BUENASHER LEARNING ACADEMY INC.

Km.39 Cityland Ave., Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Gen Bio 2
Name: _________________________________________ Level and Section:
Time: 7:30 – 9:30 Quarter / Week: Second Sem / Week 6-10
The central Dogma of molecular biology explains the flow of genetic
information and the molecular mechanism in understanding how genotype translate
to phenotype, it became apparent then that changing an organismal trait is possible
by altering its genetic make-up known as genetic engineering.
You have learned already from your grade 8 Biological science about the
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology which covers the lesson on nucleic acid and its
types- DNA and RNA and their structures and the flow of genetic information from
genes to proteins through the process of DNA replication, transcription, translation
in order to make an enormous variations of proteins. You have learned also about
heredity and variation wherein traits are being inherited by the off springs from
their parents and that desirable and undesirable traits of an off springs including
diseases can be inherited from their parents. But the possibility to enhance a good
trait will be possible now through the process of genetic engineering.
This module will make you understand more about genetic engineering
including the processes and techniques used and the different applications of genetic
engineering.

Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics, explained in the year 1865 that traits are
passed on from parent to offspring through "hereditary factors." In the early 20 th
century, scientists established that Mendel's "hereditary factors" are called genes. The
gene is the functional unit of heredity. But the individual gene makes up a bigger whole.
All these genes are found in very long genetic material called the DNA or
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a double-stranded molecule. There is also another molecule that
contains genetic material called Ribonucleic Acid, or RNA. On the other hand, the "allele"
is responsible for gene expression. The science that deals with the study of genes,
genetic variation, and heredity is called Genetics.
Mutations are heritable changes in the genetic coding instructions of DNA. They
are essential to the study of genetics and are useful in many other biological fields.
Types of Mutations
In multicellular organisms, we can distinguish between two broad categories of
mutations: somatic mutations and germline mutations. Somatic mutations arise in
somatic tissues, which do not produce gametes. These mutations are passed on to other
cells through the process of mitosis, which leads to a population of genetically identical
cells (a clone). The effect of these mutations depends on many factors, including the type
of cell in which they occur and the developmental stage at which they arise. Many
somatic mutations have no obvious effect on the phenotype of the organism because the
function of the mutant cell (even the cell itself) is replaced by that of normal cells.
However, cells with a somatic mutation that stimulates cell division can increase in
number and spread; this type of mutation can give rise to cells with a selective advantage
and is the basis for all cancers. Germline mutations arise in cells that ultimately produce
gametes. These mutations can be passed to future generations, producing individual
organisms that carry the mutation in all their somatic and germline cells (Al-Nuaimi,
2020).
Point mutation occurs when one DNA base is replaced by another, resulting in a change
of codon in the RNA sequence. It can be classified either as transition or transversion.
 o Transition happens when adenine is replaced by guanine or vice versa.
This also happens when cytosine is replaced by thymine or vice versa.
o Transversion occurs when either adenine or guanine is replaced by
thymine or cyto sine, respectively.

Dominant and Recessive Genes

• Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” – dominant
• Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present – recessive
• Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T
Recessive gene – lower

Activity 1
 Portfolio
Use a 1-peso coin, toss for every characteristics on the picture below. If the head of the coin shown after
you toss it, you will honestly pick the left category of the pictures, while tail of the coin will be on the right
side of each category. After you collected all the results, try to draw your “Future Generations” using all
you gathered data. Do it in a clean paper.

Rubrics of Scoring

Clarity of Illustration 20%

Creativity 20%
Neatness 10%
---------------------------------------
Total 50%

Follow Up Question

Red-green color blindness (b) is a recessive sex-linked trait. A colorblind male marries a normal female. Their
daughter is colorblind.

a)What are the genotypes of both parents and the daughter?

Ms. Elle Cruz

Subject Teacher
“You can do all things through Christ who strengthens you” ♥
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times.
(Please do this in All Learning Activity Sheet)
 BUENASHER LEARNING ACADEMY INC.
Km.39 Cityland Ave., Pulong Buhangin, Sta. Maria, Bulacan

Gen Bio 2
Name: _________________________________________ Level and Section:
Time: 7:30 – 9:30 Quarter / Week: Second Sem / Week 6-10

The Reproductive System

For most living creatures, reproduction is basically a normal process controlled by
hormones. Even though human reproduction is also controlled by hormones, the process
is rather more complicated. Unlike other organisms such as plants and animals, you can
make decisions about reproduction. What influence these decisions are your values,
emotions, expectations, and goals. However, like any other living things, humans depend
on reproduction for the survival of the species. If people stop to reproduce, the human
species would become extinct.

The system involved in sexual reproduction is called the reproductive system. There
is a striking difference between the male and the female reproductive systems, although
they also share a number of similarities. For example, the reproductive organs of the male
and female are developed from the same embryological structures, and some hormones
are commonly found in both male and female, in varying quantities and produce different
responses

The Male Reproductive System

Figure 8. Parts of the Male Reproductive System

Examine the diagram of the male reproductive system. Figure 8 shows the main
parts of the male reproductive system. The cross-sectional side view of the reproductive
system shows that certain parts of the male reproductive system are also part of the
excretory system.
Be familiar with the specific functions of each basic part. Identify the functions of each parts:

Part Function
Testis
Scrotum
Penis
 Vas deferens
(tube)
Urethra
Glands Provide liquid in which sperm can swim
a. seminal - Secretes a fluid that makes up most of the
vesicle components of the semen
b. prostate - Secretes a slightly alkaline milky fluid that is
gland discharged as part of the semen
c. bulbourethral - Secretes a thick and clear mucus that lubricates and
gland neutralizes the any trace of acidic urine in the urethra

The Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system has the following functions:

1. Produces female sex cells

2. Receives sperm cells from the male
3. Nurtures the development of and provides nourishment for the new individual

Examine the diagram on Figure 9 which shows the front view of the female
reproductive system. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, oviducts
(Fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The internal reproductive organs
of the female are located within the pelvis, between the urinary bladder and rectum. The
uterus and the vagina are in the middle part, with an ovary on each side of the uterus.

Vaginal
Canal

Figure 9. Parts of the Female Reproductive System

Be familiar with the specific functions of each basic part. Identify the functions of each parts:

Part Function
Ovary

Oviduct

Uterus

Vagina
 Puberty involves the onset of sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. When a female
reaches puberty, egg cells start to develop in her ovaries that produce the sex cells. It is also the
time when the body develops the capacity to conceive.

HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the process involving the fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and
the production of genetically dissimilar offspring

Activity -- List the important development of a fetus on its journey from 1 to 9 months. Write it on the table
below

Months Development
1month

2months

3months

4months

5months

6months

7months

8months

9months

Elle Cruz
Subject Teacher
“You can do all things through Christ who strengthens you” ♥
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene Protocols at all times.
(Please do this in All Learning Activity Sheet)