The volumetric flux j is as follows:

………….1

For two phase flows, the individual fluxes are given as:

…………2a

………..2b

For 1D two phase flow, the volumetric fluxes of the individual component concentration
and velocity as:
…………3a

…………3b

2
 And the total local flux is:

………..4

This gives rise to the following relations:

………..5a

………..5b

The mass and volumetric flues are then related as flows when changes of phase occurs
in the flow passage:

………..6a

………..6b
 Thus, ………7

From eq.6 and 7 the void fraction can be related to quality as:

………8

The drift velocity is defined as:

…………………….9a

……………………9b

Component velocity - Average velocity

According to Wallis(1969),drift velocity j21 is the volumetric flux of either
component relative to surface moving at the volumetric average velocity j

………….10a

………….10b

From eq.4 and 10a get:

………….11

From eq.3 and 11 get:

….12

………….13

………….14
 Also ,
……..15a
Or
……..15b

Similarly
……..16a

Or
……..16b

From eq.15b and 16b get:

……..17
From eq.15a get:

……..18a

……..18b
Eq.18 can be:
…….19a

Or
…….19b

This term is void fraction This term is a correction

under no slip condition i.e. factor in terms of drift flux
(𝜶) = 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘

Also ,
……..20a

……….20b
This term is a correction
factor
Similarly for 𝜌𝑇𝑃 can be

𝜌𝑇𝑃
………………..21

This term is a correction

factor

Also for velocity 𝑢1 and 𝑢2 can be:

………………….22

This is a correction factor

 ………..23

This is a correction factor

Kinematic Constitutive relations

……………24a

……………24b
For 1D eq.24a and eq.24b can be:

…………25a

…………..25b

Under steady state condition eq.25 will be:

……..26a

……….26b
Where 𝐹1 and 𝐹12 are the equivalent f’s per unit volume

………..27a

………..27b

In the absence of wall effect with out phase change

………………28
Therefore the equation become:

…………..29a

…………..29b

On subtracting eq.29b from eq.29a

 …………30
Or

…………31

Or
…………32

Eq.32 is a function of component properties, their geometry, void fraction

and relative motion ,so for given system

…………33

Accordingly
…………34

And for given system

…………35
 ……..36

This gives
……..37

In the absence of relative velocity 𝑗21 in the

must be
……..38

……..39
Graphical technique for solution of drift flux model

……..37
 L g

L g
L g

L
g

……..18a

……..18b
A-solution for void fraction in vertical flow at co-current up flow
B -solution for void fraction in vertical flow at co-current down flow
 Flooding point

C -solution for void fraction in vertical flow at counter current liquid down and
gas up
C -solution for void fraction in vertical flow at counter current liquid up and gas
down
 An analytical solution of the flooding point can be obtained from the
tangent of eq.18 to the curve obtained from eq.37

……..18a
……..37
……..18b

From eq.18 get:

…………40

From eq.37 get:

…………41

Thus,

𝛼 𝛼

Flow rate at flooding

…………42
And

…………..43

Or

Flow rate at flooding

…………..44
 A second way of representing different modes of operation is by expressing eq (15)

………….15a
Or
………….15b

As:

Or

Or
………..45

Graphically the above equation represents a straight line with a slope of and intercepts
at and at j2=0 for a given system as shown in Fig
Fig : Various regimes of operation in one dimensional vertical flow in terms
of component fluxes for a flow regime in which the drift flux is a function of
void fraction but independent of j1 & j2 and ρ1>ρ2
Dimensionless drift flux vs. particle volumetric concentration for fluidization(solid –
liquid ) condition
𝒐𝒓 𝒋𝟐𝟏 -𝜶 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒑 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 − 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑾𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔(𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟗)
 Corrections to the one dimensional model:
A simple area average over the cross-sectional area for any property p is defined as:

…………….46

Where denotes the average over the cross section defined for the property p and the void fraction weighted
mean value is

…………….47

Where k refers to the kth phase

Rewriting eq. (18)

……..18a

……..18b

by averaging all the terms across the duct , viz

…………….48
 The second term in the right hand side of eq. (48) is a covariance between the
concentration profile and volumetric flux profile and can be expressed mathematically
as:
……………..49

It may be noted that

……………..50

Since ……………..51

Accordingly, for two phase flow a distribution parameter has been defined by Zuber and
Findlay 1967 as :
……………..52

Where is the ratio of average of product of flux and concentration to product of averages or

……………..53
Accordingly equation (48) becomes

……………..54

is defined as weighted average velocity to distinguish it from where

……………..55

It is more convenient to use rather than

……………..56

Thus equation (53) becomes

……………..57
 Or
……………..58

Or
……………..59

If is small compared to

……………..60

Homogeneous theory
:In order to evaluate one has to know

1-Dependence of on 𝜶
2-Variation of 𝜶 across cross‐section.

Simplification is ,however , possible in two cases.

 Case 1 :𝑗21 independent of 𝛼

𝑗21 =costant ……………..61

Case 2 :𝑗21 varies linearly with 𝛼

……………..62
𝑗21 =𝑏0 + 𝑏1 < 𝛼 >

Eq. 59 will be

𝑄2 − 𝐴𝑏2
<𝛼 >= ……………..63
𝐶0 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑏1

Eq.63 is applicable for example ,slug-flow and churn turbulent bubble flow in
gas –liquid flow