCERT Solutions for class 10 Hindi
NCERT Solutions for class 10 Foundation of
Information Technology
Class 10 English First Flight English Summaries
Class 10 English Footprints Without Feet English
Summaries
Class 10 English Literature Reader English
Summaries
Class 10 Hindi Sanchayan
Class 10 Hindi Sparsh
Class 10 Hindi Kshitiz
Class 10 Hindi Kritika
Class 10 Sanskrit
Class 10 English Workbook Solutions
NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Maths Solutions
NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions
RS Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions
RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions
ML Aggarwal Class 10 Solutions
NCERT Solutions for Class 10
CBSE Class 10 Notes
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 10
CBSE Previous Year Question Papers for Class
10
Maths formulas for Class 10
English Grammar for Class 10
Hindi Grammar for Class 10
Most Important MCQ Questions for Class 10
Science with Solutions for 2020 Board Exam
Formula Handbook for Class 10 Maths and
Science
NCERT Books for Class 10
CBSE Social Science Class 10 Map Pointing
Skills
Important Questions for Class 10 Maths Board
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Important Questions for Class 10 Science CBSE
Chapter Wise
Social Science Class 10 Important Questions
with Answers
Important Questions for Class 10 English
Communicative
Important Questions for Class 10 English
Literature
Important Questions for Class 10 Hindi A
Important Questions for Class 10 Hindi B
CBSE Maths Multiple Choice Questions with
Answers for Class 10
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Real Numbers with Solutions
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Polynomials with Solutions
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Pair of Linear Equations in Two
Variables with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Quadratic Equations with
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MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Arithmetic Progressions with
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MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Coordinate Geometry with
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MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Introduction to Trigonometry
with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Application of Trigonometry
with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Circles with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Geometrical Constructions with
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MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Areas Related to Circles with
Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Surface Areas and Volumes with
Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Statistics with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Maths Probability with Answers
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Chemistry with
Answers
Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations MCQ Questions
Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts MCQ Questions
Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals MCQ Questions
Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds MCQ Questions
Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements MCQ Questions
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Biology with Answers
Chapter 6 Life Processes MCQ Questions
Chapter 7 Control and Coordination MCQ Questions
Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce? MCQ Questions
Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution MCQ Questions
Chapter 15 Our Environment MCQ Questions
Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources MCQ Questions
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Science Physics with Answers
Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction MCQ Questions
Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World MCQ Questions
Chapter 12 Electricity MCQ Questions
Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current MCQ Questions
Chapter 14 Sources of Energy MCQ Questions
MCQ Questions for Class 10 Social Science with
Answers: History
MCQ Questions for CBSE Class 10 Social Science History with Answers :
India and the Contemporary World – II