BAB 3 : NUTRISI

CHAPTER 3 : NUTRITION

3.1 Kelas makanan (1 jam) (m/s 46 – 50)

3.1 Classes of food (1 hour) (pg 46 – 50)

1. Nyatakan 7 kelas makanan.

State 7 classes of food.
Kelas makanan
Classes of food

Karbohidrat Protein Lemak Vitamin Mineral Pelawas Air

Carbohydrate Protein Fat Vitamin Mineral Fibre Water

2. Apakah perbezaan antara karbohidrat, protein dan lemak?

What are the differences between carbohydrate, protein and fat?

Karbohidrat Protein Lemak

Carbohydrate Protein Fat
Apakah unsur kelas makanan ini? C, H, O C, H, O, N C, H, O
What are the elements of this food?
Fungsi Bekal tenaga Baiki tisu rosak Bekal tenaga lebih tinggi berbanding
Function Provide energy Repair damaged karbohidrat
tissue Provide energy higher than
carbohydrate
Contoh - Nasi / Rice - Ayam / Chicken - Mentega / Butter
Examples - Kentang / Potato - Kekacang / Nuts - Minyak kelapa / Coconut oil

3. Jenis-jenis vitamin.
Types of vitamins.
Vitamin

Larut air / Water soluble Larut lemak / Fat soluble

B, C A, D, E, K

4.
Vitamin
Mengekalkan kesihatan / Maintain health
Mineral
Pelawas / Fibre Mengelakkan sembelit / Prevents constipation
Air / Water Mengawal atur suhu badan / Regulates body temperature

5. Namakan 5 jenis mineral dan kesan kekurangan.

Name 5 types of minerals dan effects of deficiency.
Mineral Kesan kekurangan / Effects of deficiency
(a) Natrium / Sodium
Kekejangan otot / Muscle cramps
(b) Kalium / Potassium
(c) Fosforus / Phosphorus
Riket / Rickets
(d) Kalsium / Calsium
(e) Besi / Iron Anemia / Anaemia
Aktiviti 3.1 (1 jam 30 minit) (m/s 51-52)
Activity 3.1 (1 hour and 30 minutes) (pg 51-52)

Ujian Uji Positif Negatif

Iodin Kanji Biru tua Warna perang
Iodine (Nasi, mi) Dark blue kekal
Starch Brown colour
(Rice, mee) remains
Benedict Glukosa Mendakan merah Biru tidak berubah
Benedict (Jus buah) Red precipitate No change
Glucose
4 ujian makanan (Fruit juice)
4 types of food Millon Protein Mendakan merah Tiada perubahan
tests Millon - ayam Red precipitate warna
- kacang tanah No change
Protein
- chicken
- ground nuts
Alkohol-emulsi Lemak Emulsi terhasil Tiada emulsi
Alcohol-emulsion - minyak sayur Emulsion appears lemak terhasil
Fat No emulsion
-vegetable oil

Soalan / Questions

1. Mengapakah pemanasan dalam ujian Benedict dan ujian Millon dijalankan di dalam kukus air?
Why is the heating in the Benedict’s test and Millon’s test carried out in a water bath?
Agar bahan dipanas seragam.

2. Anda diberi satu sampel makanan dalam bentuk serbuk. Bagaimanakah anda dapat menentukan kelas makanan
yang terdapat pada sampel makanan tersebut?
You are given a food sample in powder form. How do you determine the food class of the food sample?
Lakukan / carry out
Bancuh serbuk dengan air suling  bahagi 4 ujian Iodin / Iodine’s test
ujian Millon / Millon’s test
ujian Benedict / Benedict’s test
alkohol-emulsi / Alcohol-emulsion test

3. Terangkan bagaimana ujian makanan dijalankan?

Explain how the food tests are carried out?
Ujian Iodin / Iodine Titis iodin  positif – biru tua
test  negatif – perang
Add iodine solution  positive – dark blue
 negative –brown
Ujian Benedict / Titik Benedict biru – kukus air  positif – mendakan merah
Benedict’s test  negatif – masih biru muda
Add Benedict solution - put in water bath  positive - red precipitate
 negative –blue colour remains
Ujian Millon / Titik Millon – kukus air  positif – mendakan merah
Millon’s test  negatif – tiada perubahan warna
Add Millon solution – put in water bath  positive – red precipitate
 negative – no change
 Ujian alkohol-emulsi Titik minyak dalam etanol – goncang – masukkan air suling  positif – emulsi terhasil
/ Alcohol-emulsion  negatif – tiada emulsi
test terhasil
Add cooking oil into ethanol – shake – add distilled water  positive – emulsion appear
 negative – no emulsion

3.2 Kepentingan gizi seimbang (1 jam) (m/s 53-54)

3.2 Importance of balanced diet (1 hour) (pg 53-54)

1. Apakah itu gizi seimbang?

What is a balanced diet?
Mengandungi – semua kelas makanan – dalam kuantiti betul.
Contains – all classes of food – in correct quantity

2.

Umur / Age
a) kanak-kanak - masih membesar - perlu tenaga lebih banyak
children - still growing - need more energy
b) dewasa - aktif - perlu lebih banyak tenaga
- tidak aktif - tidak perlu tenaga lebih
adults - active - need more energy
- not active - did not need more energy

Pekerjaan / Work Jantina / Sex

Makan banyak atau a) lelaki - lebih berotot, melakukan
- kerja berat (cth: buruh binaan) - sedikit? Bergantung
perlu lebih banyak tenaga aktiviti lebih berat - perlu lebih banyak
kepada: tenaga
- do heavy work (eg : labourers) - (Faktor-faktor yang
need more energy men - more muscular, do more heavy
mempengaruhi activities - need more energy
keperluan kalori)
Factors that influence
calorific requirement
Keadaan kesihatan / State of health Iklim / Climate
a) diabetes - tidak boleh ambil - negara beriklim sejuk - perlu lebih banyak
karbohidrat & gula yang banyak tenaga - kerana lebih cepat kehilangan haba
diabetes - cannot take a lot of - cold climate countries - need more energy -
carbohydrates & sugar because lose heat quickly
3.3 Sistem pencernaan manusia (m/s 61-63)
3.3 Human digestive system (pg 61-63)

1. Nyatakan urutan aliran makanan.

State the flow of food particles.
Mulut  Esofagus  Perut  Duodenum  Usus kecil  Usus besar  Rektum  Dubur
Mouth  Oesophagus  Stomach  Duodenum  Small intestine  Large intestine  Rectum  Anus

2. Aliran makanan dalam salur pencernaan.

The flow of food in the digestive tract.

Mulut / Mouth
(a) Apa yang berlaku pada makanan di mulut?
What happen to the food in mouth?
Makanan dikunyah oleh gigi
Food is chewed by the teeth

(b) Enzim apa yang terdapat di dalam air liur?

What is the enzyme that can be found in saliva?
Enzim amilase / Amylase enzyme

(c) Apakah fungsi enzim amilase?

What is the function of amylase enzyme?
Menguraikan kanji kepada maltosa
Breaks down starch into maltose

Esofagus / Oesophagus
(a) Apa yang berlaku di esofagus?
What happen in oesophagus?
Proses peristalsis / Process of peristalsis

(b) Apa itu peristalsis?

What is peristalsis?
Proses pengecutan dan pengenduran otot esofagus
Constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the oesophagus

Perut / Stomach
(a) Apakah jus yang dirembes di dinding perut?
What is secreted at the walls of the stomach?
Jus gaster / Gastric juice

(b) Apakah yang terkandung dalam jus gaster?

What is contained in gastric juice?
i) Asid hidroklorik / Hydrochloric acid ii) Enzim protease / Protease enzyme

(c) Apakah fungsi asid hidroklorik?

What is the function of hydrochloric acid?
i) Membunuh bakteria dalam makanan. ii) Menyediakan medium berasid untuk makanan.
i) Kills bacteria in the food. ii) Provide acidic medium for food.
(d) Apakah fungsi enzim protease?
What is the function of protease enzyme?
Mencerna protein kepada polipeptida
Breaks down protein into polypeptides

(e) Apa itu kim?

What is chyme?
Makanan separa cecair / Semi-liquid food

Duodenum
(a) Apakah jus yang diterima oleh duodenum?
What type of juice received by the duodenum?
i) Jus hempedu / Bile ii) Jus pankreas / Pancreatic juice

(b) Namakan organ yang menghasilkan jus hempedu dan jus pancreas.
Name the organs that produce bile and pancreatic juice.
i) Jus hempedu - hati. ii) Jus pancreas - pankreas
i) Bile - liver. ii) Pancreatic juice - pancreas

(c) Namakan organ yang menyimpan hempedu.

Name the organ that stores bile?
Pundi hempedu / Gall bladder

(d) Apakah fungsi jus hempedu?

What is the function of bile?
i) Mengemulsikan lemak menjadi titisan kecil. ii) Meneutralkan asid dalam kim.
i) Emulsifies fat into small droplets. ii) Neutralises the acid in the chyme.

(e) Apakah tujuan mengemulsikan lemak menjadi titisan kecil?

What is the purpose of emulsifying fat into small droplets?
Menambahkan luas permukaan makanan – untuk dicerna oleh enzim
Increase the surface area of food – to be digested by enzyme.

(f) Namakan enzim yang terdapat pada jus pankreas?

Name the enzymes that can be found in pancreatic juice?
PAL. P – Protease, A – Amylase, L – Lipase

(g) Tulis fungsi setiap enzim protease, amilase, lipase.

Write the function of protease, amilase, lipase enzyme.
i) Protease cerna polipeptida kepada dipeptida
Protease digests polipeptydes into dipeptides
ii) Amilase cerna kanji kepada maltosa
Amylase digests starch into maltose
i) Lipase cerna lemak kepada asid lemak dan gliserol
Lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol
Usus kecil / Small intestine
(a) Apakah enzim yang dirembes oleh usus kecil?
What are the enzymes that secreted by the small intestine?
i) Protease ii) Maltase

(b) Apakah yang dicernakan oleh enzim maltase?

What is digested by the maltase enzyme?
Enzim maltase cerna maltosa kepada glukosa
Maltase enzyme digests maltose into glucose

(c) Apakah yang dicernakan oleh enzim protease?

What is digested by the protease enzyme?
Enzim protease cerna dipeptida kepada asid amino
Protease enzyme digests dipeptides into amino acids

Usus besar / Large intestine

(a) Makanan apakah yang masuk ke usus besar?
What food enters the large intestine?
Makanan tidak tercerna / Undigested food

(b) Apakah yang diserap semula oleh usus besar?

What is reabsorbed by the large intestine?
Air / Water

Rektum / Rectum
(a) Apakah nama lain bagi makanan tidak tercerna?
What is the other name of undigested food?
Tinja / faeces

(b) Di manakah tinja disimpan sebelum disingkirkan?

Where does the faeces are stored before excreted?
Rektum / Rectum

Dubur / Anus
(a) Apakah yang berlaku di dubur?
What happen at the anus?
Penyahtinjaan / Defecation